Datasets:
BrightData
/
Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
url
stringlengths
31
184
title
stringlengths
1
146
⌀
table_of_contents
stringlengths
2
24.4k
raw_text
stringlengths
16
424k
⌀
cataloged_text
stringlengths
2
1.2M
images
stringlengths
2
86.9k
see_also
stringlengths
2
149k
⌀
references
stringlengths
2
542k
external_links
stringlengths
2
292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatin
Sha Tin
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Cross-border activities","3 Housing","3.1 Public housing estates","3.2 Private housing estates","3.3 Villages","4 Shopping centres","5 Economy","6 Architecture","7 Notable places of worship","8 Health","9 Other facilities","10 Education","11 Culture, sports and recreational facilities","12 Local delicacies","13 Transportation","13.1 Roads","13.2 Railway","14 Climate","15 See also","16 References","17 Further reading","18 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°22′30″N 114°11′00″E / 22.37500°N 114.18333°E / 22.37500; 114.18333This article is about the area of Hong Kong. For the district, see Sha Tin District. For Sha Tin as a new town project, see Sha Tin New Town. For the composer, see Judith Shatin. For the village in Armenia, see Shatin, Armenia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sha Tin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighbourhood in Hong Kong, ChinaSha Tin 沙田NeighbourhoodShing Mun River PromenadeSha TinLocation within Hong KongCoordinates: 22°22′30″N 114°11′00″E / 22.37500°N 114.18333°E / 22.37500; 114.18333CountryChinaSARHong KongDistrictSha Tin DistrictTime zoneUTC+8 (HKT) Sha TinLek Yuen Bridge overShing Mun River in Sha Tin centralChinese沙田JyutpingSaa1 Tin4 Literal meaningsandy fieldTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShātiánYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationSā TìhnJyutpingSaa1 Tin4IPA Sha Tin, also spelt Shatin, is a neighbourhood along Shing Mun River in the eastern New Territories, Hong Kong. Administratively, it is part of the Sha Tin District. Sha Tin is one of the neighbourhoods of the Sha Tin New Town project. The new town was founded in 1973 under the New Towns Development Programme of the Hong Kong government. Its current name was named after the nearby village of Sha Tin Wai. The literal English translation is 'Sand Fields'. History Tai Wai Village, located in Tai Wai, next to Sha Tin, and the oldest and largest walled village in Sha Tin District, was built in 1574, during the Ming Dynasty. Before British rule in Hong Kong, the area of Sha Tin and its vicinity was referred to as Lek Yuen (lit. "source of trickling" or "source of clear water"). Colonial officials allegedly mistook the name of the Sha Tin Wai village as the name of the area and it has been used ever since. Nowadays, the original name is used to refer to Lek Yuen Estate. There was a market township: Sha Tin Hui, at the present location of Sha Tin Centre Street and New Town Plaza shopping centre, near the Sha Tin station of the MTR East Rail line. Sha Tin was the location of the first flight of a powered aircraft in Hong Kong in 1911. The aeroplane was named as the Spirit of Sha Tin (沙田精神號). A full size replica of this plane now hangs in Hong Kong International Airport. The area was formerly agricultural farmland. Before Sha Tin's development into a new town, Hung Mui Kuk (紅梅谷), southwest of Sha Tin, was perennially the main site for school picnics. The hillside area remains a popular barbecue site. Starting in the 1970s, the area became part of the Sha Tin New Town development. Since then, the economy in the area has greatly improved and living standards have also increased. Sha Tin Town Centre was developed during the mid-1980s to help "link the town's currently dispersed residents into one cohesive community." The 18-hectare site, adjacent to the railway station, was built up in stages to house an array of uses including the New Town Plaza, numerous smaller shopping malls, Sha Tin Park, a magistracy, library, town hall, marriage registry, hotel, town square, and several residential towers. Geography Sha Tin New Town under development in the late 1970s. Sha Tin is located in a valley, on both sides of the Shing Mun River, running from the southwest to the northeast. It is bordered by Tai Wai in the southwest and by Fo Tan (left bank) and Shek Mun (right bank) in the northeast. Cross-border activities Due to their proximity to the Shenzhen border, towns in the northern parts of Hong Kong, notably Sheung Shui and Yuen Long, have become hubs for parallel traders who have been buying up large quantities of goods, forcing up local prices and disrupting the daily lives of local citizens. Since 2012, there has been an increase in mainland parallel traders arriving in the North District of Hong Kong to re-export infant formula and household products – goods popular with mainlanders – across the border to Shenzhen. The volume of smuggling activity spilled over into Tuen Mun and Sha Tin in 2014. The first anti-parallel trading protest was started at Sheung Shui in September 2012. As government efforts to limit the adverse impact of mainland trafficking were widely seen as inadequate, so there have been further subsequent protests in towns in the New Territories including Sha Tin. Housing Sand Martin House of Sha Kok Estate, a second phase public housing complex in Sha Tin Wai. Sha Tin Plaza in the evening. Public housing estates Main article: Public housing estates in Sha Tin Private housing estates See also: Private housing estates in Sha Tin District Private housing estates in Sha Tin include: City One Lucky Plaza Sha Tin Centre Wai Wah Centre Sha Tin Plaza Garden Rivera (河畔花園) Fung Shing Court Belair Gardens Castello, Hong Kong Villages South bank of Shing Mun River. From west to east: Sha Tin Tau Tsang Tai Uk Tsok Pok Hang Fui Yiu Ha New Village Sha Tin Wai Wong Uk To Shek Chap Wai Kon Ngau Pei Sha North bank of Shing Mun River. From west to east: Lai Chi Yuen Tin Liu (田寮), part of Pai Tau Pai Tau Pai Tau Hang Sheung Wo Che Ha Wo Che Shopping centres New Town Plaza after renovation. New Town Plaza (新城市廣場) Citylink Plaza (連城廣場) Sha Tin Plaza (沙田廣場) Sha Tin Centre (沙田中心) Lucky Plaza (好運中心) Hilton Plaza  (希爾頓中心) Wai Wah Centre (偉華中心) Fortune City One (置富第一城) Grand Central Plaza - HomeSquare (新城市中央廣場) Economy Lukfook, the jewellery company, has its head office in Metropole Square (新都廣場), Sha Tin. Architecture While having been mass developed in the 1970s, Shatin's architecture maintains a degree of diversity. Most public housing estates were designed in a modern architectural style. Several shopping centres, hotels and government buildings around Shatin Central are clad in red brick. Notable places of worship Shatin Assembly of God Church Sai Lam Temple  (西林寺) Sam Yuen Temple (三元宮) Wai Chuen Monastery  (慧泉寺) Dao Hop Yuen (道合園) Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery (萬佛寺) Tao Fung Shan Christian Centre (道風山基督教叢林) International Fellowship North, English speaking Christian church in Siu Lek Yuen. Shatin Baptist Church (沙田浸信會) Shatin Anglican Church Health Prince of Wales Hospital The Prince of Wales Hospital was officially opened in 1982. It provides about 1,400 hospital beds and 24 hours Accident & Emergency service to the eastern New Territories. Other institutions which provide hospital services include the Sha Tin Hospital, the Cheshire Home and the Union Hospital. Other facilities Sha Tin Park's main plaza. Sha Tin Town Hall (沙田大會堂) Sha Tin Public Library (沙田公共圖書館) Hong Kong Heritage Museum (香港文化博物館) Sha Tin Marriage Registry (沙田婚姻註冊處) Sha Tin Park (沙田公園) Royal Park Hotel (帝都酒店) Sha Tin Sports Ground Star Seafood Floating Restaurant Education Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School, one of the oldest secondary schools in Sha Tin Sha Tin College, a member of the English Schools Foundation. As of 2008, there were 46 primary and 44 secondary schools in Sha Tin and Ma On Shan. Shatin Town Centre is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 91. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money); no government schools are in this net. Tertiary institutions The Chinese University of Hong Kong (香港中文大學) Hang Seng University of Hong Kong (香港恒生大學) Hong Kong Baptist University (Shek Mun Campus) Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education - Sha Tin (IVE-ST) (香港專業教育學院 沙田分校) Hong Kong Sports Institute (香港體育學院) Primary and secondary schools Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School (浸信會呂明才中學) Buddhist Wong Wan Tin College (佛教黃允畋中學) Carmel Alison Lam Primary School (迦密愛禮信小學) Christ College (基督書院) Hong Kong and Kowloon CCPA Ma Chung Sum Secondary School (港九潮州公會馬松深中學) Hong Kong Baptist University Affiliated School Wong Kam Fai Secondary And Primary School (香港浸會大學附屬學校王錦輝中小學) Jockey Club Ti-I College Kiangsu-Chekiang College (Shatin) Lam Tai Fai College Lok Sin Tong Young ko hsiao Lin Secondary School Ng Yuk Secondary School Pentecostal Lam Hon Kwong School Pui Ying College Sha Tin College Sha Tin Junior School Sha Tin Government Secondary School Sha Tin Methodist College Shatin Tsung Tsin Secondary School St. Rose of Lima's College Stewards Pooi Kei College Sheng Kung Hui Tsang Shiu Tim Secondary School Other educational institutions Lutheran Theological Seminary Culture, sports and recreational facilities Sha Tin racecourse. Hong Kong Heritage Museum. There are numerous cultural, recreational and sport facilities in Sha Tin including the Town Hall, swimming pools, football pitches, indoor recreation centres and various track and field facilities for the use of Sha Tin residents. The 8-hectare Sha Tin Park was opened to public in 1988. Apart from its horticultural gardens and impressive water features, it also includes a large open plaza and a bandstand. The Ma On Shan Park, which is adjacent to Ma On Shan Swimming Pool, occupies 5.5 hectare of land. The Sha Tin Racecourse, occupying approximately 70 hectares, rests on reclaimed flatland. At the centre of the racecourse is the Penfold Garden which opens to the public on non-racing days. Located in Tai Wai, the Hong Kong Heritage Museum was opened at the end of 2000. Apart from introducing the art, culture and history of the New Territories, the museum also exhibits a variety of cultural artifacts for public appreciation. It has pop culture exhibitions about Bruce Lee, Cantonese Opera, Jin Yong, development of Hong Kong popular music, film, and television and radio programmes. The museum, which can accommodate 6,000 visitors, is the largest in the territory. Cycling has been a distinctive feature in Sha Tin and is very popular among both local people and visitors. The first cycle track in Sha Tin was opened to public in 1981, running along Tolo Highway to Tai Po, and this remains the territory's most popular cycling venue, drawing many occasional riders at the weekends, as well as dedicated cyclists. To tie in with the development of Ma On Shan, the cycle track was extended to Ma On Shan. Hiking is also a popular activity around Sha Tin. There are several starting points including Hin Tin Village, Sha Tin Tau Village and Hung Mui Kuk Barbecue Area leading to the track of Lion Rock Mountain hiking route. It takes 1 hour to 4 hours to complete the track depending on the chosen starting point and ending point. A Dragon Boat Racing competition is taking annually on Shing Mun River since 1984, at the time of the Dragon Boat Festival. Local delicacies Sha Tin is famous for certain local variants of Cantonese food such as ShanSui Tofu (山水豆腐; 'mountain-water beancurd'), barbecued pigeon and chicken congee. The cooked food stalls in Wo Che Estate and Fo Tan are hotspots for food. Transportation Roads leading to the Shui Chuen O outskirts. Sha Tin station There are numerous transportation links both within the Sha Tin District and connecting it to other places in Hong Kong. Roads The road network in Sha Tin is well developed to provide efficient cross-town and local access traffic. Connection between Sha Tin and Kowloon mainly relies on the Lion Rock Tunnel, Tate's Cairn Tunnel, Shing Mun Tunnel and Tai Po Road which makes it easy to reach from many areas of Kowloon as well as from Tsuen Wan. Tai Po Road spans from Sham Shui Po in Kowloon to Tai Po in the New Territories, connecting Sha Tin en route. It was once the only road connecting Kowloon and the eastern part of the New Territories. Opened in the 1960s, the Lion Rock Tunnel offers access to Central Kowloon. The Tate's Cairn Highway was completed in 1991, connecting East Kowloon (Wong Tai Sin, Diamond Hill, Choi Hung, Kowloon Bay, and Kwun Tong) and Hong Kong Island via the Eastern Harbour Crossing with the North East New Territories (Sha Tin, Tai Po and Fanling) via the Tolo Highway and through Tate's Cairn Tunnel. Route connects Sha Tin to Tsuen Wan via the Shing Mun Tunnels and to Hong Kong Island via the Western Harbour Crossing. The travelling time is only about 30 minutes. Sai Sha Road was opened in 1988, connecting Sha Tin to Sai Kung via Ma On Shan. Route T7, opened in August 2004, allows traffic to bypass Ma On Shan Town Centre when going from north of Ma On Shan to Sai Kung. An expressway (via Eagle's Nest Tunnel) connecting Cheung Sha Wan in Kowloon to Sha Tin was opened on 21 March 2008. It aims at distributing traffic from Sha Tin and the area to its north, to Lai Chi Kok, Kwai Chung, and the airport at Chek Lap Kok and Mong Kok. It has shortened the trip from Sha Tin to the Chek Lap Kok International Airport to around 40 minutes. At present, there are over 110 routes of public bus serving Sha Tin. Railway The MTR (East Rail line) is a major means of transportation between Admiralty and Lo Wu via Sha Tin. After the electrification of the line between 1979 and 1983, the East Rail now carries over 730,000 passengers daily. The Tuen Ma line opened on 21 December 2004. The 56.4 km long railway has 27 stations linking West Rail line at Hung Hom via Kai Tak. The MTR Maintenance Centre is located in Tai Wai. Shatin's cityscape viewed from northern Fo Tan A panorama of Sha Tin City taken from Sha Tin Lion Pavilion Climate Climate data for Sha Tin (1991–2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 27.6(81.7) 28.6(83.5) 31.8(89.2) 33.0(91.4) 36.6(97.9) 36.4(97.5) 37.5(99.5) 38.1(100.6) 36.5(97.7) 35.1(95.2) 31.8(89.2) 28.9(84.0) 38.1(100.6) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.2(66.6) 19.9(67.8) 22.1(71.8) 25.8(78.4) 29.1(84.4) 30.8(87.4) 31.9(89.4) 31.9(89.4) 31.0(87.8) 28.5(83.3) 25.0(77.0) 20.9(69.6) 26.3(79.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 15.7(60.3) 16.6(61.9) 19.1(66.4) 22.7(72.9) 26.1(79.0) 28.0(82.4) 28.8(83.8) 28.6(83.5) 27.7(81.9) 25.2(77.4) 21.6(70.9) 17.4(63.3) 23.1(73.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.8(55.0) 14.0(57.2) 16.6(61.9) 20.3(68.5) 23.8(74.8) 25.8(78.4) 26.3(79.3) 26.0(78.8) 25.1(77.2) 22.6(72.7) 18.7(65.7) 14.3(57.7) 20.5(68.9) Record low °C (°F) 2.9(37.2) 4.0(39.2) 4.4(39.9) 10.2(50.4) 15.3(59.5) 19.9(67.8) 21.3(70.3) 22.1(71.8) 18.4(65.1) 14.4(57.9) 6.3(43.3) 4.8(40.6) 2.9(37.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.0(1.38) 35.1(1.38) 67.1(2.64) 145.0(5.71) 324.3(12.77) 536.6(21.13) 419.9(16.53) 431.1(16.97) 291.5(11.48) 110.3(4.34) 40.6(1.60) 33.9(1.33) 2,470.4(97.26) Average relative humidity (%) 73.1 77.3 80.1 81.0 81.4 81.9 80.2 80.4 77.1 71.8 71.4 68.7 77.0 Source: Hong Kong Observatory See also Sha Tin Airfield Wo Che Siu Lek Yuen Yuen Chau Kok Lek Yuen Bridge References ^ "Shatin showplace taking shape" (PDF). Hong Kong Standard. 21 February 1983. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ "近百名人到上水示威不滿內地水貨客" Archived 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. now.com. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Ma, Mary (10 February 2015). "Parallel lines of concern need fixing". The Standard ^ Jennifer, Ngo "Milk powder supplies still not meeting needs" Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. South China Morning Post. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014 ^ Luk, Eddie (21 September 2012). "Seeing red (white and blue)" Archived 2015-03-11 at archive.today. The Standard ^ Wong, Hilary; Cheng, Kevin (9 March 2015). "Targeting mainlanders ... young and old" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard ^ "Hong Kong Protests Against Day Trippers as China Eyes Action". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ a b c "thaiworldview: Sha Tin". Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ "Corporate Information". Lukfook. Retrieved 28 November 2023. HEAD OFFICE AND PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS 15th, 20th, 25th & 27th Floor Metropole Square No.2 On Yiu Street, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong - Traditional Chinese address: "香港新界沙田安耀街2號新都廣場15、20、25及27樓", Simplified Chinese address: "香港新界沙田安耀街2号新都广场15、20、25及27楼" ^ "Sai Lim Temple". Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ "International Fellowship North website". Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ "School List". Hong Kong Education Bureau. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. ^ "POA School Net 91" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ "About Sha Tin Dragon Boat Racing Competition". Sha Tin Sports Association. ^ "Monthly Data for Single Element". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 5 April 2024. Further reading Hase, P. H. (2020). "Chapter 3. Traditional Sha Tin". Settlement, Life, and Politics - Understanding the Traditional New Territories. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong studies series. City University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 215–320. ISBN 9789629374419. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sha Tin. Look up Sha Tin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sha Tin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town"},{"link_name":"Judith Shatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Shatin"},{"link_name":"Shatin, Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatin,_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Shing Mun River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing_Mun_River"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town"},{"link_name":"New Towns Development Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_towns_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Wai"}],"text":"This article is about the area of Hong Kong. For the district, see Sha Tin District. For Sha Tin as a new town project, see Sha Tin New Town. For the composer, see Judith Shatin. For the village in Armenia, see Shatin, Armenia.Neighbourhood in Hong Kong, ChinaSha Tin, also spelt Shatin, is a neighbourhood along Shing Mun River in the eastern New Territories, Hong Kong. Administratively, it is part of the Sha Tin District. Sha Tin is one of the neighbourhoods of the Sha Tin New Town project.The new town was founded in 1973 under the New Towns Development Programme of the Hong Kong government. Its current name was named after the nearby village of Sha Tin Wai. The literal English translation is 'Sand Fields'.","title":"Sha Tin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tai Wai Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wai_Village"},{"link_name":"Tai Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wai"},{"link_name":"walled village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_villages_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District"},{"link_name":"Ming Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"British rule in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Wai"},{"link_name":"Lek Yuen Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_Yuen_Estate"},{"link_name":"market township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"New Town Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_station"},{"link_name":"MTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR"},{"link_name":"East Rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rail_line"},{"link_name":"the first flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_history_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"new town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_towns_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hung Mui Kuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Mui_Kuk"},{"link_name":"picnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tai Wai Village, located in Tai Wai, next to Sha Tin, and the oldest and largest walled village in Sha Tin District, was built in 1574, during the Ming Dynasty.Before British rule in Hong Kong, the area of Sha Tin and its vicinity was referred to as Lek Yuen (lit. \"source of trickling\" or \"source of clear water\"). Colonial officials allegedly mistook[citation needed] the name of the Sha Tin Wai village as the name of the area and it has been used ever since. Nowadays, the original name is used to refer to Lek Yuen Estate.There was a market township: Sha Tin Hui, at the present location of Sha Tin Centre Street and New Town Plaza shopping centre, near the Sha Tin station of the MTR East Rail line.Sha Tin was the location of the first flight of a powered aircraft in Hong Kong in 1911. The aeroplane was named as the Spirit of Sha Tin (沙田精神號). A full size replica of this plane now hangs in Hong Kong International Airport.The area was formerly agricultural farmland. Before Sha Tin's development into a new town, Hung Mui Kuk (紅梅谷), southwest of Sha Tin, was perennially the main site for school picnics. The hillside area remains a popular barbecue site.Starting in the 1970s, the area became part of the Sha Tin New Town development. Since then, the economy in the area has greatly improved and living standards have also increased. Sha Tin Town Centre was developed during the mid-1980s to help \"link the town's currently dispersed residents into one cohesive community.\"[1] The 18-hectare site, adjacent to the railway station, was built up in stages to house an array of uses including the New Town Plaza, numerous smaller shopping malls, Sha Tin Park, a magistracy, library, town hall, marriage registry, hotel, town square, and several residential towers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShaTin-ShingMunRiver-EarlyStageOfDevelopment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town"},{"link_name":"Shing Mun River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing_Mun_River"},{"link_name":"Tai Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wai"},{"link_name":"Fo Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo_Tan"},{"link_name":"Shek Mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek_Mun"}],"text":"Sha Tin New Town under development in the late 1970s.Sha Tin is located in a valley, on both sides of the Shing Mun River, running from the southwest to the northeast. It is bordered by Tai Wai in the southwest and by Fo Tan (left bank) and Shek Mun (right bank) in the northeast.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"parallel traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_trading_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"North District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"subsequent protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parallel_trading_protests"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20150309bloomberg-7"}],"sub_title":"Cross-border activities","text":"Due to their proximity to the Shenzhen border, towns in the northern parts of Hong Kong, notably Sheung Shui and Yuen Long, have become hubs for parallel traders who have been buying up large quantities of goods, forcing up local prices and disrupting the daily lives of local citizens.[2][3] Since 2012, there has been an increase in mainland parallel traders arriving in the North District of Hong Kong to re-export infant formula and household products – goods popular with mainlanders – across the border to Shenzhen.[4] The volume of smuggling activity spilled over into Tuen Mun and Sha Tin in 2014.The first anti-parallel trading protest was started at Sheung Shui in September 2012.[5] As government efforts to limit the adverse impact of mainland trafficking were widely seen as inadequate, so there have been further subsequent protests in towns in the New Territories including Sha Tin.[6][7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sha_Tin_Wai_Sha_Kok_Estate_Sand_Martin_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shatin_20051006.jpg"}],"text":"Sand Martin House of Sha Kok Estate, a second phase public housing complex in Sha Tin Wai.Sha Tin Plaza in the evening.","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public housing estates","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Private housing estates in Sha Tin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_housing_estates_in_Sha_Tin_District"},{"link_name":"Private housing estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_housing_estates_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"City One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_One"},{"link_name":"Lucky Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Plaza,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Centre"},{"link_name":"Wai Wah Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai_Wah_Centre"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Fung Shing Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fung_Shing_Court"},{"link_name":"Belair Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belair_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Castello, Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello,_Hong_Kong"}],"sub_title":"Private housing estates","text":"See also: Private housing estates in Sha Tin DistrictPrivate housing estates in Sha Tin include:City One\nLucky Plaza\nSha Tin Centre\nWai Wah Centre\nSha Tin Plaza\nGarden Rivera (河畔花園)\nFung Shing Court\nBelair Gardens\nCastello, Hong Kong","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sha Tin Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Tau"},{"link_name":"Tsang Tai Uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsang_Tai_Uk"},{"link_name":"Tsok Pok Hang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsok_Pok_Hang"},{"link_name":"Fui Yiu Ha New Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fui_Yiu_Ha_New_Village"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Wai"},{"link_name":"Wong Uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Uk_Village_(Sha_Tin_District)"},{"link_name":"To Shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Shek"},{"link_name":"Chap Wai Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chap_Wai_Kon"},{"link_name":"Ngau Pei Sha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngau_Pei_Sha"},{"link_name":"Lai Chi Yuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lai_Chi_Yuen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pai Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai_Tau_Village"},{"link_name":"Pai Tau Hang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pai_Tau_Hang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thai-8"},{"link_name":"Sheung Wo Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheung_Wo_Che"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thai-8"},{"link_name":"Ha Wo Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Wo_Che"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thai-8"}],"sub_title":"Villages","text":"South bank of Shing Mun River. From west to east:\n\nSha Tin Tau\nTsang Tai Uk\nTsok Pok Hang\nFui Yiu Ha New Village\nSha Tin Wai\nWong Uk\nTo Shek\nChap Wai Kon\nNgau Pei Sha\nNorth bank of Shing Mun River. From west to east:\n\nLai Chi Yuen\nTin Liu (田寮), part of Pai Tau\nPai Tau\nPai Tau Hang[8]\nSheung Wo Che[8]\nHa Wo Che[8]","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Town_Plaza_Void_201301.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Town Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town_Plaza"},{"link_name":"New Town Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Citylink Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citylink_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Centre"},{"link_name":"Lucky Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Plaza,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hilton Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilton_Plaza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83"},{"link_name":"Wai Wah Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai_Wah_Centre"},{"link_name":"Fortune City One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_City_One"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Plaza"}],"text":"New Town Plaza after renovation.New Town Plaza (新城市廣場)\nCitylink Plaza (連城廣場)\nSha Tin Plaza (沙田廣場)\nSha Tin Centre (沙田中心)\nLucky Plaza (好運中心)\nHilton Plaza [zh] (希爾頓中心)\nWai Wah Centre (偉華中心)\nFortune City One (置富第一城)\nGrand Central Plaza - HomeSquare (新城市中央廣場)","title":"Shopping centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lukfook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukfook"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Lukfook, the jewellery company, has its head office in Metropole Square (新都廣場), Sha Tin.[9]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"While having been mass developed in the 1970s, Shatin's architecture maintains a degree of diversity. Most public housing estates were designed in a modern architectural style. Several shopping centres, hotels and government buildings around Shatin Central are clad in red brick.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_ShatinAssemblyOfGodChurch.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sai Lam Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sai_Lam_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA_(%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wai Chuen Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wai_Chuen_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E6%B3%89%E5%AF%BA"},{"link_name":"Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Tao Fung Shan Christian Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Fung_Shan_Christian_Centre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Shatin Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatin_Baptist_Church"}],"text":"Shatin Assembly of God ChurchSai Lam Temple [zh] (西林寺)[10]\nSam Yuen Temple (三元宮)\nWai Chuen Monastery [zh] (慧泉寺)\nDao Hop Yuen (道合園)\nTen Thousand Buddhas Monastery (萬佛寺)\nTao Fung Shan Christian Centre (道風山基督教叢林)\nInternational Fellowship North, English speaking Christian church in Siu Lek Yuen.[11]\nShatin Baptist Church (沙田浸信會)\nShatin Anglican Church","title":"Notable places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Prince_of_Wales_Hospital.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Home"},{"link_name":"Union Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)"}],"text":"Prince of Wales HospitalThe Prince of Wales Hospital was officially opened in 1982. It provides about 1,400 hospital beds and 24 hours Accident & Emergency service to the eastern New Territories. Other institutions which provide hospital services include the Sha Tin Hospital, the Cheshire Home and the Union Hospital.","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shatin_Park_Main_Plaza_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Marriage Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sha_Tin_Marriage_Registry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Park"},{"link_name":"Royal Park Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Park_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Sports Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Sports_Ground"},{"link_name":"Star Seafood Floating Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Seafood_Floating_Restaurant"}],"text":"Sha Tin Park's main plaza.Sha Tin Town Hall (沙田大會堂)\nSha Tin Public Library (沙田公共圖書館)\nHong Kong Heritage Museum (香港文化博物館)\nSha Tin Marriage Registry (沙田婚姻註冊處)\nSha Tin Park (沙田公園)\nRoyal Park Hotel (帝都酒店)\nSha Tin Sports Ground\nStar Seafood Floating Restaurant","title":"Other facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLMCSS-Front_20070828.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shatin_College_202006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_College"},{"link_name":"English Schools Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Schools_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Sports Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sports_Institute"},{"link_name":"Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Lui_Ming_Choi_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Wong Wan Tin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_Wong_Wan_Tin_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carmel Alison Lam Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmel_Alison_Lam_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christ College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christ_College,_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong and Kowloon CCPA Ma Chung Sum Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_CCPA_Ma_Chung_Sum_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University Affiliated School Wong Kam Fai Secondary And Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Baptist_University_Affiliated_School_Wong_Kam_Fai_Secondary_And_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jockey Club Ti-I College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey_Club_Ti-I_College"},{"link_name":"Kiangsu-Chekiang College (Shatin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiangsu-Chekiang_College_(Shatin)"},{"link_name":"Lam Tai Fai College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lam_Tai_Fai_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lok Sin Tong Young ko hsiao Lin Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Sin_Tong_Young_ko_hsiao_Lin_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ng Yuk Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng_Yuk_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal Lam Hon Kwong School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal_Lam_Hon_Kwong_School"},{"link_name":"Pui Ying College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pui_Ying_College"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_College"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Junior School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Junior_School"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Government Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Government_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Methodist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Methodist_College"},{"link_name":"Shatin Tsung Tsin Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatin_Tsung_Tsin_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"St. Rose of Lima's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Rose_of_Lima%27s_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewards Pooi Kei College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewards_Pooi_Kei_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheng Kung Hui Tsang Shiu Tim Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_Kung_Hui_Tsang_Shiu_Tim_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheran_Theological_Seminary_(Hong_Kong)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School, one of the oldest secondary schools in Sha TinSha Tin College, a member of the English Schools Foundation.As of 2008, there were 46 primary and 44 secondary schools in Sha Tin and Ma On Shan.[12]Shatin Town Centre is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 91. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money); no government schools are in this net.[13]Tertiary institutions\nThe Chinese University of Hong Kong (香港中文大學)\nHang Seng University of Hong Kong (香港恒生大學)\nHong Kong Baptist University (Shek Mun Campus)\nHong Kong Institute of Vocational Education - Sha Tin (IVE-ST) (香港專業教育學院 沙田分校)\nHong Kong Sports Institute (香港體育學院)\nPrimary and secondary schools\nBaptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School (浸信會呂明才中學)\nBuddhist Wong Wan Tin College (佛教黃允畋中學)\nCarmel Alison Lam Primary School (迦密愛禮信小學)\nChrist College (基督書院)\nHong Kong and Kowloon CCPA Ma Chung Sum Secondary School (港九潮州公會馬松深中學)\nHong Kong Baptist University Affiliated School Wong Kam Fai Secondary And Primary School (香港浸會大學附屬學校王錦輝中小學)\nJockey Club Ti-I College\nKiangsu-Chekiang College (Shatin)\nLam Tai Fai College\nLok Sin Tong Young ko hsiao Lin Secondary School\nNg Yuk Secondary School\nPentecostal Lam Hon Kwong School\nPui Ying College\nSha Tin College\nSha Tin Junior School\nSha Tin Government Secondary School\nSha Tin Methodist College\nShatin Tsung Tsin Secondary School\nSt. Rose of Lima's College\nStewards Pooi Kei College\nSheng Kung Hui Tsang Shiu Tim Secondary School\nOther educational institutions\nLutheran Theological Seminary","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JG_%26_HKJC.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum_(staff_entrance).JPG"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Park"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Tai Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wai"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Cantonese Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_Opera"},{"link_name":"Jin Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong"},{"link_name":"cycle track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_track"},{"link_name":"Tolo Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolo_Highway"},{"link_name":"Tai Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po"},{"link_name":"Ma On Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_On_Shan_(town)"},{"link_name":"Hin Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hin_Tin"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Tau"},{"link_name":"Hung Mui Kuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Mui_Kuk"},{"link_name":"Dragon Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat"},{"link_name":"Shing Mun River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing_Mun_River"},{"link_name":"Dragon Boat Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Sha Tin racecourse.Hong Kong Heritage Museum.There are numerous cultural, recreational and sport facilities in Sha Tin including the Town Hall, swimming pools, football pitches, indoor recreation centres and various track and field facilities for the use of Sha Tin residents.The 8-hectare Sha Tin Park was opened to public in 1988. Apart from its horticultural gardens and impressive water features, it also includes a large open plaza and a bandstand. The Ma On Shan Park, which is adjacent to Ma On Shan Swimming Pool, occupies 5.5 hectare of land.The Sha Tin Racecourse, occupying approximately 70 hectares, rests on reclaimed flatland. At the centre of the racecourse is the Penfold Garden which opens to the public on non-racing days.Located in Tai Wai, the Hong Kong Heritage Museum was opened at the end of 2000. Apart from introducing the art, culture and history of the New Territories, the museum also exhibits a variety of cultural artifacts for public appreciation. It has pop culture exhibitions about Bruce Lee, Cantonese Opera, Jin Yong, development of Hong Kong popular music, film, and television and radio programmes. The museum, which can accommodate 6,000 visitors, is the largest in the territory.Cycling has been a distinctive feature in Sha Tin and is very popular among both local people and visitors. The first cycle track in Sha Tin was opened to public in 1981, running along Tolo Highway to Tai Po, and this remains the territory's most popular cycling venue, drawing many occasional riders at the weekends, as well as dedicated cyclists. To tie in with the development of Ma On Shan, the cycle track was extended to Ma On Shan.Hiking is also a popular activity around Sha Tin. There are several starting points including Hin Tin Village, Sha Tin Tau Village and Hung Mui Kuk Barbecue Area leading to the track of Lion Rock Mountain hiking route. It takes 1 hour to 4 hours to complete the track depending on the chosen starting point and ending point.A Dragon Boat Racing competition is taking annually on Shing Mun River since 1984, at the time of the Dragon Boat Festival.[14]","title":"Culture, sports and recreational facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Tofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu"},{"link_name":"chicken congee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_congee"},{"link_name":"Wo Che Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo_Che_Estate"},{"link_name":"Fo Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo_Tan"}],"text":"Sha Tin is famous for certain local variants of Cantonese food such as ShanSui Tofu (山水豆腐; 'mountain-water beancurd'), barbecued pigeon and chicken congee. The cooked food stalls in Wo Che Estate and Fo Tan are hotspots for food.","title":"Local delicacies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shui_Chuen_O_2016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Sha_Tin_Station_Platform_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_station"}],"text":"Roads leading to the Shui Chuen O outskirts.Sha Tin stationThere are numerous transportation links both within the Sha Tin District and connecting it to other places in Hong Kong.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lion Rock Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Rock_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tate's Cairn Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate%27s_Cairn_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Shing Mun Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing_Mun_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tai Po Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po_Road"},{"link_name":"Sham Shui Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Tai Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"Tate's Cairn Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate%27s_Cairn_Highway"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hill"},{"link_name":"Choi Hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Hung"},{"link_name":"Kowloon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Bay"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong"},{"link_name":"Eastern Harbour Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Harbour_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Fanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanling"},{"link_name":"Tsuen Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wan"},{"link_name":"Shing Mun Tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing_Mun_Tunnels"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"Western Harbour Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Harbour_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Sai Sha Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Sha_Road"},{"link_name":"Sai Kung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Kung_Town"},{"link_name":"Ma On Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_On_Shan_(town)"},{"link_name":"Cheung Sha Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Sha_Wan"},{"link_name":"Lai Chi Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Chi_Kok"},{"link_name":"Kwai Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Chung"},{"link_name":"Chek Lap Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek_Lap_Kok"},{"link_name":"Mong Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kok"},{"link_name":"Chek Lap Kok International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"The road network in Sha Tin is well developed to provide efficient cross-town and local access traffic. Connection between Sha Tin and Kowloon mainly relies on the Lion Rock Tunnel, Tate's Cairn Tunnel, Shing Mun Tunnel and Tai Po Road which makes it easy to reach from many areas of Kowloon as well as from Tsuen Wan.Tai Po Road spans from Sham Shui Po in Kowloon to Tai Po in the New Territories, connecting Sha Tin en route. It was once the only road connecting Kowloon and the eastern part of the New Territories.\nOpened in the 1960s, the Lion Rock Tunnel offers access to Central Kowloon.\nThe Tate's Cairn Highway was completed in 1991, connecting East Kowloon (Wong Tai Sin, Diamond Hill, Choi Hung, Kowloon Bay, and Kwun Tong) and Hong Kong Island via the Eastern Harbour Crossing with the North East New Territories (Sha Tin, Tai Po and Fanling) via the Tolo Highway and through Tate's Cairn Tunnel.\nRoute connects Sha Tin to Tsuen Wan via the Shing Mun Tunnels and to Hong Kong Island via the Western Harbour Crossing. The travelling time is only about 30 minutes.\nSai Sha Road was opened in 1988, connecting Sha Tin to Sai Kung via Ma On Shan. Route T7, opened in August 2004, allows traffic to bypass Ma On Shan Town Centre when going from north of Ma On Shan to Sai Kung.\nAn expressway (via Eagle's Nest Tunnel) connecting Cheung Sha Wan in Kowloon to Sha Tin was opened on 21 March 2008. It aims at distributing traffic from Sha Tin and the area to its north, to Lai Chi Kok, Kwai Chung, and the airport at Chek Lap Kok and Mong Kok. It has shortened the trip from Sha Tin to the Chek Lap Kok International Airport to around 40 minutes.At present, there are over 110 routes of public bus serving Sha Tin.[citation needed]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR"},{"link_name":"East Rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rail_line"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Lo Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Wu"},{"link_name":"Tuen Ma line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen_Ma_line"},{"link_name":"West Rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rail_line"},{"link_name":"Hung Hom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hom"},{"link_name":"Kai Tak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Tak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_view_JG.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Shatin_New_Town_Panorama_201008.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"The MTR (East Rail line) is a major means of transportation between Admiralty and Lo Wu via Sha Tin. After the electrification of the line between 1979 and 1983, the East Rail now carries over 730,000 passengers daily.\nThe Tuen Ma line opened on 21 December 2004. The 56.4 km long railway has 27 stations linking West Rail line at Hung Hom via Kai Tak. The MTR Maintenance Centre is located in Tai Wai.Shatin's cityscape viewed from northern Fo TanA panorama of Sha Tin City taken from Sha Tin Lion Pavilion","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Climate data for Sha Tin (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n37.5(99.5)\n\n38.1(100.6)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n38.1(100.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n26.3(79.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n35.0(1.38)\n\n35.1(1.38)\n\n67.1(2.64)\n\n145.0(5.71)\n\n324.3(12.77)\n\n536.6(21.13)\n\n419.9(16.53)\n\n431.1(16.97)\n\n291.5(11.48)\n\n110.3(4.34)\n\n40.6(1.60)\n\n33.9(1.33)\n\n2,470.4(97.26)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n73.1\n\n77.3\n\n80.1\n\n81.0\n\n81.4\n\n81.9\n\n80.2\n\n80.4\n\n77.1\n\n71.8\n\n71.4\n\n68.7\n\n77.0\n\n\nSource: Hong Kong Observatory[15]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hase, P. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hase"},{"link_name":"Royal Asiatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"City University of Hong Kong Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789629374419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629374419"}],"text":"Hase, P. H. (2020). \"Chapter 3. Traditional Sha Tin\". Settlement, Life, and Politics - Understanding the Traditional New Territories. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong studies series. City University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 215–320. ISBN 9789629374419.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Sha Tin New Town under development in the late 1970s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ShaTin-ShingMunRiver-EarlyStageOfDevelopment.jpg/220px-ShaTin-ShingMunRiver-EarlyStageOfDevelopment.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sand Martin House of Sha Kok Estate, a second phase public housing complex in Sha Tin Wai.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sha_Tin_Wai_Sha_Kok_Estate_Sand_Martin_House.jpg/220px-Sha_Tin_Wai_Sha_Kok_Estate_Sand_Martin_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sha Tin Plaza in the evening.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Shatin_20051006.jpg/220px-Shatin_20051006.jpg"},{"image_text":"New Town Plaza after renovation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/New_Town_Plaza_Void_201301.jpg/220px-New_Town_Plaza_Void_201301.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shatin Assembly of God Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HK_ShatinAssemblyOfGodChurch.JPG/220px-HK_ShatinAssemblyOfGodChurch.JPG"},{"image_text":"Prince of Wales Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HK_Prince_of_Wales_Hospital.jpg/220px-HK_Prince_of_Wales_Hospital.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sha Tin Park's main plaza.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shatin_Park_Main_Plaza_2008.jpg/220px-Shatin_Park_Main_Plaza_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School, one of the oldest secondary schools in Sha Tin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BLMCSS-Front_20070828.jpg/220px-BLMCSS-Front_20070828.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sha Tin College, a member of the English Schools Foundation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shatin_College_202006.jpg/220px-Shatin_College_202006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sha Tin racecourse.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JG_%26_HKJC.JPG/220px-JG_%26_HKJC.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hong Kong Heritage Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum_%28staff_entrance%29.JPG/220px-Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum_%28staff_entrance%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Roads leading to the Shui Chuen O outskirts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shui_Chuen_O_2016.jpg/220px-Shui_Chuen_O_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sha Tin station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HK_Sha_Tin_Station_Platform_2008.jpg/220px-HK_Sha_Tin_Station_Platform_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shatin's cityscape viewed from northern Fo Tan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Panorama_view_JG.jpg"},{"image_text":"A panorama of Sha Tin City taken from Sha Tin Lion Pavilion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HK_Shatin_New_Town_Panorama_201008.jpg/950px-HK_Shatin_New_Town_Panorama_201008.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Sha Tin Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_Airfield"},{"title":"Wo Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo_Che"},{"title":"Siu Lek Yuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu_Lek_Yuen"},{"title":"Yuen Chau Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Chau_Kok"},{"title":"Lek Yuen Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_Yuen_Bridge"}]
[{"reference":"\"Shatin showplace taking shape\" (PDF). Hong Kong Standard. 21 February 1983. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/20_01.02/42554.pdf","url_text":"\"Shatin showplace taking shape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong Protests Against Day Trippers as China Eyes Action\". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-09/hong-kong-protests-against-day-trippers-as-china-eyes-action-i71kzgyi","url_text":"\"Hong Kong Protests Against Day Trippers as China Eyes Action\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194522/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-09/hong-kong-protests-against-day-trippers-as-china-eyes-action-i71kzgyi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"thaiworldview: Sha Tin\". Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thaiworldview.com/hongkong/newterritories/shatin3.htm","url_text":"\"thaiworldview: Sha Tin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325050611/http://www.thaiworldview.com/hongkong/newterritories/shatin3.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Information\". Lukfook. Retrieved 28 November 2023. HEAD OFFICE AND PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS 15th, 20th, 25th & 27th Floor Metropole Square No.2 On Yiu Street, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lukfook.com/en/page/investor-relations/corporate-shareholders-information","url_text":"\"Corporate Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sai Lim Temple\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sailamtemple.com/index.php","url_text":"\"Sai Lim Temple\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201113023915/http://www.sailamtemple.com/index.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International Fellowship North website\". Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifellowshipnorth.com/","url_text":"\"International Fellowship North website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517091920/http://ifellowshipnorth.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"School List\". Hong Kong Education Bureau. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305071102/http://www.edb.gov.hk/templates/sch_list_print.asp?district=ST","url_text":"\"School List\""},{"url":"http://www.edb.gov.hk/templates/sch_list_print.asp?district=ST","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"POA School Net 91\" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/spa-systems/primary-1-admission/school-lists/2023dpnet-91b.pdf","url_text":"\"POA School Net 91\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Bureau","url_text":"Education Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"About Sha Tin Dragon Boat Racing Competition\". Sha Tin Sports Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://stsa.org.hk/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95/%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E9%BE%8D%E8%88%9F%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD/","url_text":"\"About Sha Tin Dragon Boat Racing Competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Data for Single Element\". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsMonthlyElement.htm?stn=SHA&ele=TEMP","url_text":"\"Monthly Data for Single Element\""}]},{"reference":"Hase, P. H. (2020). \"Chapter 3. Traditional Sha Tin\". Settlement, Life, and Politics - Understanding the Traditional New Territories. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong studies series. City University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 215–320. ISBN 9789629374419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hase","url_text":"Hase, P. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Royal Asiatic Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press","url_text":"City University of Hong Kong Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629374419","url_text":"9789629374419"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sha_Tin&params=22_22_30_N_114_11_00_E_region:CN-91_type:city(480000)","external_links_name":"22°22′30″N 114°11′00″E / 22.37500°N 114.18333°E / 22.37500; 114.18333"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sha+Tin%22","external_links_name":"\"Sha Tin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sha+Tin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sha+Tin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sha+Tin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sha+Tin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sha+Tin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sha_Tin&params=22_22_30_N_114_11_00_E_region:CN-91_type:city(480000)","external_links_name":"22°22′30″N 114°11′00″E / 22.37500°N 114.18333°E / 22.37500; 114.18333"},{"Link":"http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/20_01.02/42554.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Shatin showplace taking shape\""},{"Link":"https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E8%BF%91%E7%99%BE%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%B4%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B0%B4%E8%B2%A8%E5%AE%A2-105000163.html","external_links_name":"\"近百名人到上水示威不滿內地水貨客\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105221351/https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E8%BF%91%E7%99%BE%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%B4%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B0%B4%E8%B2%A8%E5%AE%A2-105000163.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=49&art_id=154127&sid=43862683&con_type=1&d_str=20150210&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015","external_links_name":"\"Parallel lines of concern need fixing\""},{"Link":"http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1412052/milk-powder-supplies-still-not-meeting-needs","external_links_name":"\"Milk powder supplies still not meeting needs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141217071845/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1412052/milk-powder-supplies-still-not-meeting-needs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=126697&sid=37708163&con_type=3&d_str=20120921&isSearch=1&sear_year=2012","external_links_name":"\"Seeing red (white and blue)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150311123401/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=126697&sid=37708163&con_type=3&d_str=20120921&isSearch=1&sear_year=2012","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=154988&sid=44036440&con_type=3&d_str=20150309&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015","external_links_name":"\"Targeting mainlanders ... young and old\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173649/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=154988&sid=44036440&con_type=3&d_str=20150309&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-09/hong-kong-protests-against-day-trippers-as-china-eyes-action-i71kzgyi","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong Protests Against Day Trippers as China Eyes Action\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194522/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-09/hong-kong-protests-against-day-trippers-as-china-eyes-action-i71kzgyi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thaiworldview.com/hongkong/newterritories/shatin3.htm","external_links_name":"\"thaiworldview: Sha Tin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325050611/http://www.thaiworldview.com/hongkong/newterritories/shatin3.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lukfook.com/en/page/investor-relations/corporate-shareholders-information","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.lukfook.com/tc/page/investor-relations/corporate-shareholders-information","external_links_name":"Traditional Chinese address"},{"Link":"https://www.lukfook.com/sc/page/investor-relations/corporate-shareholders-information","external_links_name":"Simplified Chinese address"},{"Link":"http://www.sailamtemple.com/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Sai Lim Temple\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201113023915/http://www.sailamtemple.com/index.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ifellowshipnorth.com/","external_links_name":"\"International Fellowship North website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517091920/http://ifellowshipnorth.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305071102/http://www.edb.gov.hk/templates/sch_list_print.asp?district=ST","external_links_name":"\"School List\""},{"Link":"http://www.edb.gov.hk/templates/sch_list_print.asp?district=ST","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/spa-systems/primary-1-admission/school-lists/2023dpnet-91b.pdf","external_links_name":"\"POA School Net 91\""},{"Link":"https://stsa.org.hk/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95/%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E9%BE%8D%E8%88%9F%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD/","external_links_name":"\"About Sha Tin Dragon Boat Racing Competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsMonthlyElement.htm?stn=SHA&ele=TEMP","external_links_name":"\"Monthly Data for Single Element\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/2c12cf3d-dbd6-43eb-ba34-89eac74b3c97","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England
History of Anglo-Saxon England
["1 Terminology","2 Historical context","3 Migration and the formation of kingdoms (400–600)","4 Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries)","4.1 Anglo-Saxon England heptarchy","4.2 Other minor kingdoms and territories","5 Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex (9th century)","6 English unification (10th century)","7 England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)","7.1 Payment of Danegeld","7.2 Rise of Cnut","7.3 Edward becomes king","7.4 Death of Edward the Confessor","7.5 Battle of Fulford and aftermath","7.6 William of Normandy sails for England","8 See also","9 Notes","10 Citations","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
This article is about historical events in Anglo-Saxon England. For the early phases of that history, see Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. For Anglo-Saxon culture and society, see Anglo-Saxons. For the academic journal, see Anglo-Saxon England (journal). Sub-Roman Britain(410–c. 449)Heptarchy(c. 449–927)Kingdom of England(927–1066)Engla land (Old English)410–1066Britain around the year 540. Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' names are coloured red. Britonnic kingdoms' names are coloured black.Common languagesOld EnglishDemonym(s)Anglo-Saxon, Angle, SaxonHistory • Abandonment of the Roman province Britannia 410• Start of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain c. 449• Unification of the Angles, Saxons and Danes c. 927• Norman Conquest 1066 Part of a series on the History of England Timeline Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Sub-Roman Britain Anglo-Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman Conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian era Regency era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar period Second World War Postwar Britain Social history Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present) Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present) Topics English overseas possessions English society Government in medieval England History of education in England History of English History of monarchy in the United Kingdom History of the economy of England History of the politics of England Polities Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Margate Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Oxford Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worcester Worthing York England portalvte Anglo-Saxon England or Early Medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of Roman Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066, consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939). It became part of the short-lived North Sea Empire of Cnut, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway in the 11th century. The Anglo-Saxons migrated to Britain from mainland northwestern Europe after the Roman Empire withdrawal from the isle at the beginning of the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of sub-Roman Britain following the end of Roman control, and traces the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th and 6th centuries (conventionally identified as seven main kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex); their Christianisation during the 7th century; the threat of Viking invasions and Danish settlers; the gradual unification of England under the Wessex hegemony during the 9th and 10th centuries; and ending with the Norman Conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066. The Normans persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule England. However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest, came to be known as Englishry under Norman rule, and through social and cultural integration with Romano-British Celts, Danes and Normans became the modern English people. Terminology Bede completed his book Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in around 731. Thus, the term for English people (Latin: gens Anglorum; Old English: Angelcynn) was in use by then to distinguish Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in Northern Germany). The term 'Anglo-Saxon' came into use in the 8th century (probably by Paul the Deacon) to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons (Ealdseaxan, 'old' Saxons). The historian James Campbell suggested that it was not until the late Anglo-Saxon period that England could be described as a nation-state. It is certain that the concept of "Englishness" only developed very slowly. Historical context Main articles: Sub-Roman Britain and End of Roman rule in Britain As the Roman occupation of Britain was coming to an end, Constantine III withdrew the remains of the army in reaction to the Germanic invasion of Gaul with the Crossing of the Rhine in December 406. The Romano-British leaders were faced with an increasing security problem from seaborne raids, particularly by Picts on the east coast of England. The expedient adopted by the Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries (known as foederati), to whom they ceded territory. In about 442 the Anglo-Saxons mutinied, apparently because they had not been paid. The Romano-British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western empire, Magister militium Aetius, for help (a document known as the Groans of the Britons), even though Honorius, the Western Roman Emperor, had written to the British civitas in or about 410 telling them to look to their own defence. There then followed several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. The fighting continued until around 500, when, at the Battle of Mount Badon, the Britons inflicted a severe defeat on the Anglo-Saxons. Migration and the formation of kingdoms (400–600) Main articles: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and Heptarchy See also: Migration period and List of Anglo-Welsh wars 2nd to 5th century simplified migration patterns There are records of Germanic infiltration into Britain that date before the collapse of the Roman Empire. It is believed that the earliest Germanic visitors were eight cohorts of Batavians attached to the 14th Legion in the original invasion force under Aulus Plautius in AD 43. There is a recent hypothesis that some of the native tribes, identified as Britons by the Romans, may have been Germanic-language speakers, but most scholars disagree with this due to an insufficient record of local languages in Roman-period artefacts. It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with foederati recruited from the German homelands. This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain, and graves of these mercenaries, along with their families, can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period. The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army, when Anglo-Saxons were recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first rebellion of 442. If the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is to be believed, the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which eventually merged to become England were founded when small fleets of three or five ships of invaders arrived at various points around the coast of England to fight the sub-Roman British, and conquered their lands. The language of the migrants, Old English, came over the next few centuries to predominate throughout what is now England, at the expense of British Celtic and British Latin. Map of Briton settlements in the 6th century The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons into Britain can be seen in the context of a general movement of Germanic peoples around Europe between the years 300 and 700, known as the Migration period (also called the Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung). In the same period there were migrations of Britons to the Armorican peninsula (Brittany and Normandy in modern-day France): initially around 383 during Roman rule, but also c. 460 and in the 540s and 550s; the 460s migration is thought to be a reaction to the fighting during the Anglo-Saxon mutiny between about 450 to 500, as was the migration to Britonia (modern-day Galicia, in northwest Spain) at about the same time. The historian Peter Hunter-Blair expounded what is now regarded as the traditional view of the Anglo-Saxon arrival in Britain. He suggested a mass immigration, with the incomers fighting and driving the sub-Roman Britons off their land and into the western extremities of the islands, and into the Breton and Iberian peninsulas. This view is based on sources such as Bede, who mentions the Britons being slaughtered or going into "perpetual servitude". According to Härke the more modern view is of co-existence between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. He suggests that several modern archaeologists have now re-assessed the traditional model, and have developed a co-existence model largely based on the Laws of Ine. The laws include several clauses that provide six different wergild levels for the Britons, of which four are below that of freeman. Although the Britons could be rich freemen in Anglo-Saxon society, generally it seems that they had a lower status than that of the Anglo-Saxons. Discussions and analysis still continue on the size of the migration, and whether it was a small elite band of Anglo-Saxons who came in and took over the running of the country, or mass migration of peoples who overwhelmed the Britons. An emerging view is that two scenarios could have co-occurred, with large-scale migration and demographic change in the core areas of the settlement and elite dominance in peripheral regions. According to Gildas, initial vigorous British resistance was led by a man called Ambrosius Aurelianus, from which time victory fluctuated between the two peoples. Gildas records a "final" victory of the Britons at the Battle of Mount Badon in c. 500, and this might mark a point at which Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarily stemmed. Gildas said that this battle was "forty-four years and one month" after the arrival of the Saxons, and was also the year of his birth. He said that a time of great prosperity followed. But, despite the lull, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of Cerdic, around 520. However, it was to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons began further major advances. In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war, internal disputes, and general unrest, which was the inspiration behind Gildas's book De Excidio Britanniae (The Ruin of Britain). The next major campaign against the Britons was in 577, led by Ceawlin, king of Wessex, whose campaigns succeeded in taking Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath (known as the Battle of Dyrham). This expansion of Wessex ended abruptly when the Anglo-Saxons started fighting among themselves resulting in Ceawlin retreating to his original territory. He was then replaced by Ceol (who was possibly his nephew). Ceawlin was killed the following year, but the annals do not specify by whom. Cirencester subsequently became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom under the overlordship of the Mercians, rather than Wessex. Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries) Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing division into multiple petty kingdoms Anglo-Saxon and British kingdoms c. 800Main articles: Northumbria, Mercia, Offa of Mercia, Heptarchy, and Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms By 600, a new order was developing, of kingdoms and sub-Kingdoms. The medieval historian Henry of Huntingdon conceived the idea of the Heptarchy, which consisted of the seven principal Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Heptarchy literal translation from the Greek: hept – seven; archy – rule). By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages. Although heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy. Anglo-Saxon England heptarchy The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were: East Anglia Mercia Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira Wessex Minor kingdoms: Essex Kent Sussex Other minor kingdoms and territories Haestingas Hwicce Kingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia Isle of Wight, (Wihtwara) Lindsey Magonsæte Meonwara, the Meon Valley area of Hampshire Pecsæte Surrey Tomsæte Wreocensæte At the end of the 6th century the most powerful ruler in England was Æthelberht of Kent, whose lands extended north to the River Humber. In the early years of the 7th century, Kent and East Anglia were the leading English kingdoms. After the death of Æthelberht in 616, Rædwald of East Anglia became the most powerful leader south of the Humber. Silver coin of Aldfrith of Northumbria (686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left Following the death of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, Rædwald provided military assistance to the Deiran Edwin in his struggle to take over the two dynasties of Deira and Bernicia in the unified kingdom of Northumbria. Upon the death of Rædwald, Edwin was able to pursue a grand plan to expand Northumbrian power. The growing strength of Edwin of Northumbria forced the Anglo-Saxon Mercians under Penda into an alliance with the Welsh King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd, and together they invaded Edwin's lands and defeated and killed him at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. Their success was short-lived, as Oswald (one of the sons of the late King of Northumbria, Æthelfrith) defeated and killed Cadwallon at Heavenfield near Hexham. In less than a decade Penda again waged war against Northumbria, and killed Oswald in the Battle of Maserfield in 642. His brother Oswiu was chased to the northern extremes of his kingdom. However, Oswiu killed Penda shortly after, and Mercia spent the rest of the 7th and all of the 8th century fighting the kingdom of Powys. The war reached its climax during the reign of Offa of Mercia, who is remembered for the construction of a 150-mile-long dyke which formed the Wales/England border. It is not clear whether this was a boundary line or a defensive position. The ascendency of the Mercians came to an end in 825, when they were soundly beaten under Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellendun by Egbert of Wessex. Christianity had been introduced into the British Isles during the Roman occupation. The early Christian Berber author, Tertullian, writing in the 3rd century, said that "Christianity could even be found in Britain." The Roman Emperor Constantine (306–337), granted official tolerance to Christianity with the Edict of Milan in 313. Then, in the reign of Emperor Theodosius "the Great" (379–395), Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire. Escomb Church, a restored 7th-century Anglo-Saxon church. Church architecture and artefacts provide a useful source of historical information. It is not entirely clear how many Britons would have been Christian when the pagan Anglo-Saxons arrived. There had been attempts to evangelise the Irish by Pope Celestine I in 431. However, it was Saint Patrick who is credited with converting the Irish en-masse. A Christian Ireland then set about evangelising the rest of the British Isles, and Columba was sent to found a religious community in Iona, off the west coast of Scotland. Then Aidan was sent from Iona to set up his see in Northumbria, at Lindisfarne, between 635 and 651. Hence Northumbria was converted by the Celtic (Irish) church. Bede is very uncomplimentary about the indigenous British clergy: in his Historia ecclesiastica he complains of their "unspeakable crimes", and that they did not preach the faith to the Angles or Saxons. Pope Gregory I sent Augustine in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons, but Bede says the British clergy refused to help Augustine in his mission. Despite Bede's complaints, it is now believed that the Britons played an important role in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. On arrival in the south east of England in 597, Augustine was given land by King Æthelberht of Kent to build a church; so in 597 Augustine built the church and founded the See at Canterbury. Æthelberht was baptised by 601, and he then continued with his mission to convert the English. Most of the north and east of England had already been evangelised by the Irish Church. However, Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained mainly pagan until the arrival of Saint Wilfrid, the exiled Archbishop of York, who converted Sussex around 681 and the Isle of Wight in 683. Whitby Abbey It remains unclear what "conversion" actually meant. The ecclesiastical writers tended to declare a territory as "converted" merely because the local king had agreed to be baptised, regardless of whether, in reality, he actually adopted Christian practices; and regardless, too, of whether the general population of his kingdom did. When churches were built, they tended to include pagan as well as Christian symbols, evidencing an attempt to reach out to the pagan Anglo-Saxons, rather than demonstrating that they were already converted. Even after Christianity had been set up in all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, there was friction between the followers of the Roman rites and the Irish rites, particularly over the date on which Easter fell and the way monks cut their hair. In 664, a conference was held at Whitby Abbey (known as the Whitby Synod) to decide the matter; Saint Wilfrid was an advocate for the Roman rites and Bishop Colmán for the Irish rites. Wilfrid's argument won the day and Colmán and his party returned to Ireland in their bitter disappointment. The Roman rites were adopted by the English church, although they were not universally accepted by the Irish Church until Henry II of England invaded Ireland in the 12th century and imposed the Roman rites by force. Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex (9th century) Main articles: Danelaw, Viking Age, and Alfred the Great Map of England in 878 showing the extent of the Danelaw Between the 8th and 11th centuries, raiders and colonists from Scandinavia, mainly Danish and Norwegian, plundered western Europe, including the British Isles. These raiders came to be known as the Vikings; the name is believed to derive from Scandinavia, where the Vikings originated. The first raids in the British Isles were in the late 8th century, mainly on churches and monasteries (which were seen as centres of wealth). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that the holy island of Lindisfarne was sacked in 793. The raiding then virtually stopped for around 40 years; but in about 835, it started becoming more regular. The walled defence round a burgh. Alfred's capital, Winchester. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations. In the 860s, instead of raids, the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion. In 865, an enlarged army arrived that the Anglo-Saxons described as the Great Heathen Army. This was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army. Within ten years nearly all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fell to the invaders: Northumbria in 867, East Anglia in 869, and nearly all of Mercia in 874–77. Kingdoms, centres of learning, archives, and churches all fell before the onslaught from the invading Danes. Only the Kingdom of Wessex was able to survive. In March 878, the Anglo-Saxon King of Wessex, Alfred, with a few men, built a fortress at Athelney, hidden deep in the marshes of Somerset. He used this as a base from which to harry the Vikings. In May 878 he put together an army formed from the populations of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, which defeated the Viking army in the Battle of Edington. The Vikings retreated to their stronghold, and Alfred laid siege to it. Ultimately the Danes capitulated, and their leader Guthrum agreed to withdraw from Wessex and to be baptised. The formal ceremony was completed a few days later at Wedmore. There followed a peace treaty between Alfred and Guthrum, which had a variety of provisions, including defining the boundaries of the area to be ruled by the Danes (which became known as the Danelaw) and those of Wessex. The Kingdom of Wessex controlled part of the Midlands and the whole of the South (apart from Cornwall, which was still held by the Britons), while the Danes held East Anglia and the North. After the victory at Edington and resultant peace treaty, Alfred set about transforming his Kingdom of Wessex into a society on a full-time war footing. He built a navy, reorganised the army, and set up a system of fortified towns known as burhs. He mainly used old Roman cities for his burhs, as he was able to rebuild and reinforce their existing fortifications. To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation system known as the Burghal Hidage. These burhs (or burghs) operated as defensive structures. The Vikings were thereafter unable to cross large sections of Wessex: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that a Danish raiding party was defeated when it tried to attack the burh of Chichester. Although the burhs were primarily designed as defensive structures, they were also commercial centres, attracting traders and markets to a safe haven, and they provided a safe place for the king's moneyers and mints. A new wave of Danish invasions commenced in 891, beginning a war that lasted over three years. Alfred's new system of defence worked, however, and ultimately it wore the Danes down: they gave up and dispersed in mid-896. Alfred is remembered as a literate king. He or his court commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was written in Old English (rather than in Latin, the language of the European annals). Alfred's own literary output was mainly of translations, but he also wrote introductions and amended manuscripts. English unification (10th century) Edgar's coinage Main articles: Æthelstan and Edgar of England From 874 to 879, the western half of Mercia was ruled by Ceowulf II, who was succeeded by Æthelred as Lord of the Mercians. Alfred the Great of Wessex styled himself King of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886. In 886/887 Æthelred married Alfred's daughter Æthelflæd. On Alfred's death in 899, his son Edward the Elder succeeded him. When Æthelred died in 911, Æthelflæd succeeded him as "Lady of the Mercians", and in the 910s she and her brother Edward recovered East Anglia and eastern Mercia from Viking rule. Edward and his successors expanded Alfred's network of fortified burhs, a key element of their strategy, enabling them to go on the offensive. When Edward died in 924 he ruled all England south of the Humber. His son, Æthelstan, annexed Northumbria in 927 and thus became the first king of all England. At the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, he defeated an alliance of the Scots, Danes, Vikings and Strathclyde Britons. Along with the Britons and the settled Danes, some of the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms disliked being ruled by Wessex. Consequently, the death of a Wessex king would be followed by rebellion, particularly in Northumbria. Alfred's great-grandson, Edgar, who had come to the throne in 959, was crowned at Bath in 973 and soon afterwards the other British kings met him at Chester and acknowledged his authority. The presence of Danish and Norse settlers in the Danelaw had a lasting impact; the people there saw themselves as "armies" a hundred years after settlement: King Edgar issued a law code in 962 that was to include the people of Northumbria, so he addressed it to Earl Olac "and all the army that live in that earldom". There are over 3,000 words in modern English that have Scandinavian roots, and more than 1,500 place-names in England are Scandinavian in origin; for example, topographic names such as Howe, Norfolk and Howe, North Yorkshire are derived from the Old Norse word haugr meaning hill, knoll, or mound. In archaeology and other academic contexts the term Anglo-Scandinavian is often used for Scandinavian culture in England. England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066) Viking longboat replica in Ramsgate, Kent Edgar died in 975, sixteen years after gaining the throne, while still only in his early thirties. Some magnates supported the succession of his younger son, Æthelred, but his elder half-brother, Edward was elected, aged about twelve. His reign was marked by disorder, and three years later, in 978, he was assassinated by some of his half-brother's retainers. Æthelred succeeded, and although he reigned for thirty-eight years, one of the longest reigns in English history, he earned the name "Æthelred the Unready", as he proved to be one of England's most disastrous kings. William of Malmesbury, writing in his Chronicle of the kings of England about one hundred years later, was scathing in his criticism of Æthelred, saying that he occupied the kingdom, rather than governed it. Just as Æthelred was being crowned, the Danish Harald Gormsson was trying to force Christianity onto his domain. Many of his subjects did not like this idea, and shortly before 988, Sweyn, his son, drove his father from the kingdom. The rebels, dispossessed at home, probably formed the first waves of raids on the English coast. The rebels did so well in their raiding that the Danish kings decided to take over the campaign themselves. In 991 the Vikings sacked Ipswich, and their fleet made landfall near Maldon in Essex. The Danes demanded that the English pay a ransom, but the English commander Byrhtnoth refused; he was killed in the ensuing Battle of Maldon, and the English were easily defeated. From then on the Vikings seem to have raided anywhere at will; they were contemptuous of the lack of resistance from the English. Even the Alfredian systems of burhs failed. Æthelred seems to have just hidden, out of range of the raiders. Payment of Danegeld By the 980s the kings of Wessex had a powerful grip on the coinage of the realm. It is reckoned there were about 300 moneyers, and 60 mints, around the country. Every five or six years the coinage in circulation would cease to be legal tender and new coins were issued. The system controlling the currency around the country was extremely sophisticated; this enabled the king to raise large sums of money if needed. The need indeed arose after the battle of Maldon, as Æthelred decided that, rather than fight, he would pay ransom to the Danes in a system known as Danegeld. As part of the ransom, a peace treaty was drawn up that was intended to stop the raids. However, rather than buying the Vikings off, payment of Danegeld only encouraged them to come back for more. The Dukes of Normandy were quite happy to allow these Danish adventurers to use their ports for raids on the English coast. The result was that the courts of England and Normandy became increasingly hostile to each other. Eventually, Æthelred sought a treaty with the Normans, and ended up marrying Emma, daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy in the Spring of 1002, which was seen as an attempt to break the link between the raiders and Normandy. Then, on St. Brice's day in November 1002, Danes living in England were slaughtered on the orders of Æthelred. Rise of Cnut Cnut's dominions. The Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of Jemtland, Herjedalen, Idre, and Særna are not included in this map. In mid-1013, Sven Forkbeard, King of Denmark, brought the Danish fleet to Sandwich, Kent. From there he went north to the Danelaw, where the locals immediately agreed to support him. He then struck south, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy (1013–1014). However, on 3 February 1014, Sven died suddenly. Capitalising on his death, Æthelred returned to England and drove Sven's son, Cnut, back to Denmark, forcing him to abandon his allies in the process. In 1015, Cnut launched a new campaign against England. Edmund fell out with his father, Æthelred, and struck out on his own. Some English leaders decided to support Cnut, so Æthelred ultimately retreated to London. Before engagement with the Danish army, Æthelred died and was replaced by Edmund. The Danish army encircled and besieged London, but Edmund was able to escape and raised an army of loyalists. Edmund's army routed the Danes, but the success was short-lived: at the Battle of Ashingdon, the Danes were victorious, and many of the English leaders were killed. Cnut and Edmund agreed to split the kingdom in two, with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut the rest. In 1017, Edmund died in mysterious circumstances, probably murdered by Cnut or his supporters, and the English council (the witan) confirmed Cnut as king of all England. Cnut divided England into earldoms: most of these were allocated to nobles of Danish descent, but he made an Englishman earl of Wessex. The man he appointed was Godwin, who eventually became part of the extended royal family when he married the king's sister-in-law. In the summer of 1017, Cnut sent for Æthelred's widow, Emma, with the intention of marrying her. It seems that Emma agreed to marry the king on condition that he would limit the English succession to the children born of their union. Cnut already had a wife, known as Ælfgifu of Northampton, who bore him two sons, Svein and Harold Harefoot. The church, however, seems to have regarded Ælfgifu as Cnut's concubine rather than his wife. In addition to the two sons he had with Ælfgifu, he had a further son with Emma, who was named Harthacnut. When Cnut's brother, Harald II, King of Denmark, died in 1018, Cnut went to Denmark to secure that realm. Two years later, Cnut brought Norway under his control, and he gave Ælfgifu and their son Svein the job of governing it. Edward becomes king One result of Cnut's marriage to Emma was to precipitate a succession crisis after his death in 1035, as the throne was disputed between Ælfgifu's son, Harald Harefoot, and Emma's son, Harthacnut. Emma supported her son by Cnut, Harthacnut, rather than a son by Æthelred. Her son by Æthelred, Edward, made an unsuccessful raid on Southampton, and his brother Alfred was murdered on an expedition to England in 1036. Emma fled to Bruges when Harald Harefoot became king of England, but when he died in 1040 Harthacnut was able to take over as king. Harthacnut quickly developed a reputation for imposing high taxes on England. He became so unpopular that Edward was invited to return from exile in Normandy to be recognised as Harthacnut's heir, and when Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 (probably murdered), Edward (known to posterity as Edward the Confessor) became king. Edward was supported by Earl Godwin of Wessex and married the earl's daughter. This arrangement was seen as expedient, however, as Godwin had been implicated in the murder of Alfred, the king's brother. In 1051 one of Edward's in-laws, Eustace, arrived to take up residence in Dover; the men of Dover objected and killed some of Eustace's men. When Godwin refused to punish them, the king, who had been unhappy with the Godwins for some time, summoned them to trial. Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was chosen to deliver the news to Godwin and his family. The Godwins fled rather than face trial. Norman accounts suggest that at this time Edward offered the succession to his cousin, William (duke) of Normandy (also known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard, or William I), though this is unlikely given that accession to the Anglo-Saxon kingship was by election, not heredity – a fact which Edward would surely have known, having been elected himself by the Witenagemot. The Godwins, having previously fled, threatened to invade England. Edward is said to have wanted to fight, but at a Great Council meeting in Westminster, Earl Godwin laid down all his weapons and asked the king to allow him to purge himself of all crimes. The king and Godwin were reconciled, and the Godwins thus became the most powerful family in England after the king. On Godwin's death in 1053, his son Harold succeeded to the earldom of Wessex; Harold's brothers Gyrth, Leofwine, and Tostig were given East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. The Northumbrians disliked Tostig for his harsh behaviour, and he was expelled to an exile in Flanders, in the process falling out with his brother Harold, who supported the king's line in backing the Northumbrians. Death of Edward the Confessor St Bene't's Church of Cambridge, the oldest extant building in Cambridgeshire; its tower was built in the late Anglo-Saxon period. On 26 December 1065, Edward was taken ill. He took to his bed and fell into a coma; at one point he woke and turned to Harold Godwinson and asked him to protect the Queen and the kingdom. On 5 January 1066 Edward the Confessor died, and Harold was declared king. The following day, 6 January 1066, Edward was buried and Harold crowned. Although Harold Godwinson had "grabbed" the crown of England, others laid claim to it, primarily William, Duke of Normandy, who was cousin to Edward the Confessor through his aunt, Emma of Normandy. It is believed that Edward had promised the crown to William. Harold Godwinson had agreed to support William's claim after being imprisoned in Normandy, by Guy of Ponthieu. William had demanded and received Harold's release, then during his stay under William's protection it is claimed, by the Normans, that Harold swore "a solemn oath" of loyalty to William. Harald Hardrada ("The Ruthless") of Norway also had a claim on England, through Cnut and his successors. He had a further claim based on a pact between Harthacnut, King of Denmark (Cnut's son) and Magnus, King of Norway. Tostig, Harold's estranged brother, was the first to move; according to the medieval historian Orderic Vitalis, he travelled to Normandy to enlist the help of William, Duke of Normandy, later to be known as William the Conqueror. William was not ready to get involved so Tostig sailed from the Cotentin Peninsula, but because of storms ended up in Norway, where he successfully enlisted the help of Harald Hardrada. The Anglo Saxon Chronicle has a different version of the story, having Tostig land in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, then ravaging the English coast, before arriving at Sandwich, Kent. At Sandwich Tostig is said to have enlisted and press-ganged sailors before sailing north where, after battling some of the northern earls and also visiting Scotland, he eventually joined Hardrada (possibly in Scotland or at the mouth of the river Tyne). Battle of Fulford and aftermath According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle (Manuscripts D and E) Tostig became Hardrada's vassal and then with 300 or so longships sailed up the Humber Estuary bottling the English fleet in the river Swale and then landed at Riccall on the Ouse. They marched towards York, where they were confronted, at Fulford Gate, by the English forces that were under the command of the northern earls, Edwin and Morcar; the Battle of Fulford followed, on 20 September, which was one of the bloodiest battles of medieval times. The English forces were routed, though Edwin and Morcar escaped. The victors entered the city of York, exchanged hostages and were provisioned. Hearing the news whilst in London, Harold Godwinson force-marched a second English army to Tadcaster by the night of the 24th, and after catching Harald Hardrada by surprise, on the morning of 25 September, Harold achieved a total victory over the Scandinavian horde after a two-day-long engagement at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold gave quarter to the survivors allowing them to leave in 20 ships. William of Normandy sails for England Section of the Bayeux Tapestry showing Harold (lower right) being killed at Hastings Harold would have been celebrating his victory at Stamford Bridge on the night of 26/27 September 1066, while William of Normandy's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066. Harold marched his army back down to the south coast, where he met William's army, at a place now called Battle just outside Hastings. Harold was killed when he fought and lost the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty. Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield, as was their uncle Ælfwig, Abbot of Newminster. Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge. Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror. The Godwin women who remained were either dead or childless. William marched on London. The city leaders surrendered the kingdom to him, and he was crowned at Westminster Abbey, Edward the Confessor's new church, on Christmas Day 1066. It took William a further ten years to consolidate his kingdom, during which any opposition was suppressed ruthlessly; in a particularly brutal process known as the Harrying of the North, William issued orders to lay waste the north and burn all the cattle, crops and farming equipment and to poison the earth. According to Orderic Vitalis, the Anglo-Norman chronicler, over 100,000 people died of starvation. Figures based on the returns for the Domesday Book estimate that the population of England in 1086 was about 2.25 million, so 100,000 deaths, due to starvation, would have equated to 5 per cent of the population. By the time of William's death in 1087 it was estimated that only about 8 per cent of the land was under Anglo-Saxon control. Nearly all the Anglo-Saxon cathedrals and abbeys of any note had been demolished and replaced with Norman-style architecture by 1200. See also Anglo-Saxon England portalMiddle Ages portalEngland portal Anglo-Saxon art Anglo-Saxon architecture Old English literature Anglo-Saxon monarchs Anglo-Saxon warfare Anglo-Saxons Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England Government in Anglo-Saxon England History of England History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066) Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England Notes ^ Throughout this article Anglo-Saxon is used for Saxon, Angle, Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made; "Anglo-Saxon" is used when the culture is meant as opposed to any ethnicity. Citations ^ Schama, Simon (2003). A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World? (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: BBC Worldwide. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-563-48714-2. ^ a b Higham, Nicholas J., and Martin J. Ryan. The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press, 2013. pp. 7–19 ^ Campbell. The Anglo-Saxon State. p. 10 ^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). "Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?". The English Historical Review. 115 (462): 513–33. doi:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513. ^ Hills, C. (2003) Origins of the English Duckworth, London. ISBN 0-7156-3191-8, p. 67 ^ Jones. The end of Roman Britain: Military Security. pp. 164–68. The author discusses the failings of the Roman army in Britain and the reasons why they eventually left. ^ Jones. The end of Roman Britain. p. 246. "Roman Britain's death throes began on the last day of December 406 when Alans, Vandals, and Sueves crossed the Rhine and began the invasion of Gaul" ^ a b Morris. The Age of Arthur. pp. 56–62. Picts and Saxons. ^ Myres. The English Settlements. p. 14. Talking about Gildas references to the arrival of three keels (ships), "... this was the number of shiploads that led to the foedus or treaty settlement. Gildas also uses in their correct sense technical terms, annona, epimenia, hospites, which most likely derive from official documents relating to the billeting and supply of barbarian foederati." ^ Morris. Age of Arthur. p. 75. – Gildas: "... The federate complained that their monthly deliveries were inadequately paid..." – "All the greater towns fell to their enemy...." ^ Gildas.The Ruin of Britain II.20 . What Gildas had to say about the letter to Aëtius. ^ Dark. Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. p. 29. Referring to Gildas text about a letter: "The Britons...still felt it possible to appeal to Aetius, a Roman military official in Gaul in the mid-440s" ^ Dark. Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. p. 29. "Both Zosimus and Gildas refer to the 'Rescript of Honorius', a letter in which the Western Roman emperor told the British civitas to see to their own defence." ^ Esmonde Cleary. The Ending of Roman Britain. pp. 137–38. The author suggests that the "Rescript of Honorius" may have been for a place in southern Italy rather than Britain and that the chronology is wrong ^ Morris. The Age of Arthur. Chapter 6. The War ^ a b c d Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.26 – Mount Badon is referred to as Bath-Hill in this translation of Gildas text. ^ a b Myers, The English Settlements, Chapter 4: The Romano British Background and the Saxon Shore. Myers identifies incidence of German people in Britain during the Roman occupation. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LX, p417.While these events were happening in the city, Aulus Plautius, a senator of great renown, made a campaign against Britain; for a certain Bericus, who had been driven out of the island as a result of an uprising, had persuaded Claudius to send a force thither. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LX p. 419.Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by a bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them. ^ Forster et al. MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles in Jones. Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. pp. 99–111 Retrieved. 26 November 2011 ^ Sally Thomason. Language log Nutty Journalists' (and Others') Language Theories. Retrieved. 26 November 2011 ^ Alaric Hall, 'A gente Anglorum appellatur: The Evidence of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo-Saxon Period', in Words in Dictionaries and History: Essays in Honour of R. W. McConchie, ed. Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily, Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice, 14 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2011), pp. 219–31 (pp. 220–21). ^ Ward-Perkins. The fall of Rome: and the end of civilisation Particularly pp. 38–39 ^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England, Chapter 8: From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England ^ Myers. The English Settlements, Chapter 5: Saxons, Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore ^ Jones. The End of Roman Britain. p. 71. – ..the repetitious entries for invading ships in the Chronicle (three ships of Hengest and Horsa; three ships of Aella; five ships of Cerdic and Cynric; two ships of Port; three ships of Stuf and Wihtgar), drawn from preliterate traditions including bogus eponyms and duplications, might be considered a poetic convention. ^ a b Morris, The Age of Arthur, Ch.14:Brittanny ^ Bell-Fialkoff/ Bell: The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe, p. 303. That is why many scholars still subscribe to the traditional view that combined archaeological, documentary and linguistic evidence suggests that considerable numbers of Anglo-Saxons settled in southern and eastern England. ^ Hunter-Blair, Roman Britain and early England Particularly Chapter 8: The Age of Invasion ^ Bede. Ecclesiastical History of the English People I.15. ^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England. A complete analysis of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. A discussion of where the settlers came from, based on a comparison of pottery with those found in the area of origin in Germany. Burial customs and types of building. ^ Myers, The English Settlements, p. 24; Talking about Anglo-Saxon archaeology: "...the distribution maps indicate in many areas the Anglo-Saxon shows a marked tendency to follow the Romano-British pattern, in a fashion which suggests a considerable degree of temporal as well as spatial overlap." ^ a b Heinrich Härke. Ethnicity and Structures in Hines. The Anglo-Saxons pp. 148–49 ^ a b Attenborough. The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 33–61 ^ Jones, The End of Roman Britain, Ch. 1: Population and the Invasions; particularly pp. 11–12: "In contrast, some scholars shrink the numbers of the Anglo-Saxon invaders to a small, potent elite of only a few thousand invaders." ^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 11: "Some archaeologists seem to believe that very few immigrants...were involved in the creation of Anglo-Saxon England... Gildas describes the settlement of Saxon mercenaries in the eastern part of the country, their reinforcement and subsequent successful rebellion...suggests more than just a handful of military adventurers. Bede felt secure in his belief that he was not of British descent... Further his list of three principle peoples who migrated here... is echoed in the archaeological record." ^ Bell, The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe, p. 303: "As for migrants, three kinds of hypotheses have been advanced. Either they were a warrior elite, few in numbers but dominant by force of arms; or they were farmers mostly interested in finding good agricultural land; or they were refugees fleeing unsettled conditions in their homelands. Or they might have been any combination of these." ^ Pattison, 'Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?' in Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2008 275, pp. 2423–29; and 'Integration vs Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain' in Human Biology 2011 83, pp. 715–33: "Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period. Contrary to the assumption of limited intermarriage made in the apartheid simulation, there is evidence that significant mixing of the British and Germanic peoples occurred, and that the early law codes, such as that of King Ine of Wessex, could have deliberately encouraged such mixing." ^ Stefan Burmeister, Archaeology and Migration (2000): " ... immigration in the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon settlement does not seem aptly described in terms of the "elite-dominance model. To all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculture-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds more closely to a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century. At best, the elite-dominance model might apply in the peripheral areas of the settlement territory, where immigration predominantly comprised of men and the existence of hybrid cultural forms might support it." ^ Dark, Ken R. (2003). "Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD" (PDF). ^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178: "large-scale migration seems highly likely for at least East Anglia and parts of Lincolnshire ... this rules out the elite dominance model in its strictest interpretation." ^ Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in Migrations and Disruptions, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45–48 ^ Coates, Richard. "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English". ^ Härke, Heinrich. "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis." Medieval Archaeology 55.1 (2011): 1–28. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). "Relative Chronology" (PDF). ^ Bethany Fox, The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland (2007): "The most obvious interpretation of the data in this study is a synthesis of mass-migration and elite-takeover models." ^ Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.25 -With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven, that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive. ^ a b c Morris, The Age of Arthur, Chapter 16: English Conquest ^ Gildas.The Ruin of Britain I.1. ^ Snyder.The Britons. p. 85 ^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 29. ^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 30. ^ Morris. The Age of Arthur. p. 299 ^ Wood.The Domesday Quest. pp. 47–48 ^ Greenway, Historia Anglorum, pp. lx–lxi. "The HA (Historia Anglorum) is the story of the unification of the English monarchy. To project such an interpretation required Henry (of Huntingdon) to exercise firm control over his material. One of the products of this control was his creation of the Heptarchy, which survived as a concept in historical writing into our own time". ^ Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages1993:163f. ^ Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Tr. Shirley-Price, I.25 ^ a b c d Charles-Edwards After-Rome: Nations and Kingdoms, pp. 38–39 ^ Snyder,The Britons, p. 176. ^ Bede, History of the English, II.20 ^ Snyder, The Britons, p. 177 ^ a b c d Snyder.The Britons. p. 178 ^ Snyder.The Britons. p. 212 ^ a b Snyder.The Britons.pp. 178–79 ^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 231 ^ Charles Thomas Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. pp. 48–50: Saint Alban is discussed in detail, as when he lived and was martyred gives an indication of the state of Christianity in Roman Britain. Dates suggested for his martyrdom are 209 or 251–259 or c. 303. ^ Snyder.The Britons. pp. 106–07 ^ Charles Thomas Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. p. 47 ^ R. M. Errington Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Chapter VIII. Theodosius ^ Jones, The End of Roman Britain, pp. 174–85: Religious Belief and Political loyalty. The author suggests the British were supporters of the Pelagian heresy, and that the numbers of Christians were higher than Gildas reports. ^ Snyder,The Britons, p. 105.In 5th and 6th centuries Britons in large numbers adopted Christianity.. ^ a b Snyder, The Britons, pp. 116–25 ^ Charles-Edwards. After Rome:Society, Community and Identity. p. 97 ^ a b Charles-Edwards. After Rome:Conversion to Christianity. p. 132 ^ Bede, History of the English People, I.22 ^ Bede, History of the English People, II.2 ^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, pp. 128–29 ^ Snyder, The Britons, pp. 135–36 ^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, p. 127 ^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, pp. 124–39 ^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, p. 104 ^ Bede, History of the English People, IV.13 and IV.16 ^ Kirby, The Church in Saxon Sussex in Brandon. The South Saxons., pp. 160–73. Kirby suggests that there would have been Christian communities already in Sussex. King Æthelwealh and his wife were already Christian, he having been baptised in Mercia. The pre-existing converts, in Sussex, would have been evangelised by the Irish church, and Bede and Eddius (Wilfred's biographer) were indifferent to the Irish Church. It was also politic to play up Wilfrid's role. ^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, p. 126 ^ Blair. The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Ch.1. particularly pp. 51–52 ^ Mayr-Harting. The coming of Christianity. p. 146. Talking of Pope Gregory's policy he said that:..the Anglo-Saxons should be led to Christianity step by step. The old temples were now to be kept for Christian worship; Christian worship was to be accompanied with the old feasts of cattle. ^ Jennifer O'Reilly, After Rome: The Art of Authority, pp. 144–48 ^ a b c Bede. History of the English People, III.25 and III.26 ^ Barefoot. The English Road to Rome. p. 30 ^ Sawyer, The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings, p. 1. ^ a b Sawyer, The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings, pp. 2–3. ^ Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology. Viking: "Northern pirate. Literally means creek dweller." ^ Starkey,Monarchy, Chapter 6: Vikings ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 793.This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island (Lindisfarne), by rapine and slaughter. ^ a b c d Starkey, Monarchy, p. 51 ^ Starkey, Monarchy p. 65 ^ a b c d Asser, Alfred the Great, pp. 84–85. ^ Asser, Alfred the Great, p. 22. ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Alfred and Guthrum's Peace ^ Wood, The Domesday Quest, Chapter 9: Domesday Roots. The Viking Impact ^ a b Starkey, Monarchy, p. 63 ^ Horspool, Alfred, p. 102. A hide was somewhat like a tax – it was the number of men required to maintain and defend an area for the King. The Burghal Hideage defined the measurement as one hide being equivalent to one man. The hidage explains that for the maintenance and defence of an acre's breadth of wall, sixteen hides are required. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 894. ^ Starkey, Monarchy, pp. 68–69. ^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 64 ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 891 ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 891–896 ^ a b Horspool, "Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes", The Last War, pp. 104–10. ^ a b Horspool, "Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes", pp. 10–12 ^ Asser, Alfred the Great, III pp. 121–60. Examples of King Alfred's writings ^ a b c d Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 123 ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 899 ^ a b c Starkey, Monarchy, p. 71 ^ Welch, Late Anglo-Saxon England pp. 128–29 ^ Keynes, 'Edgar', pp. 48–51 ^ a b Woods, The Domesday Quest, pp. 107–08 ^ The Viking Network: Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology. ^ a b Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language pp. 25–26. ^ Ordnance Survey: Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 372–373 ^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 76. The modern ascription 'Unready' derives from the Anglo-Saxon word unraed, meaning "badly advised or counseled". ^ Malmesbury, Chronicle of the kings of England, pp. 165–66. In the year of our Lord's incarnation 979, Ethelred ... obtaining the kingdom, occupied rather than governed it, for thirty-seven years. The career of his life is said to have been cruel in the beginning, wretched in the middle and disgraceful in the end. ^ a b c d Stenton. Anglo Saxon England. p. 375 ^ a b c Starkey, Monarchy, p. 79 ^ a b c Starkey, Monarchy, p. 80 ^ a b Wood, Domesday Quest, p. 124 ^ Campbell, The Anglo Saxon State, p. 160. "..it has to be accepted that early eleventh century kings could raise larger sums in taxation than could most of their medieval successors. The numismatic evidence for the scale of the economy is extremely powerful, partly because it demonstrates how very many coins were struck, and also because it provides strong indications for extensive foreign trade." ^ Wood, Domesday Quest, p. 125 ^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 376 ^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 377. The treaty was arranged.. by Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and Ælfric and Æthelweard, the ealdermen of the two West Saxon provinces. ^ Williams, Aethelred the Unready, p. 54 ^ Williams, Æthelred the Unready, pp. 52–53. ^ a b c d e Sawyer. Illustrated History of Vikings. p. 76 ^ a b c d e f g Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages, pp. 216–22 ^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle, 1016 ^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 94. ^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle, 1017: ..before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king, Ethelred, the daughter of Richard, to wife. ^ a b c d Brown. Chibnal. Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman studies. pp. 160–61 ^ a b c Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 108–09 ^ a b c Lapidge. Anglo-Saxon England. pp. 229–30 ^ a b c d e f Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 161–62 ^ Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 230 ^ a b Barlow, 2002, pp. 57–58 ^ a b Barlow, 2002, , pp. 64–65 ^ a b Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 229–30 ^ Barlow, 2002, , pp. 83–85. The value of the Godwins holdings can be discerned from the Domesday Book. ^ Barlow, 2002, pp. 116–23 ^ a b c Anglo Saxon Chronicle, 1065 AD ^ Starkey, Monarchy p. 119 ^ a b Starkey, Monarchy, p. 120 ^ a b c Anglo Saxon Chronicle. MS C. 1066. ^ a b c d Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 233–38 ^ a b Barlow, 2002, "Chapter 5: The Lull Before the Storm". ^ a b Vitalis. The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume i. Bk. III Ch. 11. pp. 461–64 65 ^ a b c d Barlow, 2002, pp. 134–35. ^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle. MS D. 1066. ^ Barlow, 2002, p. 138 ^ Barlow, 2002, pp. 136–137 ^ a b Barlow, 2002, pp. 137–38 ^ Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 238–40 ^ Barlow, 2002, "Chapter 7: The Collapse of the Dynasty". ^ Woods, Dark Ages, p. 240. ^ Barlow, 2002, , p. 156. ^ a b Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 248–49 ^ Starkey. Monarchy. pp. 138–39 ^ Vitalis. The ecclesiastical history. p. 28 His camps were scattered over a surface of one hundred miles numbers of the insurgents fell beneath his vengeful sword he levelled their places of shelter to the ground wasted their lands and burnt their dwellings with all they contained. Never did William commit so much cruelty, to his lasting disgrace, he yielded to his worst impulse and set no bounds to his fury condemning the innocent and the guilty to a common fate. In the fulness of his wrath he ordered the corn and cattle with the implements of husbandry and every sort of provisions to be collected in heaps and set on fire till the whole was consumed and thus destroyed at once all that could serve for the support of life in the whole country lying beyond the Humber There followed consequently so great a scarcity in England in the ensuing years and severe famine involved the innocent and unarmed population in so much misery that in a Christian nation more than a hundred thousand souls of both sexes and all ages perished.. ^ Bartlett. England under the Normans. pp. 290–92 ^ Wood. The Doomsday Quest. p. 141 References "Alfred and Guthrum's Peace". Internet Medieval Source Book. History Department of Fordham University. Retrieved 9 February 2010. Allen, Brown R.; Chibnall, Marjorie, eds. (1979). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. I: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1978. London: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-107-8. s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great. "The Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560–975AD". Internet Medieval Source Book. History Department of Fordham University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010. Asser (1983). Alfred the Great. Translated by Lapidge, Keyne. Penguin Classic (published 2004). ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4. Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922). The laws of the earliest English kings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780404565459. Retrieved 22 October 2013. Barefoot, Brian (1993). The English Road to Rome. Upton-upon-Severn: Images. ISBN 1-897817-08-8. Barlow, Frank (2002). The Godwins. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-78440-9. Bede (1903). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Jane, L.C. (Temple Classics ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Company.; the translation of the Continuation., based on a translation by A. M. Sellar (1907). Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M. Roberts (ed.). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225. London: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-925101-8. Bell, Andrew (2000). Andrew Bell-Fialkoff (ed.). The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe:Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-21207-0. Blair, John (2006). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3. Brandon, Peter, ed. (1978). The South Saxons. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-240-0. Campbell, James (2000). The Anglo-Saxon State . Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-176-7. Dio, Cassius Cocceianus (1924). E. Cary (ed.). Roman History: Bk. 56–60, v. 7 (2000 ed.). Harvard: LOEB. ISBN 0-674-99193-1. Charles-Edwards, Thomas (1981). Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. Berkeley: UC Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-04392-8. Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Conversion to Christianity. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4. Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Nations and Kingdoms. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4. Clark, David, and Nicholas Perkins, eds. Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination (2010) Crystal, David (2001). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. CUP. ISBN 0-521-59655-6. Dark, Ken (2000). Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. Stroud: NPI Media Group. ISBN 0-7524-1451-8. Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1991). The ending of Roman Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23898-6. Gelling, Margaret; Anne, Coles (2000). The Landscape of Place-Names. Stamford: Tyas. ISBN 1-900289-26-1. Gildas (1848). The Ruin of Britain. Translated by Habington; Giles, J.A. Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Diana E. Greenway (ed.). Historia Anglorum: the history of the English. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-822224-6. Higham, N. J. (1994). English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century. Manchester: Manchester United Press. ISBN 0-7190-4080-9. Hines J., ed. (2003). The Ango-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. London: Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-034-5. Horspool, David (2006). Why Alfred Burned the Cakes. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-786-1. Hunter Blair, Peter (1963). Roman Britain and Early England 55 BC – AD 871. London: W W Norton. ISBN 0-393-00361-2. Ernest Rhys, ed. (1912). Anglo Saxon Chronicle. Translated by Ingram, Rev. James. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. Jones, Martin, ed. (2004). Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-902937-25-0. Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5. Kelly S. E.; et al., eds. (1973–2007). Anglo-Saxon Charters Volumes: I–XIII. Oxford: OUP for the British Academy. Keynes, Simon (2008). "Edgar rex admirabilis". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-399-4. Koch, John T. (2005). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. Lapidge, Michael Ed.; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2001). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22492-0. Mayr-Harting, Henry (1992). The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. Pennsylvania: University Press Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-271-00769-9. Malcolm Errington, R. (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina. ISBN 0-8078-3038-0. Morris, John (1973). The Age of Arthur. London: Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-477-3. Myers, J.N.L. (1989). The English Settlements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282235-7. Nennius (1848). History of the Britons. Translated by Gunn, Rev. W.; Giles, J.A. O'Reilly, Jennifer (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: The Art of Authority. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4. Ordericus Vitalis (1853). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.). The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume i. London: Henry G. Bohn. Ordericus Vitalis (1854). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.). The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume ii. London: Henry G. Bohn. Pattison, John E. (2008). "Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1650). Royal Society: 2423–2429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352. PMC 2603190. PMID 18430641. "Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain" (PDF). Ordnance Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2010. Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-285434-8. Farmer, D.H., ed. (1990). Bede:Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Sherley-Price, Leo. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044565-X. Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6. Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England Volume I. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-7678-4. Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. "Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology". The Viking Network. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010. Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2005). The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-280564-9. Webb J. F.; Farmer D. H., eds. (1983). The Age of Bede. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044437-8. Welch, Martin (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. London: English Heritage. ISBN 0-7134-6566-2. William of Malmesbury (1847). Chronicle of the kings of England:From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen. Translated by Giles, J.A. London: Henry Bohn. Williams, Ann (2003). Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-382-4. Wood, Michael (1985). The Domesday Quest. London: BBC. ISBN 0-15-352274-7. Wood, Michael (2005). In Search of the Dark Ages. London: BBC. ISBN 978-0-563-52276-8. Yorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3. Further reading Curry, Andrew (21 September 2022). "Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England". Science. External links Internet Medieval Source book C. P. Biggam's Anglo-Saxon Studies: A Select bibliography (archived 25 March 2013) Anglo Saxon Era – articles about the period Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England vteKingdom of EnglandHistory Timeline Anglo-Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman Conquest Anglo-Normans The Anarchy Angevin Empire England in the late Middle Ages Economy in the Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period English Reformation Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period Union of the Crowns Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate The Restoration Popish Plot Exclusion Crisis Glorious Revolution Union with Scotland Overseas possessions Crown Proprietary Protectorate Maritime history Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange-Nassau PoliticsLaw Witan Curia regis Magnum Concilium Parliament House of Lords House of Commons King's Secretary Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Anglo-Saxon Medieval Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament: 1225–1267 1275–1307 1308–1325 Temp. incert. 1327–1376 1377–1397 1399–1411 1413–1421 1422–1460 1461 1463 1464 1467 1468 1472 1474 1477 1482 1483 1485–1503 1509–1535 1536 1539–1540 1541 1542 1543 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1551 1553 1554 1555 1557 1558–1575 1580 1584 1586 1588 1592 1597 1601 1603 1605 1606 1609 1620 1623 1625 1627 1640 1642–1660 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1670 1672 1675 1677 1678 1679 1680 1685 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 Military Anglo-Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo-Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag (list) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George's Day vteEuropean Middle AgesEarly Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Barbarian kingdoms Late antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianity in the Middle Ages Christianization Rise of Islam Papal States First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo-Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Rise of the Venetian Republic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire Reconquista High Middle Ages Norman Conquest Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Rise of the Republic of Genoa Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Republic of Florence Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Kingdom of Portugal Late Middle Ages Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy Milan France England Castile Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the late Middle Ages Great Famine Little Ice Age Culture Agriculture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Crusading movement Dance Demography Domes Hastilude Household Hunting In popular culture Itinerant court Literature Medicine Minstrel Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Theatre Warfare Women Related Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Land terms Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Misconceptions Neo-medievalism Post-classical history Timeline Portal Category WikiProject vteEuropean Middle Ages by regionMedievalhistories ofcurrentpolitical unitsWestern andNorthern Europe Corsica Denmark England (Early, High, Late) France Germany Ireland (400–800, 800–1169, 1169–1536) Italy Scotland (Early, High, Late) Spain Sweden Wales (Early, High, Late) Central, Eastern Europeand Near East Albania Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech lands Georgia Greece (Byzantine and Ottoman) Hungary (High Medieval Kingdom and Late Medieval Kingdom) Poland Romania Serbia Anatolia (Byzantine, Seljuk-Rum and Ottoman) MedievalterritoriesWestern andNorthern Europe Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire (Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Italy, Swiss Confederacy) Papal States Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Duchy of Burgundy (Burgundian Netherlands) Crown of Castile (Kingdom of Asturias, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Galicia) Crown of Aragon (Kingdom of Aragon, Principality of Catalonia, Kingdom of Valencia, Kingdom of Majorca) Kingdom of Navarre Portugal (County and Kingdom of Portugal) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Lordship of Ireland al-Andalus (Caliphate of Córdoba, Taifa, Almoravids, Almohads, Emirate of Granada) Hereditary Kingdom of Norway Central, Eastern Europeand Near East Byzantine Empire Bulgarian Empire First Second Croatia (Dalmatia, Pannonia, Kingdom of Croatia) Crusader states (Cyprus, Tripoli, Antioch, Edessa, Jerusalem) Bosnia and Herzegovina (Banate of Bosnia, Kingdom of Bosnia) Ukraine (Kievan Rus', Kingdom of Rus', Principality of Chernigov) Russia (Rus' Khaganate, Novgorod Republic, Ryazan, Moscow) Serbia (Principality, Grand Principality, Kingdom, Empire, Lordship, Despotate) vteGermanic peoplesEthnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languagesHistory Nordic Bronze Age Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Germanic Iron Age Viking Age Early culture Architecture Art Calendar Clothing Family Festivals Folklore Proto-Germanic folklore Anglo-Saxon mythology Continental Germanic mythology Norse mythology) Funerary practices Anglo-Saxon Norse Law Anglo-Saxon Norse Literature Anglo-Saxon Norse Names Gothic Numbers Paganism Anglo-Saxon Gothic Norse Rings Scripts Gothic alphabet Runes Symbology Warfare Anglo-Saxon Gothic and Vandal Viking Languages Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language East Germanic languages North Germanic languages West Germanic languages Groups Alemanni Brisgavi Bucinobantes Lentienses Raetovari Adrabaecampi Angles Anglo-Saxons Ambrones Ampsivarii Angrivarii Armalausi Auiones Avarpi Baemi Baiuvarii Banochaemae Bastarnae Batavi Belgae Germani cisrhenani Atuatuci Caeroesi Condrusi Eburones Paemani Segni Morini Nervii Bateinoi Betasii Brondings Bructeri Burgundians Buri Cananefates Caritni Casuari Chaedini Chaemae Chamavi Chali Charudes Chasuarii Chattuarii Chatti Chauci Cherusci Cimbri Cobandi Corconti Cugerni Danes Dauciones Dulgubnii Favonae Firaesi Fosi Franks Ripuarian Franks Salian Franks Frisiavones Frisii Gambrivii Geats Gepids Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Sciri Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini Christianization Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland Category vteHistory of EnglandTimeline Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Sub-Roman Britain Anglo-Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman Conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian era Regency era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar period Second World War Postwar Britain Social history Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present) Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present) Topics English overseas possessions English society Government in medieval England History of education in England History of English History of monarchy in the United Kingdom History of the economy of England History of the politics of England Polities Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Margate Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Oxford Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worcester Worthing York England portal vtePeriods in English historyPrehistoric Britainuntil c. 43 ADRoman Britainc. 43–410Sub-Roman Britain410-c. 7th centuryAnglo-Saxonc. 449–1066Norman/Angevin1066–1216Plantagenet1216–1485Tudor1485–1603 Elizabethan1558–1603Stuart1603–1714 Jacobean1603–1625Caroline1625–1649(Interregnum)1649–1660Restoration1660–1714Georgian era1714–1837 Regency era1811–1820Victorian era1837–1901Edwardian era1901–1914First World War1914–1918Interwar Britain1919–1939Second World War1939–1945Post-war Britain (political)1945–1979Post-war Britain (social)1945–1979 See also Political history (1979–present) Social history (1979–present)Timeline vteHistory of the British IslesOverview United Kingdom England Isle of Wight Isles of Scilly Scotland Shetland Orkney Inner Hebrides Outer Hebrides Wales Anglesey Northern Ireland Ireland Isle of Man (Mann) Channel Islands Jersey Guernsey Prehistoric period Prehistoric Britain Prehistoric England Prehistoric Scotland Prehistoric Shetland Prehistoric Orkney Prehistoric Wales Prehistoric Ireland Prehistoric Mann Classical period Roman Britain Roman Scotland Roman Wales Protohistoric Ireland, Roman Ireland End of Roman rule Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Medieval England Early medieval England High medieval England Late medieval England Medieval Scotland Early medieval Scotland High medieval Scotland Late medieval Scotland Medieval Wales Early medieval Wales High medieval Wales Late medieval Wales Medieval Ireland Early medieval Ireland High medieval Ireland Late medieval Ireland Medieval Mann Early modern period Early modern Britain Early modern England Early modern Scotland Early modern Wales Early modern Ireland Early modern Mann Late modern period United Kingdom (since 1707) Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War World Wars (Wales) Post-war period (political history) Post-war period (social history) Late modern Ireland Late modern Mann Related House of Plantagenet House of Lancaster House of York Monarchs History of Anglo-Saxon England at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsTextbooks from WikibooksData from Wikidata Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon England (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"North Sea Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"northwestern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"sub-Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_monarchs_and_kingdoms"},{"link_name":"seven main kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptarchy"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_East_Angles"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Christianisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Viking invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_expansion"},{"link_name":"Danish settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"unification of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#English_unification_(10th_century)"},{"link_name":"Wessex hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex#The_hegemony_of_Wessex_and_the_Viking_raids"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_Nicholas_J._2013._p7-19-2"},{"link_name":"Englishry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishry"},{"link_name":"Norman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_England"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"English people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"}],"text":"This article is about historical events in Anglo-Saxon England. For the early phases of that history, see Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. For Anglo-Saxon culture and society, see Anglo-Saxons. For the academic journal, see Anglo-Saxon England (journal).Anglo-Saxon England or Early Medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of Roman Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066, consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939). It became part of the short-lived North Sea Empire of Cnut, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway in the 11th century.The Anglo-Saxons migrated to Britain from mainland northwestern Europe after the Roman Empire withdrawal from the isle at the beginning of the 5th century. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of sub-Roman Britain following the end of Roman control, and traces the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th and 6th centuries (conventionally identified as seven main kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex); their Christianisation during the 7th century; the threat of Viking invasions and Danish settlers; the gradual unification of England under the Wessex hegemony during the 9th and 10th centuries; and ending with the Norman Conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.The Normans persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule England.[1] However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest,[2] came to be known as Englishry under Norman rule, and through social and cultural integration with Romano-British Celts, Danes and Normans became the modern English people.","title":"History of Anglo-Saxon England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical History of the English People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_Nicholas_J._2013._p7-19-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"James Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Campbell_(historian)"},{"link_name":"late Anglo-Saxon period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons#Late_Anglo-Saxon_history_(899%E2%80%931066)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campbell10-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bede completed his book Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in around 731. Thus, the term for English people (Latin: gens Anglorum; Old English: Angelcynn) was in use by then to distinguish Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in Northern Germany).[2][a] The term 'Anglo-Saxon' came into use in the 8th century (probably by Paul the Deacon) to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons (Ealdseaxan, 'old' Saxons).The historian James Campbell suggested that it was not until the late Anglo-Saxon period that England could be described as a nation-state.[3] It is certain that the concept of \"Englishness\" only developed very slowly.[4][5]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Germanic invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Crossing of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris56-9"},{"link_name":"foederati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris56-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Magister militium Aetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetius_(magister_militum)"},{"link_name":"Groans of the Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons"},{"link_name":"Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"civitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mount Badon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Badonicus"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildas26-17"}],"text":"As the Roman occupation of Britain was coming to an end, Constantine III withdrew the remains of the army in reaction to the Germanic invasion of Gaul with the Crossing of the Rhine in December 406.[6][7] The Romano-British leaders were faced with an increasing security problem from seaborne raids, particularly by Picts on the east coast of England.[8] The expedient adopted by the Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries (known as foederati), to whom they ceded territory.[8][9] In about 442 the Anglo-Saxons mutinied, apparently because they had not been paid.[10] The Romano-British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western empire, Magister militium Aetius, for help (a document known as the Groans of the Britons), even though Honorius, the Western Roman Emperor, had written to the British civitas in or about 410 telling them to look to their own defence.[11][12][13][14] There then followed several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo-Saxons.[15] The fighting continued until around 500, when, at the Battle of Mount Badon, the Britons inflicted a severe defeat on the Anglo-Saxons.[16]","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Migration period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period"},{"link_name":"List of Anglo-Welsh wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers75-18"},{"link_name":"cohorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Batavians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavians"},{"link_name":"14th Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina"},{"link_name":"Aulus Plautius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Plautius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers75-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"native tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones99-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomason-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"foederati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers104-26"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"predominate throughout what is now England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_language_decline_in_England"},{"link_name":"British Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Celtic"},{"link_name":"British Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Latin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britonia6hcentury2.svg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morrisch14-28"},{"link_name":"Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Migration period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Britonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonia"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morrisch14-28"},{"link_name":"Peter Hunter-Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bedei15-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welch1-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hines148-34"},{"link_name":"Laws of Ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex#Laws"},{"link_name":"wergild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weregild"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attenborough4-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hines148-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attenborough4-35"},{"link_name":"Discussions and analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Gildas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas"},{"link_name":"Ambrosius Aurelianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildas25-48"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mount Badon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildas26-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildas26-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildas26-17"},{"link_name":"Cerdic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdic"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris16-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris16-49"},{"link_name":"De Excidio Britanniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Excidio_Britanniae"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gildas1-50"},{"link_name":"Ceawlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dyrham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrham"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris16-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Ceol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"See also: Migration period and List of Anglo-Welsh wars2nd to 5th century simplified migration patternsThere are records of Germanic infiltration into Britain that date before the collapse of the Roman Empire.[17] It is believed that the earliest Germanic visitors were eight cohorts of Batavians attached to the 14th Legion in the original invasion force under Aulus Plautius in AD 43.[17][18][19] There is a recent hypothesis that some of the native tribes, identified as Britons by the Romans, may have been Germanic-language speakers, but most scholars disagree with this due to an insufficient record of local languages in Roman-period artefacts.[20][21][22]It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with foederati recruited from the German homelands.[23] This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain, and graves of these mercenaries, along with their families, can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period.[24] The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army, when Anglo-Saxons were recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first rebellion of 442.[25]If the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is to be believed, the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which eventually merged to become England were founded when small fleets of three or five ships of invaders arrived at various points around the coast of England to fight the sub-Roman British, and conquered their lands.[26] The language of the migrants, Old English, came over the next few centuries to predominate throughout what is now England, at the expense of British Celtic and British Latin.Map of Briton settlements in the 6th century[27]The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons into Britain can be seen in the context of a general movement of Germanic peoples around Europe between the years 300 and 700, known as the Migration period (also called the Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung). In the same period there were migrations of Britons to the Armorican peninsula (Brittany and Normandy in modern-day France): initially around 383 during Roman rule, but also c. 460 and in the 540s and 550s; the 460s migration is thought to be a reaction to the fighting during the Anglo-Saxon mutiny between about 450 to 500, as was the migration to Britonia (modern-day Galicia, in northwest Spain) at about the same time.[27]The historian Peter Hunter-Blair expounded what is now regarded as the traditional view of the Anglo-Saxon arrival in Britain.[28] He suggested a mass immigration, with the incomers fighting and driving the sub-Roman Britons off their land and into the western extremities of the islands, and into the Breton and Iberian peninsulas.[29] This view is based on sources such as Bede, who mentions the Britons being slaughtered or going into \"perpetual servitude\".[30] According to Härke\nthe more modern view is of co-existence between the British and the Anglo-Saxons.[31][32][33] He suggests that several modern archaeologists have now re-assessed the traditional model, and have developed a co-existence model largely based on the Laws of Ine. The laws include several clauses that provide six different wergild levels for the Britons, of which four are below that of freeman.[34] Although the Britons could be rich freemen in Anglo-Saxon society, generally it seems that they had a lower status than that of the Anglo-Saxons.[33][34]Discussions and analysis still continue on the size of the migration, and whether it was a small elite band of Anglo-Saxons who came in and took over the running of the country, or mass migration of peoples who overwhelmed the Britons.[35][36][37][38] An emerging view is that two scenarios could have co-occurred, with large-scale migration and demographic change in the core areas of the settlement and elite dominance in peripheral regions.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]According to Gildas, initial vigorous British resistance was led by a man called Ambrosius Aurelianus,[47] from which time victory fluctuated between the two peoples. Gildas records a \"final\" victory of the Britons at the Battle of Mount Badon in c. 500, and this might mark a point at which Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarily stemmed.[16] Gildas said that this battle was \"forty-four years and one month\" after the arrival of the Saxons, and was also the year of his birth.[16] He said that a time of great prosperity followed.[16] But, despite the lull, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of Cerdic, around 520.[48] However, it was to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons began further major advances.[48] In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war, internal disputes, and general unrest, which was the inspiration behind Gildas's book De Excidio Britanniae (The Ruin of Britain).[49]The next major campaign against the Britons was in 577, led by Ceawlin, king of Wessex, whose campaigns succeeded in taking Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath (known as the Battle of Dyrham).[48][50][51] This expansion of Wessex ended abruptly when the Anglo-Saxons started fighting among themselves resulting in Ceawlin retreating to his original territory. He was then replaced by Ceol (who was possibly his nephew). Ceawlin was killed the following year, but the annals do not specify by whom.[52][53] Cirencester subsequently became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom under the overlordship of the Mercians, rather than Wessex.[54]","title":"Migration and the formation of kingdoms (400–600)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg"},{"link_name":"petty kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_kingdoms_c_800.svg"},{"link_name":"Henry of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Heptarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptarchy"},{"link_name":"Greek:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"end of Roman rule in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Egbert of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing division into multiple petty kingdomsAnglo-Saxon and British kingdoms c. 800By 600, a new order was developing, of kingdoms and sub-Kingdoms. The medieval historian Henry of Huntingdon conceived the idea of the Heptarchy, which consisted of the seven principal Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Heptarchy literal translation from the Greek: hept – seven; archy – rule).[55]By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages.\nAlthough heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.[56]","title":"Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"}],"sub_title":"Anglo-Saxon England heptarchy","text":"The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were:East Anglia\nMercia\nNorthumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira\nWessexMinor kingdoms:Essex\nKent\nSussex","title":"Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haestingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haestingas"},{"link_name":"Hwicce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwicce"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Iclingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iclingas"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ynys_Weith"},{"link_name":"Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Magonsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magons%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Meonwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meonwara"},{"link_name":"Pecsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecs%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey#The_Saxon_tribes_and_the_sub-kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tomsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Wreocensæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreocens%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Æthelberht of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"River Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles38-59"},{"link_name":"Rædwald of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A6dwald_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles38-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Aldfrith.png"},{"link_name":"Aldfrith of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldfrith_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Æthelfrith of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Edwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles38-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles38-59"},{"link_name":"Penda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penda"},{"link_name":"Cadwallon ap Cadfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hatfield Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hatfield_Chase"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder176-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maserfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maserfield"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder178-63"},{"link_name":"Oswiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder178-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powys"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder178-63"},{"link_name":"Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder178-63"},{"link_name":"dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder179-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder179-65"},{"link_name":"Beornwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beornwulf"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ellendun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ellendun"},{"link_name":"Egbert of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder106-68"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Edict of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Theodosius \"the Great\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saxon_Church_at_Escomb_(geograph_727288).jpg"},{"link_name":"Escomb Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escomb_Church"},{"link_name":"pagan Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Pope Celestine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder116-73"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder116-73"},{"link_name":"Columba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles97-74"},{"link_name":"Aidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles132-75"},{"link_name":"Celtic (Irish) church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Church"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles132-75"},{"link_name":"Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles128-78"},{"link_name":"conversion of the Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyder135-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles127-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles124-81"},{"link_name":"Saint Wilfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles104-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whitbyabbey1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles126-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blair51-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayr146-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reilly144-88"},{"link_name":"Whitby Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Whitby Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby"},{"link_name":"Bishop Colmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Lindisfarne"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bede25-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bede25-89"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bede25-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barefoot30-90"}],"sub_title":"Other minor kingdoms and territories","text":"Haestingas\nHwicce\nKingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia\nIsle of Wight, (Wihtwara)\nLindsey\nMagonsæte\nMeonwara, the Meon Valley area of Hampshire\nPecsæte\nSurrey\nTomsæte\nWreocensæteAt the end of the 6th century the most powerful ruler in England was Æthelberht of Kent, whose lands extended north to the River Humber.[57] In the early years of the 7th century, Kent and East Anglia were the leading English kingdoms.[58] After the death of Æthelberht in 616, Rædwald of East Anglia became the most powerful leader south of the Humber.[58]Silver coin of Aldfrith of Northumbria (686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing leftFollowing the death of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, Rædwald provided military assistance to the Deiran Edwin in his struggle to take over the two dynasties of Deira and Bernicia in the unified kingdom of Northumbria.[58] Upon the death of Rædwald, Edwin was able to pursue a grand plan to expand Northumbrian power.[58]The growing strength of Edwin of Northumbria forced the Anglo-Saxon Mercians under Penda into an alliance with the Welsh King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd, and together they invaded Edwin's lands and defeated and killed him at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.[59][60] Their success was short-lived, as Oswald (one of the sons of the late King of Northumbria, Æthelfrith) defeated and killed Cadwallon at Heavenfield near Hexham.[61] In less than a decade Penda again waged war against Northumbria, and killed Oswald in the Battle of Maserfield in 642.[62]His brother Oswiu was chased to the northern extremes of his kingdom.[62][63] However, Oswiu killed Penda shortly after, and Mercia spent the rest of the 7th and all of the 8th century fighting the kingdom of Powys.[62] The war reached its climax during the reign of Offa of Mercia,[62] who is remembered for the construction of a 150-mile-long dyke which formed the Wales/England border.[64] It is not clear whether this was a boundary line or a defensive position.[64] The ascendency of the Mercians came to an end in 825, when they were soundly beaten under Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellendun by Egbert of Wessex.[65]Christianity had been introduced into the British Isles during the Roman occupation.[66] The early Christian Berber author, Tertullian, writing in the 3rd century, said that \"Christianity could even be found in Britain.\"[67] The Roman Emperor Constantine (306–337), granted official tolerance to Christianity with the Edict of Milan in 313.[68] Then, in the reign of Emperor Theodosius \"the Great\" (379–395), Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire.[69]Escomb Church, a restored 7th-century Anglo-Saxon church. Church architecture and artefacts provide a useful source of historical information.It is not entirely clear how many Britons would have been Christian when the pagan Anglo-Saxons arrived.[70][71] There had been attempts to evangelise the Irish by Pope Celestine I in 431.[72] However, it was Saint Patrick who is credited with converting the Irish en-masse.[72] A Christian Ireland then set about evangelising the rest of the British Isles, and Columba was sent to found a religious community in Iona, off the west coast of Scotland.[73] Then Aidan was sent from Iona to set up his see in Northumbria, at Lindisfarne, between 635 and 651.[74] Hence Northumbria was converted by the Celtic (Irish) church.[74]Bede is very uncomplimentary about the indigenous British clergy: in his Historia ecclesiastica he complains of their \"unspeakable crimes\", and that they did not preach the faith to the Angles or Saxons.[75] Pope Gregory I sent Augustine in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons, but Bede says the British clergy refused to help Augustine in his mission.[76][77] Despite Bede's complaints, it is now believed that the Britons played an important role in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons.[78] On arrival in the south east of England in 597, Augustine was given land by King Æthelberht of Kent to build a church; so in 597 Augustine built the church and founded the See at Canterbury.[79] Æthelberht was baptised by 601, and he then continued with his mission to convert the English.[80] Most of the north and east of England had already been evangelised by the Irish Church. However, Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained mainly pagan until the arrival of Saint Wilfrid, the exiled Archbishop of York, who converted Sussex around 681 and the Isle of Wight in 683.[81][82][83]Whitby AbbeyIt remains unclear what \"conversion\" actually meant. The ecclesiastical writers tended to declare a territory as \"converted\" merely because the local king had agreed to be baptised, regardless of whether, in reality, he actually adopted Christian practices; and regardless, too, of whether the general population of his kingdom did.[84] When churches were built, they tended to include pagan as well as Christian symbols, evidencing an attempt to reach out to the pagan Anglo-Saxons, rather than demonstrating that they were already converted.[85][86]Even after Christianity had been set up in all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, there was friction between the followers of the Roman rites and the Irish rites, particularly over the date on which Easter fell and the way monks cut their hair.[87] In 664, a conference was held at Whitby Abbey (known as the Whitby Synod) to decide the matter; Saint Wilfrid was an advocate for the Roman rites and Bishop Colmán for the Irish rites.[88] Wilfrid's argument won the day and Colmán and his party returned to Ireland in their bitter disappointment.[88] The Roman rites were adopted by the English church, although they were not universally accepted by the Irish Church until Henry II of England invaded Ireland in the 12th century and imposed the Roman rites by force.[88][89]","title":"Heptarchy and Christianisation (7th and 8th centuries)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_878.svg"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer2-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer2-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monarchy51-94"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarchy51-96"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winchesterwalls.jpg"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Great Heathen Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarchy51-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarchy51-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarchy51-96"},{"link_name":"Alfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Athelney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelney"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asser84-98"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edington"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asser84-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asser84-98"},{"link_name":"Guthrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Wedmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asser84-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asser22-99"},{"link_name":"peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum"},{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarchy63-102"},{"link_name":"burhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burh"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monarchy63-102"},{"link_name":"Burghal Hidage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghal_Hidage"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey64-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horspool104-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horspool104-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horspool10-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horspool10-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"Map of England in 878 showing the extent of the DanelawBetween the 8th and 11th centuries, raiders and colonists from Scandinavia, mainly Danish and Norwegian, plundered western Europe, including the British Isles.[90] These raiders came to be known as the Vikings; the name is believed to derive from Scandinavia, where the Vikings originated.[91][92] The first raids in the British Isles were in the late 8th century, mainly on churches and monasteries (which were seen as centres of wealth).[91][93] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that the holy island of Lindisfarne was sacked in 793.[94] The raiding then virtually stopped for around 40 years; but in about 835, it started becoming more regular.[95]The walled defence round a burgh. Alfred's capital, Winchester. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations.[96]In the 860s, instead of raids, the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion. In 865, an enlarged army arrived that the Anglo-Saxons described as the Great Heathen Army. This was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army.[95] Within ten years nearly all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fell to the invaders: Northumbria in 867, East Anglia in 869, and nearly all of Mercia in 874–77.[95] Kingdoms, centres of learning, archives, and churches all fell before the onslaught from the invading Danes. Only the Kingdom of Wessex was able to survive.[95] In March 878, the Anglo-Saxon King of Wessex, Alfred, with a few men, built a fortress at Athelney, hidden deep in the marshes of Somerset.[97] He used this as a base from which to harry the Vikings. In May 878 he put together an army formed from the populations of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, which defeated the Viking army in the Battle of Edington.[97] The Vikings retreated to their stronghold, and Alfred laid siege to it.[97] Ultimately the Danes capitulated, and their leader Guthrum agreed to withdraw from Wessex and to be baptised. The formal ceremony was completed a few days later at Wedmore.[97][98] There followed a peace treaty between Alfred and Guthrum, which had a variety of provisions, including defining the boundaries of the area to be ruled by the Danes (which became known as the Danelaw) and those of Wessex.[99] The Kingdom of Wessex controlled part of the Midlands and the whole of the South (apart from Cornwall, which was still held by the Britons), while the Danes held East Anglia and the North.[100]After the victory at Edington and resultant peace treaty, Alfred set about transforming his Kingdom of Wessex into a society on a full-time war footing.[101] He built a navy, reorganised the army, and set up a system of fortified towns known as burhs. He mainly used old Roman cities for his burhs, as he was able to rebuild and reinforce their existing fortifications.[101] To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation system known as the Burghal Hidage.[102] These burhs (or burghs) operated as defensive structures. The Vikings were thereafter unable to cross large sections of Wessex: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that a Danish raiding party was defeated when it tried to attack the burh of Chichester.[103][104]Although the burhs were primarily designed as defensive structures, they were also commercial centres, attracting traders and markets to a safe haven, and they provided a safe place for the king's moneyers and mints.[105] A new wave of Danish invasions commenced in 891,[106] beginning a war that lasted over three years.[107][108] Alfred's new system of defence worked, however, and ultimately it wore the Danes down: they gave up and dispersed in mid-896.[108]Alfred is remembered as a literate king. He or his court commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was written in Old English (rather than in Latin, the language of the European annals).[109] Alfred's own literary output was mainly of translations, but he also wrote introductions and amended manuscripts.[109][110]","title":"Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex (9th century)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgard_king_of_England_959_975.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ceowulf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Æthelred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorke123-112"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Æthelflæd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorke123-112"},{"link_name":"Edward the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorke123-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorke123-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey71-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welch128-115"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"Brunanburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunanburh"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey71-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey71-114"},{"link_name":"Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods107-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods107-117"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crystal25-119"},{"link_name":"Howe, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Howe, North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crystal25-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian"}],"text":"Edgar's coinageFrom 874 to 879, the western half of Mercia was ruled by Ceowulf II, who was succeeded by Æthelred as Lord of the Mercians.[111]Alfred the Great of Wessex styled himself King of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886. In 886/887 Æthelred married Alfred's daughter Æthelflæd.[111] On Alfred's death in 899, his son Edward the Elder succeeded him.[112]When Æthelred died in 911, Æthelflæd succeeded him as \"Lady of the Mercians\",[111] and in the 910s she and her brother Edward recovered East Anglia and eastern Mercia from Viking rule.[111] Edward and his successors expanded Alfred's network of fortified burhs, a key element of their strategy, enabling them to go on the offensive.[113][114] When Edward died in 924 he ruled all England south of the Humber. His son, Æthelstan, annexed Northumbria in 927 and thus became the first king of all England. At the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, he defeated an alliance of the Scots, Danes, Vikings and Strathclyde Britons.[113]Along with the Britons and the settled Danes, some of the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms disliked being ruled by Wessex. Consequently, the death of a Wessex king would be followed by rebellion, particularly in Northumbria.[113] Alfred's great-grandson, Edgar, who had come to the throne in 959, was crowned at Bath in 973 and soon afterwards the other British kings met him at Chester and acknowledged his authority.[115]The presence of Danish and Norse settlers in the Danelaw had a lasting impact; the people there saw themselves as \"armies\" a hundred years after settlement:[116] King Edgar issued a law code in 962 that was to include the people of Northumbria, so he addressed it to Earl Olac \"and all the army that live in that earldom\".[116] There are over 3,000 words in modern English that have Scandinavian roots,[117][118] and more than 1,500 place-names in England are Scandinavian in origin; for example, topographic names such as Howe, Norfolk and Howe, North Yorkshire are derived from the Old Norse word haugr meaning hill, knoll, or mound.[118][119] In archaeology and other academic contexts the term Anglo-Scandinavian is often used for Scandinavian culture in England.","title":"English unification (10th century)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_Longboat_%27Hugin%27,_Ramsgate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_653079.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Æthelred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"William of Malmesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Harald Gormsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton375-124"},{"link_name":"Sweyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton375-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton375-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey79-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey79-125"},{"link_name":"Byrhtnoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrhtnoth"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey79-125"},{"link_name":"burhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burh"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey80-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey80-126"}],"text":"Viking longboat replica in Ramsgate, KentEdgar died in 975, sixteen years after gaining the throne, while still only in his early thirties. Some magnates supported the succession of his younger son, Æthelred, but his elder half-brother, Edward was elected, aged about twelve. His reign was marked by disorder, and three years later, in 978, he was assassinated by some of his half-brother's retainers.[120] Æthelred succeeded, and although he reigned for thirty-eight years, one of the longest reigns in English history, he earned the name \"Æthelred the Unready\", as he proved to be one of England's most disastrous kings.[121] William of Malmesbury, writing in his Chronicle of the kings of England about one hundred years later, was scathing in his criticism of Æthelred, saying that he occupied the kingdom, rather than governed it.[122]Just as Æthelred was being crowned, the Danish Harald Gormsson was trying to force Christianity onto his domain.[123] Many of his subjects did not like this idea, and shortly before 988, Sweyn, his son, drove his father from the kingdom.[123] The rebels, dispossessed at home, probably formed the first waves of raids on the English coast.[123] The rebels did so well in their raiding that the Danish kings decided to take over the campaign themselves.[124]In 991 the Vikings sacked Ipswich, and their fleet made landfall near Maldon in Essex.[124] The Danes demanded that the English pay a ransom, but the English commander Byrhtnoth refused; he was killed in the ensuing Battle of Maldon, and the English were easily defeated.[124] From then on the Vikings seem to have raided anywhere at will; they were contemptuous of the lack of resistance from the English. Even the Alfredian systems of burhs failed.[125] Æthelred seems to have just hidden, out of range of the raiders.[125]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood124-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood124-127"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood125-129"},{"link_name":"Danegeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danegeld"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton376-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton377-131"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stenton375-124"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Richard I, Duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey80-126"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"St. Brice's day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Brice%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"Payment of Danegeld","text":"By the 980s the kings of Wessex had a powerful grip on the coinage of the realm. It is reckoned there were about 300 moneyers, and 60 mints, around the country.[126] Every five or six years the coinage in circulation would cease to be legal tender and new coins were issued.[126] The system controlling the currency around the country was extremely sophisticated; this enabled the king to raise large sums of money if needed.[127][128] The need indeed arose after the battle of Maldon, as Æthelred decided that, rather than fight, he would pay ransom to the Danes in a system known as Danegeld.[129] As part of the ransom, a peace treaty was drawn up that was intended to stop the raids. However, rather than buying the Vikings off, payment of Danegeld only encouraged them to come back for more.[130]The Dukes of Normandy were quite happy to allow these Danish adventurers to use their ports for raids on the English coast. The result was that the courts of England and Normandy became increasingly hostile to each other.[123] Eventually, Æthelred sought a treaty with the Normans, and ended up marrying Emma, daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy in the Spring of 1002, which was seen as an attempt to break the link between the raiders and Normandy.[125][131]Then, on St. Brice's day in November 1002, Danes living in England were slaughtered on the orders of Æthelred.[132]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cnut_lands.svg"},{"link_name":"Jemtland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemtland"},{"link_name":"Herjedalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herjedalen"},{"link_name":"Idre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idre"},{"link_name":"Særna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4rna"},{"link_name":"Sven Forkbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer76-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer76-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer76-134"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer76-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer76-134"},{"link_name":"Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_II_Ironside"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ashingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ashingdon"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"the witan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witenagemot"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods216-135"},{"link_name":"earldoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldom"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey94-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown160-139"},{"link_name":"Ælfgifu of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"Harold Harefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Harefoot"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown160-139"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown160-139"},{"link_name":"Harthacnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacnut"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown160-139"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge108-140"},{"link_name":"Harald II, King of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge108-140"}],"sub_title":"Rise of Cnut","text":"Cnut's dominions. The Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of Jemtland, Herjedalen, Idre, and Særna are not included in this map.In mid-1013, Sven Forkbeard, King of Denmark, brought the Danish fleet to Sandwich, Kent.[133] From there he went north to the Danelaw, where the locals immediately agreed to support him.[133] He then struck south, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy (1013–1014). However, on 3 February 1014, Sven died suddenly.[133] Capitalising on his death, Æthelred returned to England and drove Sven's son, Cnut, back to Denmark, forcing him to abandon his allies in the process.[133]In 1015, Cnut launched a new campaign against England.[133] Edmund fell out with his father, Æthelred, and struck out on his own.[134] Some English leaders decided to support Cnut, so Æthelred ultimately retreated to London.[134] Before engagement with the Danish army, Æthelred died and was replaced by Edmund.[134] The Danish army encircled and besieged London, but Edmund was able to escape and raised an army of loyalists.[134] Edmund's army routed the Danes, but the success was short-lived: at the Battle of Ashingdon, the Danes were victorious, and many of the English leaders were killed.[134] Cnut and Edmund agreed to split the kingdom in two, with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut the rest.[134][135]In 1017, Edmund died in mysterious circumstances, probably murdered by Cnut or his supporters, and the English council (the witan) confirmed Cnut as king of all England.[134] Cnut divided England into earldoms: most of these were allocated to nobles of Danish descent, but he made an Englishman earl of Wessex. The man he appointed was Godwin, who eventually became part of the extended royal family when he married the king's sister-in-law.[136] In the summer of 1017, Cnut sent for Æthelred's widow, Emma, with the intention of marrying her.[137] It seems that Emma agreed to marry the king on condition that he would limit the English succession to the children born of their union.[138] Cnut already had a wife, known as Ælfgifu of Northampton, who bore him two sons, Svein and Harold Harefoot.[138] The church, however, seems to have regarded Ælfgifu as Cnut's concubine rather than his wife.[138] In addition to the two sons he had with Ælfgifu, he had a further son with Emma, who was named Harthacnut.[138][139]When Cnut's brother, Harald II, King of Denmark, died in 1018, Cnut went to Denmark to secure that realm. Two years later, Cnut brought Norway under his control, and he gave Ælfgifu and their son Svein the job of governing it.[139]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge108-140"},{"link_name":"Harald Harefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Harefoot"},{"link_name":"Harthacnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacnut"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge229-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge161-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge161-142"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge229-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge229-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge161-142"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge230-143"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge161-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge161-142"},{"link_name":"the Godwins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Godwin"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow57-144"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow57-144"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Witenagemot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witenagemot"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow64-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow64-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods229-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"Tostig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods229-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1065-149"}],"sub_title":"Edward becomes king","text":"One result of Cnut's marriage to Emma was to precipitate a succession crisis after his death in 1035,[139] as the throne was disputed between Ælfgifu's son, Harald Harefoot, and Emma's son, Harthacnut.[140] Emma supported her son by Cnut, Harthacnut, rather than a son by Æthelred.[141] Her son by Æthelred, Edward, made an unsuccessful raid on Southampton, and his brother Alfred was murdered on an expedition to England in 1036.[141] Emma fled to Bruges when Harald Harefoot became king of England, but when he died in 1040 Harthacnut was able to take over as king.[140] Harthacnut quickly developed a reputation for imposing high taxes on England.[140] He became so unpopular that Edward was invited to return from exile in Normandy to be recognised as Harthacnut's heir,[141][142] and when Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 (probably murdered), Edward (known to posterity as Edward the Confessor) became king.[141]Edward was supported by Earl Godwin of Wessex and married the earl's daughter. This arrangement was seen as expedient, however, as Godwin had been implicated in the murder of Alfred, the king's brother. In 1051 one of Edward's in-laws, Eustace, arrived to take up residence in Dover; the men of Dover objected and killed some of Eustace's men.[141] When Godwin refused to punish them, the king, who had been unhappy with the Godwins for some time, summoned them to trial. Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was chosen to deliver the news to Godwin and his family.[143] The Godwins fled rather than face trial.[143] Norman accounts suggest that at this time Edward offered the succession to his cousin, William (duke) of Normandy (also known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard, or William I), though this is unlikely given that accession to the Anglo-Saxon kingship was by election, not heredity – a fact which Edward would surely have known, having been elected himself by the Witenagemot.The Godwins, having previously fled, threatened to invade England. Edward is said to have wanted to fight, but at a Great Council meeting in Westminster, Earl Godwin laid down all his weapons and asked the king to allow him to purge himself of all crimes.[144] The king and Godwin were reconciled,[144] and the Godwins thus became the most powerful family in England after the king.[145][146] On Godwin's death in 1053, his son Harold succeeded to the earldom of Wessex; Harold's brothers Gyrth, Leofwine, and Tostig were given East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria.[145] The Northumbrians disliked Tostig for his harsh behaviour, and he was expelled to an exile in Flanders, in the process falling out with his brother Harold, who supported the king's line in backing the Northumbrians.[147][148]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Bene%27t%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_732864.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Bene't's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bene%27t%27s_Church"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1065-149"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey119-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey120-151"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1065-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey120-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1066-152"},{"link_name":"Harold Godwinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods233-153"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapidge161-142"},{"link_name":"Guy of Ponthieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_I,_Count_of_Ponthieu"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow93-154"},{"link_name":"Harald Hardrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods233-153"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods233-153"},{"link_name":"Orderic Vitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis"},{"link_name":"William, Duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods233-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow93-154"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalis461-155"},{"link_name":"Cotentin Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalis461-155"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow134-156"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1066-152"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow134-156"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1066-152"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow134-156"}],"sub_title":"Death of Edward the Confessor","text":"St Bene't's Church of Cambridge, the oldest extant building in Cambridgeshire; its tower was built in the late Anglo-Saxon period.On 26 December 1065, Edward was taken ill.[148] He took to his bed and fell into a coma; at one point he woke and turned to Harold Godwinson and asked him to protect the Queen and the kingdom.[149][150] On 5 January 1066 Edward the Confessor died, and Harold was declared king.[148] The following day, 6 January 1066, Edward was buried and Harold crowned.[150][151]Although Harold Godwinson had \"grabbed\" the crown of England, others laid claim to it, primarily William, Duke of Normandy, who was cousin to Edward the Confessor through his aunt, Emma of Normandy.[152] It is believed that Edward had promised the crown to William.[141] Harold Godwinson had agreed to support William's claim after being imprisoned in Normandy, by Guy of Ponthieu. William had demanded and received Harold's release, then during his stay under William's protection it is claimed, by the Normans, that Harold swore \"a solemn oath\" of loyalty to William.[153]Harald Hardrada (\"The Ruthless\") of Norway also had a claim on England, through Cnut and his successors.[152] He had a further claim based on a pact between Harthacnut, King of Denmark (Cnut's son) and Magnus, King of Norway.[152]Tostig, Harold's estranged brother, was the first to move; according to the medieval historian Orderic Vitalis, he travelled to Normandy to enlist the help of William, Duke of Normandy, later to be known as William the Conqueror.[152][153][154] William was not ready to get involved so Tostig sailed from the Cotentin Peninsula, but because of storms ended up in Norway, where he successfully enlisted the help of Harald Hardrada.[154][155] The Anglo Saxon Chronicle has a different version of the story, having Tostig land in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, then ravaging the English coast, before arriving at Sandwich, Kent.[151][155] At Sandwich Tostig is said to have enlisted and press-ganged sailors before sailing north where, after battling some of the northern earls and also visiting Scotland, he eventually joined Hardrada (possibly in Scotland or at the mouth of the river Tyne).[151][155]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riccall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccall"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow134-156"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asc1066d-157"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow138-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow136-159"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow137-160"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow137-160"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Fulford and aftermath","text":"According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle (Manuscripts D and E) Tostig became Hardrada's vassal and then with 300 or so longships sailed up the Humber Estuary bottling the English fleet in the river Swale and then landed at Riccall on the Ouse.[155][156] They marched towards York, where they were confronted, at Fulford Gate, by the English forces that were under the command of the northern earls, Edwin and Morcar; the Battle of Fulford followed, on 20 September, which was one of the bloodiest battles of medieval times.[157] The English forces were routed, though Edwin and Morcar escaped. The victors entered the city of York, exchanged hostages and were provisioned.[158] Hearing the news whilst in London, Harold Godwinson force-marched a second English army to Tadcaster by the night of the 24th, and after catching Harald Hardrada by surprise, on the morning of 25 September, Harold achieved a total victory over the Scandinavian horde after a two-day-long engagement at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.[159] Harold gave quarter to the survivors allowing them to leave in 20 ships.[159]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harold_dead_bayeux_tapestry.png"},{"link_name":"Bayeux Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods238-161"},{"link_name":"Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlowC7-162"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Ælfwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwig_(DNB00)"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barlow156-164"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods248-165"},{"link_name":"Harrying of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Orderic Vitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods248-165"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"}],"sub_title":"William of Normandy sails for England","text":"Section of the Bayeux Tapestry showing Harold (lower right) being killed at HastingsHarold would have been celebrating his victory at Stamford Bridge on the night of 26/27 September 1066, while William of Normandy's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066.[160] Harold marched his army back down to the south coast, where he met William's army, at a place now called Battle just outside Hastings.[161] Harold was killed when he fought and lost the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066.[162]The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty. Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield, as was their uncle Ælfwig, Abbot of Newminster. Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge. Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror. The Godwin women who remained were either dead or childless.[163]William marched on London. The city leaders surrendered the kingdom to him, and he was crowned at Westminster Abbey, Edward the Confessor's new church, on Christmas Day 1066.[164] It took William a further ten years to consolidate his kingdom, during which any opposition was suppressed ruthlessly; in a particularly brutal process known as the Harrying of the North, William issued orders to lay waste the north and burn all the cattle, crops and farming equipment and to poison the earth.[165] According to Orderic Vitalis, the Anglo-Norman chronicler, over 100,000 people died of starvation.[166] Figures based on the returns for the Domesday Book estimate that the population of England in 1086 was about 2.25 million, so 100,000 deaths, due to starvation, would have equated to 5 per cent of the population.[167]By the time of William's death in 1087 it was estimated that only about 8 per cent of the land was under Anglo-Saxon control.[164] Nearly all the Anglo-Saxon cathedrals and abbeys of any note had been demolished and replaced with Norman-style architecture by 1200.[168]","title":"England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978–1066)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Throughout this article Anglo-Saxon is used for Saxon, Angle, Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made; \"Anglo-Saxon\" is used when the culture is meant as opposed to any ethnicity.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_1-0"},{"link_name":"Schama, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schama"},{"link_name":"A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)#DVDs_and_books"},{"link_name":"BBC Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-563-48714-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Higham,_Nicholas_J._2013._p7-19_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Higham,_Nicholas_J._2013._p7-19_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-campbell10_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F115.462.513"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ehr/115.462.513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F115.462.513"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7156-3191-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3191-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"crossed the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris56_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris56_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Gildas.The Ruin of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gildas26_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gildas26_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gildas26_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gildas26_17-3"},{"link_name":"Gildas. The Ruin of Britain.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#26"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-myers75_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-myers75_18-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jones99_21-0"},{"link_name":"MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geneticancestor.com/Forster2004Festschrift.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tomason_22-0"},{"link_name":"Sally Thomason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Thomason"},{"link_name":"Language log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004276.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Alaric Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_Hall"},{"link_name":"A gente Anglorum appellatur: The Evidence of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo-Saxon Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alarichall.org.uk/bede_and_place-names.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-myers104_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morrisch14_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morrisch14_28-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bedei15_31-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-welch1_32-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hines148_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hines148_34-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-attenborough4_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-attenborough4_35-1"},{"link_name":"The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 33–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/32/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark,_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian's_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011_45-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"Relative Chronology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gildas25_48-0"},{"link_name":"Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris16_49-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris16_49-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-morris16_49-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gildas1_50-0"},{"link_name":"Gildas.The Ruin of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles38_59-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles38_59-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles38_59-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles38_59-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder176_60-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder178_63-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder178_63-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder178_63-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder178_63-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder179_65-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder179_65-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder106_68-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"Pelagian heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagian_heresy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder116_73-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder116_73-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles97_74-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles132_75-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles132_75-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles128_78-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snyder135_79-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles127_80-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles124_81-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles104_82-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-charles126_85-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-blair51_86-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mayr146_87-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reilly144_88-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bede25_89-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bede25_89-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bede25_89-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barefoot30_90-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-91"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer2_92-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer2_92-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Monarchy51_94-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monarchy51_96-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monarchy51_96-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monarchy51_96-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monarchy51_96-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asser84_98-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asser84_98-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asser84_98-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asser84_98-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asser22_99-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monarchy63_102-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monarchy63_102-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey64_106-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horspool104_109-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horspool104_109-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horspool10_110-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-horspool10_110-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yorke123_112-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yorke123_112-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yorke123_112-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yorke123_112-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey71_114-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey71_114-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey71_114-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-welch128_115-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-116"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods107_117-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods107_117-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-crystal25_119-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-crystal25_119-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-122"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stenton375_124-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stenton375_124-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stenton375_124-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stenton375_124-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey79_125-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey79_125-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey79_125-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey80_126-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey80_126-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey80_126-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wood124_127-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wood124_127-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-128"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wood125_129-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stenton376_130-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stenton377_131-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-133"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer76_134-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer76_134-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer76_134-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer76_134-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sawyer76_134-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods216_135-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-136"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey94_137-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-138"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brown160_139-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brown160_139-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brown160_139-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brown160_139-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge108_140-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge108_140-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge108_140-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge229_141-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge229_141-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge229_141-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge161_142-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge161_142-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge161_142-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge161_142-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge161_142-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge161_142-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lapidge230_143-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow57_144-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow57_144-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow64_145-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow64_145-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods229_146-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods229_146-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-147"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1065_149-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1065_149-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1065_149-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey119_150-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey120_151-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starkey120_151-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1066_152-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1066_152-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1066_152-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods233_153-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods233_153-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods233_153-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods233_153-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow93_154-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow93_154-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vitalis461_155-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vitalis461_155-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow134_156-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow134_156-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow134_156-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow134_156-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asc1066d_157-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow138_158-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow136_159-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow137_160-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow137_160-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods238_161-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlowC7_162-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-163"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barlow156_164-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods248_165-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-woods248_165-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-166"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-167"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-168"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-169"}],"text":"^ Schama, Simon (2003). A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World? (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: BBC Worldwide. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-563-48714-2.\n\n^ a b Higham, Nicholas J., and Martin J. Ryan. The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press, 2013. pp. 7–19\n\n^ Campbell. The Anglo-Saxon State. p. 10\n\n^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). \"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?\". The English Historical Review. 115 (462): 513–33. doi:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513.\n\n^ Hills, C. (2003) Origins of the English Duckworth, London. ISBN 0-7156-3191-8, p. 67\n\n^ Jones. The end of Roman Britain: Military Security. pp. 164–68. The author discusses the failings of the Roman army in Britain and the reasons why they eventually left.\n\n^ Jones. The end of Roman Britain. p. 246. \"Roman Britain's death throes began on the last day of December 406 when Alans, Vandals, and Sueves crossed the Rhine and began the invasion of Gaul\"\n\n^ a b Morris. The Age of Arthur. pp. 56–62. Picts and Saxons.\n\n^ Myres. The English Settlements. p. 14. Talking about Gildas references to the arrival of three keels (ships), \"... this was the number of shiploads that led to the foedus or treaty settlement. Gildas also uses in their correct sense technical terms, annona, epimenia, hospites, which most likely derive from official documents relating to the billeting and supply of barbarian foederati.\"\n\n^ Morris. Age of Arthur. p. 75. – Gildas: \"... The federate complained that their monthly deliveries were inadequately paid...\" – \"All the greater towns fell to their enemy....\"\n\n^ Gildas.The Ruin of Britain II.20 . What Gildas had to say about the letter to Aëtius.\n\n^ Dark. Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. p. 29. Referring to Gildas text about a letter: \"The Britons...still felt it possible to appeal to Aetius, a Roman military official in Gaul in the mid-440s\"\n\n^ Dark. Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. p. 29. \"Both Zosimus and Gildas refer to the 'Rescript of Honorius', a letter in which the Western Roman emperor told the British civitas to see to their own defence.\"\n\n^ Esmonde Cleary. The Ending of Roman Britain. pp. 137–38. The author suggests that the \"Rescript of Honorius\" may have been for a place in southern Italy rather than Britain and that the chronology is wrong\n\n^ Morris. The Age of Arthur. Chapter 6. The War\n\n^ a b c d Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.26 – Mount Badon is referred to as Bath-Hill in this translation of Gildas text.\n\n^ a b Myers, The English Settlements, Chapter 4: The Romano British Background and the Saxon Shore. Myers identifies incidence of German people in Britain during the Roman occupation.\n\n^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LX, p417.While these events were happening in the city, Aulus Plautius, a senator of great renown, made a campaign against Britain; for a certain Bericus, who had been driven out of the island as a result of an uprising, had persuaded Claudius to send a force thither.\n\n^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LX p. 419.Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake. This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful. However, the Germans swam across again and some others got over by a bridge a little way up-stream, after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them.\n\n^ Forster et al. MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles in Jones. Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. pp. 99–111 Retrieved. 26 November 2011\n\n^ Sally Thomason. Language log Nutty Journalists' (and Others') Language Theories. Retrieved. 26 November 2011\n\n^ Alaric Hall, 'A gente Anglorum appellatur: The Evidence of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo-Saxon Period', in Words in Dictionaries and History: Essays in Honour of R. W. McConchie, ed. Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily, Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice, 14 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2011), pp. 219–31 (pp. 220–21).\n\n^ Ward-Perkins. The fall of Rome: and the end of civilisation Particularly pp. 38–39\n\n^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England, Chapter 8: From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England\n\n^ Myers. The English Settlements, Chapter 5: Saxons, Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore\n\n^ Jones. The End of Roman Britain. p. 71. – ..the repetitious entries for invading ships in the Chronicle (three ships of Hengest and Horsa; three ships of Aella; five ships of Cerdic and Cynric; two ships of Port; three ships of Stuf and Wihtgar), drawn from preliterate traditions including bogus eponyms and duplications, might be considered a poetic convention.\n\n^ a b Morris, The Age of Arthur, Ch.14:Brittanny\n\n^ Bell-Fialkoff/ Bell: The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe, p. 303. That is why many scholars still subscribe to the traditional view that combined archaeological, documentary and linguistic evidence suggests that considerable numbers of Anglo-Saxons settled in southern and eastern England.\n\n^ Hunter-Blair, Roman Britain and early England Particularly Chapter 8: The Age of Invasion\n\n^ Bede. Ecclesiastical History of the English People I.15.\n\n^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England. A complete analysis of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. A discussion of where the settlers came from, based on a comparison of pottery with those found in the area of origin in Germany. Burial customs and types of building.\n\n^ Myers, The English Settlements, p. 24; Talking about Anglo-Saxon archaeology: \"...the distribution maps indicate in many areas the Anglo-Saxon shows a marked tendency to follow the Romano-British pattern, in a fashion which suggests a considerable degree of temporal as well as spatial overlap.\"\n\n^ a b Heinrich Härke. Ethnicity and Structures in Hines. The Anglo-Saxons pp. 148–49\n\n^ a b Attenborough. The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 33–61\n\n^ Jones, The End of Roman Britain, Ch. 1: Population and the Invasions; particularly pp. 11–12: \"In contrast, some scholars shrink the numbers of the Anglo-Saxon invaders to a small, potent elite of only a few thousand invaders.\"\n\n^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 11: \"Some archaeologists seem to believe that very few immigrants...were involved in the creation of Anglo-Saxon England... Gildas describes the settlement of Saxon mercenaries in the eastern part of the country, their reinforcement and subsequent successful rebellion...suggests more than just a handful of military adventurers. Bede felt secure in his belief that he was not of British descent... Further his list of three principle peoples who migrated here... is echoed in the archaeological record.\"\n\n^ Bell, The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe, p. 303: \"As for migrants, three kinds of hypotheses have been advanced. Either they were a warrior elite, few in numbers but dominant by force of arms; or they were farmers mostly interested in finding good agricultural land; or they were refugees fleeing unsettled conditions in their homelands. Or they might have been any combination of these.\"\n\n^ Pattison, 'Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?' in Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2008 275, pp. 2423–29; and 'Integration vs Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain' in Human Biology 2011 83, pp. 715–33: \"Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period. Contrary to the assumption of limited intermarriage made in the apartheid simulation, there is evidence that significant mixing of the British and Germanic peoples occurred, and that the early law codes, such as that of King Ine of Wessex, could have deliberately encouraged such mixing.\"\n\n^ Stefan Burmeister, Archaeology and Migration (2000): \" ... immigration in the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon settlement does not seem aptly described in terms of the \"elite-dominance model. To all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculture-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds more closely to a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century. At best, the elite-dominance model might apply in the peripheral areas of the settlement territory, where immigration predominantly comprised of men and the existence of hybrid cultural forms might support it.\"\n\n^ Dark, Ken R. (2003). \"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\" (PDF).\n\n^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178: \"large-scale migration seems highly likely for at least East Anglia and parts of Lincolnshire ... this rules out the elite dominance model in its strictest interpretation.\"\n\n^ Catherine Hills, \"The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption\", in Migrations and Disruptions, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45–48\n\n^ Coates, Richard. \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\".\n\n^ Härke, Heinrich. \"Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis.\" Medieval Archaeology 55.1 (2011): 1–28.\n\n^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). \"Relative Chronology\" (PDF).\n\n^ Bethany Fox, The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland (2007): \"The most obvious interpretation of the data in this study is a synthesis of mass-migration and elite-takeover models.\"\n\n^ Gildas. The Ruin of Britain. II.25 -With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven, that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive.\n\n^ a b c Morris, The Age of Arthur, Chapter 16: English Conquest\n\n^ Gildas.The Ruin of Britain I.1.\n\n^ Snyder.The Britons. p. 85\n\n^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 29.\n\n^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 30.\n\n^ Morris. The Age of Arthur. p. 299\n\n^ Wood.The Domesday Quest. pp. 47–48\n\n^ Greenway, Historia Anglorum, pp. lx–lxi. \"The HA (Historia Anglorum) is the story of the unification of the English monarchy. To project such an interpretation required Henry (of Huntingdon) to exercise firm control over his material. One of the products of this control was his creation of the Heptarchy, which survived as a concept in historical writing into our own time\".\n\n^ Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages1993:163f.\n\n^ Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Tr. Shirley-Price, I.25\n\n^ a b c d Charles-Edwards After-Rome: Nations and Kingdoms, pp. 38–39\n\n^ Snyder,The Britons, p. 176.\n\n^ Bede, History of the English, II.20\n\n^ Snyder, The Britons, p. 177\n\n^ a b c d Snyder.The Britons. p. 178\n\n^ Snyder.The Britons. p. 212\n\n^ a b Snyder.The Britons.pp. 178–79\n\n^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 231\n\n^ Charles Thomas Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. pp. 48–50: Saint Alban is discussed in detail, as when he lived and was martyred gives an indication of the state of Christianity in Roman Britain. Dates suggested for his martyrdom are 209 or 251–259 or c. 303.\n\n^ Snyder.The Britons. pp. 106–07\n\n^ Charles Thomas Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. p. 47\n\n^ R. M. Errington Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Chapter VIII. Theodosius\n\n^ Jones, The End of Roman Britain, pp. 174–85: Religious Belief and Political loyalty. The author suggests the British were supporters of the Pelagian heresy, and that the numbers of Christians were higher than Gildas reports.\n\n^ Snyder,The Britons, p. 105.In 5th and 6th centuries Britons in large numbers adopted Christianity..\n\n^ a b Snyder, The Britons, pp. 116–25\n\n^ Charles-Edwards. After Rome:Society, Community and Identity. p. 97\n\n^ a b Charles-Edwards. After Rome:Conversion to Christianity. p. 132\n\n^ Bede, History of the English People, I.22\n\n^ Bede, History of the English People, II.2\n\n^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, pp. 128–29\n\n^ Snyder, The Britons, pp. 135–36\n\n^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, p. 127\n\n^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, pp. 124–39\n\n^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, p. 104\n\n^ Bede, History of the English People, IV.13 and IV.16\n\n^ Kirby, The Church in Saxon Sussex in Brandon. The South Saxons., pp. 160–73. Kirby suggests that there would have been Christian communities already in Sussex. King Æthelwealh and his wife were already Christian, he having been baptised in Mercia. The pre-existing converts, in Sussex, would have been evangelised by the Irish church, and Bede and Eddius (Wilfred's biographer) were indifferent to the Irish Church. It was also politic to play up Wilfrid's role.\n\n^ Charles-Edwards, After Rome:Conversion to Christianity, p. 126\n\n^ Blair. The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Ch.1. particularly pp. 51–52\n\n^ Mayr-Harting. The coming of Christianity. p. 146. Talking of Pope Gregory's policy he said that:..the Anglo-Saxons should be led to Christianity step by step. The old temples were now to be kept for Christian worship; Christian worship was to be accompanied with the old feasts of cattle.\n\n^ Jennifer O'Reilly, After Rome: The Art of Authority, pp. 144–48\n\n^ a b c Bede. History of the English People, III.25 and III.26\n\n^ Barefoot. The English Road to Rome. p. 30\n\n^ Sawyer, The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings, p. 1.\n\n^ a b Sawyer, The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings, pp. 2–3.\n\n^ Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology. Viking: \"Northern pirate. Literally means creek dweller.\"\n\n^ Starkey,Monarchy, Chapter 6: Vikings\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 793.This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island (Lindisfarne), by rapine and slaughter.\n\n^ a b c d Starkey, Monarchy, p. 51\n\n^ Starkey, Monarchy p. 65\n\n^ a b c d Asser, Alfred the Great, pp. 84–85.\n\n^ Asser, Alfred the Great, p. 22.\n\n^ Medieval Sourcebook: Alfred and Guthrum's Peace\n\n^ Wood, The Domesday Quest, Chapter 9: Domesday Roots. The Viking Impact\n\n^ a b Starkey, Monarchy, p. 63\n\n^ Horspool, Alfred, p. 102. A hide was somewhat like a tax – it was the number of men required to maintain and defend an area for the King. The Burghal Hideage defined the measurement as one hide being equivalent to one man. The hidage explains that for the maintenance and defence of an acre's breadth of wall, sixteen hides are required.\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 894.\n\n^ Starkey, Monarchy, pp. 68–69.\n\n^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 64\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 891\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 891–896\n\n^ a b Horspool, \"Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes\", The Last War, pp. 104–10.\n\n^ a b Horspool, \"Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes\", pp. 10–12\n\n^ Asser, Alfred the Great, III pp. 121–60. Examples of King Alfred's writings\n\n^ a b c d Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 123\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 899\n\n^ a b c Starkey, Monarchy, p. 71\n\n^ Welch, Late Anglo-Saxon England pp. 128–29\n\n^ Keynes, 'Edgar', pp. 48–51\n\n^ a b Woods, The Domesday Quest, pp. 107–08\n\n^ The Viking Network: Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology.\n\n^ a b Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language pp. 25–26.\n\n^ Ordnance Survey: Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain\n\n^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 372–373\n\n^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 76. The modern ascription 'Unready' derives from the Anglo-Saxon word unraed, meaning \"badly advised or counseled\".\n\n^ Malmesbury, Chronicle of the kings of England, pp. 165–66. In the year of our Lord's incarnation 979, Ethelred ... obtaining the kingdom, occupied rather than governed it, for thirty-seven years. The career of his life is said to have been cruel in the beginning, wretched in the middle and disgraceful in the end.\n\n^ a b c d Stenton. Anglo Saxon England. p. 375\n\n^ a b c Starkey, Monarchy, p. 79\n\n^ a b c Starkey, Monarchy, p. 80\n\n^ a b Wood, Domesday Quest, p. 124\n\n^ Campbell, The Anglo Saxon State, p. 160. \"..it has to be accepted that early eleventh century kings could raise larger sums in taxation than could most of their medieval successors. The numismatic evidence for the scale of the economy is extremely powerful, partly because it demonstrates how very many coins were struck, and also because it provides strong indications for extensive foreign trade.\"\n\n^ Wood, Domesday Quest, p. 125\n\n^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 376\n\n^ Stenton. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 377. The treaty was arranged.. by Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and Ælfric and Æthelweard, the ealdermen of the two West Saxon provinces.\n\n^ Williams, Aethelred the Unready, p. 54\n\n^ Williams, Æthelred the Unready, pp. 52–53.\n\n^ a b c d e Sawyer. Illustrated History of Vikings. p. 76\n\n^ a b c d e f g Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages, pp. 216–22\n\n^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle, 1016\n\n^ Starkey, Monarchy, p. 94.\n\n^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle, 1017: ..before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king, Ethelred, the daughter of Richard, to wife.\n\n^ a b c d Brown. Chibnal. Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman studies. pp. 160–61\n\n^ a b c Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 108–09\n\n^ a b c Lapidge. Anglo-Saxon England. pp. 229–30\n\n^ a b c d e f Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 161–62\n\n^ Lapidge, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 230\n\n^ a b Barlow, 2002, pp. 57–58\n\n^ a b Barlow, 2002, , pp. 64–65\n\n^ a b Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 229–30\n\n^ Barlow, 2002, , pp. 83–85. The value of the Godwins holdings can be discerned from the Domesday Book.\n\n^ Barlow, 2002, pp. 116–23\n\n^ a b c Anglo Saxon Chronicle, 1065 AD\n\n^ Starkey, Monarchy p. 119\n\n^ a b Starkey, Monarchy, p. 120\n\n^ a b c Anglo Saxon Chronicle. MS C. 1066.\n\n^ a b c d Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 233–38\n\n^ a b Barlow, 2002, \"Chapter 5: The Lull Before the Storm\".\n\n^ a b Vitalis. The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume i. Bk. III Ch. 11. pp. 461–64 65\n\n^ a b c d Barlow, 2002, pp. 134–35.\n\n^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle. MS D. 1066.\n\n^ Barlow, 2002, p. 138\n\n^ Barlow, 2002, pp. 136–137\n\n^ a b Barlow, 2002, pp. 137–38\n\n^ Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 238–40\n\n^ Barlow, 2002, \"Chapter 7: The Collapse of the Dynasty\".\n\n^ Woods, Dark Ages, p. 240.\n\n^ Barlow, 2002, , p. 156.\n\n^ a b Woods, Dark Ages, pp. 248–49\n\n^ Starkey. Monarchy. pp. 138–39\n\n^ Vitalis. The ecclesiastical history. p. 28 His camps were scattered over a surface of one hundred miles numbers of the insurgents fell beneath his vengeful sword he levelled their places of shelter to the ground wasted their lands and burnt their dwellings with all they contained. Never did William commit so much cruelty, to his lasting disgrace, he yielded to his worst impulse and set no bounds to his fury condemning the innocent and the guilty to a common fate. In the fulness of his wrath he ordered the corn and cattle with the implements of husbandry and every sort of provisions to be collected in heaps and set on fire till the whole was consumed and thus destroyed at once all that could serve for the support of life in the whole country lying beyond the Humber There followed consequently so great a scarcity in England in the ensuing years and severe famine involved the innocent and unarmed population in so much misery that in a Christian nation more than a hundred thousand souls of both sexes and all ages perished..\n\n^ Bartlett. England under the Normans. pp. 290–92\n\n^ Wood. The Doomsday Quest. p. 141","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.science.org/content/article/migration-not-conquest-drove-anglo-saxon-takeover-england"}],"text":"Curry, Andrew (21 September 2022). \"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England\". Science.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"2nd to 5th century simplified migration patterns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/300px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Briton settlements in the 6th century[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Britonia6hcentury2.svg/200px-Britonia6hcentury2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing division into multiple petty kingdoms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg/200px-Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Anglo-Saxon and British kingdoms c. 800","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_kingdoms_c_800.svg/200px-British_kingdoms_c_800.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Aldfrith of Northumbria (686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coin_of_Aldfrith.png/220px-Coin_of_Aldfrith.png"},{"image_text":"Escomb Church, a restored 7th-century Anglo-Saxon church. Church architecture and artefacts provide a useful source of historical information.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saxon_Church_at_Escomb_%28geograph_727288%29.jpg/300px-Saxon_Church_at_Escomb_%28geograph_727288%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Whitby Abbey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Whitbyabbey1.jpg/220px-Whitbyabbey1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of England in 878 showing the extent of the Danelaw","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/200px-England_878.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The walled defence round a burgh. Alfred's capital, Winchester. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations.[96]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Winchesterwalls.jpg/220px-Winchesterwalls.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edgar's coinage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Edgard_king_of_England_959_975.jpg/125px-Edgard_king_of_England_959_975.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viking longboat replica in Ramsgate, Kent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Viking_Longboat_%27Hugin%27%2C_Ramsgate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_653079.jpg/250px-Viking_Longboat_%27Hugin%27%2C_Ramsgate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_653079.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cnut's dominions. The Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of Jemtland, Herjedalen, Idre, and Særna are not included in this map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/300px-Cnut_lands.svg.png"},{"image_text":"St Bene't's Church of Cambridge, the oldest extant building in Cambridgeshire; its tower was built in the late Anglo-Saxon period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Bene%27t%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_732864.jpg/170px-St_Bene%27t%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_732864.jpg"},{"image_text":"Section of the Bayeux Tapestry showing Harold (lower right) being killed at Hastings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Harold_dead_bayeux_tapestry.png/250px-Harold_dead_bayeux_tapestry.png"}]
[{"title":"Anglo-Saxon England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG"},{"title":"Middle Ages portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages"},{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"title":"Anglo-Saxon art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art"},{"title":"Anglo-Saxon architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture"},{"title":"Old English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_literature"},{"title":"Anglo-Saxon monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_monarchs"},{"title":"Anglo-Saxon warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare"},{"title":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"title":"Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_in_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"Government in Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"History of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England"},{"title":"History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(c._600_%E2%80%93_1066)"},{"title":"Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"}]
[{"reference":"Schama, Simon (2003). A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World? (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: BBC Worldwide. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-563-48714-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schama","url_text":"Schama, Simon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)#DVDs_and_books","url_text":"A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Worldwide","url_text":"BBC Worldwide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2","url_text":"978-0-563-48714-2"}]},{"reference":"Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). \"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?\". The English Historical Review. 115 (462): 513–33. doi:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F115.462.513","url_text":"\"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F115.462.513","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/115.462.513"}]},{"reference":"Dark, Ken R. (2003). \"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark,_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian's_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf","url_text":"\"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\""}]},{"reference":"Coates, Richard. \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/","url_text":"\"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\""}]},{"reference":"Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). \"Relative Chronology\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf","url_text":"\"Relative Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred and Guthrum's Peace\". Internet Medieval Source Book. History Department of Fordham University. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/guthrum.html","url_text":"\"Alfred and Guthrum's Peace\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Brown R.; Chibnall, Marjorie, eds. (1979). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. I: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1978. London: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-107-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofbat0000batt","url_text":"Anglo-Norman Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-107-8","url_text":"0-85115-107-8"}]},{"reference":"s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle","url_text":"s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"The Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560–975AD\". Internet Medieval Source Book. History Department of Fordham University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html","url_text":"\"The Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560–975AD\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024558/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Asser (1983). Alfred the Great. Translated by Lapidge, Keyne. Penguin Classic (published 2004). ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse","url_text":"Alfred the Great"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4","url_text":"978-0-14-044409-4"}]},{"reference":"Attenborough, F.L. Tr., ed. (1922). The laws of the earliest English kings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780404565459. Retrieved 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The laws of the earliest English kings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404565459","url_text":"9780404565459"}]},{"reference":"Barefoot, Brian (1993). The English Road to Rome. Upton-upon-Severn: Images. ISBN 1-897817-08-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897817-08-8","url_text":"1-897817-08-8"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Frank (2002). The Godwins. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-582-78440-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-78440-9","url_text":"0-582-78440-9"}]},{"reference":"Bede (1903). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Jane, L.C. (Temple Classics ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede","url_text":"Bede"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People","url_text":"Ecclesiastical History of the English People"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M. Roberts (ed.). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225. London: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-925101-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925101-8","url_text":"978-0-19-925101-8"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Andrew (2000). Andrew Bell-Fialkoff (ed.). The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe:Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-21207-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21207-0","url_text":"0-312-21207-0"}]},{"reference":"Blair, John (2006). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921117-3","url_text":"978-0-19-921117-3"}]},{"reference":"Brandon, Peter, ed. (1978). The South Saxons. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-240-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southsaxons0000unse","url_text":"The South Saxons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-240-0","url_text":"0-85033-240-0"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, James (2000). The Anglo-Saxon State . Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-176-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-176-7","url_text":"1-85285-176-7"}]},{"reference":"Dio, Cassius Cocceianus (1924). E. Cary (ed.). Roman History: Bk. 56–60, v. 7 (2000 ed.). Harvard: LOEB. ISBN 0-674-99193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99193-1","url_text":"0-674-99193-1"}]},{"reference":"Charles-Edwards, Thomas (1981). Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. Berkeley: UC Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-04392-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards","url_text":"Charles-Edwards, Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04392-8","url_text":"0-520-04392-8"}]},{"reference":"Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Conversion to Christianity. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4","url_text":"978-0-19-924982-4"}]},{"reference":"Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Nations and Kingdoms. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4","url_text":"978-0-19-924982-4"}]},{"reference":"Crystal, David (2001). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. CUP. ISBN 0-521-59655-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59655-6","url_text":"0-521-59655-6"}]},{"reference":"Dark, Ken (2000). Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. Stroud: NPI Media Group. ISBN 0-7524-1451-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Dark","url_text":"Dark, Ken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1451-8","url_text":"0-7524-1451-8"}]},{"reference":"Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1991). The ending of Roman Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23898-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23898-6","url_text":"0-415-23898-6"}]},{"reference":"Gelling, Margaret; Anne, Coles (2000). The Landscape of Place-Names. Stamford: Tyas. ISBN 1-900289-26-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gelling","url_text":"Gelling, Margaret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900289-26-1","url_text":"1-900289-26-1"}]},{"reference":"Gildas (1848). The Ruin of Britain. Translated by Habington; Giles, J.A.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain","url_text":"The Ruin of Britain"}]},{"reference":"Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Diana E. Greenway (ed.). Historia Anglorum: the history of the English. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-822224-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822224-6","url_text":"0-19-822224-6"}]},{"reference":"Higham, N. J. (1994). English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century. Manchester: Manchester United Press. ISBN 0-7190-4080-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-4080-9","url_text":"0-7190-4080-9"}]},{"reference":"Hines J., ed. (2003). The Ango-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. London: Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-034-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-034-5","url_text":"1-84383-034-5"}]},{"reference":"Horspool, David (2006). Why Alfred Burned the Cakes. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-786-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horspool","url_text":"Horspool, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-786-1","url_text":"978-1-86197-786-1"}]},{"reference":"Hunter Blair, Peter (1963). Roman Britain and Early England 55 BC – AD 871. London: W W Norton. ISBN 0-393-00361-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00361-2","url_text":"0-393-00361-2"}]},{"reference":"Ernest Rhys, ed. (1912). Anglo Saxon Chronicle. Translated by Ingram, Rev. James. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Martin, ed. (2004). Traces of ancestry: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-902937-25-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-25-0","url_text":"978-1-902937-25-0"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8530-5","url_text":"978-0-8014-8530-5"}]},{"reference":"Kelly S. E.; et al., eds. (1973–2007). Anglo-Saxon Charters Volumes: I–XIII. Oxford: OUP for the British Academy.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keynes, Simon (2008). \"Edgar rex admirabilis\". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-399-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-399-4","url_text":"978-1-84383-399-4"}]},{"reference":"Koch, John T. (2005). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7","url_text":"1-85109-440-7"}]},{"reference":"Lapidge, Michael Ed.; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2001). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0","url_text":"0-631-22492-0"}]},{"reference":"Mayr-Harting, Henry (1992). The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. Pennsylvania: University Press Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-271-00769-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mayr-Harting","url_text":"Mayr-Harting, Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00769-9","url_text":"0-271-00769-9"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm Errington, R. (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina. ISBN 0-8078-3038-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0","url_text":"0-8078-3038-0"}]},{"reference":"Morris, John (1973). The Age of Arthur. London: Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-477-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)","url_text":"Morris, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-477-3","url_text":"1-84212-477-3"}]},{"reference":"Myers, J.N.L. (1989). The English Settlements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282235-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282235-7","url_text":"0-19-282235-7"}]},{"reference":"Nennius (1848). History of the Britons. Translated by Gunn, Rev. W.; Giles, J.A.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Britons","url_text":"History of the Britons"}]},{"reference":"O'Reilly, Jennifer (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.). Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: The Art of Authority. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-924982-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4","url_text":"978-0-19-924982-4"}]},{"reference":"Ordericus Vitalis (1853). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.). The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume i. London: Henry G. Bohn.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ordericus Vitalis (1854). Thomas Forester Tr. (ed.). The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy. Volume ii. London: Henry G. Bohn.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pattison, John E. (2008). \"Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1650). Royal Society: 2423–2429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352. PMC 2603190. PMID 18430641.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603190","url_text":"\"Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0352","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2008.0352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603190","url_text":"2603190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18430641","url_text":"18430641"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain\" (PDF). Ordnance Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204113405/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/docs/scandinavian_guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain\""},{"url":"http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/docs/scandinavian_guide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-285434-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8","url_text":"0-19-285434-8"}]},{"reference":"Farmer, D.H., ed. (1990). Bede:Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Sherley-Price, Leo. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044565-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Sherley-Price","url_text":"Sherley-Price, Leo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044565-X","url_text":"0-14-044565-X"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd","url_text":"The Britons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6","url_text":"978-0-631-22260-6"}]},{"reference":"Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England Volume I. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-7678-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-7678-4","url_text":"0-7011-7678-4"}]},{"reference":"Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5","url_text":"978-0-19-280139-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology\". The Viking Network. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211051609/http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-viking_words_2.htm#H","url_text":"\"Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology\""},{"url":"http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-viking_words_2.htm#H","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2005). The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-280564-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fallofromeendofc00ward","url_text":"The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280564-9","url_text":"0-19-280564-9"}]},{"reference":"Webb J. F.; Farmer D. H., eds. (1983). The Age of Bede. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044437-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofbede00vari","url_text":"The Age of Bede"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044437-8","url_text":"0-14-044437-8"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Martin (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. London: English Heritage. ISBN 0-7134-6566-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6566-2","url_text":"0-7134-6566-2"}]},{"reference":"William of Malmesbury (1847). Chronicle of the kings of England:From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen. Translated by Giles, J.A. London: Henry Bohn.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, Ann (2003). Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. Hambledon: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-382-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-382-4","url_text":"1-85285-382-4"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Michael (1985). The Domesday Quest. London: BBC. ISBN 0-15-352274-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-352274-7","url_text":"0-15-352274-7"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Michael (2005). In Search of the Dark Ages. London: BBC. ISBN 978-0-563-52276-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-52276-8","url_text":"978-0-563-52276-8"}]},{"reference":"Yorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16639-3","url_text":"978-0-415-16639-3"}]},{"reference":"Curry, Andrew (21 September 2022). \"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England\". Science.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/migration-not-conquest-drove-anglo-saxon-takeover-england","url_text":"\"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F115.462.513","external_links_name":"\"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F115.462.513","external_links_name":"10.1093/ehr/115.462.513"},{"Link":"http://www.geneticancestor.com/Forster2004Festschrift.pdf","external_links_name":"MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles"},{"Link":"http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004276.html","external_links_name":"Language log"},{"Link":"http://www.alarichall.org.uk/bede_and_place-names.pdf","external_links_name":"A gente Anglorum appellatur: The Evidence of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo-Saxon Period"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/32/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 33–61"},{"Link":"https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark,_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian's_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\""},{"Link":"https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/","external_links_name":"\"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\""},{"Link":"https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Relative Chronology\""},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/guthrum.html","external_links_name":"\"Alfred and Guthrum's Peace\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofbat0000batt","external_links_name":"Anglo-Norman Studies"},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html","external_links_name":"\"The Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560–975AD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024558/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse","external_links_name":"Alfred the Great"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lawsofearliesten00grea#page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The laws of the earliest English kings"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/southsaxons0000unse","external_links_name":"The South Saxons"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603190","external_links_name":"\"Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0352","external_links_name":"10.1098/rspb.2008.0352"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603190","external_links_name":"2603190"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18430641","external_links_name":"18430641"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204113405/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/docs/scandinavian_guide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain\""},{"Link":"http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/docs/scandinavian_guide.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd","external_links_name":"The Britons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211051609/http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-viking_words_2.htm#H","external_links_name":"\"Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology\""},{"Link":"http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-viking_words_2.htm#H","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fallofromeendofc00ward","external_links_name":"The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ageofbede00vari","external_links_name":"The Age of Bede"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/content/article/migration-not-conquest-drove-anglo-saxon-takeover-england","external_links_name":"\"Migration, not conquest, drove Anglo-Saxon takeover of England\""},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html","external_links_name":"Internet Medieval Source book"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325144657/http://bubl.ac.uk/docs/bibliog/biggam/","external_links_name":"C. P. Biggam's Anglo-Saxon Studies: A Select bibliography"},{"Link":"http://www.medievalists.net/2011/02/02/anglo-saxon-era/","external_links_name":"Anglo Saxon Era – articles about the period"},{"Link":"http://www.pase.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538415405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85056730","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_dominant
Dominance (genetics)
["1 Background","2 Types of dominance","2.1 Complete dominance (Mendelian)","2.2 Incomplete dominance (non-Mendelian)","2.3 Co-dominance (non-Mendelian)","3 Relationship to other genetic concepts","3.1 Multiple alleles","3.2 Pleiotropic genes","3.3 Epistasis","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dominance" genetics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance, the two most common Mendelian inheritance patterns. An autosome is any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and the second is called recessive. This state of having two different variants of the same gene on each chromosome is originally caused by a mutation in one of the genes, either new (de novo) or inherited. The terms autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive are used to describe gene variants on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and their associated traits, while those on sex chromosomes (allosomes) are termed X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive or Y-linked; these have an inheritance and presentation pattern that depends on the sex of both the parent and the child (see Sex linkage). Since there is only one copy of the Y chromosome, Y-linked traits cannot be dominant or recessive. Additionally, there are other forms of dominance, such as incomplete dominance, in which a gene variant has a partial effect compared to when it is present on both chromosomes, and co-dominance, in which different variants on each chromosome both show their associated traits. Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Letters and Punnett squares are used to demonstrate the principles of dominance in teaching, and the upper-case letters are used to denote dominant alleles and lower-case letters are used for recessive alleles. An often quoted example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape in peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele R, or wrinkled, associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR (homozygous) individuals have round peas, and the rr (homozygous) individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr (heterozygous) individuals, the R allele masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele R is dominant over allele r, and allele r is recessive to allele R. Dominance is not inherent to an allele or its traits (phenotype). It is a strictly relative effect between two alleles of a given gene of any function; one allele can be dominant over a second allele of the same gene, recessive to a third, and co-dominant with a fourth. Additionally, one allele may be dominant for one trait but not others. Dominance differs from epistasis, the phenomenon of an allele of one gene masking the effect of alleles of a different gene. Background See also: Introduction to genetics Inheritance of dwarfing in maize. Demonstrating the heights of plants from the two parent variations and their F1 heterozygous hybrid (centre) Gregor Johann Mendel, "The Father of Genetics", promulgated the idea of dominance in the 1860s. However, it was not widely known until the early twentieth century. Mendel observed that, for a variety of traits of garden peas having to do with the appearance of seeds, seed pods, and plants, there were two discrete phenotypes, such as round versus wrinkled seeds, yellow versus green seeds, red versus white flowers or tall versus short plants. When bred separately, the plants always produced the same phenotypes, generation after generation. However, when lines with different phenotypes were crossed (interbred), one and only one of the parental phenotypes showed up in the offspring (green, round, red, or tall). However, when these hybrid plants were crossed, the offspring plants showed the two original phenotypes, in a characteristic 3:1 ratio, the more common phenotype being that of the parental hybrid plants. Mendel reasoned that each parent in the first cross was a homozygote for different alleles (one parent AA and the other parent aa), that each contributed one allele to the offspring, with the result that all of these hybrids were heterozygotes (Aa), and that one of the two alleles in the hybrid cross dominated expression of the other: A masked a. The final cross between two heterozygotes (Aa X Aa) would produce AA, Aa, and aa offspring in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio with the first two classes showing the (A) phenotype, and the last showing the (a) phenotype, thereby producing the 3:1 phenotype ratio. Mendel did not use the terms gene, allele, phenotype, genotype, homozygote, and heterozygote, all of which were introduced later. He did introduce the notation of capital and lowercase letters for dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, still in use today. In 1928, British population geneticist Ronald Fisher proposed that dominance acted based on natural selection through the contribution of modifier genes. In 1929, American geneticist Sewall Wright responded by stating that dominance is simply a physiological consequence of metabolic pathways and the relative necessity of the gene involved. Types of dominance Complete dominance (Mendelian) In complete dominance, the effect of one allele in a heterozygous genotype completely masks the effect of the other. The allele that masks are considered dominant to the other allele, and the masked allele is considered recessive. When we only look at one trait determined by one pair of genes, we call it monohybrid inheritance. If the crossing is done between parents (P-generation, F0-generation) who are homozygote dominant and homozygote recessive, the offspring (F1-generation) will always have the heterozygote genotype and always present the phenotype associated with the dominant gene. Monohybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GG) and homozygote recessive (gg), always resulting in heterozygote genotype (Gg) and the phenotype associated with the dominant allele, in this case capital G. Monohybrid cross between heterozygotes (Gg), resulting in genptypical ratio 1:2:1 (GG:Gg:gg) and phenotypical ratio 3:1 (G:g). However, if the F1-generation is further crossed with the F1-generation (heterozygote crossed with heterozygote) the offspring (F2-generation) will present the phenotype associated with the dominant gene ¾ times. Although heterozygote monohybrid crossing can result in two phenotype variants, it can result in three genotype variants -  homozygote dominant, heterozygote and homozygote recessive, respectively. In dihybrid inheritance we look at the inheritance of two pairs of genes simultaneous. Assuming here that the two pairs of genes are located at non-homologous chromosomes, such that they are not coupled genes (see genetic linkage) but instead inherited independently. Consider now the cross between parents (P-generation) of genotypes homozygote dominant and recessive, respectively. The offspring (F1-generation) will always heterozygous and present the phenotype associated with the dominant allele variant. Dihybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GGRR) and homozygote recessive (ggrr) always resulting in heterozygotes (GgRr) with phenotype associated with the dominant alleles G and R. Dihybrid cross between heterozygotes (GgRr), resulting in the phenotypical ratio 9:3:3:1 (G and R: G and r: g and R: g and r) However, when crossing the F1-generation there are four possible phenotypic possibilities and the phenotypical ratio for the F2-generation will always be 9:3:3:1. Incomplete dominance (non-Mendelian) This Punnett square illustrates incomplete dominance. In this example, the red petal trait associated with the R allele recombines with the white petal trait of the r allele. The plant incompletely expresses the dominant trait (R) causing plants with the Rr genotype to express flowers with less red pigment resulting in pink flowers. The colors are not blended together, the dominant trait is just expressed less strongly. See also: partial dominance hypothesis Incomplete dominance (also called partial dominance, semi-dominance, intermediate inheritance, or occasionally incorrectly co-dominance in reptile genetics) occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The phenotypic result often appears as a blended form of characteristics in the heterozygous state. For example, the snapdragon flower color is homozygous for either red or white. When the red homozygous flower is paired with the white homozygous flower, the result yields a pink snapdragon flower. The pink snapdragon is the result of incomplete dominance. A similar type of incomplete dominance is found in the four o'clock plant wherein pink color is produced when true-bred parents of white and red flowers are crossed. In quantitative genetics, where phenotypes are measured and treated numerically, if a heterozygote's phenotype is exactly between (numerically) that of the two homozygotes, the phenotype is said to exhibit no dominance at all, i.e. dominance exists only when the heterozygote's phenotype measure lies closer to one homozygote than the other. When plants of the F1 generation are self-pollinated, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation will be 1:2:1 (Red:Pink:White). Co-dominance (non-Mendelian) Co-dominance in a Camellia cultivar A and B blood types in humans show co-dominance, but the O type is recessive to A and B. This Punnett square shows co-dominance. In this example a white bull (WW) mates with a red cow (RR), and their offspring exhibit co-dominance expressing both white and red hairs. Co-dominance occurs when the contributions of both alleles are visible in the phenotype and neither allele masks another. For example, in the ABO blood group system, chemical modifications to a glycoprotein (the H antigen) on the surfaces of blood cells are controlled by three alleles, two of which are co-dominant to each other (IA, IB) and dominant over the recessive i at the ABO locus. The IA and IB alleles produce different modifications. The enzyme coded for by IA adds an N-acetylgalactosamine to a membrane-bound H antigen. The IB enzyme adds a galactose. The i allele produces no modification. Thus the IA and IB alleles are each dominant to i (IAIA and IAi individuals both have type A blood, and IBIB and IBi individuals both have type B blood), but IAIB individuals have both modifications on their blood cells and thus have type AB blood, so the IA and IB alleles are said to be co-dominant. Another example occurs at the locus for the beta-globin component of hemoglobin, where the three molecular phenotypes of HbA/HbA, HbA/HbS, and HbS/HbS are all distinguishable by protein electrophoresis. (The medical condition produced by the heterozygous genotype is called sickle-cell trait and is a milder condition distinguishable from sickle-cell anemia, thus the alleles show incomplete dominance concerning anemia, see above). For most gene loci at the molecular level, both alleles are expressed co-dominantly, because both are transcribed into RNA. Co-dominance, where allelic products co-exist in the phenotype, is different from incomplete dominance, where the quantitative interaction of allele products produces an intermediate phenotype. For example, in co-dominance, a red homozygous flower and a white homozygous flower will produce offspring that have red and white spots. When plants of the F1 generation are self-pollinated, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation will be 1:2:1 (Red:Spotted:White). These ratios are the same as those for incomplete dominance. Again, this classical terminology is inappropriate – in reality, such cases should not be said to exhibit dominance at all. Relationship to other genetic concepts Dominance can be influenced by various genetic interactions and it is essential to evaluate them when determining phenotypic outcomes. Multiple alleles, epistasis and pleiotropic genes are some factors that might influence the phenotypic outcome. Multiple alleles Main article: Allele § Multiple allelesAlthough any individual of a diploid organism has at most two different alleles at a given locus, most genes exist in a large number of allelic versions in the population as a whole. This is called polymorphism, and is caused by mutations. Polymorphism can have an effect on the dominance relationship and phenotype, which is observed in the ABO blood group system. The gene responsible for human blood type have three alleles; A, B, and O, and their interactions result in different blood types based on the level of dominance the alleles expresses towards each other. Pleiotropic genes Main article: Pleiotropy Pleiotropic genes are genes where one single gene affects two or more characters (phenotype). This means that a gene can have a dominant effect on one trait, but a more recessive effect on another trait. Epistasis Main article: Epistasis Epistasis is interactions between multiple alleles at different loci. Easily said, several genes for one phenotype. The dominance relationship between alleles involved in epistatic interactions can influence the observed phenotypic ratios in offspring. See also Ambidirectional dominance List of Mendelian traits in humans Mitochondrial DNA Punnett square Summation theorems (biochemistry) Chimerism References ^ "dominance". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ "express". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ Eggers, Stefanie; Sinclair, Andrew (2012). "Mammalian sex determination—insights from humans and mice". Chromosome Res. 20 (1). Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag: 215–238. doi:10.1007/s10577-012-9274-3. hdl:11343/270255. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 22290220. ^ Bateson, William; Mendel, Gregor (2009). Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence, with a Translation of Mendel's Original Papers on Hybridisation. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511694462. ISBN 978-1108006132. ^ a b Billiard, Sylvain; Castric, Vincent; Llaurens, Violaine (2021). "The integrative biology of genetic dominance". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 96 (6). Oxford, UK: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 2925–2942. doi:10.1111/brv.12786. PMC 9292577. PMID 34382317. ^ Griffiths AJF; Gelbart WM; Miller JH; et al. (1999). "Gene Interaction Leads to Modified Dihybrid Ratios". Modern Genetic Analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-3118-4. ^ Mayo, O. and Bürger, R. 1997. The evolution of dominance: A theory whose time has passed? Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine "Biological Reviews", Volume 72, Issue 1, pp. 97–110 ^ Bourguet, D. 1999. The evolution of dominance Archived 2016-08-29 at the Wayback Machine Heredity, Volume 83, Number 1, pp. 1–4 ^ Bagheri, H.C. 2006. Unresolved boundaries of evolutionary theory and the question of how inheritance systems evolve: 75 years of debate on the evolution of dominance Archived 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine "Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution", Volume 306B, Issue 4, pp. 329–359 ^ Rodríguez-Beltrán, Jerónimo; Sørum, Vidar; Toll-Riera, Macarena; de la Vega, Carmen; Peña-Miller, Rafael; San Millán, Álvaro (2020). "Genetic dominance governs the evolution and spread of mobile genetic elements in bacteria". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117 (27). United States: United States: National Academy of Sciences: 15755–15762. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11715755R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2001240117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7355013. PMID 32571917. ^ Trudy, F. C. Mackay; Robert, R. H. Anholt (2022). "Gregor Mendel's legacy in quantitative genetics". PLOS Biology. 20 (7). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e3001692. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001692. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 9295954. PMID 35852997. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Heald, Rebecca; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2023). Essential cell biology (Sixth edition.; International student ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9781324033394. ^ Bulinski, Steven (2016-01-05). "A Crash Course in Reptile Genetics". Reptiles. Living World Media. Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2023-02-03. The term co-dominant is often used interchangeably with incomplete dominant, but the two terms have different meanings. ^ a b c d Brown, T. A. (2018). Genomes 4 (4th ed.). Milton: Milton: Garland Science. doi:10.1201/9781315226828. ISBN 9780815345084. S2CID 239528980. ^ a b Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2005). "Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity". Pharmacogenomics J. 5 (1). United States: United States: Nature Publishing Group: 6–13. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285. ISSN 1470-269X. PMID 15492763. S2CID 10695794. ^ Yamamoto, F; Clausen, H; White, T; Marken, J; Hakomori, S (1990). "Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system". Nature. 345 (6272): 229–233. Bibcode:1990Natur.345..229Y. doi:10.1038/345229a0. PMID 2333095. S2CID 4237562. ^ Du, Qingzhang; Tian, Jiaxing; Yang, Xiaohui; Pan, Wei; Xu, Baohua; Li, Bailian; Ingvarsson, Pär K.; Zhang, Deqiang (2015). "Identification of additive, dominant, and epistatic variation conferred by key genes in cellulose biosynthesis pathway in Populus tomentosa". DNA Res. 22 (1). England: England: Oxford University Press: 53–67. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsu040. ISSN 1340-2838. PMC 4379978. PMID 25428896. ^ Phillips, Patrick C (2008). "Epistasis - the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems". Nat Rev Genet. 9 (11). London: London: Nature Publishing Group: 855–867. doi:10.1038/nrg2452. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 2689140. PMID 18852697. "On-line notes for Biology 2250 – Principles of Genetics". Memorial University of Newfoundland. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Hemoglobin—Beta Locus; HBB - 141900 — Sickle-Cell Anemia Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): ABO Glycosyltransferase - 110300 — ABO blood groups External links "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" (OMIM) "Autosomal dominance of Huntington's Disease". Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autosomal_dominant_and_recessive.svg"},{"link_name":"Mendelian inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance"},{"link_name":"autosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome"},{"link_name":"sex chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"allele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"the other copy of the chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"two different variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygosity"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"inherited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"autosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomes"},{"link_name":"sex chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomes"},{"link_name":"X-linked dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_dominant"},{"link_name":"X-linked recessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive"},{"link_name":"Y-linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-linked"},{"link_name":"Sex linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_linkage"},{"link_name":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mendelian inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance"},{"link_name":"classical genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_genetics"},{"link_name":"Punnett squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_squares"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea"},{"link_name":"homozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygous"},{"link_name":"heterozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygous"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"co-dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Co-dominance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"epistasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance, the two most common Mendelian inheritance patterns. An autosome is any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.[1][2] The first variant is termed dominant and the second is called recessive. This state of having two different variants of the same gene on each chromosome is originally caused by a mutation in one of the genes, either new (de novo) or inherited. The terms autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive are used to describe gene variants on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and their associated traits, while those on sex chromosomes (allosomes) are termed X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive or Y-linked; these have an inheritance and presentation pattern that depends on the sex of both the parent and the child (see Sex linkage). Since there is only one copy of the Y chromosome, Y-linked traits cannot be dominant or recessive.[3] Additionally, there are other forms of dominance, such as incomplete dominance, in which a gene variant has a partial effect compared to when it is present on both chromosomes, and co-dominance, in which different variants on each chromosome both show their associated traits.Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Letters and Punnett squares are used to demonstrate the principles of dominance in teaching, and the upper-case letters are used to denote dominant alleles and lower-case letters are used for recessive alleles. An often quoted example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape in peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele R, or wrinkled, associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR (homozygous) individuals have round peas, and the rr (homozygous) individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr (heterozygous) individuals, the R allele masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele R is dominant over allele r, and allele r is recessive to allele R.[4]Dominance is not inherent to an allele or its traits (phenotype). It is a strictly relative effect between two alleles of a given gene of any function; one allele can be dominant over a second allele of the same gene, recessive to a third, and co-dominant with a fourth. Additionally, one allele may be dominant for one trait but not others.[5] Dominance differs from epistasis, the phenomenon of an allele of one gene masking the effect of alleles of a different gene.[6]","title":"Dominance (genetics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Introduction to genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_(1917)_(14582377398).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gregor Johann Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Johann_Mendel"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher"},{"link_name":"modifier genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifier_genes"},{"link_name":"Sewall Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewall_Wright"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"See also: Introduction to geneticsInheritance of dwarfing in maize. Demonstrating the heights of plants from the two parent variations and their F1 heterozygous hybrid (centre)Gregor Johann Mendel, \"The Father of Genetics\", promulgated the idea of dominance in the 1860s. However, it was not widely known until the early twentieth century. Mendel observed that, for a variety of traits of garden peas having to do with the appearance of seeds, seed pods, and plants, there were two discrete phenotypes, such as round versus wrinkled seeds, yellow versus green seeds, red versus white flowers or tall versus short plants. When bred separately, the plants always produced the same phenotypes, generation after generation. However, when lines with different phenotypes were crossed (interbred), one and only one of the parental phenotypes showed up in the offspring (green, round, red, or tall). However, when these hybrid plants were crossed, the offspring plants showed the two original phenotypes, in a characteristic 3:1 ratio, the more common phenotype being that of the parental hybrid plants. Mendel reasoned that each parent in the first cross was a homozygote for different alleles (one parent AA and the other parent aa), that each contributed one allele to the offspring, with the result that all of these hybrids were heterozygotes (Aa), and that one of the two alleles in the hybrid cross dominated expression of the other: A masked a. The final cross between two heterozygotes (Aa X Aa) would produce AA, Aa, and aa offspring in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio with the first two classes showing the (A) phenotype, and the last showing the (a) phenotype, thereby producing the 3:1 phenotype ratio.Mendel did not use the terms gene, allele, phenotype, genotype, homozygote, and heterozygote, all of which were introduced later. He did introduce the notation of capital and lowercase letters for dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, still in use today.In 1928, British population geneticist Ronald Fisher proposed that dominance acted based on natural selection through the contribution of modifier genes. In 1929, American geneticist Sewall Wright responded by stating that dominance is simply a physiological consequence of metabolic pathways and the relative necessity of the gene involved.[7][8][9][5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of dominance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"monohybrid inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohybrid_cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MonohydrideP.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MonohydrideF1.png"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"dihybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross"},{"link_name":"genetic linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DihydrideP.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DihydrideF1.png"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Complete dominance (Mendelian)","text":"In complete dominance, the effect of one allele in a heterozygous genotype completely masks the effect of the other. The allele that masks are considered dominant to the other allele, and the masked allele is considered recessive.[10]When we only look at one trait determined by one pair of genes, we call it monohybrid inheritance. If the crossing is done between parents (P-generation, F0-generation) who are homozygote dominant and homozygote recessive, the offspring (F1-generation) will always have the heterozygote genotype and always present the phenotype associated with the dominant gene.Monohybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GG) and homozygote recessive (gg), always resulting in heterozygote genotype (Gg) and the phenotype associated with the dominant allele, in this case capital G.Monohybrid cross between heterozygotes (Gg), resulting in genptypical ratio 1:2:1 (GG:Gg:gg) and phenotypical ratio 3:1 (G:g).However, if the F1-generation is further crossed with the F1-generation (heterozygote crossed with heterozygote) the offspring (F2-generation) will present the phenotype associated with the dominant gene ¾ times. Although heterozygote monohybrid crossing can result in two phenotype variants, it can result in three genotype variants -  homozygote dominant, heterozygote and homozygote recessive, respectively.[11]In dihybrid inheritance we look at the inheritance of two pairs of genes simultaneous. Assuming here that the two pairs of genes are located at non-homologous chromosomes, such that they are not coupled genes (see genetic linkage) but instead inherited independently. Consider now the cross between parents (P-generation) of genotypes homozygote dominant and recessive, respectively. The offspring (F1-generation) will always heterozygous and present the phenotype associated with the dominant allele variant.Dihybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GGRR) and homozygote recessive (ggrr) always resulting in heterozygotes (GgRr) with phenotype associated with the dominant alleles G and R.Dihybrid cross between heterozygotes (GgRr), resulting in the phenotypical ratio 9:3:3:1 (G and R: G and r: g and R: g and r)However, when crossing the F1-generation there are four possible phenotypic possibilities and the phenotypical ratio for the F2-generation will always be 9:3:3:1.[12]","title":"Types of dominance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Incomplete_dominance.svg"},{"link_name":"Punnett square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square"},{"link_name":"allele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"partial dominance hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_dominance_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"snapdragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirrhinum_majus"},{"link_name":"four o'clock plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_o%27clock_flower"},{"link_name":"quantitative genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_genetics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"sub_title":"Incomplete dominance (non-Mendelian)","text":"This Punnett square illustrates incomplete dominance. In this example, the red petal trait associated with the R allele recombines with the white petal trait of the r allele. The plant incompletely expresses the dominant trait (R) causing plants with the Rr genotype to express flowers with less red pigment resulting in pink flowers. The colors are not blended together, the dominant trait is just expressed less strongly.See also: partial dominance hypothesisIncomplete dominance (also called partial dominance, semi-dominance, intermediate inheritance, or occasionally incorrectly co-dominance in reptile genetics[13]) occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The phenotypic result often appears as a blended form of characteristics in the heterozygous state. For example, the snapdragon flower color is homozygous for either red or white. When the red homozygous flower is paired with the white homozygous flower, the result yields a pink snapdragon flower. The pink snapdragon is the result of incomplete dominance. A similar type of incomplete dominance is found in the four o'clock plant wherein pink color is produced when true-bred parents of white and red flowers are crossed. In quantitative genetics, where phenotypes are measured and treated numerically, if a heterozygote's phenotype is exactly between (numerically) that of the two homozygotes, the phenotype is said to exhibit no dominance at all, i.e. dominance exists only when the heterozygote's phenotype measure lies closer to one homozygote than the other.When plants of the F1 generation are self-pollinated, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation will be 1:2:1 (Red:Pink:White).[14]","title":"Types of dominance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co-dominance_Rhododendron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Camellia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABO_system_codominance.svg"},{"link_name":"A and B blood types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co-dominance_in_Roan_Cattle.svg"},{"link_name":"ABO blood group system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system"},{"link_name":"glycoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein"},{"link_name":"ABO locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(gene)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"beta-globin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-globin"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"protein electrophoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_electrophoresis"},{"link_name":"sickle-cell trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_trait"},{"link_name":"sickle-cell anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_anemia"},{"link_name":"transcribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"sub_title":"Co-dominance (non-Mendelian)","text":"Co-dominance in a Camellia cultivarA and B blood types in humans show co-dominance, but the O type is recessive to A and B.This Punnett square shows co-dominance. In this example a white bull (WW) mates with a red cow (RR), and their offspring exhibit co-dominance expressing both white and red hairs.Co-dominance occurs when the contributions of both alleles are visible in the phenotype and neither allele masks another.For example, in the ABO blood group system, chemical modifications to a glycoprotein (the H antigen) on the surfaces of blood cells are controlled by three alleles, two of which are co-dominant to each other (IA, IB) and dominant over the recessive i at the ABO locus. The IA and IB alleles produce different modifications. The enzyme coded for by IA adds an N-acetylgalactosamine to a membrane-bound H antigen. The IB enzyme adds a galactose. The i allele produces no modification. Thus the IA and IB alleles are each dominant to i (IAIA and IAi individuals both have type A blood, and IBIB and IBi individuals both have type B blood), but IAIB individuals have both modifications on their blood cells and thus have type AB blood, so the IA and IB alleles are said to be co-dominant.[14]Another example occurs at the locus for the beta-globin component of hemoglobin, where the three molecular phenotypes of HbA/HbA, HbA/HbS, and HbS/HbS are all distinguishable by protein electrophoresis. (The medical condition produced by the heterozygous genotype is called sickle-cell trait and is a milder condition distinguishable from sickle-cell anemia, thus the alleles show incomplete dominance concerning anemia, see above). For most gene loci at the molecular level, both alleles are expressed co-dominantly, because both are transcribed into RNA.[14]Co-dominance, where allelic products co-exist in the phenotype, is different from incomplete dominance, where the quantitative interaction of allele products produces an intermediate phenotype. For example, in co-dominance, a red homozygous flower and a white homozygous flower will produce offspring that have red and white spots. When plants of the F1 generation are self-pollinated, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation will be 1:2:1 (Red:Spotted:White). These ratios are the same as those for incomplete dominance. Again, this classical terminology is inappropriate – in reality, such cases should not be said to exhibit dominance at all.[14]","title":"Types of dominance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multiple alleles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"epistasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis"},{"link_name":"pleiotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"}],"text":"Dominance can be influenced by various genetic interactions and it is essential to evaluate them when determining phenotypic outcomes. Multiple alleles, epistasis and pleiotropic genes are some factors that might influence the phenotypic outcome.[15]","title":"Relationship to other genetic concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ABO blood group system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Multiple alleles","text":"Although any individual of a diploid organism has at most two different alleles at a given locus, most genes exist in a large number of allelic versions in the population as a whole. This is called polymorphism, and is caused by mutations. Polymorphism can have an effect on the dominance relationship and phenotype, which is observed in the ABO blood group system. The gene responsible for human blood type have three alleles; A, B, and O, and their interactions result in different blood types based on the level of dominance the alleles expresses towards each other.[15][16]","title":"Relationship to other genetic concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Pleiotropic genes","text":"Pleiotropic genes are genes where one single gene affects two or more characters (phenotype). This means that a gene can have a dominant effect on one trait, but a more recessive effect on another trait.[17]","title":"Relationship to other genetic concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Epistasis","text":"Epistasis is interactions between multiple alleles at different loci. Easily said, several genes for one phenotype. The dominance relationship between alleles involved in epistatic interactions can influence the observed phenotypic ratios in offspring.[18]","title":"Relationship to other genetic concepts"}]
[{"image_text":"Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance, the two most common Mendelian inheritance patterns. An autosome is any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Autosomal_dominant_and_recessive.svg/500px-Autosomal_dominant_and_recessive.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Inheritance of dwarfing in maize. Demonstrating the heights of plants from the two parent variations and their F1 heterozygous hybrid (centre)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29_%2814582377398%29.jpg/240px-Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29_%2814582377398%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monohybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GG) and homozygote recessive (gg), always resulting in heterozygote genotype (Gg) and the phenotype associated with the dominant allele, in this case capital G.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MonohydrideP.png/342px-MonohydrideP.png"},{"image_text":"Monohybrid cross between heterozygotes (Gg), resulting in genptypical ratio 1:2:1 (GG:Gg:gg) and phenotypical ratio 3:1 (G:g).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MonohydrideF1.png/340px-MonohydrideF1.png"},{"image_text":"Dihybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GGRR) and homozygote recessive (ggrr) always resulting in heterozygotes (GgRr) with phenotype associated with the dominant alleles G and R.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DihydrideP.png/370px-DihydrideP.png"},{"image_text":"Dihybrid cross between heterozygotes (GgRr), resulting in the phenotypical ratio 9:3:3:1 (G and R: G and r: g and R: g and r)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DihydrideF1.png/374px-DihydrideF1.png"},{"image_text":"This Punnett square illustrates incomplete dominance. In this example, the red petal trait associated with the R allele recombines with the white petal trait of the r allele. The plant incompletely expresses the dominant trait (R) causing plants with the Rr genotype to express flowers with less red pigment resulting in pink flowers. The colors are not blended together, the dominant trait is just expressed less strongly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Incomplete_dominance.svg/220px-Incomplete_dominance.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Co-dominance in a Camellia cultivar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Co-dominance_Rhododendron.jpg/220px-Co-dominance_Rhododendron.jpg"},{"image_text":"A and B blood types in humans show co-dominance, but the O type is recessive to A and B.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_system_codominance.svg/220px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This Punnett square shows co-dominance. In this example a white bull (WW) mates with a red cow (RR), and their offspring exhibit co-dominance expressing both white and red hairs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Co-dominance_in_Roan_Cattle.svg/220px-Co-dominance_in_Roan_Cattle.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Ambidirectional dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambidirectional_dominance"},{"title":"List of Mendelian traits in humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mendelian_traits_in_humans"},{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"title":"Punnett square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square"},{"title":"Summation theorems (biochemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_theorems_(biochemistry)"},{"title":"Chimerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)"}]
[{"reference":"\"dominance\". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718084053/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dominance","url_text":"\"dominance\""},{"url":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dominance","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"express\". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718025722/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/express","url_text":"\"express\""},{"url":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/express","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eggers, Stefanie; Sinclair, Andrew (2012). \"Mammalian sex determination—insights from humans and mice\". Chromosome Res. 20 (1). Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag: 215–238. doi:10.1007/s10577-012-9274-3. hdl:11343/270255. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 22290220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10577-012-9274-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10577-012-9274-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F270255","url_text":"11343/270255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3849","url_text":"0967-3849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22290220","url_text":"22290220"}]},{"reference":"Bateson, William; Mendel, Gregor (2009). Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence, with a Translation of Mendel's Original Papers on Hybridisation. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511694462. ISBN 978-1108006132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511694462","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9780511694462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108006132","url_text":"978-1108006132"}]},{"reference":"Billiard, Sylvain; Castric, Vincent; Llaurens, Violaine (2021). \"The integrative biology of genetic dominance\". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 96 (6). Oxford, UK: Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 2925–2942. doi:10.1111/brv.12786. PMC 9292577. PMID 34382317.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9292577","url_text":"\"The integrative biology of genetic dominance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12786","url_text":"10.1111/brv.12786"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9292577","url_text":"9292577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34382317","url_text":"34382317"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths AJF; Gelbart WM; Miller JH; et al. (1999). \"Gene Interaction Leads to Modified Dihybrid Ratios\". Modern Genetic Analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-3118-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21249/","url_text":"\"Gene Interaction Leads to Modified Dihybrid Ratios\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moderngeneticana0000unse","url_text":"Modern Genetic Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3118-4","url_text":"978-0-7167-3118-4"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez-Beltrán, Jerónimo; Sørum, Vidar; Toll-Riera, Macarena; de la Vega, Carmen; Peña-Miller, Rafael; San Millán, Álvaro (2020). \"Genetic dominance governs the evolution and spread of mobile genetic elements in bacteria\". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117 (27). United States: United States: National Academy of Sciences: 15755–15762. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11715755R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2001240117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7355013. PMID 32571917.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355013","url_text":"\"Genetic dominance governs the evolution and spread of mobile genetic elements in bacteria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11715755R","url_text":"2020PNAS..11715755R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2001240117","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.2001240117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355013","url_text":"7355013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571917","url_text":"32571917"}]},{"reference":"Trudy, F. C. Mackay; Robert, R. H. Anholt (2022). \"Gregor Mendel's legacy in quantitative genetics\". PLOS Biology. 20 (7). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e3001692. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001692. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 9295954. PMID 35852997.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9295954","url_text":"\"Gregor Mendel's legacy in quantitative genetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3001692","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3001692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1544-9173","url_text":"1544-9173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9295954","url_text":"9295954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35852997","url_text":"35852997"}]},{"reference":"Alberts, Bruce; Heald, Rebecca; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2023). Essential cell biology (Sixth edition.; International student ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9781324033394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781324033394","url_text":"9781324033394"}]},{"reference":"Bulinski, Steven (2016-01-05). \"A Crash Course in Reptile Genetics\". Reptiles. Living World Media. Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2023-02-03. The term co-dominant is often used interchangeably with incomplete dominant, but the two terms have different meanings.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204020644/https://reptilesmagazine.com/a-crash-course-in-reptile-genetics/","url_text":"\"A Crash Course in Reptile Genetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles_(magazine)","url_text":"Reptiles"},{"url":"https://reptilesmagazine.com/a-crash-course-in-reptile-genetics/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, T. A. (2018). Genomes 4 (4th ed.). Milton: Milton: Garland Science. doi:10.1201/9781315226828. ISBN 9780815345084. S2CID 239528980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781315226828","url_text":"10.1201/9781315226828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815345084","url_text":"9780815345084"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239528980","url_text":"239528980"}]},{"reference":"Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2005). \"Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity\". Pharmacogenomics J. 5 (1). United States: United States: Nature Publishing Group: 6–13. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285. ISSN 1470-269X. PMID 15492763. S2CID 10695794.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.tpj.6500285","url_text":"10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-269X","url_text":"1470-269X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15492763","url_text":"15492763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10695794","url_text":"10695794"}]},{"reference":"Yamamoto, F; Clausen, H; White, T; Marken, J; Hakomori, S (1990). \"Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system\". Nature. 345 (6272): 229–233. Bibcode:1990Natur.345..229Y. doi:10.1038/345229a0. PMID 2333095. S2CID 4237562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.345..229Y","url_text":"1990Natur.345..229Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F345229a0","url_text":"10.1038/345229a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2333095","url_text":"2333095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4237562","url_text":"4237562"}]},{"reference":"Du, Qingzhang; Tian, Jiaxing; Yang, Xiaohui; Pan, Wei; Xu, Baohua; Li, Bailian; Ingvarsson, Pär K.; Zhang, Deqiang (2015). \"Identification of additive, dominant, and epistatic variation conferred by key genes in cellulose biosynthesis pathway in Populus tomentosa\". DNA Res. 22 (1). England: England: Oxford University Press: 53–67. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsu040. ISSN 1340-2838. PMC 4379978. PMID 25428896.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379978","url_text":"\"Identification of additive, dominant, and epistatic variation conferred by key genes in cellulose biosynthesis pathway in Populus tomentosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2Fdsu040","url_text":"10.1093/dnares/dsu040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1340-2838","url_text":"1340-2838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379978","url_text":"4379978"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25428896","url_text":"25428896"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Patrick C (2008). \"Epistasis - the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems\". Nat Rev Genet. 9 (11). London: London: Nature Publishing Group: 855–867. doi:10.1038/nrg2452. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 2689140. PMID 18852697.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689140","url_text":"\"Epistasis - the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2452","url_text":"10.1038/nrg2452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0056","url_text":"1471-0056"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689140","url_text":"2689140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18852697","url_text":"18852697"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dominance%22+genetics","external_links_name":"\"Dominance\" genetics"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dominance%22+genetics+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dominance%22+genetics&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dominance%22+genetics+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dominance%22+genetics","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dominance%22+genetics&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718084053/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dominance","external_links_name":"\"dominance\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dominance","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718025722/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/express","external_links_name":"\"express\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/express","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10577-012-9274-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10577-012-9274-3"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F270255","external_links_name":"11343/270255"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3849","external_links_name":"0967-3849"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22290220","external_links_name":"22290220"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511694462","external_links_name":"10.1017/CBO9780511694462"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9292577","external_links_name":"\"The integrative biology of genetic dominance\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12786","external_links_name":"10.1111/brv.12786"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9292577","external_links_name":"9292577"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34382317","external_links_name":"34382317"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21249/","external_links_name":"\"Gene Interaction Leads to Modified Dihybrid Ratios\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/moderngeneticana0000unse","external_links_name":"Modern Genetic Analysis"},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=637","external_links_name":"The evolution of dominance: A theory whose time has passed?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073242/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=637","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v83/n1/full/6885600a.html","external_links_name":"The evolution of dominance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160829172824/http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v83/n1/full/6885600a.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/biodiversity/prednasky/EvolucniGenetika/clanky_2017/Bagheri%202006%20allele%20dominance%20review.pdf","external_links_name":"Unresolved boundaries of evolutionary theory and the question of how inheritance systems evolve: 75 years of debate on the evolution of dominance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702000658/https://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/biodiversity/prednasky/EvolucniGenetika/clanky_2017/Bagheri%202006%20allele%20dominance%20review.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355013","external_links_name":"\"Genetic dominance governs the evolution and spread of mobile genetic elements in bacteria\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11715755R","external_links_name":"2020PNAS..11715755R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2001240117","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.2001240117"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","external_links_name":"0027-8424"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355013","external_links_name":"7355013"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571917","external_links_name":"32571917"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9295954","external_links_name":"\"Gregor Mendel's legacy in quantitative genetics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3001692","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3001692"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1544-9173","external_links_name":"1544-9173"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9295954","external_links_name":"9295954"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35852997","external_links_name":"35852997"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204020644/https://reptilesmagazine.com/a-crash-course-in-reptile-genetics/","external_links_name":"\"A Crash Course in Reptile Genetics\""},{"Link":"https://reptilesmagazine.com/a-crash-course-in-reptile-genetics/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781315226828","external_links_name":"10.1201/9781315226828"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239528980","external_links_name":"239528980"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.tpj.6500285","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1470-269X","external_links_name":"1470-269X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15492763","external_links_name":"15492763"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10695794","external_links_name":"10695794"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.345..229Y","external_links_name":"1990Natur.345..229Y"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F345229a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/345229a0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2333095","external_links_name":"2333095"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4237562","external_links_name":"4237562"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379978","external_links_name":"\"Identification of additive, dominant, and epistatic variation conferred by key genes in cellulose biosynthesis pathway in Populus tomentosa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2Fdsu040","external_links_name":"10.1093/dnares/dsu040"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1340-2838","external_links_name":"1340-2838"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379978","external_links_name":"4379978"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25428896","external_links_name":"25428896"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689140","external_links_name":"\"Epistasis - the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2452","external_links_name":"10.1038/nrg2452"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0056","external_links_name":"1471-0056"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689140","external_links_name":"2689140"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18852697","external_links_name":"18852697"},{"Link":"https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Bio2250.html","external_links_name":"\"On-line notes for Biology 2250 – Principles of Genetics\""},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/141900","external_links_name":"Hemoglobin—Beta Locus; HBB - 141900"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/110300","external_links_name":"ABO Glycosyltransferase - 110300"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111026062710/http://www.omim.org/","external_links_name":"\"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414125159/http://hopes.stanford.edu/causes/inherit/c0.html","external_links_name":"\"Autosomal dominance of Huntington's Disease\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)
Illyricum (Roman province)
["1 Name and etymology","2 Geography","3 Historical background","3.1 Illyrian Wars","3.2 From the Illyrian Wars to the Roman Civil Wars","3.3 Caesar's governorship","3.4 Illyricum during Caesar's Civil War","3.5 The campaigns of Octavian in Illyricum (35–33 BC)","4 Roman province","4.1 The Pannonian War (14–10 BC)","4.2 Batonian War (6–9 AD)","4.3 Regions of the province and its later dissolution","5 Diocletian's reforms: the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum","6 Military importance","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources"]
Roman province from 27 BC to 69/79 AD This article is about the Roman province. For the Roman Prefecture, see Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. For other uses, see Illyria. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Illyricum" Roman province – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Illyricum" Roman province – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Illyricumἐπαρχία ΙλλυρίαςProvince of Roman Empire27 BC–69/79 ADProvince of IllyricumCapitalSalonaHistorical eraAntiquity• Established 27 BC• Dissolved during the reign of Vespasian; new provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia created 69/79 AD Preceded by Succeeded by Illyria Dalmatia (Roman province) Pannonia Illyricum /ɪˈlɪrɪkəm/ was a Roman province that existed from 27 BC to sometime during the reign of Vespasian (69–79 AD). The province comprised Illyria/Dalmatia in the south and Pannonia in the north. Illyria included the area along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea and its inland mountains, eventually being named Dalmatia. Pannonia included the northern plains that now are a part of Serbia, Croatia and Hungary. The area roughly corresponded to part or all of the territories of today's Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia. Name and etymology The term Illyrians was used to describe the inhabitants of the area as far back as the late 6th century BC by Hecataeus of Miletus. Geography Roman Illyricum following the Illyrian wars. Illyria/Dalmatia stretched from the River Drin (in modern northern Albania) to Istria (Croatia) and the River Sava in the north. The area roughly corresponded to modern northern Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and coastal Croatia (Dalmatiae). Pannonia was the plain which lies to its north, from the mountains of Illyria/Dalmatia to the westward bend of the River Danube, and included modern Vojvodina (in modern northern Serbia), northern Croatia and western Hungary. As the province developed, Salona (near modern Split, Croatia) became its capital. Illyria stretched from the River Drilon (Drin) in modern northern Albania and the Danube in the north. It comprised the coastal plain, the mountains of the Dinaric Alps which stretch along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea for 645 kilometres (401 miles) with a width of about 150 kilometres) and, in the north-west, the Istrian Peninsula. There were numerous islands off the coast, but they lacked drinking water. The mountains were cultivated towards the coast, but for the most they were barren. Lack of water and poor or arid soil made much of Illyria poor agricultural area and this gave rise to piracy. The interior of the southern part of Illyricum (central and southern Albania) was more fertile. Illyria was inhabited by dozens of independent tribes and tribal groupings. Most of them were labelled as Illyrians. In the north there were also Celtic tribes. The Pannonian (or Carpathian) plain in the north was more fertile. Its tribes were labelled as Pannonian. Archaeological finds and toponyms show that the Pannonians differed culturally from the Illyrians and the eastern Celts who lived to their west, in what is now Austria. They were later Celticised following a Celtic invasion of the northern part of the region at the beginning of the 4th century BC. Some tribes in the area (the Eravisci, Scordisci Cotini, Boii, and Anartii) were Celtic. The Pannonians also had cultural similarities with the Illyrians. Iron mining and production was an important part of their economy in the pre-Roman days. Historical background Illyrian Wars Main article: Illyrian Wars The Romans fought three Illyrian wars between 229 BC and 168 BC. The First Illyrian War (229–228 BC) broke out due to concerns about attacks on the ships of Rome's Italian confederates in the Adriatic Sea by Illyrian pirates and the increased power of the Ardiaei (an Illyrian tribe in today's Montenegro and northern Albania). With a powerful fleet the Ardiaei had invaded the Greek cities of Epidamnos (modern Durrës, Albania) Pharos (Stari Grad, Croatia), the island of Corfu and attacked Elis and Messenia in the Peloponnese and Phoenice in Epirus, a hub of Roman trade. Numerous attacks on Italian ships prompted Rome to intervene. The Romans freed the Greek cities and attacked the Ardiaei. Peace terms were agreed. In 220 BC the Ardiaei carried out attacks on the Greek coast in the west, south and southeast. They then attacked Roman allies in southern Illyria. This led to the Second Illyrian War (219–18 BC), which Rome won. In 168 BC, during the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) between Rome and the Kingdom of Macedon, the Ardiaei joined the fight against the Romans, but they were quickly defeated (Third Illyrian War, 168 BC). The Romans imposed a tribute equivalent to half the taxes paid to the now deposed king, excluding the cities and tribe which had allied with them. From the Illyrian Wars to the Roman Civil Wars In 156 BC the Dalmatae made an attack of the Illyrian subjects of Rome (this source by Appian is considered ambiguous) and refused to see Roman ambassadors. The consul Gaius Marcius Figulus undertook a campaign against them. While he was preparing his camp the Dalmatae overpowered his guards and drove him out of the camp. He fled through the plain as far as the river Naro. He then hoped to catch the Dalmatae unawares as they went back home for the winter, but they had assembled because they had heard of his arrival. Still, he drove them into the city of Delminium. He could not attack this strongly fortified town. Thus he attacked other towns which were partly deserted because of the Dalmatae concentrating their forces at Delminium. He then returned to Delminium and catapulted flaming projectiles damaging and burning significant parts of the town. Livy's Periochae recorded the campaign of Gaius Marcius Figulus and noted that in the next year, 155 BC, the consul Scipio Nasica Corculum subdued the Dalmatae. In 135 BC two Illyrian tribes, the Ardiaei and the Palarii, raided Roman Illyria while the Romans were busy with the Numantine War in Hispania and the First Servile War in Sicily. The Romans sent ambassadors, but they refused to negotiate. The Romans levied an army of 10,000 infantry and 600 cavalry. The Illyrians sent ambassadors to plea for pardon. Rome asked for indemnities for the people who had been attacked. Since the Illyrians were slow to respond, the consul Servius Fulvius Flaccus marched against them. According to Appian this was only a minor expedition. It is likely that by Roman Illyria Appian meant four coastal towns which had a large Roman population. In 129 BC the consul Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus and Tiberius Pandusa waged a war with the Iapydes who lived on the Alps (in the north of Illyria), and seemed to have subjugated them. However, according to Livy, Sempronius Tuditanus was at first unsuccessful, "but the defeat was compensated by a victory won through the qualities of Decimus Junius Brutus (the man who had subdued Lusitania)." Tuditanus was granted a triumph. He immortalized his victories with a dedication to the river god Timavus in Aquileia which bore a victory inscription in Saturnian verse, two fragments of which were found in 1906. In a passage Appian wrote that in 119 BC the consul Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus waged war against the Dalmatae even though they had not done anything wrong because he wanted a triumph. They received him as a friend and he wintered among them at the town of Salona. He returned to Rome and was awarded a triumph. In another passage he noted "Lucius Cotta (the other consul for that year) and Caecilius Metellus seemed to have subjugated the Segestani. He also noted that both the Iapydes and the Segestani revolted again shortly afterward. Caecilius Metellus was given the agnomen Dalmanticus, In 115 BC the consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, conducted operations in Gallia Cisalpina against the Ligures in the west and against the Carni and Taurisci (two Gallic tribes which lived in today's Slovenia) in the east. In 113 BC the consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo was sent to face an invasion by the Cimbri (a Germanic tribe) which had entered into Illyricum and then into Noricum. He was defeated at the Battle of Noreia in Noricum. In 78–76 BC a certain Gaius Cosconius was sent into Illyricum as proconsul. He fought there for two years, reduced a great part of Dalmatia and seized Salona (near today's Solin, near Split, Croatia), one of the major towns in Dalmatia. Later the Roman settlement of Colonia Martia Iulia Salona was founded, probably after the Roman civil wars. Caesar's governorship In 59 BC the lex Vatinia assigned to the consul, Julius Caesar, the proconsulship of Gallia Cisalpina (in northern Italy) and Illyricum and the command of three legions based at Aquileia for a period of five years. When the proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis died, the senate also gave Caesar the proconsulship of that province and the command on a legion which was stationed there, also for five years. Caesar took on his proconsulships in 58 BC. Only Gallia Narbonensis was a province in the sense of a formal administrative unit. The other two were provinces in the sense of areas of military command which were assigned to high military commanders in areas where there were rebellions or threats of attacks. In the past Liguria (which often rebelled), Bruttium (today's Calabria, where there was a chance of unrest) and Gallia Cisalpina (in case of rebellions or possible invasions) had been assigned as provinces in this sense. Aquileia was a Roman town in north-eastern Italy which was founded in 180/181 BC as an outpost to defend northern Italy against hostile and warlike peoples to the east: the Carni (Gauls who lived on the mountains of Noricum), the Taurisci (a federation of Gallic tribes which lived in today's Carniola, northern Slovenia), the Histri (a Venetic tribe, with ties with Illyrians which lived in the Istrian peninsula), and the Iapydes (who lived east of Istrian Peninsula and inland from the Liburnians; the latter lived on a stretch of the Adriatic coast south of the Istrian peninsula and between the rivers Arsia (Raša) and Titius (Krka). The Carni settled in their area around 186 BC, invaded the plain on north-eastern Italy and founded the fortified town of Akileja. The Romans forced the Carni back to the mountains. They destroyed their settlement and founded Aquileia nearby, which was named after Akileja. It was also about 6 km from where an estimated 12,000 Taurisci had tried to settle in 183 BC. For the foundation of Aquileia 3,000 families were settled there. In 169 BC 1,500 more families were settled there. This settlement was grown into a sizable town and three legions were stationed there because of its strategic importance for the defence of northern Italy. The fact that Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum were the areas of command initially assigned to Caesar could indicate that Caesar had an eye on Illyricum to attain military glory with which he could bolster his political clout in Rome. Burebista had led the Dacians from what is today's Romania to the conquest of the Hungarian Plain west of the River Danube and close to Illyricum and Italy. However, Burebista stopped, returned to Transylvania and turned his attention eastwards. Caesar's attention turned to troubles in Gaul and then he embarked on his Gallic Wars (58–50 BC). After the defeat of the Belgae of northern Gaul in 57 BC Caesar thought that Gaul was at peace and went to Illyricum to visit the country and to acquaint himself with it. However, war broke out in Gaul again and he went back there. When he went to Gallia Cisalpina in 54 BC to winter there he heard that the Illyrian tribe of the Pirustae raided nearby territories. He went to Illyricum and levied troops from Illyrian peoples. The Pirustae claimed that none of the raids were due to public decisions and offered compensation. Caesar asked for hostages and said that if they were not handed over he would wage war. The Pirustae complied and Caesar appointed arbitrators to assess the damages done to the other peoples and set a penalty. He returned to Italy and then went to Gaul. Illyricum during Caesar's Civil War Appian wrote that while Caesar was in Gaul the Dalmatae seized Promona from the Liburnians, who appealed to Caesar. The Dalmatae refused his request to leave the city and he sent a strong detachment. However, it was routed. Caesar did not pursue the matter further because he was occupied with his civil war. This suggests that this event occurred in late 50 BC, just before the beginning of this war. In January 49 BC Caesar started a civil war against the forces of the senate led by Pompey. Pompey fled to Greece to gather forces to fight the war. He controlled the Roman navy. Still, in 48 BC Caesar managed to sail his troops across the Adriatic Sea and land at Palaeste (Palasë, southern Albania). Marcus Octavius, one of Pompey's admirals, went to Salona (Solin, near Split, Croatia) with his fleet. He persuaded the people of the island of Issa (Vis, Croatia) to defect to him. He failed to persuade the Romans in Salona and surrounded it with five camps to besiege it. The town was short of grain and sent envoys to Caesar to ask for help. As the siege continued the inhabitants stormed the nearest camp. Then they seized the other four and killed many of the enemy. Octavius was forced to withdraw to his ships and as the winter was approaching he sailed back to Dyrrachium (Durrës, Albania) to rejoin Pompey. In the summer 48 BC Caesar sent Quintus Cornificius to Illyricum as a quaestor. This region had been quiet. However, now the Romans in the local towns supported Caesar while the natives supported Pompey. Caesar wrote that the area was quite poor and could barely support an army. Moreover, it was exhausted due to the fighting in the Battle of Dyrrachium between Caesar and Pompey in the south of the region (in July 48 BC) and due to rebellions. Cornificius defended Illyria and recovered it for Caesar. He stormed several mountain strongholds which were used for carrying out raids. When Marcus Octavius took refuge on the Illyrian coast after the Battle of Pharsalus (in Greece, where Caesar defeated Pompey in August 48 BC), Cornificius, with the help of the people of Iadera (Zadar (Croatia) who were loyal to Caesar, scattered his ships and added those he captured to those of his Illyrian allies, thus assembling a small fleet. Since the many Pompeian soldiers had taken refuge in Illyricum after the mentioned battle, Caesar ordered Aulus Gabinius to go to Illyricum with his force, join Cornificius and repulse any enemy operations in the region. If larger forces were needed for this, he was to go to Greece, where continued resistance was to be expected. Gabinius marched in the winter. He did not get supplies for his army because the locals were hostile and because storms in the Adriatic Sea held back supply ships. Gabinius had to storm towns and strongholds in adverse weather and suffered reverses. He had to retreat to Salona, on the coast, which had many Roman inhabitants. On his way he was attacked and routed, losing 2,000 soldiers. He went to Salona with the remnants of his force. He fell ill and died a few months later. Appian wrote that Aulus Gabinius led fifteen cohorts (which would amount to about 7,800 soldiers) and 3,000 cavalry and that, again, being busy with the civil war, Caesar did not pursue the matter further. Marcus Octavius sought to take advantage of this to seize Illyria. Cornificius asked Publius Vatinius, who was in Brundisium (Brindisi, southern Italy), to come to his aid and informed him that Octavius was making alliances with the locals and attacking Caesarian garrisons, sometimes with his fleet and sometimes with land forces, using native troops—the Caesarians were Caesar's supporters. Vatinius asked a Caesarian lieutenant in Greece to send him a fleet, but this was taking too long. He armed some civilian ships whose size was poorly suited for fighting and added them to the few warships he had and left for Illyria. He did not pursue Octavius so as not to be delayed. Instead, he recovered some coastal towns which had sided with Octavius and by-passed others, proceeding as quickly as he could. In this way he managed to force Octavius to abandon his attack on Epidaurus (Epidaurum in Latin, modern Cavtat, near Dubrovnik, Croatia) with his approach. Octavius thought that his fleet was superior to the small ships of Vatinius and sailed to the island of Tauris. Vatinius pursued him without knowing that he had gone to that island. While the sea was rough he was caught unawares when the fleet of Octavius appeared ready for battle and was superior in formation. Vatinius decided to try his luck and attacked first, charging Octavius' flagship with one of his warships. The crush was hard and the ram of the latter was smashed away. The battle was fought at close range in narrow sea. Vatinius had the better and at nightfall the remnants of the enemy fleet fled. The next day Vatinius refitted his ships and 85 captured ships and the day after that he set off for the island of Issa (Vis, Croatia), thinking that Octavius had retreated there. When he got there the islanders surrendered and told him that Octavius had left for Sicily. Having cleared the Adriatic Sea, he returned to Brundisium. In 45 BC Caesar was planning a war against Parthia. The Illyrians, feared punishment again (this time for routing Aulus Gabinius) because Caesar was going to cross the south of their land to reach Parthia. They sent envoys to Rome to ask Caesar for an alliance. Caesar replied that he could not make friends because of what they had done, but that he would grant pardon if they paid a tribute and handed over hostages. They agreed and Publius Vatinius was sent to impose a light tribute and receive the hostages with three legions and a large cavalry unit. After the murder of Caesar in 44 BC and the ensuing instability in Rome, the Illyrians no longer feared Roman power. They ignored Vatinius and when he tried to use force they routed five cohorts led by Baebius, one of his lieutenants, who also died. Vatinius fled to Dyrrhachium (Durrës, Albania). Once more Caesar did not pursue the matter further. In Appian's opinion, Caesar had put off dealing with the Illyrians resolutely for fourteen years because of his Gallic Wars, his civil war and his planned war with Parthia even though he had given the command over Illyria as well as the two Gauls for ten years, and despite having wintered there. This was even regardless of the fact that at times the Illyrians plundered north-eastern Italy. The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC led to a conflict between the leaders of the plot murder him, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Gaius Cassius Longinus, and the Caesarians led by the Second Triumvirate which took charge of Rome. This led to the Liberator's Civil War (43–42 BC). Before this civil war Brutus and Cassius fled to the east. They had been assigned the Roman provinces of Macedonia (Greece) and Syria respectively by Caesar. However, the Caesarians had the two provinces reassigned to Gaius Antonius (the brother of Mark Antony) and Publius Cornelius Dolabella respectively. They were Caesarians. Brutus and Cassius were given Creta et Cyrenaica instead. They were unhappy with being given this small province and prepared to invade Macedonia and Syria. However, the senate then voted to restore the two provinces to them. Brutus was also assigned Illyria. He arrived in Macedonia when Gaius Antonius had just arrived there to take up his propraetorship which had been assigned to him prior to the change made by the senate. His predecessor, Quintus Hortenius, joined Brutus. Vatinius marched on Dyrrachium and seized it before Brutus got there. However, the soldiers of his three legions (minus the lost cohorts), who disliked him, defected to Brutus, who then went on to engage Gaius Antonius who was in Apollonia (near Fier, Albania). He won over the troops of Antonius (his seven cohorts and a legion under his lieutenant, Lucius Piso) as well. The campaigns of Octavian in Illyricum (35–33 BC) Caesar's Civil War, the Liberators' Civil War and the resistance against the second triumvirate which Sextus Pompey (the son of Pompey the Great) conducted from Sicily with a powerful fleet (the Sicilian Revolt, 44–36 BC) caused instability in Illyria, neighbouring north-eastern Italy and the Adriatic Sea. The Iapydes carried out raids on north-eastern Italy. There was also a problem with piracy. After these conflicts ended Octavian undertook a series of campaigns in Illyricum. Velleius Paterculus wrote that just before the Sicilian Revolt Octavian made frequent expeditions in "Illyricum and Dalmatia" in order not to keep his troops idle and to battle-harden them. However, it is likely that these campaigns were also linked to the instability of the region. Cassius Dio noted in passim that in 39 BC Gaius Asinius Pollio suppressed a rebellion of the Parthini after a few battles. In 35 BC Octavian campaigned against the Iapydes who had carried out raids against Aquileia, plundered Tergestus (Trieste) and had destroyed Pola (Pula) in the previous year. He marched along a steep and rugged road. The Iapydes hid in the woods and ambushed him. However, Octavian had sent contingents to occupy the ridges on both sides of the road. These descended on them and defeated them. They then abandoned the town of Terponus and fled to the thickets. Octavian seized the city, but did not burn it, hoping that they would surrender, which they did. He then advanced on Metulus (near Ogulin), which was the main town of the Iapydes. It was defended by 3,000 men who defeated the Romans who surrounded the walls. Octavian began a full siege. When its battered walls begun to crumble the Metulians built another one inside. The Romans burnt the abandoned wall and built a mound by the second one and threw four bridges on top of it. Octavian ordered some if his men to go to the back of the town to divert attention. The enemy destroyed three of the bridges. Since his soldiers panicked, Octavian crossed the bridge together with Agrippa and Hiero, two of his lieutenants, and one of his bodyguards. The soldiers followed suit. The bridge fell under their weight. Octavian was injured in the right leg and in both arms. He had more bridges built. This determination discouraged the Metulians, who surrendered. The next day they sent messengers who offered to give fifty hostages and promised to receive a garrison and to assign to the Romans the highest hills while they would occupy the lower ones. When the garrison entered and ordered them to lay down their arms they shut their wives and children in their council chamber and placed guards with orders to set fire to the building if they lost the fight they decided to undertake. They attacked from the lower positions and they were routed. The guards set fire to the council chamber. Many of the women killed themselves and their children while others jumped into the fire holding their children. The city burned completely. The rest of the Iapydes surrendered and came under Roman subjection for the first time. Octavian left and the Poseni rebelled. Marcus Helvius was sent against them. He conquered them, executed the leaders of the revolt and sold the rest into slavery. Octavian marched on the Segestani, a Pannonian tribe which had been defeated by the Romans twice but were not asked for hostages and rebelled. He advanced against them through Pannonian territory which was not under the subjection of the Romans. The enemy took to the woods and ambushed the stragglers of the army. Octavian spared the fields hoping for a voluntary surrender. Since this did not happen he ravaged the country for eight days until he reached their town, Segesta, on the River Sava. It was strongly protected by the river and a ditch. Octavian wanted to use it as a base for a campaign against the Dacians and the Bastarnae on the other side of the River Danube. Burebista had previously led them in an invasion across the Danube but then returned homeland (Dacia, in today's Romania) and campaigned to its east. Octavian must have thought that there was a danger of another invasion which would destabilise the area. Alternatively, they might have been launching raids across the river. Octavian built a fleet on the Sava to bring provisions to the Danube. When he approached the city he told the Segestani envoys that he wanted a garrison in the town and as much food as they could supply. The leaders acquiesced. The people were angry but consented to giving hostages from the notable families. When the troops came they shut the city gates and manned the walls. Augustus built a bridge over the river and besieged the town. He ambushed some Pannonians who were coming to its aid, killing some of them and putting the rest to flight. The siege lasted thirty days. Augustus only imposed a fine. He placed a garrison of twenty-five cohorts (roughly two and a half legions) and returned to Rome, intending to return in the spring. Later, as a Roman town, Segesta was called Siscia. It is now modern Sisak in Croatia. Cassius Dio wrote that after the fall of this city the rest of Pannonia surrendered. After this Octavian left Fufius Geminus there with a small force and returned to Rome. He set out to lead an expedition into Britain and had already reached Gaul in the winter of 34 BC when some of the newly conquered peoples in Pannonia and the Dalmatians rose in revolt. Appian wrote that there was a rumour that the garrison at Segesta had been massacred and Augustus made his way back. The rumour was exaggerated. There had been an uprising and the Romans had lost many men, but the next day they suppressed the rebellion. Octavian turned on the Dalmatians instead. They had been in arms since the rout of the troops of Aulus Gabinius in 48 BC. When he marched on them they formed a federation. They had up to 12,000 troops led by Versus, who had seized Promona (south of modern Knin, Croatia) from the Liburnians) and fortified it even though it was a tough mountain stronghold. Versus placed the bulk of his forces in the city and distributed the rest on the nearby hills to obstruct the Roman advance. Octavian begun to build a wall in the plain around the town and two hills held by the enemy as a cover for contingents which were heading to the highest hills through their woods. They overpowered the guards at night and at dawn Octavian attacked the city with the bulk of his army. He sent another force to reinforce the occupied heights. The enemy thought that they were attacked from all sides. Those on the hills were afraid that they would be cut off from the water supplies and fled to the town. Octavian continued to build the wall, which reached a length of seven kilometres. Testimus, another Dalmatian commander, brought a relief army. Octavian drove him back to the mountains. He seized Promona before the circumvallation was finished. A small force made a sortie. The Romans repulsed it, pursued it and entered the town with it. The enemy took refuge in the citadel. On the fourth night they attacked a Roman cohort which was keeping watch, putting it to flight. However, the attack was repulsed and the next day the city surrendered. The cohort which had fled was punished by decimation. The spared men were forced to subsist on barley instead of wheat for that summer. Testimus disbanded his troops and told them to scatter. The Romans did not pursue them. Cassius Dio wrote that Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had conducted a campaign against the Dalmatians prior to this campaign. Still in 34 BC, the Romans seized the town of Sunodium at the edge of the forest in which the army of Aulus Gabinius had been entrapped by the Dalmatians in a long and deep gorge between two mountains. After Octavian had burned Sunodium the Dalmatians laid an ambush. However, he was protected by soldiers he had sent to the summits of the mountains to follow him on either side while he passed through the gorge. He cut down trees and captured and burned all the towns he found on his way. In 33 BC he besieged the city of Setovia. An enemy force came to its assistance, but he prevented it from entering the place. Octavian was struck by a stone on the knee and was confined for several days. He returned to Rome to take up his consulship and got Titus Statilius to continue the siege. He then went back to Dalmatia. The Dalmatians were cut off from foreign supplies and were hungry. They met Octavian while he was on his way and surrendered. He demanded 700 of their children as hostages, and the standards of the Roman legions which had been taken from Aulus Gabinius when he was routed. They complied and also promised to pay the tribute which had been in arrears since the time of Julius Caesar. Octavian then moved on the Derbani, who also sued for peace, gave hostages, and promised to pay the tribute in arrears. Other tribes did the same on his approach. He could not reach some tribes due to sickness. These gave no hostages and made no treaties. Appian wrote that it seemed that they were subjugated later and that Octavian subdued the whole Illyrian country, including both the tribes which had rebelled and those which had never before been under Roman rule. It is likely that Appian was referring to just Illyria/Dalmatia, rather or the whole of that was to become the province of Illyricum. With regard to Pannonia, some historians think that Octavian probably conquered the southern part of Pannonia and that the northern part was conquered in the Pannonian War (see below). Appian also wrote that Octavian overcame the Oxyaei, the Perthoneatae, the Bathiatae, the Taulantii, the Cambaei, the Cinambri, the Meromenni, and the Pyrissaei, the Docleatae, the Carui, the Interphrurini, the Naresii, the Glintidiones, the Taurisci, the Hippasini and the Bessi. The Moentini and the Avendeatae, two Iapyde tribes which lived on the Alps, surrendered on Octavian's approach. He took the city of the Arrepini, the largest and most warlike of the Iapydes, who had fled to the woods. He did not burn it hoping that they would surrender, which they did. He also seized the islands of Melite (Mljet) and Melaina Corcyra (Korčula) and destroyed its settlements because its inhabitants practiced piracy. He executed the young men and sold the rest into slavery. He deprived the Liburnians of their ships because they practiced piracy. Roman province After his campaigns in Illyricum, Octavian fought a war against Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt in 31/30 BC. He won and became the sole ruler of Rome, instituting government reforms which made him the first Roman emperor. Illyricum became a province as a formal administrative unit in 27 BC, as part of the settlement by which the Roman senate formalised Octavian's personal rule. He received the honorary title of Augustus, and modern historians call the ensuing period the Augustan age. The settlement divided the empire into senatorial and imperial provinces. The former were under the authority of the senate, which chose their governors from its own ranks. The latter were under Augustus, who appointed their governors. Augustus held the frontier provinces, which hosted the bulk of the Roman troops. Initially Illyricum was a senatorial propraetorial province. Rebellions in the province showed the necessity of maintaining a strong force there and in 11 BC it became an imperial province under the governorship of Publius Cornelius Dolabella. The administrative organisation of Illyricum was carried out late in the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD) and early in the reign of Tiberius (14–37 AD). Tiberius made initial arrangements in the last weeks of the Batonian war (see below). This work was interrupted by a mutiny of the Roman troops in 14 AD, but was then resumed. We have a fairly detailed picture of the administrative arrangements of Illyricum through Pliny the Elder. The coastal area was subdivided into three regions called conventus juridicus which were named after the towns of Scardona (Skradin), Salona and Narona (near Metković). The conventus Salonitanus was subdivided into 5 civitates and 927 decuriae. The conventus Naronitianus was subdivided into 13 civitates and 540 decuriae. The conventus Scardonitanus was subdivided into 14 civitates. There is no information for its decuriae. In the more urbanised coastal area towns with large Greek-speaking populations and may inhabitants from Italy were organised as municipia (self-governing towns) or coloniae (Italian settlements) and had their own council. Some of the local communities enjoyed some privileges and some Librunian ones enjoyed Italian rights. In the less urbanised interior the administration relied exclusively on the civitates. The jurisdiction of the governor of Illyricum was limited to the coastal area. The inland districts had their own governors in the form of the praefecti civitatum of the civitates. Pannonia was subdivided into 14 civitates. Again, there is no information about the decuriae. It was also a military district under the prefect of Pannonia, who was in charge of the legions stationed there. Dalmatia had considerable strategic and economic importance for the Romans. It possessed a number of important commercial ports along its coastline, and had gold-mines in Dalmatia with an imperial bureau in Salona. Dyrrachium (Durrës, in modern Albania) and Brundisium (Brindisi, in southern Italy) were the ports used to cross the Adriatic Sea for the journeys from Rome to the eastern Mediterranean and vice versa. Dyrrachium also became the starting point of the Via Egnatia, the Roman road which went to Byzantium in the east, opposite Asia. There were important Roman communities in a number of towns on the central and southern part of the coast of today's Croatia, such as Iader (Zadar), Salona (Solin, on the outskirts of Split), Narona (near Metković), and Epidaurus (Epidaurum in Latin, modern Cavtat, near Dubrovnik). The capital Salona was protected by two military camps at Burnum and Delminium. The Pannonian War (14–10 BC) From 14 BC to 10 BC there was a series of rebellions in southern Pannonia and northern Dalmatia which Roman writers referred to as bellum pannomicum (the Pannonian war). We have very little information about these events. Most of it comes from brief accounts by Cassius Dio and passing references by other authors. We are not told what the causes were either. The Roman sources had little interest in Illyria from the campaigns of Augustus in 35–33 BC to 16 BC. Cassius Dio wrote that in that year the governor of Illyria for 17–16 BC, Publius Silius Nerva, went to fight in the Italian Alps because there were no troops there. Taking advantage of this, some Pannonians and the Noricans entered Istria and pillaged it. Silius Nerva quickly brought the situation under control. At the same time, there was a small rebellion in Dalmatia. The Dentheletae (a Thracian tribe in eastern Moesia), together with the Scordisci (who lived in today's Serbia, at the confluence of the Rivers Savus , Dravus and Danube) attacked the Roman province of Macedonia (Greece). At the same time a civil war broke out in Thrace. Therefore, there was instability on the eastern Alps and in the Balkan Peninsula. In 15 BC the Romans conquered the Scordisci and annexed Noricum. They also conducted other operations further west on the Alps against the Rhaeti and Vindelici. The Roman military operations in Illyricum might have been started by Marcus Vinicius, the governor for 14–13 BC. The Pannonian war led to Illyricum being transferred from being a senatorial province to being an imperial province. Velleius Paterculus wrote that the Pannonian war started by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Vinicius and that Tiberius ended it. Florus mentioned a victory of Vinicius over the Pannonians living between the rivers Sava and Drava. Cassius Dio noted in two separate passages that a rebellion by the Pannonians in 14 BC was suppressed quickly, and that in late 13 BC Augustus gave Agrippa, his most important ally, supreme command and sent him to Pannonia (this suggests that the problem was serious). Agrippa solved the situation through negotiations and personal influence. After Agrippa's sudden death the Breuci refused to observe the treaty they had made with him. Tiberius was given the command in Pannonia and defeated the Pannonians with the help of the Scordisci, who had been recently conquered by the Romans. Suetonius added that after this Tiberius subjugated the Dalmatians and the Breuci. In 11 BC Tiberius fought and defeated both the Dalmatians and the Pannonians. Later in the year, as already mentioned, Illyricum became an imperial province under the control of Augustus. In the winter 11/10 BC the Dacians crossed the frozen Danube and plundered the Pannonians. Some Dalmatian communities rebelled against the payment of a tribute. Tiberius, who was in Gaul, had to return to confront this. In 10 BC there were repeated uprisings in both Pannonia and Dalmatia which Tiberius suppressed. Cassius Dio referred to all of these conflicts as rebellions. Dzino argues that it is therefore unlikely that they involved any conquests. The relations of the Romans with locals in frontier areas involved alliance treaties and treaties with client states, both of which entailed nominal independence. The breaking of these treaties was considered as a rebellion and as something which had to be suppressed. Augustus in his propagandistic writing stated that under Tiberius’ command Rome extended her sphere to Pannonian peoples where the Roman army had never been before and that Augustus extended the boundaries of Illyricum to the banks of the River Danube. However, Suetonius implied that this extension to the banks of this river occurred only after the Batonian War (see below). It is likely that in the aftermath of the Pannonian war Roman military presence in southern Pannonia increased. Dzino argues that it is likely that the local communities acted as a compact anti-Roman block and that there may have been pro- and anti-Roman factions. Some may have surrendered peacefully and some of them may have been pro-Roman all along. The communities of the region relied on kinship relationships, rather than formal state institutions. This may have led to political competition. Being friendly to the Romans or challenging them could have involved manoeuvres by local elites to strengthen their power-base. Acquiescence or opposition to the Romans could involve often unpredictable contests over political positions locally. Batonian War (6–9 AD) Main article: Bellum Batonianum The Batonian War (bellum batonianum in Latin) was a large scale rebellion which was led by Bato the Daesitiate and Bato the Breucian. The Romans named this war after these two leaders with the same name. It lasted four years (6–9 AD). In 6 AD the Romans were preparing to launch a second expedition against the Marcomanni in Germania. This would have involved the legions stationed in Germania and most of the legions stationed in Illyricum. The natives were asked to provide auxiliary troops. When these forces gathered they rebelled under the leadership of Bato the Daesitiate. Cassius Dio described his force as Dalmatian, which suggests that he had men who came from various tribes of Dalmatia. This is a very likely scenario as the native troops would have been recruited from a wide area. A Roman force which was sent against the rebels was defeated. Bato the Breucian, the military leader of the Breuci, the largest tribe in southern Pannonia, marched on Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, in today's Serbia). He was defeated by Aulus Caecina Severus, the governor of the neighbouring Roman province of Moesia. Bato the Daesitiate marched on Salona, in Dalmatia, but was defeated by Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, the governor of Illyricum. Bato then went east to join the other Bato and the two of them occupied Mount Alma (Mount Fruška Gora, Serbia, just north of Sirmium). They were defeated by a Thracian cavalry detachment of Rhoemetalces (the king of the Odrysian Kingdom in Thrace) which supported the Romans. The Dalmatians overran the territory of the Roman allies and drew many more tribes into the revolt. Tiberius (the future emperor), who was in charge of the Roman army marched on them. However, they avoided pitched battles and kept moving around, causing great devastation. Facing an enemy with avoided bitched battle and used guerrilla tactics, Tiberius conducted counterinsurgency operations. According to Velleius Paterculus the rebels divided their forces into three parts. One was to invade Italy, which was not far from Nauportus (a Roman fort in today's Slovenia), one had already entered the Roman Province of Macedonia (Greece) and the third fought in their home territories. They executed their plan swiftly. They massacred Roman civilians and a sizable veteran contingent who were helpless in this remote area. They seized Macedonia and the pillaged everywhere. Thus, in this version the rebellion seemed to have a plan and the Dalmatians and the Breuci seemed to have acted in concert from the beginning. In Cassius Dio, instead, Bato the Daesitiate initially had a few men and his success increased his forces. After his failure to take Salona he allied with the other Bato. Tiberius divided the Roman army into several divisions to evade the united forces of the rebels. Outposts were placed to blockade them, to prevent them from breaking through and to disrupt their supplies. The situation in Illyricum, which was next to Italy, created panic in Rome and even Augustus was fearful. Levies were held all over Italy. The veterans were recalled. Rich families were ordered to supply freedmen compulsorily in proportion to their income. Augustus warned that the rebels could reach Rome in ten days if drastic action was not taken. In 7 AD Augustus sent Germanicus to Illyricum with a force of freemen and freedmen. Some of the latter were requisitioned form their masters, who were paid a compensation. Velleius Paterculus wrote that the rebels in Pannonia who faced Tiberius were not happy with the size of their forces. They were worn down and brought to the verge of famine (presumably due to ravaging), could not withstand his offensives an avoided pitched battles. They went to the Claudian Mountains (a mountain range in Pannonia, in Varaždin County in northern Croatia) and took a defensive position in their fortifications. The second rebel force confronted the legions which Caecina Severus and Marcus Plautius Silvanus were bringing to Illyricum (from Moesia and the Roman province of Asia, three and two legions respectively). They surrounded the five legions, their auxiliary troops and the Thracian cavalry and almost inflicted a fatal defeat. The Thracian cavalry was routed and the allied cavalry fled. The legions suffered casualties, but they then rallied and won the day. In Cassius Dio’ version, instead, the two Batos went to wait for the arrival of Caecina Severus. He did not mention Plautius Silvanus. They attacked him unexpectedly when he was encamped near the Volcaean marshes. They were defeated. After this battle the Roman army was divided into detachments to overrun many parts of the country at once. The rebels withdrew to mountain fortresses from which they launched raids whenever they could. Aulus Caecina Severus and Marcus Plautius Silvanus joined Tiberius and a huge army was assembled. As mentioned, they had five legions. Tiberius also had five legions (three in Pannonia and two in Dalmatia). Tiberius decided to send the newly arrived armies back because the army was too large to be manageable. He escorted them with his troops. He then returned to Siscia at the beginning of a very hard winter. In 8 AD the Dalmatians and the Pannonians wanted to sue for peace due to famine and disease, but they were prevented from doing so by the rebels, who had no hope of being spared by the Romans and continued to resist. Tiberius had pursued a policy of scorched earth to starve the Pannonians. According to Cassius Dio, Bato the Breucian overthrew Pinnes, the king of the Breuci. He became suspicious of his subject tribes and demanded hostages from the Pannonian garrisons. Bato the Daesitiate defeated him in battle and pinned him in a stronghold. He was handed over to Bato the Daesitiate and he was executed. After this many Pannonians rose in revolt. Marcus Plautius Silvanus conducted a campaign against them, conquered the Breuci and won over other tribes without a battle. Bato the Daesitiate withdrew from Pannonia, occupied the passes leading to Dalmatia and ravaged Dalmatia. In Pannonia there was some brigandage. Velleius Paterculus, wrote that the harsh winter brought rewards because in the following summer all of Pannonia sought peace. The Pannonians laid down their arms at the River Bathinus. Bato was made a prisoner and Pinnes gave himself up. In 9 AD the war was restricted to Dalmatia. Velleius Paterculus wrote that Augustus gave the chief command of all the forces to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. In the summer Lepidus made his way to Tiberius through areas which had not been affected by the war. He was attacked by the locals who had not been weakened by fighting. Lepidus defeated them, ravaged the fields, and burnt houses. He succeeded in reaching Tiberius. This campaign ended the war. Two Dalmatian tribes, the Perustae and Daesitiate, who were almost unconquerable because of their mountain strongholds, the narrow passes in which they lived and their fighting spirit, were almost exterminated. Cassius Dio wrote Germanicus conducted some operations in Dalmatia and seized several towns. Tiberius then split the army into three divisions. He sent two of them to subdue areas of Dalmatia and he went in search of Bato the Daesitiate third one. Tiberius chased the fugitive Bato around the country. He finally besieged him at Adetrium, near Salona. This was on a rock and was surrounded by steep ravines. After a long siege he managed to storm the place. Bato promised to surrender if he and his followers would be pardoned. Tiberius agreed. According to Cassius Dio Tiberius asked Bato why his people had rebelled. He replied: "You Romans are to blame for this; for you send as guardians of your flocks, not dogs or shepherds, but wolves." It is uncertain if this quote can be attributed to Bato, however, due to the habit of ancient writers of creating fictitious quotes and attributing them to historical figures. Regions of the province and its later dissolution The earliest writing which indicates that the province of Illyricum comprised Dalmatia and Pannonia is when Velleius Paterculus mentions Gaius Vibius Postumus was the military commander of Dalmatia in AD 9, towards the end of the Batonian War. It seems that officially the province of Illyricum comprised Upper (Superius) and Lower (Inferius) Illyricum. A transcript of an inscription of a monument honouring Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Epidaurum (Cavtat, near Dubrovnik) attests that Dolabella was appointed governor of Illyricum shortly before Augustus’ death and that the statue was erected by the towns of Upper Illyricum, which implies the existence of an Upper and Lower Illyricum. However, no inscriptions attesting a Lower Illyricum have been found as yet. Dalmatia was called Upper Illyricum. Whilst the names Dalmatia and Pannonia were used in common parlance, it seems that Upper Illyricum (Dalmatia) and Lower Illyricum (Pannonia) were the official names of the two regions. The provincial governor resided in Salona in Dalmatia and governed Upper Illyricum. Lower Illyricum was a military district and a military commander was in charge of this area and its three legions and performed administrative functions as something like a deputy governor. Writing in the winter of AD 57–58, the Apostle Paul refers to Illyricum in his Letter to the Romans as the westernmost point of his missionary travels so far. The letter reflects his intention in due course to travel to Rome. The province of Illyricum was eventually dissolved and replaced by two smaller provinces: Dalmatia (the southern area) and Pannonia (the northern and Danubian area). It is unclear when this happened. Kovác noted that an inscription on the base of a statue of Nero erected between 54 and 68 AD attests that it was erected by the veteran of a legion stationed in Pannonia and argues that this is the first epigraphic evidence that a separate Pannonia existed at least since the reign of Nero. However, Šašel-Kos notes that an inscription attests a governor of Illyricum under the reign of Claudius (43–51 AD) and in a military diploma published in the late 1990s, dated July 61 AD, units of auxiliaries from the Pannonian part of the province were mentioned as being stationed in Illyricum. Some other diplomas from the reign of Nero attest the same. Therefore, Šašel-Kos supports the notion that the province was dissolved during the reign of Vespasian (79–89 AD) The Roman province of Illyricum comprised Dalmatia and Pannonia. Diocletian's reforms: the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum In 293 AD the emperor Diocletian radically reformed the administrative structure of the Roman empire. He created the tetrarchy (rule by four). This was a co-emperorship with two senior emperors (Augusti), Diocletian and Maximian, and two junior emperors (Caesars), Constantius Chlorus and Galerius. The empire was subdivided into four praetorian prefectures. Each was headed by one of two co-emperors or one of two Caesars (thus, a total of two co-emperors and two Caesars). Diocletian and Maximian were also in overall charge of the eastern and the western part of the empire respectively. The number of provinces was doubled and they were grouped into fifteen dioceses which were under the praetorian prefectures. The praetorian prefectures were Galliae, Italia et Africa, Oriens and Illyricum. Thus, Illyricum became a praetorian prefecture. It included the dioceses of Pannonia, (western Hungary, a strip of land in northern Croatia along the River Sava, and Vojvodina, in northern Serbia), Dacia (modern western, central and northern Bulgaria, central and southern Serbia, Montenegro, northern Albania and the north part of North Macedonia) and Macedonia (Greece). Hence, Illyricum came to cover the whole of the Balkan Peninsula, including Greece, except for the diocese of Thrace (in modern south-eastern Bulgaria, north-eastern Greece and European Turkey). It also included Crete and the Greek islands in the north and the southwest of the Aegean Sea, and Noricum. The diocese of Pannonia was subdivided into the provinces of Pannonia Prima, Secunda, Savia and Veleria (the north, southeast, southwest and west of Pannonia respectively), Dalmatia, Noricum Ripense ("along the river", the northern part, which was crossed by the river Danube) and Noricum Mediterraneum (the southern part). The capital of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica, northern Serbia). Under the tetrarchy it was headed by Galerius. The praetorian prefecture survived until the early 7th century. Military importance Pannonia was a very valuable source of military manpower for the entire empire. From the 3rd to the 6th century some of the most useful troops were recruited from Pannonia, Dalmatia, Moesia and Roman Thrace. The Roman General Stilicho attempted to bring the region under Western Roman control for this reason. Pannonia and the other areas along the River Danube, the frontier of the empire in the Balkan Peninsula, were exposed to attacks on the empire from across this river. Therefore, Pannonia was very important militarily. Pat Southern sees Illyricum as holding the empire together. In the Late Roman Empire, the armies of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum had a commander in-chief, the magister militum per Illyricum, based at Naissus (Niš, southern Serbia). John Bury wrote that "The importance of Illyricum did not lie in its revenues, but in its men." The region's native peoples, renowned for their military prowess, became important for the Roman army. During the Crisis of the Third Century the emperors Claudius II (reigned 268–270), Quintillus (reigned 270), Aurelian (reigned 270–275) and Probus (reigned 276–282) were born in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia). They have been dubbed by historians the Pannonian emperors. Diocletian (reigned 284–305) was born in Salona (Solin, Croatia). Constantine the Great and Constantius III (421AD ) were born in Naissus (Niš, Serbia). His father, Constantius Chlorus, was born in Moesia Superior. The Byzantine emperor Anastasius I (reigned 491–518) was born in Dyrrhachium (Durrës, Albania). Justinian I (reigned 527–565) was born in Tauresium, in the province of Dardania in the Diocese of Dacia (20 kilometres southeast of Skopje in today's North Macedonia). Justinian I was the last Latin emperor of this empire. From then on all the emperors were Greek. See also Illyria Illyrians Prefecture of Illyricum Dardania (Roman province) References ^ Wilkes, J. The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe), (1996) p. 208 ^ Chapot, V; Parker, E. E. The Roman World History of civilization (1997), p. 268 ^ Smith, W. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography ^ Mocsy, S. F, "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", in A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, p. 152 ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe), p. 203 ^ Livy, The History of Rome, 45.26.11-15 ^ a b Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 11 ^ Livy, Periochae, 47.9 ^ a b c Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 10 ^ Livy, Periochae, 59.20 ^ Inscriptions from the time of the Roman Republic, translated by E.H.Warmington (1940) CIL I² 652 ^ Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus, 72.7 ^ Appian, The Gallic Wars, 13 ^ Strabo, Geographia, V, 1.8 ^ Eutropius, Compendium of Roman History, 6.4 ^ Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, 5.23 ^ Flower, Harriet (2014). The Cambridge companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-107-03224-8. OCLC 882513995. ^ Julius Caesar, The Gallic Wars, 3.7, 5.1 ^ a b Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars 12 ^ Caesar, The Civil War, 3.6 ^ Julius Caesar, The Alexandrian War, 42-43 ^ Julius Caesar, The Alexandrian War, 44-47 ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars 12-13 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 47.21 ^ Appian, The Civil Wars, 4.57, 58, 75 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.69 ^ Cicero, Philippics, 10.13 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.78.2 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 48.41.7 ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 10.18-22 ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 10.22-24 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 49.37.7 ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 10.24-27 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 49.38.3 ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 10.27 ^ Dzino, D., Bellum Pannonicum: The Roman armies and indigenous communities in southern Pannonia 16‑9 BC, p. 471 ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Illyrian Wars, 10.16 ^ Pliny, Natural History, 2.25-26, 28 ^ Dzino, D., Illyricum in Roman Politics, pp. 162–168 ^ Wilkes. J., The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe), p. 224: "... governor of Dalmatia forced the natives to wash out the gold, though they were too ignorant to appreciate its value, and there was an imperial bureau for the Dalmatian gold mines based in Salona." ^ Chapot, V.; Parker, E. A, The Romans, World History of civilization (1997), p. 268 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 54.20.1‑3 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.96.2‑3 ^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History, 2.24 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 54.24.3, 28.1-2 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 54.31.2-3 ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 9.2 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 54.36.2 3, 55.2.4 ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 16 ^ Dzino, D., "Bellum Pannonicum: The Roman armies and indigenous communities in southern Pannonia 16‑9 BC", pp. 471–472 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 55.29 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.110, 112.1-2 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 55.29-30 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 55.29.6, 31.2, 32.3 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 2.112.3-6, 113 ^ a b Cassius Dio, Roman History, 55.34.4-7 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.114.4 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 56.11-16 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.114.5, 115-1-4 ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 55.34.4-7; 56.11-16 ^ Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, 2.116.3 ^ CIL III, 1741 = ILS 938 ^ a b Šašel-Kos, "Pannonia or Lower Illyricum?" Tyche, Band 25 (2010), pp. 123–130 ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary, 23rd edition, Zondervan Publishing House (1962) ^ Romans 15:19 ^ Kovác, P., "A Pisidian Veteran and the Forst Mention of Pannonis", Tyche, 22 (2007), pp. 99–107. PL1 ^ Kovács, P., "Some Notes on the division of Illyiricum", in Piso, I., (ed.), Die Romischen Provinzen. Bergriff und Gundung (2008), pp. 237–248 ^ Dusanic, S., "An Early Diploma Milirare", Starinar (1998), p. 51–62 = AE 1998, 1056 ^ Holder R., P Roman Military Diplomas IV (2003), no. 202 ^ Talbert, R., Atlas of Classical History (1989), p. 175 ^ Gordon, Colin D. (2013). The Age of Attila : Fifth-Century Byzantium and the Barbarians. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472035786. OCLC 877412786. ^ Southern, P., Augustus (Roman Imperial Biographies), (1998), p. 245 ^ Croke, B., Count Marcellinus and his chronicle (2001), p. 54 ^ Bury, J., The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians (2000), p. 69. ^ Bury, J. B., History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol 2 (2008), p. 7; ISBN 1605204056 Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illyricum. Primary sources Appian, The Foreign Wars, Book 10, The Illyirian Wars; Loeb Classical Library, Vol II, Books 8.2-12, Harvard University Press, 1912; ISBN 978-0674990043 Cassius Dio, Roman History, Vol 6, Books. 51–65 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989; ISBN 978-0674990920 Secondary sources Dzino, D., The Bellum Pannonicum: The Roman armies and indigenous communities in southern Pannonia 16 9 BC, Actes du Symposium International le Livre. La Roumanie.L ’Europe. Bibliothèque Métropolitaine de Bucarest, Vol III, 4ème édition 20 – 23 Septembre 2011 Danijel Dzino (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229BC–AD68. Cambridge University Press. Marjeta Šašel Kos. Appian and Illyricum. Situla 43. (National Museum of Slovenia Ljubljana, 2005) Mócsy, András (2014) . Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317754251. Wilkes, J.,The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe), 1996, ISBN 9780631198079 vteIllyriansTribes Albani Amantes Amantini Ardiaei Docleatai Labeatae Atintanians Autariatae Azali Balaites Baridustae Bassanitae Breuci Bylliones Daesitiates Dalmatae Tariotes Daorsi Dardani Galabri Thuantai Dassaretii Enchelei Eneti Grabaei Iapodes Iapygians Dauni Messapi Peuceti Mazaei Narensi Osseriates Parthini Penestae Pirustae Sardiatae Siculotae Taulantii Abroi People Agron Anastasius I Dicorus Artas of Messapia Astius Audata Aurelian Ballaios Baraliris Bardylis Bardylis II Bato the Breucian Bato the Daesitiate Bato Dardani Bircenna Caeria Caius Caravantius Celer Cleitus Dardani Constantine the Great Constantius Chlorus Constantius II Cynane Dando Demetrius of Pharos Diocletian Eleutherius and Antia Epulon Etuta Flavianus Galaurus Gentius Glaucias of Taulantii Grabos I Grabos II Gratian Gratianus Funarius Irenaeus of Sirmium Jerome Jovian Justin I Justinian I Longarus Marcellinus Comes Monounios Monunius Mytilos Peter the Patrician Pinnes Plator Pleuratus I Pleuratus II Pleuratus III Pleurias Scerdilaidas Sirras Tacitus Teuta Triteuta Valens Valentinian I Valentinian II Political entities Ardiaean-Labeatan Autariatan Dardanian Kingdom Dassaretan Enchelean Illyrian kingdom Taulantian Geography(cities/settlements) Acruvium (Kotor) Ad Acroceraunia Ad Quintum Albanopolis Amantia Andetrium Antipatreia Apollonia Arduba Arnissa Aspalathos (Split) Aulon Bargulum Bassania Berat Bouthoe Brundisium Bushat Byllis Chinna Chrysondyon Creonion Damastion Daorson Lower Neretva Dardana Fortress Delminium Desilo (Lower Neretva) Dimale Doclea Doracium Dresnik Duboc Dukat Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus (Durrës) Enkelana Epicaria Eugenium Gertus Hedum castellum Hija e Korbit Iader or Idassa (Zadar) Kinna Kodrion Kratul Lissus (Lezhë) Lofkënd Lychnidus Matohasanaj Meteon Mursa (Osijek) Nareste Nikadin Nikaia (Klos) Oneum Oria Oricum Palaeste Parthus Pelion Persqopi Petra Pituntium Pogradec (Castle) Pola (Pula) Poslishte Promona Rabije Ragusa Rhizon Romajë Runik Salona Salvia Scampa (Elbasan) Selcë e Poshtme Sesarethus Setovia Scodra (Shkodër) Thronion Tilurium Tragurion (Trogir) Triport Tsangon Ugento Ulkinium Ulpiana Uscana Vendenis Zgërdhesh (? Albanopolis) Culture Central Bosnian cultural group Coinage Daunian stele Education Fibulae Glasinac-Mati culture Gradistë belt-plate Monte Saraceno woman Pileus Pottery Daunian Desilo Messapian Peucetian Soleto Map Spectacle brooch Tombs Boka-Përçeva Selca e Poshtme Trebeništa masks Vače Belt-Plate Vače Situla Religion and mythology Religion Andinus Bindus Deipaturos Zojz En Medaurus Perëndi Prende Tomorr Nymphaion Swastika Warfare and weaponry Illyrian invasion of Epirus Alexander's Balkan campaign Siege of Pelium Dardanian–Bastarnic war Invasions of Epidamnus Illyro-Roman Wars Roman-Macedonian wars Battles Erigon Valley Lyncestis Paxos Pharos Phoenice Roman–Dalmatian wars Caesar's civil war Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC) Batonian War Desilo shipyard Helmet Lembus Liburna Sibyna Sica Sieges Issa Medion Oricum Language Illyrian Proposed vocabulary Roman period Illyrian emperors Dioceses Dacia Illyricum Macedonia Prefectures Illyricum Provinces Dardania Delmatia Epirus Nova Illyricum Macedonia Moesia Superior Pannonia Pannonia Inferior Pannonia Prima Pannonia Savia Pannonia Secunda Pannonia Superior Sirmium Other Illyrology Origin of the Albanians Albanian folk beliefs History of the Balkans Prehistory of Southeastern Europe Lists People Tribes Illyrian tribes Settlements Timeline Category Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum"},{"link_name":"Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"link_name":"/ɪˈlɪrɪkəm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"}],"text":"This article is about the Roman province. For the Roman Prefecture, see Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.For other uses, see Illyria.Illyricum /ɪˈlɪrɪkəm/ was a Roman province that existed from 27 BC to sometime during the reign of Vespasian (69–79 AD). The province comprised Illyria/Dalmatia in the south and Pannonia in the north. Illyria included the area along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea and its inland mountains, eventually being named Dalmatia. Pannonia included the northern plains that now are a part of Serbia, Croatia and Hungary. The area roughly corresponded to part or all of the territories of today's Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia.","title":"Illyricum (Roman province)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Hecataeus of Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus"}],"text":"The term Illyrians was used to describe the inhabitants of the area as far back as the late 6th century BC by Hecataeus of Miletus.","title":"Name and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Illyricum_in_40_BC.png"},{"link_name":"Illyrian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Wars"},{"link_name":"River Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drin_(river)"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_(city)"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drin_(river)"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Dinaric Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alps"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Pannonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plain"},{"link_name":"toponyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Eravisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eravisci"},{"link_name":"Scordisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordisci"},{"link_name":"Cotini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotini"},{"link_name":"Boii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii"},{"link_name":"Anartii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Roman Illyricum following the Illyrian wars.Illyria/Dalmatia stretched from the River Drin (in modern northern Albania) to Istria (Croatia) and the River Sava in the north. The area roughly corresponded to modern northern Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and coastal Croatia (Dalmatiae). Pannonia was the plain which lies to its north, from the mountains of Illyria/Dalmatia to the westward bend of the River Danube, and included modern Vojvodina (in modern northern Serbia), northern Croatia and western Hungary. As the province developed, Salona (near modern Split, Croatia) became its capital.Illyria stretched from the River Drilon (Drin) in modern northern Albania and the Danube in the north. It comprised the coastal plain, the mountains of the Dinaric Alps which stretch along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea for 645 kilometres (401 miles) with a width of about 150 kilometres) and, in the north-west, the Istrian Peninsula. There were numerous islands off the coast, but they lacked drinking water. The mountains were cultivated towards the coast, but for the most they were barren. Lack of water and poor or arid soil made much of Illyria poor agricultural area and this gave rise to piracy. The interior of the southern part of Illyricum (central and southern Albania) was more fertile. Illyria was inhabited by dozens of independent tribes and tribal groupings. Most of them were labelled as Illyrians. In the north there were also Celtic tribes.[1][2][3] The Pannonian (or Carpathian) plain in the north was more fertile. Its tribes were labelled as Pannonian. Archaeological finds and toponyms show that the Pannonians differed culturally from the Illyrians and the eastern Celts who lived to their west, in what is now Austria. They were later Celticised following a Celtic invasion of the northern part of the region at the beginning of the 4th century BC. Some tribes in the area (the Eravisci, Scordisci Cotini, Boii, and Anartii) were Celtic. The Pannonians also had cultural similarities with the Illyrians. Iron mining and production was an important part of their economy in the pre-Roman days.[4][5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Illyrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Illyrian_War"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ardiaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardiaei"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Epidamnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidamnos"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Stari Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Grad,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Elis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Elis"},{"link_name":"Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenia"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Phoenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenice"},{"link_name":"Third Macedonian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Illyrian Wars","text":"The Romans fought three Illyrian wars between 229 BC and 168 BC. The First Illyrian War (229–228 BC) broke out due to concerns about attacks on the ships of Rome's Italian confederates in the Adriatic Sea by Illyrian pirates and the increased power of the Ardiaei (an Illyrian tribe in today's Montenegro and northern Albania). With a powerful fleet the Ardiaei had invaded the Greek cities of Epidamnos (modern Durrës, Albania) Pharos (Stari Grad, Croatia), the island of Corfu and attacked Elis and Messenia in the Peloponnese and Phoenice in Epirus, a hub of Roman trade. Numerous attacks on Italian ships prompted Rome to intervene. The Romans freed the Greek cities and attacked the Ardiaei. Peace terms were agreed. In 220 BC the Ardiaei carried out attacks on the Greek coast in the west, south and southeast. They then attacked Roman allies in southern Illyria. This led to the Second Illyrian War (219–18 BC), which Rome won. In 168 BC, during the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) between Rome and the Kingdom of Macedon, the Ardiaei joined the fight against the Romans, but they were quickly defeated (Third Illyrian War, 168 BC). The Romans imposed a tribute equivalent to half the taxes paid to the now deposed king, excluding the cities and tribe which had allied with them.[6]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalmatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatae"},{"link_name":"Appian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian"},{"link_name":"Gaius Marcius Figulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Figulus_(consul_64_BC)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-11-7"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Scipio Nasica Corculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_Corculum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ardiaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardiaei"},{"link_name":"Numantine War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numantine_War"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"First Servile War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Servile_War"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Servius Fulvius Flaccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Fulvius_Flaccus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-10-9"},{"link_name":"Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Tuditanus"},{"link_name":"Iapydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-10-9"},{"link_name":"Decimus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Callaicus"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Timavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timavo"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Saturnian verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnian_Verse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_Dalmaticus"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-11-7"},{"link_name":"Segestani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segestani"},{"link_name":"Iapydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-10-9"},{"link_name":"agnomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnomen"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Scaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Scaurus_(consul_115_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gallia Cisalpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina"},{"link_name":"Ligures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligures"},{"link_name":"Carni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carni"},{"link_name":"Taurisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurisci"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Papirius Carbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_113_BC)"},{"link_name":"Cimbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbri"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"link_name":"Battle of Noreia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Solin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solin"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"From the Illyrian Wars to the Roman Civil Wars","text":"In 156 BC the Dalmatae made an attack of the Illyrian subjects of Rome (this source by Appian is considered ambiguous) and refused to see Roman ambassadors. The consul Gaius Marcius Figulus undertook a campaign against them. While he was preparing his camp the Dalmatae overpowered his guards and drove him out of the camp. He fled through the plain as far as the river Naro. He then hoped to catch the Dalmatae unawares as they went back home for the winter, but they had assembled because they had heard of his arrival. Still, he drove them into the city of Delminium. He could not attack this strongly fortified town. Thus he attacked other towns which were partly deserted because of the Dalmatae concentrating their forces at Delminium. He then returned to Delminium and catapulted flaming projectiles damaging and burning significant parts of the town.[7] Livy's Periochae recorded the campaign of Gaius Marcius Figulus and noted that in the next year, 155 BC, the consul Scipio Nasica Corculum subdued the Dalmatae.[8]In 135 BC two Illyrian tribes, the Ardiaei and the Palarii, raided Roman Illyria while the Romans were busy with the Numantine War in Hispania and the First Servile War in Sicily. The Romans sent ambassadors, but they refused to negotiate. The Romans levied an army of 10,000 infantry and 600 cavalry. The Illyrians sent ambassadors to plea for pardon. Rome asked for indemnities for the people who had been attacked. Since the Illyrians were slow to respond, the consul Servius Fulvius Flaccus marched against them. According to Appian this was only a minor expedition.[9] It is likely that by Roman Illyria Appian meant four coastal towns which had a large Roman population.In 129 BC the consul Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus and Tiberius Pandusa waged a war with the Iapydes who lived on the Alps (in the north of Illyria), and seemed to have subjugated them.[9] However, according to Livy, Sempronius Tuditanus was at first unsuccessful, \"but the defeat was compensated by a victory won through the qualities of Decimus Junius Brutus (the man who had subdued Lusitania).\"[10] Tuditanus was granted a triumph. He immortalized his victories with a dedication to the river god Timavus in Aquileia which bore a victory inscription in Saturnian verse, two fragments of which were found in 1906.[11]In a passage Appian wrote that in 119 BC the consul Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus waged war against the Dalmatae even though they had not done anything wrong because he wanted a triumph. They received him as a friend and he wintered among them at the town of Salona. He returned to Rome and was awarded a triumph.[7] In another passage he noted \"Lucius Cotta (the other consul for that year) and Caecilius Metellus seemed to have subjugated the Segestani. He also noted that both the Iapydes and the Segestani revolted again shortly afterward.[9] Caecilius Metellus was given the agnomen Dalmanticus,In 115 BC the consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, conducted operations in Gallia Cisalpina against the Ligures in the west and against the Carni and Taurisci (two Gallic tribes which lived in today's Slovenia) in the east.[12]In 113 BC the consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo was sent to face an invasion by the Cimbri (a Germanic tribe) which had entered into Illyricum and then into Noricum. He was defeated at the Battle of Noreia in Noricum.[13][14]In 78–76 BC a certain Gaius Cosconius was sent into Illyricum as proconsul. He fought there for two years, reduced a great part of Dalmatia and seized Salona (near today's Solin, near Split, Croatia), one of the major towns in Dalmatia.[15][16] Later the Roman settlement of Colonia Martia Iulia Salona was founded, probably after the Roman civil wars.","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lex Vatinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Vatinia"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"proconsulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Gallia Cisalpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gallia Narbonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria"},{"link_name":"Bruttium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttium"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Carni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carni"},{"link_name":"Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"link_name":"Taurisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurisci"},{"link_name":"Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniola"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Histri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histri"},{"link_name":"Venetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti"},{"link_name":"Istrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Iapydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"Liburnians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburnians"},{"link_name":"Raša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1a_(river)"},{"link_name":"Krka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krka_(Sava)"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Plain"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Gallic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Pirustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirustae"},{"link_name":"Pirustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirustae"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Caesar's governorship","text":"In 59 BC the lex Vatinia assigned to the consul, Julius Caesar, the proconsulship of Gallia Cisalpina (in northern Italy) and Illyricum and the command of three legions based at Aquileia for a period of five years.[17] When the proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis died, the senate also gave Caesar the proconsulship of that province and the command on a legion which was stationed there, also for five years.Caesar took on his proconsulships in 58 BC. Only Gallia Narbonensis was a province in the sense of a formal administrative unit. The other two were provinces in the sense of areas of military command which were assigned to high military commanders in areas where there were rebellions or threats of attacks. In the past Liguria (which often rebelled), Bruttium (today's Calabria, where there was a chance of unrest) and Gallia Cisalpina (in case of rebellions or possible invasions) had been assigned as provinces in this sense. Aquileia was a Roman town in north-eastern Italy which was founded in 180/181 BC as an outpost to defend northern Italy against hostile and warlike peoples to the east: the Carni (Gauls who lived on the mountains of Noricum), the Taurisci (a federation of Gallic tribes which lived in today's Carniola, northern Slovenia), the Histri (a Venetic tribe, with ties with Illyrians which lived in the Istrian peninsula), and the Iapydes (who lived east of Istrian Peninsula and inland from the Liburnians; the latter lived on a stretch of the Adriatic coast south of the Istrian peninsula and between the rivers Arsia (Raša) and Titius (Krka). The Carni settled in their area around 186 BC, invaded the plain on north-eastern Italy and founded the fortified town of Akileja. The Romans forced the Carni back to the mountains. They destroyed their settlement and founded Aquileia nearby, which was named after Akileja. It was also about 6 km from where an estimated 12,000 Taurisci had tried to settle in 183 BC. For the foundation of Aquileia 3,000 families were settled there. In 169 BC 1,500 more families were settled there. This settlement was grown into a sizable town and three legions were stationed there because of its strategic importance for the defence of northern Italy.The fact that Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum were the areas of command initially assigned to Caesar could indicate that Caesar had an eye on Illyricum to attain military glory with which he could bolster his political clout in Rome. Burebista had led the Dacians from what is today's Romania to the conquest of the Hungarian Plain west of the River Danube and close to Illyricum and Italy. However, Burebista stopped, returned to Transylvania and turned his attention eastwards. Caesar's attention turned to troubles in Gaul and then he embarked on his Gallic Wars (58–50 BC). After the defeat of the Belgae of northern Gaul in 57 BC Caesar thought that Gaul was at peace and went to Illyricum to visit the country and to acquaint himself with it. However, war broke out in Gaul again and he went back there. When he went to Gallia Cisalpina in 54 BC to winter there he heard that the Illyrian tribe of the Pirustae raided nearby territories. He went to Illyricum and levied troops from Illyrian peoples. The Pirustae claimed that none of the raids were due to public decisions and offered compensation. Caesar asked for hostages and said that if they were not handed over he would wage war. The Pirustae complied and Caesar appointed arbitrators to assess the damages done to the other peoples and set a penalty. He returned to Italy and then went to Gaul.[18]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Promona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promona"},{"link_name":"Liburnians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburnians"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-12-19"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"Palasë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palas%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Solin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solin"},{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Vis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(island)"},{"link_name":"Dyrrachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrachium"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"quaestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dyrrachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pharsalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gabinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"cohorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(Roman_military_unit)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appian-12-19"},{"link_name":"Publius Vatinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vatinius"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Cavtat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavtat"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Vis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(island)"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachium"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Gaius Cassius Longinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"Second Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"Liberator's Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Province_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Gaius Antonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)"},{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Dolabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_10)"},{"link_name":"Creta et Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"propraetorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propraetor"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Illyricum during Caesar's Civil War","text":"Appian wrote that while Caesar was in Gaul the Dalmatae seized Promona from the Liburnians, who appealed to Caesar. The Dalmatae refused his request to leave the city and he sent a strong detachment. However, it was routed. Caesar did not pursue the matter further because he was occupied with his civil war. This suggests that this event occurred in late 50 BC, just before the beginning of this war.[19]In January 49 BC Caesar started a civil war against the forces of the senate led by Pompey. Pompey fled to Greece to gather forces to fight the war. He controlled the Roman navy. Still, in 48 BC Caesar managed to sail his troops across the Adriatic Sea and land at Palaeste (Palasë, southern Albania). Marcus Octavius, one of Pompey's admirals, went to Salona (Solin, near Split, Croatia) with his fleet. He persuaded the people of the island of Issa (Vis, Croatia) to defect to him. He failed to persuade the Romans in Salona and surrounded it with five camps to besiege it. The town was short of grain and sent envoys to Caesar to ask for help. As the siege continued the inhabitants stormed the nearest camp. Then they seized the other four and killed many of the enemy. Octavius was forced to withdraw to his ships and as the winter was approaching he sailed back to Dyrrachium (Durrës, Albania) to rejoin Pompey.[20]In the summer 48 BC Caesar sent Quintus Cornificius to Illyricum as a quaestor. This region had been quiet. However, now the Romans in the local towns supported Caesar while the natives supported Pompey. Caesar wrote that the area was quite poor and could barely support an army. Moreover, it was exhausted due to the fighting in the Battle of Dyrrachium between Caesar and Pompey in the south of the region (in July 48 BC) and due to rebellions. Cornificius defended Illyria and recovered it for Caesar. He stormed several mountain strongholds which were used for carrying out raids. When Marcus Octavius took refuge on the Illyrian coast after the Battle of Pharsalus (in Greece, where Caesar defeated Pompey in August 48 BC), Cornificius, with the help of the people of Iadera (Zadar (Croatia) who were loyal to Caesar, scattered his ships and added those he captured to those of his Illyrian allies, thus assembling a small fleet. Since the many Pompeian soldiers had taken refuge in Illyricum after the mentioned battle, Caesar ordered Aulus Gabinius to go to Illyricum with his force, join Cornificius and repulse any enemy operations in the region. If larger forces were needed for this, he was to go to Greece, where continued resistance was to be expected. Gabinius marched in the winter. He did not get supplies for his army because the locals were hostile and because storms in the Adriatic Sea held back supply ships. Gabinius had to storm towns and strongholds in adverse weather and suffered reverses. He had to retreat to Salona, on the coast, which had many Roman inhabitants. On his way he was attacked and routed, losing 2,000 soldiers. He went to Salona with the remnants of his force. He fell ill and died a few months later.[21] Appian wrote that Aulus Gabinius led fifteen cohorts (which would amount to about 7,800 soldiers) and 3,000 cavalry and that, again, being busy with the civil war, Caesar did not pursue the matter further.[19]Marcus Octavius sought to take advantage of this to seize Illyria. Cornificius asked Publius Vatinius, who was in Brundisium (Brindisi, southern Italy), to come to his aid and informed him that Octavius was making alliances with the locals and attacking Caesarian garrisons, sometimes with his fleet and sometimes with land forces, using native troops—the Caesarians were Caesar's supporters. Vatinius asked a Caesarian lieutenant in Greece to send him a fleet, but this was taking too long. He armed some civilian ships whose size was poorly suited for fighting and added them to the few warships he had and left for Illyria. He did not pursue Octavius so as not to be delayed. Instead, he recovered some coastal towns which had sided with Octavius and by-passed others, proceeding as quickly as he could. In this way he managed to force Octavius to abandon his attack on Epidaurus (Epidaurum in Latin, modern Cavtat, near Dubrovnik, Croatia) with his approach. Octavius thought that his fleet was superior to the small ships of Vatinius and sailed to the island of Tauris. Vatinius pursued him without knowing that he had gone to that island. While the sea was rough he was caught unawares when the fleet of Octavius appeared ready for battle and was superior in formation. Vatinius decided to try his luck and attacked first, charging Octavius' flagship with one of his warships. The crush was hard and the ram of the latter was smashed away. The battle was fought at close range in narrow sea. Vatinius had the better and at nightfall the remnants of the enemy fleet fled. The next day Vatinius refitted his ships and 85 captured ships and the day after that he set off for the island of Issa (Vis, Croatia), thinking that Octavius had retreated there. When he got there the islanders surrendered and told him that Octavius had left for Sicily. Having cleared the Adriatic Sea, he returned to Brundisium.[22]In 45 BC Caesar was planning a war against Parthia. The Illyrians, feared punishment again (this time for routing Aulus Gabinius) because Caesar was going to cross the south of their land to reach Parthia. They sent envoys to Rome to ask Caesar for an alliance. Caesar replied that he could not make friends because of what they had done, but that he would grant pardon if they paid a tribute and handed over hostages. They agreed and Publius Vatinius was sent to impose a light tribute and receive the hostages with three legions and a large cavalry unit. After the murder of Caesar in 44 BC and the ensuing instability in Rome, the Illyrians no longer feared Roman power. They ignored Vatinius and when he tried to use force they routed five cohorts led by Baebius, one of his lieutenants, who also died. Vatinius fled to Dyrrhachium (Durrës, Albania). Once more Caesar did not pursue the matter further. In Appian's opinion, Caesar had put off dealing with the Illyrians resolutely for fourteen years because of his Gallic Wars, his civil war and his planned war with Parthia even though he had given the command over Illyria as well as the two Gauls for ten years, and despite having wintered there. This was even regardless of the fact that at times the Illyrians plundered north-eastern Italy.[23]The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC led to a conflict between the leaders of the plot murder him, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Gaius Cassius Longinus, and the Caesarians led by the Second Triumvirate which took charge of Rome. This led to the Liberator's Civil War (43–42 BC). Before this civil war Brutus and Cassius fled to the east. They had been assigned the Roman provinces of Macedonia (Greece) and Syria respectively by Caesar. However, the Caesarians had the two provinces reassigned to Gaius Antonius (the brother of Mark Antony) and Publius Cornelius Dolabella respectively. They were Caesarians. Brutus and Cassius were given Creta et Cyrenaica instead. They were unhappy with being given this small province and prepared to invade Macedonia and Syria. However, the senate then voted to restore the two provinces to them. Brutus was also assigned Illyria. He arrived in Macedonia when Gaius Antonius had just arrived there to take up his propraetorship which had been assigned to him prior to the change made by the senate. His predecessor, Quintus Hortenius, joined Brutus. Vatinius marched on Dyrrachium and seized it before Brutus got there. However, the soldiers of his three legions (minus the lost cohorts), who disliked him, defected to Brutus, who then went on to engage Gaius Antonius who was in Apollonia (near Fier, Albania). He won over the troops of Antonius (his seven cohorts and a legion under his lieutenant, Lucius Piso) as well.[24][25][26][27]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sextus Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Pompey"},{"link_name":"Pompey the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_between_Sextus_Pompey_and_the_Second_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Iapydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"Octavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Gaius Asinius Pollio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio_(consul_40_BC)"},{"link_name":"Parthini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthini"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Iapydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Pula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula"},{"link_name":"Ogulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogulin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Segestani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segestani"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"cohorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(Roman_military_unit)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Siscia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siscia"},{"link_name":"Sisak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisak"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Promona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promona"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Liburnians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburnians"},{"link_name":"circumvallation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumvallation"},{"link_name":"decimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_(Roman_army)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Setovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setovia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Taulantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulantii"},{"link_name":"Docleatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docleatae"},{"link_name":"Glintidiones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glintidiones"},{"link_name":"Taurisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurisci"},{"link_name":"Iapyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"Korčula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"The campaigns of Octavian in Illyricum (35–33 BC)","text":"Caesar's Civil War, the Liberators' Civil War and the resistance against the second triumvirate which Sextus Pompey (the son of Pompey the Great) conducted from Sicily with a powerful fleet (the Sicilian Revolt, 44–36 BC) caused instability in Illyria, neighbouring north-eastern Italy and the Adriatic Sea. The Iapydes carried out raids on north-eastern Italy. There was also a problem with piracy. After these conflicts ended Octavian undertook a series of campaigns in Illyricum. Velleius Paterculus wrote that just before the Sicilian Revolt Octavian made frequent expeditions in \"Illyricum and Dalmatia\" in order not to keep his troops idle and to battle-harden them.[28] However, it is likely that these campaigns were also linked to the instability of the region. Cassius Dio noted in passim that in 39 BC Gaius Asinius Pollio suppressed a rebellion of the Parthini after a few battles.[29]In 35 BC Octavian campaigned against the Iapydes who had carried out raids against Aquileia, plundered Tergestus (Trieste) and had destroyed Pola (Pula) in the previous year. He marched along a steep and rugged road. The Iapydes hid in the woods and ambushed him. However, Octavian had sent contingents to occupy the ridges on both sides of the road. These descended on them and defeated them. They then abandoned the town of Terponus and fled to the thickets. Octavian seized the city, but did not burn it, hoping that they would surrender, which they did. He then advanced on Metulus (near Ogulin), which was the main town of the Iapydes. It was defended by 3,000 men who defeated the Romans who surrounded the walls. Octavian began a full siege. When its battered walls begun to crumble the Metulians built another one inside. The Romans burnt the abandoned wall and built a mound by the second one and threw four bridges on top of it. Octavian ordered some if his men to go to the back of the town to divert attention. The enemy destroyed three of the bridges. Since his soldiers panicked, Octavian crossed the bridge together with Agrippa and Hiero, two of his lieutenants, and one of his bodyguards. The soldiers followed suit. The bridge fell under their weight. Octavian was injured in the right leg and in both arms. He had more bridges built. This determination discouraged the Metulians, who surrendered. The next day they sent messengers who offered to give fifty hostages and promised to receive a garrison and to assign to the Romans the highest hills while they would occupy the lower ones. When the garrison entered and ordered them to lay down their arms they shut their wives and children in their council chamber and placed guards with orders to set fire to the building if they lost the fight they decided to undertake. They attacked from the lower positions and they were routed. The guards set fire to the council chamber. Many of the women killed themselves and their children while others jumped into the fire holding their children. The city burned completely. The rest of the Iapydes surrendered and came under Roman subjection for the first time. Octavian left and the Poseni rebelled. Marcus Helvius was sent against them. He conquered them, executed the leaders of the revolt and sold the rest into slavery.[30]Octavian marched on the Segestani, a Pannonian tribe which had been defeated by the Romans twice but were not asked for hostages and rebelled. He advanced against them through Pannonian territory which was not under the subjection of the Romans. The enemy took to the woods and ambushed the stragglers of the army. Octavian spared the fields hoping for a voluntary surrender. Since this did not happen he ravaged the country for eight days until he reached their town, Segesta, on the River Sava. It was strongly protected by the river and a ditch. Octavian wanted to use it as a base for a campaign against the Dacians and the Bastarnae on the other side of the River Danube. Burebista had previously led them in an invasion across the Danube but then returned homeland (Dacia, in today's Romania) and campaigned to its east. Octavian must have thought that there was a danger of another invasion which would destabilise the area. Alternatively, they might have been launching raids across the river. Octavian built a fleet on the Sava to bring provisions to the Danube. When he approached the city he told the Segestani envoys that he wanted a garrison in the town and as much food as they could supply. The leaders acquiesced. The people were angry but consented to giving hostages from the notable families. When the troops came they shut the city gates and manned the walls. Augustus built a bridge over the river and besieged the town. He ambushed some Pannonians who were coming to its aid, killing some of them and putting the rest to flight. The siege lasted thirty days. Augustus only imposed a fine. He placed a garrison of twenty-five cohorts (roughly two and a half legions) and returned to Rome, intending to return in the spring.[31] Later, as a Roman town, Segesta was called Siscia. It is now modern Sisak in Croatia.Cassius Dio wrote that after the fall of this city the rest of Pannonia surrendered. After this Octavian left Fufius Geminus there with a small force and returned to Rome. He set out to lead an expedition into Britain and had already reached Gaul in the winter of 34 BC when some of the newly conquered peoples in Pannonia and the Dalmatians rose in revolt.[32] Appian wrote that there was a rumour that the garrison at Segesta had been massacred and Augustus made his way back. The rumour was exaggerated. There had been an uprising and the Romans had lost many men, but the next day they suppressed the rebellion. Octavian turned on the Dalmatians instead. They had been in arms since the rout of the troops of Aulus Gabinius in 48 BC. When he marched on them they formed a federation. They had up to 12,000 troops led by Versus, who had seized Promona (south of modern Knin, Croatia) from the Liburnians) and fortified it even though it was a tough mountain stronghold. Versus placed the bulk of his forces in the city and distributed the rest on the nearby hills to obstruct the Roman advance. Octavian begun to build a wall in the plain around the town and two hills held by the enemy as a cover for contingents which were heading to the highest hills through their woods. They overpowered the guards at night and at dawn Octavian attacked the city with the bulk of his army. He sent another force to reinforce the occupied heights. The enemy thought that they were attacked from all sides. Those on the hills were afraid that they would be cut off from the water supplies and fled to the town. Octavian continued to build the wall, which reached a length of seven kilometres. Testimus, another Dalmatian commander, brought a relief army. Octavian drove him back to the mountains. He seized Promona before the circumvallation was finished. A small force made a sortie. The Romans repulsed it, pursued it and entered the town with it. The enemy took refuge in the citadel. On the fourth night they attacked a Roman cohort which was keeping watch, putting it to flight. However, the attack was repulsed and the next day the city surrendered. The cohort which had fled was punished by decimation. The spared men were forced to subsist on barley instead of wheat for that summer. Testimus disbanded his troops and told them to scatter. The Romans did not pursue them.[33] Cassius Dio wrote that Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had conducted a campaign against the Dalmatians prior to this campaign.[34]Still in 34 BC, the Romans seized the town of Sunodium at the edge of the forest in which the army of Aulus Gabinius had been entrapped by the Dalmatians in a long and deep gorge between two mountains. After Octavian had burned Sunodium the Dalmatians laid an ambush. However, he was protected by soldiers he had sent to the summits of the mountains to follow him on either side while he passed through the gorge. He cut down trees and captured and burned all the towns he found on his way. In 33 BC he besieged the city of Setovia. An enemy force came to its assistance, but he prevented it from entering the place. Octavian was struck by a stone on the knee and was confined for several days. He returned to Rome to take up his consulship and got Titus Statilius to continue the siege. He then went back to Dalmatia. The Dalmatians were cut off from foreign supplies and were hungry. They met Octavian while he was on his way and surrendered. He demanded 700 of their children as hostages, and the standards of the Roman legions which had been taken from Aulus Gabinius when he was routed. They complied and also promised to pay the tribute which had been in arrears since the time of Julius Caesar. Octavian then moved on the Derbani, who also sued for peace, gave hostages, and promised to pay the tribute in arrears. Other tribes did the same on his approach. He could not reach some tribes due to sickness. These gave no hostages and made no treaties. Appian wrote that it seemed that they were subjugated later and that Octavian subdued the whole Illyrian country, including both the tribes which had rebelled and those which had never before been under Roman rule.[35] It is likely that Appian was referring to just Illyria/Dalmatia, rather or the whole of that was to become the province of Illyricum. With regard to Pannonia, some historians think that Octavian probably conquered the southern part of Pannonia and that the northern part was conquered in the Pannonian War (see below).[36]Appian also wrote that Octavian overcame the Oxyaei, the Perthoneatae, the Bathiatae, the Taulantii, the Cambaei, the Cinambri, the Meromenni, and the Pyrissaei, the Docleatae, the Carui, the Interphrurini, the Naresii, the Glintidiones, the Taurisci, the Hippasini and the Bessi. The Moentini and the Avendeatae, two Iapyde tribes which lived on the Alps, surrendered on Octavian's approach. He took the city of the Arrepini, the largest and most warlike of the Iapydes, who had fled to the woods. He did not burn it hoping that they would surrender, which they did. He also seized the islands of Melite (Mljet) and Melaina Corcyra (Korčula) and destroyed its settlements because its inhabitants practiced piracy. He executed the young men and sold the rest into slavery. He deprived the Liburnians of their ships because they practiced piracy.[37]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra VII of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Dolabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_10)"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Scardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scardona"},{"link_name":"Skradin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skradin"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Narona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narona"},{"link_name":"Metković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Via Egnatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Egnatia"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Iader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iader"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"Solin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solin"},{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Narona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narona"},{"link_name":"Metković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Epidaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurus"},{"link_name":"Cavtat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavtat"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Burnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnum"},{"link_name":"Delminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delminium"}],"text":"After his campaigns in Illyricum, Octavian fought a war against Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt in 31/30 BC. He won and became the sole ruler of Rome, instituting government reforms which made him the first Roman emperor. Illyricum became a province as a formal administrative unit in 27 BC, as part of the settlement by which the Roman senate formalised Octavian's personal rule. He received the honorary title of Augustus, and modern historians call the ensuing period the Augustan age. The settlement divided the empire into senatorial and imperial provinces. The former were under the authority of the senate, which chose their governors from its own ranks. The latter were under Augustus, who appointed their governors. Augustus held the frontier provinces, which hosted the bulk of the Roman troops. Initially Illyricum was a senatorial propraetorial province. Rebellions in the province showed the necessity of maintaining a strong force there and in 11 BC it became an imperial province under the governorship of Publius Cornelius Dolabella.The administrative organisation of Illyricum was carried out late in the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD) and early in the reign of Tiberius (14–37 AD). Tiberius made initial arrangements in the last weeks of the Batonian war (see below). This work was interrupted by a mutiny of the Roman troops in 14 AD, but was then resumed. We have a fairly detailed picture of the administrative arrangements of Illyricum through Pliny the Elder.[38] The coastal area was subdivided into three regions called conventus juridicus which were named after the towns of Scardona (Skradin), Salona and Narona (near Metković). The conventus Salonitanus was subdivided into 5 civitates and 927 decuriae. The conventus Naronitianus was subdivided into 13 civitates and 540 decuriae. The conventus Scardonitanus was subdivided into 14 civitates. There is no information for its decuriae. In the more urbanised coastal area towns with large Greek-speaking populations and may inhabitants from Italy were organised as municipia (self-governing towns) or coloniae (Italian settlements) and had their own council. Some of the local communities enjoyed some privileges and some Librunian ones enjoyed Italian rights. In the less urbanised interior the administration relied exclusively on the civitates. The jurisdiction of the governor of Illyricum was limited to the coastal area. The inland districts had their own governors in the form of the praefecti civitatum of the civitates. Pannonia was subdivided into 14 civitates. Again, there is no information about the decuriae. It was also a military district under the prefect of Pannonia, who was in charge of the legions stationed there.[39]Dalmatia had considerable strategic and economic importance for the Romans. It possessed a number of important commercial ports along its coastline, and had gold-mines in Dalmatia[40] with an imperial bureau in Salona. Dyrrachium (Durrës, in modern Albania) and Brundisium (Brindisi, in southern Italy) were the ports used to cross the Adriatic Sea for the journeys from Rome to the eastern Mediterranean and vice versa. Dyrrachium also became the starting point of the Via Egnatia, the Roman road which went to Byzantium in the east, opposite Asia. There were important Roman communities in a number of towns on the central and southern part of the coast of today's Croatia, such as Iader (Zadar), Salona (Solin, on the outskirts of Split), Narona (near Metković), and Epidaurus (Epidaurum in Latin, modern Cavtat, near Dubrovnik).[41] The capital Salona was protected by two military camps at Burnum and Delminium.","title":"Roman province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Silius Nerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Silius_Nerva"},{"link_name":"Noricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Dentheletae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentheletae"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Scordisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordisci"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Roman province of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Province_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"link_name":"Rhaeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_people"},{"link_name":"Vindelici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindelici"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vinicius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vinicius_(consul_19_BC)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Drava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drava"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Scordisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordisci"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Breuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuci"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"The Pannonian War (14–10 BC)","text":"From 14 BC to 10 BC there was a series of rebellions in southern Pannonia and northern Dalmatia which Roman writers referred to as bellum pannomicum (the Pannonian war). We have very little information about these events. Most of it comes from brief accounts by Cassius Dio and passing references by other authors. We are not told what the causes were either. The Roman sources had little interest in Illyria from the campaigns of Augustus in 35–33 BC to 16 BC. Cassius Dio wrote that in that year the governor of Illyria for 17–16 BC, Publius Silius Nerva, went to fight in the Italian Alps because there were no troops there. Taking advantage of this, some Pannonians and the Noricans entered Istria and pillaged it. Silius Nerva quickly brought the situation under control. At the same time, there was a small rebellion in Dalmatia. The Dentheletae (a Thracian tribe in eastern Moesia), together with the Scordisci (who lived in today's Serbia, at the confluence of the Rivers Savus [Sava], Dravus [Drava] and Danube) attacked the Roman province of Macedonia (Greece). At the same time a civil war broke out in Thrace. Therefore, there was instability on the eastern Alps and in the Balkan Peninsula. In 15 BC the Romans conquered the Scordisci and annexed Noricum. They also conducted other operations further west on the Alps against the Rhaeti and Vindelici.[42] The Roman military operations in Illyricum might have been started by Marcus Vinicius, the governor for 14–13 BC. The Pannonian war led to Illyricum being transferred from being a senatorial province to being an imperial province.Velleius Paterculus wrote that the Pannonian war started by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Vinicius and that Tiberius ended it.[43] Florus mentioned a victory of Vinicius over the Pannonians living between the rivers Sava and Drava.[44] Cassius Dio noted in two separate passages that a rebellion by the Pannonians in 14 BC was suppressed quickly, and that in late 13 BC Augustus gave Agrippa, his most important ally, supreme command and sent him to Pannonia (this suggests that the problem was serious). Agrippa solved the situation through negotiations and personal influence.[45] After Agrippa's sudden death the Breuci refused to observe the treaty they had made with him. Tiberius was given the command in Pannonia and defeated the Pannonians with the help of the Scordisci, who had been recently conquered by the Romans.[46] Suetonius added that after this Tiberius subjugated the Dalmatians and the Breuci.[47] In 11 BC Tiberius fought and defeated both the Dalmatians and the Pannonians. Later in the year, as already mentioned, Illyricum became an imperial province under the control of Augustus. In the winter 11/10 BC the Dacians crossed the frozen Danube and plundered the Pannonians. Some Dalmatian communities rebelled against the payment of a tribute. Tiberius, who was in Gaul, had to return to confront this. In 10 BC there were repeated uprisings in both Pannonia and Dalmatia which Tiberius suppressed.[48]Cassius Dio referred to all of these conflicts as rebellions. Dzino argues that it is therefore unlikely that they involved any conquests. The relations of the Romans with locals in frontier areas involved alliance treaties and treaties with client states, both of which entailed nominal independence. The breaking of these treaties was considered as a rebellion and as something which had to be suppressed. Augustus in his propagandistic writing stated that under Tiberius’ command Rome extended her sphere to Pannonian peoples where the Roman army had never been before and that Augustus extended the boundaries of Illyricum to the banks of the River Danube. However, Suetonius implied that this extension to the banks of this river occurred only after the Batonian War (see below).[49] It is likely that in the aftermath of the Pannonian war Roman military presence in southern Pannonia increased. Dzino argues that it is likely that the local communities acted as a compact anti-Roman block and that there may have been pro- and anti-Roman factions. Some may have surrendered peacefully and some of them may have been pro-Roman all along. The communities of the region relied on kinship relationships, rather than formal state institutions. This may have led to political competition. Being friendly to the Romans or challenging them could have involved manoeuvres by local elites to strengthen their power-base. Acquiescence or opposition to the Romans could involve often unpredictable contests over political positions locally.[50]","title":"Roman province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bato the Daesitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate"},{"link_name":"Bato the Breucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian"},{"link_name":"Marcomanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomanni"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxilia"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Breuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuci"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Sremska Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aulus Caecina Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Severus_(suffect_consul_1_BC)"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Messallinus"},{"link_name":"Fruška Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Rhoemetalces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoemetalces_I"},{"link_name":"Odrysian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"Nauportus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauportus"},{"link_name":"Roman Province of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Province_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus"},{"link_name":"Varaždin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Marcus Plautius Silvanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Plautius_Silvanus_(consul_2_BC)"},{"link_name":"Roman province of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-56"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Batonian War (6–9 AD)","text":"The Batonian War (bellum batonianum in Latin) was a large scale rebellion which was led by Bato the Daesitiate and Bato the Breucian. The Romans named this war after these two leaders with the same name. It lasted four years (6–9 AD). In 6 AD the Romans were preparing to launch a second expedition against the Marcomanni in Germania. This would have involved the legions stationed in Germania and most of the legions stationed in Illyricum. The natives were asked to provide auxiliary troops. When these forces gathered they rebelled under the leadership of Bato the Daesitiate. Cassius Dio described his force as Dalmatian, which suggests that he had men who came from various tribes of Dalmatia. This is a very likely scenario as the native troops would have been recruited from a wide area. A Roman force which was sent against the rebels was defeated. Bato the Breucian, the military leader of the Breuci, the largest tribe in southern Pannonia, marched on Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, in today's Serbia). He was defeated by Aulus Caecina Severus, the governor of the neighbouring Roman province of Moesia. Bato the Daesitiate marched on Salona, in Dalmatia, but was defeated by Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, the governor of Illyricum. Bato then went east to join the other Bato and the two of them occupied Mount Alma (Mount Fruška Gora, Serbia, just north of Sirmium). They were defeated by a Thracian cavalry detachment of Rhoemetalces (the king of the Odrysian Kingdom in Thrace) which supported the Romans. The Dalmatians overran the territory of the Roman allies and drew many more tribes into the revolt. Tiberius (the future emperor), who was in charge of the Roman army marched on them. However, they avoided pitched battles and kept moving around, causing great devastation. Facing an enemy with avoided bitched battle and used guerrilla tactics, Tiberius conducted counterinsurgency operations.[51][52]According to Velleius Paterculus the rebels divided their forces into three parts. One was to invade Italy, which was not far from Nauportus (a Roman fort in today's Slovenia), one had already entered the Roman Province of Macedonia (Greece) and the third fought in their home territories. They executed their plan swiftly. They massacred Roman civilians and a sizable veteran contingent who were helpless in this remote area. They seized Macedonia and the pillaged everywhere. Thus, in this version the rebellion seemed to have a plan and the Dalmatians and the Breuci seemed to have acted in concert from the beginning. In Cassius Dio, instead, Bato the Daesitiate initially had a few men and his success increased his forces. After his failure to take Salona he allied with the other Bato. Tiberius divided the Roman army into several divisions to evade the united forces of the rebels. Outposts were placed to blockade them, to prevent them from breaking through and to disrupt their supplies. The situation in Illyricum, which was next to Italy, created panic in Rome and even Augustus was fearful. Levies were held all over Italy. The veterans were recalled. Rich families were ordered to supply freedmen compulsorily in proportion to their income. Augustus warned that the rebels could reach Rome in ten days if drastic action was not taken.[53]In 7 AD Augustus sent Germanicus to Illyricum with a force of freemen and freedmen. Some of the latter were requisitioned form their masters, who were paid a compensation. Velleius Paterculus wrote that the rebels in Pannonia who faced Tiberius were not happy with the size of their forces. They were worn down and brought to the verge of famine (presumably due to ravaging), could not withstand his offensives an avoided pitched battles. They went to the Claudian Mountains (a mountain range in Pannonia, in Varaždin County in northern Croatia) and took a defensive position in their fortifications. The second rebel force confronted the legions which Caecina Severus and Marcus Plautius Silvanus were bringing to Illyricum (from Moesia and the Roman province of Asia, three and two legions respectively). They surrounded the five legions, their auxiliary troops and the Thracian cavalry and almost inflicted a fatal defeat. The Thracian cavalry was routed and the allied cavalry fled. The legions suffered casualties, but they then rallied and won the day. In Cassius Dio’ version, instead, the two Batos went to wait for the arrival of Caecina Severus. He did not mention Plautius Silvanus. They attacked him unexpectedly when he was encamped near the Volcaean marshes. They were defeated. After this battle the Roman army was divided into detachments to overrun many parts of the country at once. The rebels withdrew to mountain fortresses from which they launched raids whenever they could. Aulus Caecina Severus and Marcus Plautius Silvanus joined Tiberius and a huge army was assembled. As mentioned, they had five legions. Tiberius also had five legions (three in Pannonia and two in Dalmatia). Tiberius decided to send the newly arrived armies back because the army was too large to be manageable. He escorted them with his troops. He then returned to Siscia at the beginning of a very hard winter.[54][55]In 8 AD the Dalmatians and the Pannonians wanted to sue for peace due to famine and disease, but they were prevented from doing so by the rebels, who had no hope of being spared by the Romans and continued to resist. Tiberius had pursued a policy of scorched earth to starve the Pannonians. According to Cassius Dio, Bato the Breucian overthrew Pinnes, the king of the Breuci. He became suspicious of his subject tribes and demanded hostages from the Pannonian garrisons. Bato the Daesitiate defeated him in battle and pinned him in a stronghold. He was handed over to Bato the Daesitiate and he was executed. After this many Pannonians rose in revolt. Marcus Plautius Silvanus conducted a campaign against them, conquered the Breuci and won over other tribes without a battle. Bato the Daesitiate withdrew from Pannonia, occupied the passes leading to Dalmatia and ravaged Dalmatia. In Pannonia there was some brigandage.[56] Velleius Paterculus, wrote that the harsh winter brought rewards because in the following summer all of Pannonia sought peace. The Pannonians laid down their arms at the River Bathinus. Bato was made a prisoner and Pinnes gave himself up.[57][56]In 9 AD the war was restricted to Dalmatia. Velleius Paterculus wrote that Augustus gave the chief command of all the forces to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. In the summer Lepidus made his way to Tiberius through areas which had not been affected by the war. He was attacked by the locals who had not been weakened by fighting. Lepidus defeated them, ravaged the fields, and burnt houses. He succeeded in reaching Tiberius. This campaign ended the war. Two Dalmatian tribes, the Perustae and Daesitiate, who were almost unconquerable because of their mountain strongholds, the narrow passes in which they lived and their fighting spirit, were almost exterminated. Cassius Dio wrote Germanicus conducted some operations in Dalmatia and seized several towns. Tiberius then split the army into three divisions. He sent two of them to subdue areas of Dalmatia and he went in search of Bato the Daesitiate third one. Tiberius chased the fugitive Bato around the country. He finally besieged him at Adetrium, near Salona. This was on a rock and was surrounded by steep ravines. After a long siege he managed to storm the place. Bato promised to surrender if he and his followers would be pardoned. Tiberius agreed. According to Cassius Dio Tiberius asked Bato why his people had rebelled. He replied: \"You Romans are to blame for this; for you send as guardians of your flocks, not dogs or shepherds, but wolves.\" It is uncertain if this quote can be attributed to Bato, however, due to the habit of ancient writers of creating fictitious quotes and attributing them to historical figures.[58][59][60]","title":"Roman province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Vibius Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Postumus"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Dolabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_10)"},{"link_name":"Epidaurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurus"},{"link_name":"Cavtat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavtat"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0a%C5%A1el-Kos-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley-64"},{"link_name":"Apostle Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Letter to the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"epigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"military diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_diploma"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0a%C5%A1el-Kos-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illyria_SPQR.png"}],"sub_title":"Regions of the province and its later dissolution","text":"The earliest writing which indicates that the province of Illyricum comprised Dalmatia and Pannonia is when Velleius Paterculus mentions Gaius Vibius Postumus was the military commander of Dalmatia in AD 9, towards the end of the Batonian War.[61] It seems that officially the province of Illyricum comprised Upper (Superius) and Lower (Inferius) Illyricum. A transcript of an inscription of a monument honouring Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Epidaurum (Cavtat, near Dubrovnik) attests that Dolabella was appointed governor of Illyricum shortly before Augustus’ death and that the statue was erected by the towns of Upper Illyricum, which implies the existence of an Upper and Lower Illyricum.[62] However, no inscriptions attesting a Lower Illyricum have been found as yet. Dalmatia was called Upper Illyricum. Whilst the names Dalmatia and Pannonia were used in common parlance, it seems that Upper Illyricum (Dalmatia) and Lower Illyricum (Pannonia) were the official names of the two regions. The provincial governor resided in Salona in Dalmatia and governed Upper Illyricum. Lower Illyricum was a military district and a military commander was in charge of this area and its three legions and performed administrative functions as something like a deputy governor.[63]Writing in the winter of AD 57–58,[64] the Apostle Paul refers to Illyricum in his Letter to the Romans as the westernmost point of his missionary travels so far.[65] The letter reflects his intention in due course to travel to Rome.The province of Illyricum was eventually dissolved and replaced by two smaller provinces: Dalmatia (the southern area) and Pannonia (the northern and Danubian area). It is unclear when this happened. Kovác noted that an inscription on the base of a statue of Nero erected between 54 and 68 AD attests that it was erected by the veteran of a legion stationed in Pannonia and argues that this is the first epigraphic evidence that a separate Pannonia existed at least since the reign of Nero.[66][67] However, Šašel-Kos notes that an inscription attests a governor of Illyricum under the reign of Claudius (43–51 AD) and in a military diploma published in the late 1990s, dated July 61 AD, units of auxiliaries from the Pannonian part of the province were mentioned as being stationed in Illyricum.[68] Some other diplomas from the reign of Nero attest the same.[69] Therefore, Šašel-Kos supports the notion that the province was dissolved during the reign of Vespasian (79–89 AD)[63]The Roman province of Illyricum comprised Dalmatia and Pannonia.","title":"Roman province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Constantius Chlorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Galerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerius"},{"link_name":"praetorian prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Galliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Italia et Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Oriens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_east"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum"},{"link_name":"Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Balkan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Noricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Prima"},{"link_name":"Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Savia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Savia"},{"link_name":"Veleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Valeria"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Sremska Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"}],"text":"In 293 AD the emperor Diocletian radically reformed the administrative structure of the Roman empire. He created the tetrarchy (rule by four). This was a co-emperorship with two senior emperors (Augusti), Diocletian and Maximian, and two junior emperors (Caesars), Constantius Chlorus and Galerius. The empire was subdivided into four praetorian prefectures. Each was headed by one of two co-emperors or one of two Caesars (thus, a total of two co-emperors and two Caesars). Diocletian and Maximian were also in overall charge of the eastern and the western part of the empire respectively. The number of provinces was doubled and they were grouped into fifteen dioceses which were under the praetorian prefectures. The praetorian prefectures were Galliae, Italia et Africa, Oriens and Illyricum. Thus, Illyricum became a praetorian prefecture. It included the dioceses of Pannonia, (western Hungary, a strip of land in northern Croatia along the River Sava, and Vojvodina, in northern Serbia), Dacia (modern western, central and northern Bulgaria, central and southern Serbia, Montenegro, northern Albania and the north part of North Macedonia) and Macedonia (Greece). Hence, Illyricum came to cover the whole of the Balkan Peninsula, including Greece, except for the diocese of Thrace (in modern south-eastern Bulgaria, north-eastern Greece and European Turkey). It also included Crete and the Greek islands in the north and the southwest of the Aegean Sea, and Noricum. The diocese of Pannonia was subdivided into the provinces of Pannonia Prima, Secunda, Savia and Veleria (the north, southeast, southwest and west of Pannonia respectively), Dalmatia, Noricum Ripense (\"along the river\", the northern part, which was crossed by the river Danube) and Noricum Mediterraneum (the southern part).[70] The capital of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica, northern Serbia). Under the tetrarchy it was headed by Galerius. The praetorian prefecture survived until the early 7th century.","title":"Diocletian's reforms: the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracia"},{"link_name":"Stilicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilicho"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Balkan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Late Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"magister militum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum"},{"link_name":"Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissus"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Roman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"Claudius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_II_Gothicus"},{"link_name":"Quintillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintillus"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Sremska Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Solin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solin"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Constantius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_III"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Constantius Chlorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Anastasius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachium"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Tauresium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauresium"},{"link_name":"Dardania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Pannonia was a very valuable source of military manpower for the entire empire. From the 3rd to the 6th century some of the most useful troops were recruited from Pannonia, Dalmatia, Moesia and Roman Thrace. The Roman General Stilicho attempted to bring the region under Western Roman control for this reason.[71] Pannonia and the other areas along the River Danube, the frontier of the empire in the Balkan Peninsula, were exposed to attacks on the empire from across this river. Therefore, Pannonia was very important militarily. Pat Southern sees Illyricum as holding the empire together.[72] In the Late Roman Empire, the armies of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum had a commander in-chief, the magister militum per Illyricum, based at Naissus (Niš, southern Serbia).[73] John Bury wrote that \"The importance of Illyricum did not lie in its revenues, but in its men.\"[74] The region's native peoples, renowned for their military prowess, became important for the Roman army. During the Crisis of the Third Century the emperors Claudius II (reigned 268–270), Quintillus (reigned 270), Aurelian (reigned 270–275) and Probus (reigned 276–282) were born in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia). They have been dubbed by historians the Pannonian emperors. Diocletian (reigned 284–305) was born in Salona (Solin, Croatia). Constantine the Great and Constantius III (421AD ) were born in Naissus (Niš, Serbia). His father, Constantius Chlorus, was born in Moesia Superior. The Byzantine emperor Anastasius I (reigned 491–518) was born in Dyrrhachium (Durrës, Albania). Justinian I (reigned 527–565) was born in Tauresium, in the province of Dardania in the Diocese of Dacia (20 kilometres [12 miles] southeast of Skopje in today's North Macedonia).[75] Justinian I was the last Latin emperor of this empire. From then on all the emperors were Greek.","title":"Military importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Illyricum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0674990043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674990043"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-illyrian-wars/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0674990920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674990920"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/1986169/Bellum_Pannonicum_The_Roman_armies_and_indigenous_communities_in_southern_Pannonia_16-9_BC"},{"link_name":"Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781317754251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317754251"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780631198079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631198079"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"Albani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanoi"},{"link_name":"Amantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Amantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantini"},{"link_name":"Ardiaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardiaei"},{"link_name":"Docleatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docleatae"},{"link_name":"Labeatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeatae"},{"link_name":"Atintanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atintanians"},{"link_name":"Autariatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autariatae"},{"link_name":"Azali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Balaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaites"},{"link_name":"Baridustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baridustae"},{"link_name":"Bassanitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassania"},{"link_name":"Breuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breuci"},{"link_name":"Bylliones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylliones"},{"link_name":"Daesitiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesitiates"},{"link_name":"Dalmatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatae"},{"link_name":"Tariotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariotes"},{"link_name":"Daorsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daorson"},{"link_name":"Dardani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani"},{"link_name":"Galabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galabri"},{"link_name":"Thuantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunatae"},{"link_name":"Dassaretii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassaretii"},{"link_name":"Enchelei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchele"},{"link_name":"Eneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti"},{"link_name":"Grabaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabaei"},{"link_name":"Iapodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapodes"},{"link_name":"Iapygians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapygians"},{"link_name":"Dauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunians"},{"link_name":"Messapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapians"},{"link_name":"Peuceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peucetians"},{"link_name":"Mazaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaei"},{"link_name":"Narensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narensi"},{"link_name":"Osseriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseriates"},{"link_name":"Parthini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthini"},{"link_name":"Penestae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Pirustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirustae"},{"link_name":"Sardiatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiatae"},{"link_name":"Siculotae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siculotae"},{"link_name":"Taulantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulantii"},{"link_name":"Abroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abroi"},{"link_name":"Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Anastasius I Dicorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus"},{"link_name":"Artas of Messapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artas_of_Messapia"},{"link_name":"Astius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astius"},{"link_name":"Audata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audata"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"Ballaios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaios"},{"link_name":"Baraliris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraliris"},{"link_name":"Bardylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardylis"},{"link_name":"Bardylis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardylis_II"},{"link_name":"Bato the Breucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian"},{"link_name":"Bato the Daesitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate"},{"link_name":"Bato Dardani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)"},{"link_name":"Bircenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bircenna"},{"link_name":"Caeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeria"},{"link_name":"Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Caius"},{"link_name":"Caravantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravantius"},{"link_name":"Celer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celer_(magister_officiorum)"},{"link_name":"Cleitus Dardani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Constantius Chlorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Constantius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II"},{"link_name":"Cynane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynane"},{"link_name":"Dando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dando_the_Illyrian"},{"link_name":"Demetrius of Pharos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Eleutherius and Antia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherius_and_Antia"},{"link_name":"Epulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epulon"},{"link_name":"Etuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etuta"},{"link_name":"Flavianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Galaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaurus"},{"link_name":"Gentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentius"},{"link_name":"Glaucias of Taulantii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii"},{"link_name":"Grabos I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabos_I"},{"link_name":"Grabos II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabos_II"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"Gratianus Funarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius"},{"link_name":"Irenaeus of Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Jovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Justin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_I"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Longarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longarus"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus Comes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes"},{"link_name":"Monounios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounios"},{"link_name":"Monunius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)"},{"link_name":"Mytilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilos"},{"link_name":"Peter the Patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician"},{"link_name":"Pinnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnes_(Ardiaean)"},{"link_name":"Plator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plator"},{"link_name":"Pleuratus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuratus_I"},{"link_name":"Pleuratus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuratus_II"},{"link_name":"Pleuratus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuratus_III"},{"link_name":"Pleurias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurias"},{"link_name":"Scerdilaidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scerdilaidas"},{"link_name":"Sirras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirras"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Teuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuta"},{"link_name":"Triteuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triteuta"},{"link_name":"Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"Valentinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_II"},{"link_name":"Ardiaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardiaei"},{"link_name":"Labeatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeatae"},{"link_name":"Autariatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autariatae"},{"link_name":"Dardanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani"},{"link_name":"Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania"},{"link_name":"Dassaretan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassaretii"},{"link_name":"Enchelean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchele"},{"link_name":"Illyrian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Taulantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulantii"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"link_name":"cities/settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Acruvium (Kotor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Ad Acroceraunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ad_Acroceraunia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ad Quintum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Quintum"},{"link_name":"Albanopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanopolis"},{"link_name":"Amantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantia"},{"link_name":"Andetrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andetrium"},{"link_name":"Antipatreia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipatreia"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Arduba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduba"},{"link_name":"Arnissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aspalathos (Split)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Aulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Bargulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargulum"},{"link_name":"Bassania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassania"},{"link_name":"Berat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat"},{"link_name":"Bouthoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budva"},{"link_name":"Brundisium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Bushat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushat"},{"link_name":"Byllis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byllis"},{"link_name":"Chinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinna_(Dardania)"},{"link_name":"Chrysondyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysondyon"},{"link_name":"Creonion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creonion"},{"link_name":"Damastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damastion"},{"link_name":"Daorson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daorson"},{"link_name":"Lower Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance"},{"link_name":"Dardana Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardana_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Delminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delminium"},{"link_name":"Desilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desilo"},{"link_name":"Dimale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimale"},{"link_name":"Doclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doclea_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Doracium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doracium"},{"link_name":"Dresnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresnik_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Duboc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboc_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Dukat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukat,_Albania"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidamnos"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Enkelana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enkelana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Epicaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicaria"},{"link_name":"Eugenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenium"},{"link_name":"Gertus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertus"},{"link_name":"Hedum castellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedum_castellum"},{"link_name":"Hija e Korbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliq"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"Kinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinna_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Kodrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodrion"},{"link_name":"Kratul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratul"},{"link_name":"Lissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Lofkënd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lychnidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Matohasanaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meteon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medun"},{"link_name":"Mursa (Osijek)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijek"},{"link_name":"Nareste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nareste"},{"link_name":"Nikadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikadin_(archaeological_site)"},{"link_name":"Nikaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Klos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klos,_Mallakast%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneum"},{"link_name":"Oria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oria,_Apulia"},{"link_name":"Oricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricum"},{"link_name":"Palaeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeste"},{"link_name":"Parthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthus"},{"link_name":"Pelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Persqopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persqopi_Castle"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Pituntium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituntium"},{"link_name":"Pogradec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogradec"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogradec_Castle"},{"link_name":"Pola (Pula)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula"},{"link_name":"Poslishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)"},{"link_name":"Promona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promona"},{"link_name":"Rabije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabije&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Rhizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizon"},{"link_name":"Romajë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Runik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik"},{"link_name":"Salona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona"},{"link_name":"Salvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia,_Liburnia"},{"link_name":"Scampa (Elbasan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan"},{"link_name":"Selcë e Poshtme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme"},{"link_name":"Sesarethus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesarethus"},{"link_name":"Setovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setovia"},{"link_name":"Scodra (Shkodër)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Thronion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Tilurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilurium"},{"link_name":"Tragurion (Trogir)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir"},{"link_name":"Triport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triport,_Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Tsangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangonj_Pass"},{"link_name":"Ugento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugento"},{"link_name":"Ulkinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcinj"},{"link_name":"Ulpiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpiana"},{"link_name":"Uscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uscana"},{"link_name":"Vendenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendenis"},{"link_name":"Zgërdhesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zg%C3%ABrdhesh"},{"link_name":"Albanopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanopolis"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Illyrian_art"},{"link_name":"Central Bosnian cultural group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group"},{"link_name":"Coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_coinage"},{"link_name":"Daunian stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunian_stele"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_education"},{"link_name":"Fibulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae"},{"link_name":"Glasinac-Mati culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture"},{"link_name":"Gradistë belt-plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate"},{"link_name":"Monte Saraceno woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saraceno"},{"link_name":"Pileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(hat)"},{"link_name":"Daunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunian_pottery"},{"link_name":"Desilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desilo"},{"link_name":"Messapian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapian_pottery"},{"link_name":"Peucetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peucetian_pottery"},{"link_name":"Soleto Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleto_Map"},{"link_name":"Spectacle brooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacle_brooch"},{"link_name":"Boka-Përçeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva"},{"link_name":"Selca e Poshtme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme"},{"link_name":"Trebeništa masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta"},{"link_name":"Vače Belt-Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate"},{"link_name":"Vače Situla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla"},{"link_name":"Religion and mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_religion"},{"link_name":"Andinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andinus"},{"link_name":"Bindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)"},{"link_name":"Deipaturos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deipaturos"},{"link_name":"Zojz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zojz_(deity)"},{"link_name":"En","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Medaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaurus"},{"link_name":"Perëndi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi"},{"link_name":"Prende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prende"},{"link_name":"Tomorr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorr"},{"link_name":"Nymphaion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)"},{"link_name":"Swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_warfare"},{"link_name":"weaponry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry"},{"link_name":"Illyrian invasion of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Alexander's Balkan campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign"},{"link_name":"Siege of Pelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium"},{"link_name":"Dardanian–Bastarnic war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war"},{"link_name":"Invasions of Epidamnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_of_Epidamnus"},{"link_name":"Illyro-Roman Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roman-Macedonian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Erigon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lyncestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis"},{"link_name":"Paxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos"},{"link_name":"Pharos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos"},{"link_name":"Phoenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice"},{"link_name":"Roman–Dalmatian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars"},{"link_name":"Caesar's civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)"},{"link_name":"Batonian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum"},{"link_name":"Desilo shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desilo"},{"link_name":"Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet"},{"link_name":"Lembus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembus"},{"link_name":"Liburna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburna"},{"link_name":"Sibyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyna"},{"link_name":"Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sica"},{"link_name":"Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Issa"},{"link_name":"Medion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Medion"},{"link_name":"Oricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_language"},{"link_name":"Proposed vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary"},{"link_name":"Roman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyro-Roman"},{"link_name":"Illyrian emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_emperors"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum"},{"link_name":"Dardania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Delmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Epirus Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Moesia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Prima"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Savia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Savia"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Illyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrology"},{"link_name":"Origin of the Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Albanian folk beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs"},{"link_name":"History of the Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Prehistory of Southeastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Illyrian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes"},{"link_name":"Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753824#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/152069713"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illyricum.Primary sourcesAppian, The Foreign Wars, Book 10, The Illyirian Wars; Loeb Classical Library, Vol II, Books 8.2-12, Harvard University Press, 1912; ISBN 978-0674990043 [3]\nCassius Dio, Roman History, Vol 6, Books. 51–65 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989; ISBN 978-0674990920Secondary sourcesDzino, D., The Bellum Pannonicum: The Roman armies and indigenous communities in southern Pannonia 16 9 BC, Actes du Symposium International le Livre. La Roumanie.L ’Europe. Bibliothèque Métropolitaine de Bucarest, Vol III, 4ème édition 20 – 23 Septembre 2011 [4]\nDanijel Dzino (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229BC–AD68. Cambridge University Press.\nMarjeta Šašel Kos. Appian and Illyricum. Situla 43. (National Museum of Slovenia Ljubljana, 2005)\nMócsy, András (2014) [1974]. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317754251.\nWilkes, J.,The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe), 1996, ISBN 9780631198079vteIllyriansTribes\nAlbani\nAmantes\nAmantini\nArdiaei\nDocleatai\nLabeatae\nAtintanians\nAutariatae\nAzali\nBalaites\nBaridustae\nBassanitae\nBreuci\nBylliones\nDaesitiates\nDalmatae\nTariotes\nDaorsi\nDardani\nGalabri\nThuantai\nDassaretii\nEnchelei\nEneti\nGrabaei\nIapodes\nIapygians\nDauni\nMessapi\nPeuceti\nMazaei\nNarensi\nOsseriates\nParthini\nPenestae\nPirustae\nSardiatae\nSiculotae\nTaulantii\nAbroi\nPeople\nAgron\nAnastasius I Dicorus\nArtas of Messapia\nAstius\nAudata\nAurelian\nBallaios\nBaraliris\nBardylis\nBardylis II\nBato the Breucian\nBato the Daesitiate\nBato Dardani\nBircenna\nCaeria\nCaius\nCaravantius\nCeler\nCleitus Dardani\nConstantine the Great\nConstantius Chlorus\nConstantius II\nCynane\nDando\nDemetrius of Pharos\nDiocletian\nEleutherius and Antia\nEpulon\nEtuta\nFlavianus\nGalaurus\nGentius\nGlaucias of Taulantii\nGrabos I\nGrabos II\nGratian\nGratianus Funarius\nIrenaeus of Sirmium\nJerome\nJovian\nJustin I\nJustinian I\nLongarus\nMarcellinus Comes\nMonounios\nMonunius\nMytilos\nPeter the Patrician\nPinnes\nPlator\nPleuratus I\nPleuratus II\nPleuratus III\nPleurias\nScerdilaidas\nSirras\nTacitus\nTeuta\nTriteuta\nValens\nValentinian I\nValentinian II\nPolitical entities\nArdiaean-Labeatan\nAutariatan\nDardanian\nKingdom\nDassaretan\nEnchelean\nIllyrian kingdom\nTaulantian\nGeography(cities/settlements)\nAcruvium (Kotor)\nAd Acroceraunia\nAd Quintum\nAlbanopolis\nAmantia\nAndetrium\nAntipatreia\nApollonia\nArduba\nArnissa\nAspalathos (Split)\nAulon\nBargulum\nBassania\nBerat\nBouthoe\nBrundisium\nBushat\nByllis\nChinna\nChrysondyon\nCreonion\nDamastion\nDaorson\nLower Neretva\nDardana Fortress\nDelminium\nDesilo (Lower Neretva)\nDimale\nDoclea\nDoracium\nDresnik\nDuboc\nDukat\nDyrrhachium/Epidamnus (Durrës)\nEnkelana\nEpicaria\nEugenium\nGertus\nHedum castellum\nHija e Korbit\nIader or Idassa (Zadar)\nKinna\nKodrion\nKratul\nLissus (Lezhë)\nLofkënd\nLychnidus\nMatohasanaj\nMeteon\nMursa (Osijek)\nNareste\nNikadin\nNikaia (Klos)\nOneum\nOria\nOricum\nPalaeste\nParthus\nPelion\nPersqopi\nPetra\nPituntium\nPogradec (Castle)\nPola (Pula)\nPoslishte\nPromona\nRabije\nRagusa\nRhizon\nRomajë\nRunik\nSalona\nSalvia\nScampa (Elbasan)\nSelcë e Poshtme\nSesarethus\nSetovia\nScodra (Shkodër)\nThronion\nTilurium\nTragurion (Trogir)\nTriport\nTsangon\nUgento\nUlkinium\nUlpiana\nUscana\nVendenis\nZgërdhesh (? Albanopolis)\nCulture\nCentral Bosnian cultural group\nCoinage\nDaunian stele\nEducation\nFibulae\nGlasinac-Mati culture\nGradistë belt-plate\nMonte Saraceno woman\nPileus\nPottery\nDaunian\nDesilo\nMessapian\nPeucetian\nSoleto Map\nSpectacle brooch\nTombs\nBoka-Përçeva\nSelca e Poshtme\nTrebeništa masks\nVače Belt-Plate\nVače Situla\n\nReligion and mythology\nReligion\nAndinus\nBindus\nDeipaturos\nZojz\nEn\nMedaurus\nPerëndi\nPrende\nTomorr\nNymphaion\nSwastika\n\nWarfare and weaponry\nIllyrian invasion of Epirus\nAlexander's Balkan campaign\nSiege of Pelium\nDardanian–Bastarnic war\nInvasions of Epidamnus\nIllyro-Roman Wars\nRoman-Macedonian wars\nBattles\nErigon Valley\nLyncestis\nPaxos\nPharos\nPhoenice\nRoman–Dalmatian wars\nCaesar's civil war\nBattle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)\nBatonian War\nDesilo shipyard\nHelmet\nLembus\nLiburna\nSibyna\nSica\nSieges\nIssa\nMedion\nOricum\nLanguage\nIllyrian\nProposed vocabulary\nRoman period\nIllyrian emperors\nDioceses\nDacia\nIllyricum\nMacedonia\nPrefectures\nIllyricum\nProvinces\nDardania\nDelmatia\nEpirus Nova\nIllyricum\nMacedonia\nMoesia Superior\nPannonia\nPannonia Inferior\nPannonia Prima\nPannonia Savia\nPannonia Secunda\nPannonia Superior\nSirmium\nOther\nIllyrology\nOrigin of the Albanians\nAlbanian folk beliefs\nHistory of the Balkans\nPrehistory of Southeastern Europe\nLists\nPeople\nTribes\nIllyrian tribes\nSettlements\n\nTimeline\n CategoryAuthority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Roman Illyricum following the Illyrian wars.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Roman_Illyricum_in_40_BC.png/241px-Roman_Illyricum_in_40_BC.png"},{"image_text":"The Roman province of Illyricum comprised Dalmatia and Pannonia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Illyria_SPQR.png/220px-Illyria_SPQR.png"}]
[{"title":"Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"title":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"title":"Prefecture of Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Illyricum"},{"title":"Dardania (Roman province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"}]
[{"reference":"Flower, Harriet (2014). The Cambridge companion to the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-107-03224-8. OCLC 882513995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8","url_text":"978-1-107-03224-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882513995","url_text":"882513995"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Colin D. (2013). The Age of Attila : Fifth-Century Byzantium and the Barbarians. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472035786. OCLC 877412786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472035786","url_text":"9780472035786"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877412786","url_text":"877412786"}]},{"reference":"Danijel Dzino (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229BC–AD68. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mócsy, András (2014) [1974]. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317754251.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317754251","url_text":"9781317754251"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province","external_links_name":"\"Illyricum\" Roman province"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province","external_links_name":"\"Illyricum\" Roman province"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Illyricum%22+Roman+province&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.attalus.org/docs/cil/honorary.html#652","external_links_name":"CIL I² 652"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882513995","external_links_name":"882513995"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Civil_Wars/home.html","external_links_name":"Caesar, The Civil War, 3.6"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Alexandrian_War/C*.html","external_links_name":"Julius Caesar, The Alexandrian War, 42-43"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/1986169/Bellum_Pannonicum_The_Roman_armies_and_indigenous_communities_in_southern_Pannonia_16-9_BC","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/1986169/Bellum_Pannonicum_The_Roman_armies_and_indigenous_communities_in_southern_Pannonia_16-9_BC","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+03%2C+01741&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"III, 1741"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+15:19&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"Romans 15:19"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1998%2C+01056&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"1998, 1056"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877412786","external_links_name":"877412786"},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-illyrian-wars/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/1986169/Bellum_Pannonicum_The_Roman_armies_and_indigenous_communities_in_southern_Pannonia_16-9_BC","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152069713","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_O%27Keefe
Victoria O'Keefe
["1 Death","2 References","3 External links"]
British actress (1969–1990) Victoria O'KeefeBorn(1969-03-27)27 March 1969Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, UKDied17 April 1990(1990-04-17) (aged 21)Merseyside, England, UKOccupationActressYears active1983–1990 Victoria O'Keefe (27 March 1969 – 18 April 1990) was an English actress. Her first role was in the 1983 television series Nanny. She also played Letty in the 1984 miniseries of the same name. She is best known for her role as Jane in the 1984 BBC docudrama Threads. Her last television appearance was as Tracey in the 15-minute short Positively Negative in 1990. Death O'Keefe died on 17 April 1990 in a car accident near Bold, St Helens, Merseyside on the M62 motorway. References ^ Victoria O'Keefe, British Film Institute ^ Articles at VictoriaOKeefe.co.uk ^ Profile, imdb.com; accessed 18 April 2015. External links Victoria O'Keefe website Victoria O'Keefe at Find a Grave Victoria O'Keefe at IMDb This article about an English television actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British television actor born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"Threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threads_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Victoria O'Keefe (27 March 1969 – 18 April 1990) was an English actress.Her first role was in the 1983 television series Nanny. She also played Letty in the 1984 miniseries of the same name. She is best known for her role as Jane in the 1984 BBC docudrama Threads. Her last television appearance was as Tracey in the 15-minute short\nPositively Negative in 1990.[1]","title":"Victoria O'Keefe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bold, St Helens, Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"M62 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M62_motorway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"O'Keefe died on 17 April 1990 in a car accident near Bold, St Helens, Merseyside on the M62 motorway.[2][3]","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161002133653/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba81460b7","external_links_name":"Victoria O'Keefe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220325123710/https://www.victoriaokeefe.co.uk/articles.php","external_links_name":"Articles at VictoriaOKeefe.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0641500/bio","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230519204242/https://www.victoriaokeefe.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Victoria O'Keefe website"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14256400","external_links_name":"Victoria O'Keefe"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0641500/","external_links_name":"Victoria O'Keefe"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_O%27Keefe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_O%27Keefe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus_missile
SSM-N-8 Regulus
["1 History","1.1 Design and development","1.2 Ships and submarines deployed with Regulus I","1.3 Replacement and legacy","2 Regulus II","3 Surviving examples","4 Operators","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Type of cruise missile This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SSM-N-8 Regulus SSM-N-8 "Regulus I" display at Intrepid Sea, Air & Space MuseumTypeCruise missilePlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1955-64Used byUnited States NavyProduction historyManufacturerChance VoughtProducedMarch 1951SpecificationsMass13,685 pounds (6,207 kg)Length32 feet 2 inches (9.80 m)Diameter4 feet 8.5 inches (1.435 m)Wingspan21 feet (6.4 m) extended9 feet 10.5 inches (3.010 m) foldedWarhead3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) such as the W5 warhead or the W27 warheadEngineAllison J33-A-14 turbojet 4,600 lbf (20 kN)2 × booster rockets 33,000 lbf (150 kN)Operationalrange500 nautical miles (926 km)Maximum speed SubsonicGuidancesystemradio-command by ground stations, aircraft, or ships along the flight path The SSM-N-8A Regulus or the Regulus I was a United States Navy-developed ship-and-submarine-launched, nuclear-capable turbojet-powered second generation cruise missile, deployed from 1955 to 1964. Its development was an outgrowth of U.S. Navy tests conducted with the German V-1 missile at Naval Air Station Point Mugu in California. Its barrel-shaped fuselage resembled that of numerous fighter aircraft designs of the era, but without a cockpit. Test articles of the Regulus were equipped with landing gear and could take off and land like an airplane. When the missiles were deployed they were launched from a rail launcher, and equipped with a pair of Aerojet JATO bottles on the aft end of the fuselage. History Design and development A Regulus I missile. A KDU-1 target drone In October 1943, Chance Vought Aircraft Company signed a study contract for a 300-mile (480 km) range missile to carry a 4,000-pound (1,800 kg) warhead. The project stalled for four years, however, until May 1947, when the United States Army Air Forces awarded Martin Aircraft Company a contract for a turbojet powered subsonic missile, the Matador. The Navy saw Matador as a threat to its role in guided missiles and, within days, started a Navy development program for a missile that could be launched from a submarine and use the same J33 engine as the Matador. In August 1947, the specifications for the project, now named "Regulus," were issued: Carry a 3,000-pound (1,400 kg) warhead, to a range of 500 nautical miles (930 km), at Mach 0.85, with a circular error probable (CEP) of 0.5% of the range. At its extreme range the missile had to hit within 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) of its target 50% of the time. Regulus development was preceded by Navy experiments with the JB-2 Loon missile, a close derivative of the German V-1 flying bomb, beginning in the last year of World War II. Submarine testing was performed from 1947 to 1953 at the Navy's facility at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, with USS Cusk and USS Carbonero converted as test platforms, initially carrying the missile unprotected, thus unable to submerge until after launch. Regulus was designed to be 30 feet (9.1 m) long, 10 feet (3.0 m) in wingspan, 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter, and would weigh between 10,000 and 12,000 pounds (4,500 and 5,400 kg). The missile resembled an F-84 fighter aircraft, but without a cockpit, and test versions were equipped with landing gear so that they could be recovered and re-used. After launch, Regulus would be guided toward its target by control stations, typically by submarines or surface ships equipped with guidance equipment. It could also be flown remotely by chase aircraft. (Later, with the "Trounce" system (Tactical Radar Omnidirectional Underwater Navigational Control Equipment), one submarine could guide it). Army-Navy competition complicated both the Matador's and the Regulus' developments. The missiles looked alike and used the same engine. They had nearly identical performances, schedules, and costs. Under pressure to reduce defense spending, the United States Department of Defense ordered the Navy to determine if Matador could be adapted for their use. The Navy concluded that the Navy's Regulus could perform the Navy mission better. Regulus had some advantages over Matador. It required only two guidance stations while Matador required three. It could also be launched quicker, as Matador's boosters had to be fitted while the missile was on the launcher while Regulus was stowed with its boosters attached. Finally, Chance Vought built a recoverable version of the missile, designated KDU-1 and also used as a target drone, so that even though a Regulus test vehicle was more expensive to build, Regulus was cheaper to use over a series of tests. The Navy program continued, and the first Regulus flew in March 1951. Due to its size and regulations concerning oversize loads on highways, Chance Vought collaborated with a firm that specialized in trucking oversize loads to develop a special tractor trailer combination which could move a Regulus I missile. Ships and submarines deployed with Regulus I Main article: Regulus missile submarines The first launch from a submarine occurred in July 1953 from the deck of USS Tunny, a World War II fleet boat modified to carry Regulus. Tunny and her sister boat USS Barbero were the United States's first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. They were joined in 1958 by two purpose-built Regulus submarines, USS Grayback and USS Growler, and, later, by the nuclear-powered USS Halibut. Halibut, with its extremely large internal hangar could carry five missiles and was intended to be the prototype of a whole new class of cruise missile firing SSG-N submarines. USS Tunny launching a Regulus I in 1956. The Navy strategy called for four Regulus missiles to be at sea at any given time. Thus, Barbero and Tunny, each of which carried two Regulus missiles, patrolled simultaneously. Growler and Grayback, with four missiles each, or Halibut, with five, could patrol alone. Operating from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the five Regulus submarines made 40 nuclear deterrent patrols in the Northern Pacific Ocean between October 1959 and July 1964, including during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. According to the documentary "Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines" by Nick T. Spark, their primary task in the event of a nuclear exchange would be to eliminate the Soviet naval base at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. These deterrent patrols represented the first ever in the history of the submarine Navy and preceded those made by the Polaris missile firing submarines. Regulus submarines Class Name In Commission Number of missiles Post-Regulus use Gato Tunny 1953-1965 2 Converted to amphibious transport submarine Balao Barbero 1955-1964 Expended as target 1964 Grayback Grayback 1958-1964 4 Converted to amphibious transport submarine Growler 1958-1964 Decommissioned, memorial 1988 Halibut Halibut 1960-1964 5 Converted to special mission submarine The Regulus firing submarines were relieved by the George Washington-class submarines carrying the Polaris missile system. Barbero also earned the distinction of launching the only delivery of missile mail. Additional submarines including USS Cusk and USS Carbonero were equipped with control systems that allowed them to take control of a Regulus in flight, thus extending its range in a tactical situation. A Regulus I fired from USS Los Angeles, 1957. Regulus was also deployed by the U.S. Navy in 1955 in the Pacific on board the cruiser USS Los Angeles. In 1956, three more followed: USS Macon, USS Toledo, and USS Helena. These four Baltimore-class cruisers each carried three Regulus missiles on operational patrols in the Western Pacific. Macon's last Regulus patrol was in 1958, Toledo's in 1959, Helena's in 1960, and Los Angeles's in 1961. Ten aircraft carriers were configured to operate Regulus missiles (though only six ever launched one). USS Princeton did not deploy with the missile but conducted the first launch of a Regulus from a warship. USS Saratoga also did not deploy but was involved in two demonstration launches. USS Franklin D. Roosevelt and USS Lexington each conducted one test launch. USS Randolph deployed to the Mediterranean carrying three Regulus missiles. USS Hancock deployed once to the Western Pacific with four missiles in 1955. Lexington, Hancock, USS Shangri-La, and USS Ticonderoga were involved in the development of the Regulus Assault Mission (RAM) concept. RAM converted the Regulus cruise missiles into an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): Regulus missiles would be launched from cruisers or submarines, and once in flight, guided to their targets by carrier-based pilots with remote control equipment. Replacement and legacy Despite being the U.S. Navy's first underwater nuclear capability, the Regulus missile system had significant operational drawbacks. In order to launch, the submarine had to surface and assemble the missile in whatever sea conditions it was in. Because it required active radar guidance, which only had a range of 225 nmi (259 mi; 417 km), the ship had to stay stationary on the surface to guide it to the target while effectively broadcasting its location. This guidance method was susceptible to jamming and since the missile was subsonic, the launch platform remained exposed and vulnerable to attack during its flight duration; destroying the ship would effectively disable the missile in flight. Production of Regulus was phased out in January 1959 with delivery of the 514th missile; in 1962, it was redesignated RGM-6. It was removed from service in August 1964. Some of the obsolete missiles were expended as targets at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Regulus not only provided the first nuclear strategic deterrence force for the United States Navy during the first years of the Cold War and especially during the Cuban Missile Crisis, preceding the Polaris missiles, Poseidon missiles, and Trident missiles that followed, but it was also the forerunner of the Tomahawk cruise missile. Following retirement, a number of Regulas I missiles were converted for target drone usage under the designation BQM-6C. Regulus II Main article: SSM-N-9 Regulus II A second generation supersonic Vought SSM-N-9 Regulus II cruise missile with a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km) and a speed of Mach 2 was developed and successfully tested, including a test launch from Grayback, but the program was canceled in favor of the UGM-27 Polaris nuclear ballistic missile. The Regulus II missile was a completely new design with improved guidance and double the range, and was intended to replace the Regulus I missile. Regulus II-equipped submarines and ships would have been fitted with the Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS), allowing the missiles to be aligned accurately before take-off. Forty-eight test flights of Regulus II prototypes were carried out, 30 of which were successful, 14 partially successful and four failures. A production contract was signed in January 1958 and the only submarine launch was carried out from Grayback in September 1958. Due to the high cost of the Regulus II (approximately one million dollars each), budgetary pressure, and the emergence of the UGM-27 Polaris SLBM (submarine-launched ballistic missile), the Regulus II program was canceled on 18 December 1958. At the time of cancellation Vought had completed 20 Regulus II missiles with 27 more on the production line. Production of Regulus I missiles continued until January 1959 with delivery of the 514th missile, and it was withdrawn from service in August 1964. Both Regulus I and Regulus II were used as target drones after 1964. Surviving examples Regulus I in launch position on USS Growler. The following museums in the United States have Regulus missiles on display as part of their collections: Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina Regulus I missile in launch position at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is mounted on a catapult launching stand used for aircraft carrier launches and was restored late 2006 after having been on outdoor display for a number of years. Frontiers of Flight Museum, Dallas Love Field, Texas Regulus II missile Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, New York City, New York Regulus I cruise missile can be seen ready for simulated launch on board USS Growler at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City. Point Mugu Missile Park, Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California The museum's collection includes both a Regulus and a Regulus II missile USS Bowfin Museum, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Veterans Memorial Museum, Huntsville, Alabama Regulus II missile Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum Regulus I on display at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center New Jersey Naval Museum, Hackensack, New Jersey Regulus with intact engine US Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands, island of Kauai, Hawaii Regulus I restored in 2011 on static display inside the North Gate Operators  United States United States Navy (from 1955 to 1964) See also List of missiles SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia References ^ Regulus: America's First Sea-borne Nuclear Deterrent Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Edward C. Whitman. Undersea Warfare vol. 3 no. 3., pp 31. ^ a b c d e f g h Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines documentary, Spark, 2002 ^ Marshall William Mcmurran, Achieving Accuracy: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles, Xlibris Corporation, 2008. pp 216 ^ Friedman, p. 178 ^ David K. Stumpf, Regulus: America's First Nuclear Submarine Missile,Turner Publishing Company, 1996. pp 21-22 ^ Friedman, p. 263 ^ Build Special Trailer To Move Bulky Missile." Popular Mechanics, June 1954, p. 128. ^ Stumpf, pp 134 ^ Stumpf, pp 142 ^ Stumpf, pp 151 ^ Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines documentary, Spark, 2002. ^ Friedman, pp. 177-191 ^ a b c Vought SSM-N-8/RGM-6 Regulus. Designation-Systems.net. ^ Wellerstein, Alex (10 May 2018). "A View from the Deep". The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. Retrieved 15 June 2019. Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-260-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SSM-N-8 Regulus. USS Halibut Webpage US Navy Photos & Documentary film produced by Nick T. Spark, "Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines" which aired initially on the History Channel in Europe. Carolinas Aviation Museum "Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines" vteVought, Vought-Sikorsky, and LTV Aerospace aircraftManufacturerdesignations 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 17 18 19 22 44 50 65 66 70 80 85 90 92 93 97 99 100 (I) 100 (II) 131 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 150 156 162 166 167 169 173 174 300 302 310 315 316 B 326 327 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 550 585 600 601 1000 Super 1100 1600 1601 1602 2000 3010 By roleFighters VE-7/VE-8/VE-9 VE-11 V-141 V-143 FU XF2U XF3U F4U XF5U F6U F7U F8U/F-8 XF8U-3 V-505/V-507 V-1600 Scout / Attack UO O2U O3U O4U O5U OS2U XSO2U SU SBU SB2U XSB3U XTBU AU A2U A-7 F Experimental L450F V-173 V-326 XC-142 XQM-93 Unbuilt XS2U XWU Other VE-10 V-100 By nameCorsair O2U SBU Corsair Junior F4U/AU A-7 (II) Others Bluebird Crusader (I/II) Crusader III Cutlass Flying Flapjack Kingfisher Pirate Sea Wolf Vindicator vteUSN/USMC drone designations 1946–1962Ryan KDA Beechcraft KDB KD2B Curtiss-Wright KD2C KD3C McDonnell KDD Globe KDG KD2G KD3G KD4G KD5G KD6G McDonnell KDH Martin KDM Naval Aircraft Factory KDN KD2N Radioplane KDR KD2R KD3R1 KD4R Temco KDT Vought KDU KD2U Culver UC 1 Not assignedSee also: Target drones vteUnited States Navy missile designations 1947–1962Air-launched missilesAir-to-air missiles AAM-N-2 Sparrow AAM-N-3 Sparrow AAM-N-4 Oriole AAM-N-5 Meteor AAM-N-6 Sparrow AAM-N-7 Sidewinder AAM-N-9 Sparrow AAM-N-10 Eagle AAM-N-11 Phoenix Air-to-surface missiles ASM-N-2 Bat ASM-N-4 ASM-N-5 Gorgon V ASM-N-6 Omar ASM-N-7 Bullpup ASM-N-8 Corvus ASM-N-10 Shrike ASM-N-11 Condor Air-to-underwater missiles AUM-N-2 Petrel AUM-N-4 Diver AUM-N-6 Puffin Surface-launched missilesSurface-to-air missiles SAM-N-2 Lark SAM-N-4 Lark SAM-N-6 Talos SAM-N-7 Terrier SAM-N-8 (I) Zeus SAM-N-8 (II) Typhon SAM-N-9 Typhon Surface-to-surface missiles SSM-N-2 Triton XSSM-N-4 Taurus SSM-N-6 Rigel SSM-N-8 Regulus SSM-N-9 (I) Lacrosse SSM-N-9 (II) Regulus II Surface-to-underwater missiles SUM-N-2 Grebe Test vehiclesControl CTV-N-2 Gorgon IIC CTV-N-4 Gorgon IIA CTV-N-6 Gorgon III CTV-N-8 Bumblebee STV CTV-N-9 CTV-N-10 Launching LTV-N-2 LTV-N-4 Propulsion PTV-N-2 Gorgon IV PTV-N-4 Cobra Research and general testing RTV-N-2 RTV-N-4 RTV-N-6 Bumblebee XPM RTV-N-8 RTV-N-10 RTV-N-12 RTV-N-13 RTV-N-15 RTV-N-16 See also: BOAR Caleb CROW Dervish Diamondback Gimlet Hopi Pilot Ram RARE Sparoair Tiny Tim vte1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations, 1963–present1–50 MGM-1 RIM-2 MIM-3 AIM-4 MGM-5 RGM-6 AIM-7 RIM-7 RIM-8 AIM-9 CIM-10 PGM-11 AGM-12 CGM-13/MGM-13 MIM-14 RGM-15 CGM-16 PGM-17 MGM-18 PGM-19 ADM-20 MGM-21 AGM-22 MIM-23 RIM-24 HGM-25A LGM-25C AIM-26 UGM-27 AGM-28 MGM-29 LGM-30 MGM-31A/B (MGM-31C) MGM-32 MQM-33 AQM-34 AQM-35 (I) LGM-35 (II) MQM-36 AQM-37 AQM-38 MQM-39 MQM-40 AQM-41 MQM-42 FIM-43 UUM-44 AGM-45 MIM-46 AIM-47 AGM-48 XLIM-49 LIM-49 RIM-50 51–100 MGM-51 MGM-52 AGM-53 AIM-54 RIM-55 PQM-56 MQM-57 MQM-58 RGM-59 AQM-60 MQM-61 AGM-62 AGM-63 AGM-64 AGM-65 RIM-66 RIM-67 AIM-68 AGM-69 LEM-70 BGM-71 MIM-72 UGM-73 BQM-74 BGM-75 AGM-76 FGM-77 AGM-78 AGM-79 AGM-80 AQM-81 AIM-82 AGM-83 AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 AGM-84E AGM-84H/K RIM-85 AGM-86 AGM-87 AGM-88 UGM-89 BQM-90 AQM-91 FIM-92 "AIM-92" XQM-93 YQM-94 AIM-95 UGM-96 AIM-97 YQM-98 LIM-99 LIM-100 101–150 RIM-101 PQM-102 AQM-103 MIM-104 MQM-105 BQM-106 MQM-107 BQM-108 BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 BGM-109G BGM-110 BQM-111 AGM-112 RIM-113 AGM-114 MIM-115 RIM-116 FQM-117 LGM-118 AGM-119 AIM-120 CQM-121/CGM-121 AGM-122 AGM-123 AGM-124 RUM-125/UUM-125 BQM-126 AQM-127 AQM-128 AGM-129 AGM-130 AGM-131 AIM-132 UGM-133 MGM-134 ASM-135 AGM-136 AGM-137 CEM-138 RUM-139 MGM-140 ADM-141 AGM-142 MQM-143 ADM-144 BQM-145 MIM-146 BQM-147 FGM-148 PQM-149 PQM-150 151–200 FQM-151 AIM-152 AGM-153 AGM-154 BQM-155 RIM-156 MGM-157 AGM-158A/B AGM-158C AGM-159 ADM-160 RIM-161 RIM-162 GQM-163 MGM-164 RGM-165 MGM-166 BQM-167 MGM-168 AGM-169 MQM-170 MQM-171 FGM-172 GQM-173 RIM-174 MQM-175 AGM-176 BQM-177 MQM-178 AGM-179 AGM-180 AGM-181 LGM-182 AGM-183 RGM-184 MQM-185 MQM-186 AGM-187 201– AIM-260 MIM-401 Undesignated Aequare ASALM Brazo Common Missile GBI HALO HACM Have Dash JSM KEI LREW LRHW MA-31 MSDM NCADE NLOS OpFires PrSM Senior Prom Sprint Wagtail M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U GLSDB See also: United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963 Drones designated in UAV sequence Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"V-1 missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_missile"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Point Mugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Aerojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerojet"},{"link_name":"JATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO"}],"text":"The SSM-N-8A Regulus or the Regulus I was a United States Navy-developed ship-and-submarine-launched, nuclear-capable turbojet-powered second generation cruise missile, deployed from 1955 to 1964. Its development was an outgrowth of U.S. Navy tests conducted with the German V-1 missile at Naval Air Station Point Mugu in California.[1] Its barrel-shaped fuselage resembled that of numerous fighter aircraft designs of the era, but without a cockpit. Test articles of the Regulus were equipped with landing gear and could take off and land like an airplane.[2] When the missiles were deployed they were launched from a rail launcher, and equipped with a pair of Aerojet JATO bottles on the aft end of the fuselage.","title":"SSM-N-8 Regulus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regulus_missile.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vought_KDU-1_Regulus_in_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chance Vought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Martin Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Matador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-1_Matador"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"circular error probable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable"},{"link_name":"JB-2 Loon missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic-Ford_JB-2"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Point Mugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu"},{"link_name":"USS Cusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cusk"},{"link_name":"USS Carbonero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Carbonero"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"oversize loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversize_load"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Design and development","text":"A Regulus I missile.A KDU-1 target droneIn October 1943, Chance Vought Aircraft Company signed a study contract for a 300-mile (480 km) range missile to carry a 4,000-pound (1,800 kg) warhead. The project stalled for four years, however, until May 1947, when the United States Army Air Forces awarded Martin Aircraft Company a contract for a turbojet powered subsonic missile, the Matador. The Navy saw Matador as a threat to its role in guided missiles and, within days, started a Navy development program for a missile that could be launched from a submarine and use the same J33 engine as the Matador.[3][self-published source] In August 1947, the specifications for the project, now named \"Regulus,\" were issued: Carry a 3,000-pound (1,400 kg) warhead, to a range of 500 nautical miles (930 km), at Mach 0.85, with a circular error probable (CEP) of 0.5% of the range. At its extreme range the missile had to hit within 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) of its target 50% of the time.Regulus development was preceded by Navy experiments with the JB-2 Loon missile, a close derivative of the German V-1 flying bomb, beginning in the last year of World War II. Submarine testing was performed from 1947 to 1953 at the Navy's facility at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, with USS Cusk and USS Carbonero converted as test platforms, initially carrying the missile unprotected, thus unable to submerge until after launch.[2]Regulus was designed to be 30 feet (9.1 m) long, 10 feet (3.0 m) in wingspan, 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter, and would weigh between 10,000 and 12,000 pounds (4,500 and 5,400 kg). The missile resembled an F-84 fighter aircraft, but without a cockpit, and test versions were equipped with landing gear so that they could be recovered and re-used.[2] After launch, Regulus would be guided toward its target by control stations, typically by submarines or surface ships equipped with guidance equipment. It could also be flown remotely by chase aircraft.[2] (Later, with the \"Trounce\" system (Tactical Radar Omnidirectional Underwater Navigational Control Equipment), one submarine could guide it).[4] Army-Navy competition complicated both the Matador's and the Regulus' developments. The missiles looked alike and used the same engine. They had nearly identical performances, schedules, and costs. Under pressure to reduce defense spending, the United States Department of Defense ordered the Navy to determine if Matador could be adapted for their use. The Navy concluded that the Navy's Regulus could perform the Navy mission better.[5]Regulus had some advantages over Matador. It required only two guidance stations while Matador required three.[6] It could also be launched quicker, as Matador's boosters had to be fitted while the missile was on the launcher while Regulus was stowed with its boosters attached. Finally, Chance Vought built a recoverable version of the missile, designated KDU-1 and also used as a target drone, so that even though a Regulus test vehicle was more expensive to build, Regulus was cheaper to use over a series of tests. The Navy program continued, and the first Regulus flew in March 1951.Due to its size and regulations concerning oversize loads on highways, Chance Vought collaborated with a firm that specialized in trucking oversize loads to develop a special tractor trailer combination which could move a Regulus I missile.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Tunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tunny_(SS-282)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS Barbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Barbero"},{"link_name":"deterrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"USS Grayback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Grayback_(SSG-574)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USS Growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Growler_(SSG-577)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"USS Halibut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Halibut_(SSGN-587)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Tunny_(SSG-282)_Regulus_launching_sequence_c1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Tunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tunny_(SS-282)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Nick T. Spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_T._Spark"},{"link_name":"Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky"},{"link_name":"Polaris missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_missile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"George Washington-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Polaris missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_missile"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"missile mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_mail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Los_Angeles_(CA-135)_firing_a_Regulus_I_missile_on_7_August_1957_(NH_97391).jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Los_Angeles_(CA-135)"},{"link_name":"USS Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Los_Angeles_(CA-135)"},{"link_name":"USS Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Macon_(CA-132)"},{"link_name":"USS Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Toledo_(CA-133)"},{"link_name":"USS Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Helena_(CA-75)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CV-37)"},{"link_name":"USS Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)"},{"link_name":"USS Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"USS Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)"},{"link_name":"USS Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Randolph_(CV-15)"},{"link_name":"USS Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hancock_(CV-19)"},{"link_name":"USS Shangri-La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shangri-La"},{"link_name":"USS Ticonderoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ticonderoga_(CV-14)"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"}],"sub_title":"Ships and submarines deployed with Regulus I","text":"The first launch from a submarine occurred in July 1953 from the deck of USS Tunny, a World War II fleet boat modified to carry Regulus. Tunny and her sister boat USS Barbero were the United States's first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. They were joined in 1958 by two purpose-built Regulus submarines, USS Grayback[8] and USS Growler,[9] and, later, by the nuclear-powered USS Halibut.[10] Halibut, with its extremely large internal hangar could carry five missiles and was intended to be the prototype of a whole new class of cruise missile firing SSG-N submarines.[11]USS Tunny launching a Regulus I in 1956.The Navy strategy called for four Regulus missiles to be at sea at any given time. Thus, Barbero and Tunny, each of which carried two Regulus missiles, patrolled simultaneously. Growler and Grayback, with four missiles each, or Halibut, with five, could patrol alone. Operating from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the five Regulus submarines made 40 nuclear deterrent patrols in the Northern Pacific Ocean between October 1959 and July 1964, including during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. According to the documentary \"Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines\" by Nick T. Spark, their primary task in the event of a nuclear exchange would be to eliminate the Soviet naval base at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. These deterrent patrols represented the first ever in the history of the submarine Navy and preceded those made by the Polaris missile firing submarines.[2]The Regulus firing submarines were relieved by the George Washington-class submarines carrying the Polaris missile system.[12] Barbero also earned the distinction of launching the only delivery of missile mail.Additional submarines including USS Cusk and USS Carbonero were equipped with control systems that allowed them to take control of a Regulus in flight, thus extending its range in a tactical situation.[2]A Regulus I fired from USS Los Angeles, 1957.Regulus was also deployed by the U.S. Navy in 1955 in the Pacific on board the cruiser USS Los Angeles. In 1956, three more followed: USS Macon, USS Toledo, and USS Helena. These four Baltimore-class cruisers each carried three Regulus missiles on operational patrols in the Western Pacific. Macon's last Regulus patrol was in 1958, Toledo's in 1959, Helena's in 1960, and Los Angeles's in 1961.Ten aircraft carriers were configured to operate Regulus missiles (though only six ever launched one). USS Princeton did not deploy with the missile but conducted the first launch of a Regulus from a warship. USS Saratoga also did not deploy but was involved in two demonstration launches. USS Franklin D. Roosevelt and USS Lexington each conducted one test launch. USS Randolph deployed to the Mediterranean carrying three Regulus missiles. USS Hancock deployed once to the Western Pacific with four missiles in 1955. Lexington, Hancock, USS Shangri-La, and USS Ticonderoga were involved in the development of the Regulus Assault Mission (RAM) concept. RAM converted the Regulus cruise missiles into an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): Regulus missiles would be launched from cruisers or submarines, and once in flight, guided to their targets by carrier-based pilots with remote control equipment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS-13"},{"link_name":"Eglin Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Polaris missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris"},{"link_name":"Poseidon missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-73_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Trident missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk"},{"link_name":"target drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_drone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS-13"}],"sub_title":"Replacement and legacy","text":"Despite being the U.S. Navy's first underwater nuclear capability, the Regulus missile system had significant operational drawbacks. In order to launch, the submarine had to surface and assemble the missile in whatever sea conditions it was in. Because it required active radar guidance, which only had a range of 225 nmi (259 mi; 417 km), the ship had to stay stationary on the surface to guide it to the target while effectively broadcasting its location. This guidance method was susceptible to jamming and since the missile was subsonic, the launch platform remained exposed and vulnerable to attack during its flight duration; destroying the ship would effectively disable the missile in flight.[13][14]Production of Regulus was phased out in January 1959 with delivery of the 514th missile; in 1962, it was redesignated RGM-6.[13] It was removed from service in August 1964. Some of the obsolete missiles were expended as targets at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Regulus not only provided the first nuclear strategic deterrence force for the United States Navy during the first years of the Cold War and especially during the Cuban Missile Crisis, preceding the Polaris missiles, Poseidon missiles, and Trident missiles that followed, but it was also the forerunner of the Tomahawk cruise missile.Following retirement, a number of Regulas I missiles were converted for target drone usage under the designation BQM-6C.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought"},{"link_name":"SSM-N-9 Regulus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSM-N-9_Regulus_II"},{"link_name":"UGM-27 Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Ships Inertial Navigation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system"},{"link_name":"UGM-27 Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"A second generation supersonic Vought SSM-N-9 Regulus II cruise missile with a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km) and a speed of Mach 2 was developed and successfully tested, including a test launch from Grayback, but the program was canceled in favor of the UGM-27 Polaris nuclear ballistic missile.[2]The Regulus II missile was a completely new design with improved guidance and double the range, and was intended to replace the Regulus I missile. Regulus II-equipped submarines and ships would have been fitted with the Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS), allowing the missiles to be aligned accurately before take-off.Forty-eight test flights of Regulus II prototypes were carried out, 30 of which were successful, 14 partially successful and four failures. A production contract was signed in January 1958 and the only submarine launch was carried out from Grayback in September 1958.Due to the high cost of the Regulus II (approximately one million dollars each), budgetary pressure, and the emergence of the UGM-27 Polaris SLBM (submarine-launched ballistic missile), the Regulus II program was canceled on 18 December 1958. At the time of cancellation Vought had completed 20 Regulus II missiles with 27 more on the production line. Production of Regulus I missiles continued until January 1959 with delivery of the 514th missile, and it was withdrawn from service in August 1964.Both Regulus I and Regulus II were used as target drones after 1964.[2]","title":"Regulus II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Misil_regulus.JPG"},{"link_name":"USS Growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Growler_(SSG-577)"},{"link_name":"Carolinas Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Carolinas Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinas_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Frontiers of Flight Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiers_of_Flight_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dallas Love Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field"},{"link_name":"Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrepid_Sea-Air-Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"USS Growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Growler_(SSG-577)"},{"link_name":"Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrepid_Sea-Air-Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Point Mugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Point_Mugu"},{"link_name":"USS Bowfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bowfin"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pacific Missile Range Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Missile_Range_Facility"}],"text":"Regulus I in launch position on USS Growler.The following museums in the United States have Regulus missiles on display as part of their collections:Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina\nRegulus I missile in launch position at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is mounted on a catapult launching stand used for aircraft carrier launches and was restored late 2006 after having been on outdoor display for a number of years.\nFrontiers of Flight Museum, Dallas Love Field, Texas\nRegulus II missile\nIntrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, New York City, New York\nRegulus I cruise missile can be seen ready for simulated launch on board USS Growler at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City.\nPoint Mugu Missile Park, Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California\nThe museum's collection includes both a Regulus and a Regulus II missile\nUSS Bowfin Museum, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii\n\nVeterans Memorial Museum, Huntsville, Alabama\nRegulus II missile\nSmithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum\nRegulus I on display at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center\nNew Jersey Naval Museum, Hackensack, New Jersey\nRegulus with intact engine\nUS Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands, island of Kauai, Hawaii\nRegulus I restored in 2011 on static display inside the North Gate","title":"Surviving examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"United StatesUnited States Navy (from 1955 to 1964)","title":"Operators"}]
[{"image_text":"A Regulus I missile.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Regulus_missile.png/220px-Regulus_missile.png"},{"image_text":"A KDU-1 target drone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vought_KDU-1_Regulus_in_flight.jpg/220px-Vought_KDU-1_Regulus_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Tunny launching a Regulus I in 1956.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USS_Tunny_%28SSG-282%29_Regulus_launching_sequence_c1956.jpg/220px-USS_Tunny_%28SSG-282%29_Regulus_launching_sequence_c1956.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Regulus I fired from USS Los Angeles, 1957.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USS_Los_Angeles_%28CA-135%29_firing_a_Regulus_I_missile_on_7_August_1957_%28NH_97391%29.jpg/220px-USS_Los_Angeles_%28CA-135%29_firing_a_Regulus_I_missile_on_7_August_1957_%28NH_97391%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regulus I in launch position on USS Growler.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Misil_regulus.JPG/220px-Misil_regulus.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missiles"},{"title":"SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSBN_Deterrent_Patrol_insignia"}]
[{"reference":"Wellerstein, Alex (10 May 2018). \"A View from the Deep\". The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. Retrieved 15 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Wellerstein","url_text":"Wellerstein, Alex"},{"url":"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2018/05/10/a-view-from-the-deep/","url_text":"\"A View from the Deep\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland","url_text":"Annapolis, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"United States Naval Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-260-9","url_text":"1-55750-260-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/PDF/USW_Spring_2001.pdf","external_links_name":"Regulus: America's First Sea-borne Nuclear Deterrent"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211231915/http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/PDF/USW_Spring_2001.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1t4DAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"Build Special Trailer To Move Bulky Missile.\""},{"Link":"http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-6.html","external_links_name":"Vought SSM-N-8/RGM-6 Regulus"},{"Link":"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2018/05/10/a-view-from-the-deep/","external_links_name":"\"A View from the Deep\""},{"Link":"http://hometown.aol.com/Reallycoolpix/USSHalibut.html","external_links_name":"USS Halibut Webpage"},{"Link":"http://www.regulus-missile.com/","external_links_name":"US Navy Photos & Documentary film"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103223620/http://www.carolinasaviation.org/collections/missiles/regulus.html","external_links_name":"Carolinas Aviation Museum"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Regulus-First-Nuclear-Missile-Submarines/dp/B074TTHNP8/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1505946662&sr=1-1&keywords=regulus","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561635505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008005859","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675407","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_consensus
Taiwan consensus
["1 History","2 Meaning","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Taiwanese political term You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (December 2013) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|台灣共識}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Politics of Taiwan Government Constitution Additional Articles of the Constitution Law Taxation Presidency President of the Republic of China Lai Ching-te (DPP) Vice President of the Republic of China Hsiao Bi-khim (DPP) Office of the President National Security Council ExecutiveExecutive Yuan Premier Cho Jung-tai (DPP) Vice Premier Cheng Li-chun (DPP) LegislatureLegislative Yuan 11th Legislative Yuan President of the Legislative Yuan Han Kuo-yu (KMT) Vice President of the Legislative Yuan Johnny Chiang (KMT) JudiciaryJudicial Yuan President of the Judicial Yuan and Chief Justice Hsu Tzong-li Vice President of the Judicial Yuan Tsai Jeong-duen Supreme Court High Courts District Courts Other branchesExamination Yuan President of the Examination Yuan Huang Jong-tsun Vice President of the Examination Yuan Chou Hung-hsien Control Yuan President of the Control Yuan Chen Chu Vice President of the Control Yuan Lee Hung-chun Local government Mayors and Magistrates Elections Central Election Commission Presidential elections Legislative elections Local elections Referendums Political partiesRepresented in the Legislative Yuan Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan People's Party Others New Power Party Taiwan Statebuilding Party People First Party Taiwan Solidarity Union New Party Non-Partisan Solidarity Union Green Party Taiwan Mass mediaTelevision Newspapers United Daily News Liberty Times China Times Taipei Times Propaganda Censorship Film censorship White Terror Foreign relationsMinistry of Foreign Affairs Foreign Minister Lin Chia-lung Cross-Strait relations Special state-to-state relations One Country on Each Side 1992 Consensus Taiwan consensus Chinese Taipei Australia–Taiwan relations Canada–Taiwan relations France–Taiwan relations Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwan–United Kingdom relations Taiwan–United States relations Taiwan and the World Health Organization Related topicsPolitical status of Taiwan Republic of China (1912–1949) Chinese Civil War One-China policy China and the United Nations Chinese unification Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Tangwai movement Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Taiwan portal Other countries vte The Taiwan consensus (Chinese: 台灣共識; pinyin: Táiwān gòngshí; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân kiōng-sek) is a Taiwanese political term, which was coined in August 2011 by Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) chair Tsai Ing-wen, and is intended to replace the "1992 consensus", which was the basis of DPP's negotiations between Taiwan and the mainland China until now. History The term appeared first in August 2011, when DPP chair Tsai Ing-wen disclosed the point "National Security Strategy and the development of cross-strait trade" (Chinese: 國家安全戰略篇與兩岸經貿發展篇) at the "ten years platform" (Chinese: 十年政綱). Through the concept of Taiwan consensus, Tsai Ing-wen directly competes with President Ma Ying-jeou's political views for the 2012 Republic of China presidential election. Meaning Tsai believes that the 1992 consensus is solely based on the One-China policy and the desire to preserve it. The DPP further states, that a "consensus" among the Taiwanese people about the "1992 consensus" does not exist. The DPP hopes to get a "Taiwan Consensus" (a consensus amongst the people) to displace the 1992 consensus, which would be ratified by legislation and a referendum. This new consensus should then form the basis for negotiations with the PRC. Tsai states further that the Taiwan consensus "is not an ordinary problem to be decided by majority", "is not an ordinary legislation or public issue" and "not even a purely domestic problem." Because Taiwan is domestically not united with China and has no consensus on the direction towards China, the Taiwanese government has no basis for negotiations with China. She hopes, that through democratic processes and the Legislative Yuan "with all different political views can find common ground", " that is the true spirit of the Taiwan consensus". See also China portalTaiwan portal Cross-Strait relations One Country on Each Side 1992 consensus References ^ a b c "Tsai details DPP’s cross-strait policies", Taipei Times, 2011-08-24, retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ "蔡：無92共識 推台灣共識", (in Chinese), Liberty Times, 2011-8-24, retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ "Liberty Times: Time to formulate 'Taiwan consensus'", Focus Taiwan News Channel, 2011-08-25, retrieved 6 January 2013 External links 紐約說文解字 蔡英文：台灣共識3不3有, 聯合新聞網, 2011-09-17 vte Cross-Strait relations Diplomatic posts Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau Diplomacy Opening of the South-North route Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping Kinmen Agreement Wang–Koo summit Cross-Strait charter 2004 Taiwanese cross-Strait relations referendum May 17 Statement 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China Cross-Strait high-level talks First Chen–Chiang summit Second Chen–Chiang summit Fourth Chen–Chiang summit Fifth Chen–Chiang summit Sixth Chen–Chiang summit Seventh Chen–Chiang summit Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait CEO Summit Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline 2014 Wang–Zhang meetings 2015 Xi–Chu meeting Ma–Xi meeting Straits Forum Shanghai-Taipei City Forum Second Ma–Xi meeting Conflicts Chinese Civil War Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan Guanbi policy First Taiwan Strait Crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Senkaku Islands Dispute Incidents Capture of the Tuapse Kashmir Princess Battle of Dong-Yin United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 Project National Glory Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations CAAC Flight 296 China Airlines Flight 334 1987 Lieyu massacre Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident Min Ping Yu No. 5202 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions Qiandao Lake incident China Airlines Flight 611 Sunflower Student Movement Braga incident Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement Wang Liqiang Freedom pineapples 2021 Solomon Islands unrest 2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident Legislation Cross-Strait Act Proposed National Unification Promotion Law Anti-Secession Law Anti-Infiltration Act Organizations All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum Cross-Strait Peace Forum Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum Mainland Affairs Council National Unification Council Straits Exchange Foundation Taiwan Affairs Office Taiwan Competitiveness Forum Taiwan Strait Tourism Association Concepts 1992 Consensus China Circle Chinese unification Chinese nationalism Chinese irredentism Chinese Taipei Cross-Strait Economic Zone Dang Guo Four Noes and One Without Greater China Han chauvinism One China One-China policy One Country on Each Side One country, two systems Propaganda in China Cross-Strait propaganda Republic of China on Taiwan Self-determination Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang Socialism with Chinese characteristics Special non-state-to-state relations Six Assurances Taiwan, China Two Chinas Three Noes Three Links Taiwan consensus Taiwan independence movement Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan United front in Taiwan Under the Roof of One China Xi Jinping Thought Zhonghua minzu Related Fujian–Taiwan relationship Hong Kong–Taiwan relations Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council Pro-ROC camp Chinese Travel Document Exit & Entry Permit Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents Cross-strait language database ECFA Debate HMS Aurora (12) China and the United Nations China and the World Bank Chinese intelligence activity abroad Chinese information operations and information warfare Chinese Soviet Republic Freedom of religion in China Foreign relations of China Timeline of diplomatic relations with China Political status of Taiwan Foreign relations of Taiwan Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan Geostrategy in Taiwan Anti-Communist Hero Milk Tea Alliance Taishang G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway China National Highway 228 (Taiwan) Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama The World Turned Upside Down Go and Reclaim the Mainland Category:Cross-Strait relations
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Democratic Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Tsai Ing-wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen"},{"link_name":"1992 consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_consensus"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipei-1"}],"text":"The Taiwan consensus (Chinese: 台灣共識; pinyin: Táiwān gòngshí; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân kiōng-sek) is a Taiwanese political term, which was coined in August 2011 by Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) chair Tsai Ing-wen, and is intended to replace the \"1992 consensus\", which was the basis of DPP's negotiations between Taiwan and the mainland China until now.[1]","title":"Taiwan consensus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tsai Ing-wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen"},{"link_name":"Ma Ying-jeou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou"},{"link_name":"2012 Republic of China presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Republic_of_China_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The term appeared first in August 2011, when DPP chair Tsai Ing-wen disclosed the point \"National Security Strategy and the development of cross-strait trade\" (Chinese: 國家安全戰略篇與兩岸經貿發展篇) at the \"ten years platform\" (Chinese: 十年政綱).[2] Through the concept of Taiwan consensus, Tsai Ing-wen directly competes with President Ma Ying-jeou's political views for the 2012 Republic of China presidential election.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One-China policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-China_policy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipei-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Legislative Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipei-1"}],"text":"Tsai believes that the 1992 consensus is solely based on the One-China policy and the desire to preserve it. The DPP further states, that a \"consensus\" among the Taiwanese people about the \"1992 consensus\" does not exist. The DPP hopes to get a \"Taiwan Consensus\" (a consensus amongst the people) to displace the 1992 consensus, which would be ratified by legislation and a referendum. This new consensus should then form the basis for negotiations with the PRC.[1][3]Tsai states further that the Taiwan consensus \"is not an ordinary problem to be decided by majority\", \"is not an ordinary legislation or public issue\" and \"not even a purely domestic problem.\" Because Taiwan is domestically not united with China and has no consensus on the direction towards China, the Taiwanese government has no basis for negotiations with China. She hopes, that through democratic processes and the Legislative Yuan \"with all different political views [we] can find common ground\", \"[because] that is the true spirit of the Taiwan consensus\".[1]","title":"Meaning"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/80px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Taiwan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taiwan"},{"title":"Cross-Strait relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations"},{"title":"One Country on Each Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side"},{"title":"1992 consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_consensus"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/08/24/2003511508","external_links_name":"\"Tsai details DPP’s cross-strait policies\""},{"Link":"http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2011/new/aug/24/today-t1.htm","external_links_name":"\"蔡：無92共識 推台灣共識\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201108250004&Type=aOPN","external_links_name":"\"Liberty Times: Time to formulate 'Taiwan consensus'\""},{"Link":"http://udn.com/NEWS/NATIONAL/NATS3/6595926.shtml","external_links_name":"紐約說文解字 蔡英文：台灣共識3不3有, 聯合新聞網, 2011-09-17"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac
Isaac
["1 Etymology","2 Genesis narrative","2.1 Birth","2.2 Binding","2.3 Family life","2.4 Migration","2.5 Birthright","3 Burial site","4 Jewish views","5 Christian views","5.1 New Testament","6 Islamic views","6.1 Quran","7 Academic","8 In art","9 See also","10 Notes","11 Citations","12 References","13 External links"]
Biblical patriarch, son of Abraham and Sarah For the name, see Isaac (name). For other uses, see Isaac (disambiguation). IsaacיִצְחָקDetail of Isaac from Isaac and Jacob (1637) by Jusepe de RiberaSpouseRebecca (also spelled Rebekah)Children Esau (older twin son) Jacob (younger twin son) ParentsAbraham (father)Sarah (mother)Family Ishmael (half-brother/half-cousin, first born of Abraham, son of Hagar) Zimran (half-brother/half-cousin) Jokshan (half-brother/half-cousin) Medan (half-brother/half-cousin) Midian (half-brother/half-cousin) Ishbak (half-brother/half-cousin) Shuah (half-brother/half-cousin) Terah (grandfather) Haran (uncle) Nahor (uncle) Milcah (cousin) Lot (cousin) Bethuel (cousin/father-in-law) Laban (brother-in-law) Leah (daughter-in-law) Rachel (daughter-in-law) Twelve Tribes of Israel (grandsons) Dinah (granddaughter) Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Isaac first appears in the Book of Genesis, later adopted by the Hebrew tradition of the Torah, in which he is considered to be the son of Abraham and Sarah, the father of Jacob and Esau, and the grandfather of the twelve tribes of Israel. Isaac's name means "he will laugh", reflecting the laughter, in disbelief, of Abraham and Sarah, when told by God that they would have a child. He is the only patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not move out of Canaan. According to the narrative, he died aged 180, the longest-lived of the three patriarchs. Etymology The anglicized name "Isaac" is a transliteration of the Hebrew name יִצְחָק‎ (Yīṣḥāq) which literally means "He laughs/will laugh". Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite deity El. The Genesis ascribes the laughter to Isaac's parents, Abraham and Sarah, instead. According to the biblical narrative, Abraham fell on his face and laughed when God (Hebrew, Elohim) imparted the news of their son's eventual birth. He laughed because Sarah was past the age of childbearing; both she and Abraham were advanced in age. Later, when Sarah overheard three messengers of the Lord renew the promise, she laughed inwardly for the same reason. Sarah denied laughing when God questioned Abraham about it. Genesis narrative Birth After God changes Abram and Sarai's names to Abraham and Sarah, he tells Abraham that he will bear a second son by Sarah named Isaac, with whom a new covenant would be established. In response, Abraham began to laugh, as both he and Sarah were well beyond natural child-bearing age. Some time later, three men who Abraham identifies as messengers of God visit him and Sarah, and Abraham treats them to food and niceties. They repeat the prophecy that Sarah would bear a child, promising Isaac's birth within a year's time, at which point Sarah laughs in disbelief. God questions why the pair laughed in disbelief at his words, and if it is because they believe such things were not within his power. Now afraid, they futilely deny ever having laughed at God's words. Time passes as Isaac is born. Isaac was Abraham's second son and firstborn of Sarah who was then Sarai. Sarai had been barren for a long time and sought a way to fulfill God's promise that Abram would be father of many nations, especially since they had grown old, so she offered Hagar to Abram to be his concubine. On the eighth day from his birth, Isaac was circumcised, as was necessary for all males of Abraham's household, in order to be in compliance with the Jewish covenant. After Isaac had been weaned, Sarah saw Ishmael playing with him, and urged her husband to cast out Hagar the bondservant and her son, so that Isaac would be Abraham's sole heir. Abraham was hesitant, but at God's order he listened to his wife's request. Binding The Akedah (Binding), mosaic on the floor of Beit Alfa Synagogue Main article: Binding of Isaac At some point in Isaac's youth, his father Abraham took him to Mount Moriah. At God's command as the last of ten trials to test his faith, Abraham was to build a sacrificial altar and sacrifice his son Isaac upon it. After he had bound his son to the altar and drawn his knife to kill him, at the last moment an angel of God prevented Abraham from proceeding. Instead, he was directed to sacrifice a nearby ram that was stuck in thickets. Family life The birth of Esau and Jacob, as painted by Benjamin West Before Isaac was 40 (Genesis 25:20), Abraham sent Eliezer, his steward, into Mesopotamia to find a wife for Isaac, from his nephew Bethuel's family. Eliezer chose the Aramean Rebekah for Isaac. After many years of marriage to Isaac, Rebekah had still not given birth to a child and was believed to be barren. Isaac prayed for her and she conceived. Rebekah gave birth to twin boys, Esau and Jacob. Isaac was 60 years old when his two sons were born. Isaac favored Esau, and Rebekah favored Jacob. The narratives about Isaac do not mention his having concubines. Migration Isaac moved to Beer-lahai-roi after his father died. When the land experienced famine, he moved to the Philistine land of Gerar where his father once lived. This land was still under the control of King Abimelech as it was in the days of Abraham. Like his father, Isaac also pretended that Rebekah was his sister due to fear that Abimelech would kill him in order to take her. He had gone back to all of the wells that his father dug and saw that they were all stopped up with earth. The Philistines did this after Abraham died. So, Isaac unearthed them and began to dig for more wells all the way to Beersheba, where he made a pact with Abimelech, just like in the day of his father. Birthright Isaac grew old and became blind. He called his son Esau and directed him to procure some venison for him, in order to receive Isaac's blessing. While Esau was hunting, Jacob, after listening to his mother's advice, deceived his blind father by misrepresenting himself as Esau and thereby obtained his father's blessing, such that Jacob became Isaac's primary heir and Esau was left in an inferior position. According to Genesis 25:29–34, Esau had previously sold his birthright to Jacob for "bread and stew of lentils". Thereafter, Isaac sent Jacob into Mesopotamia to take a wife of his mother's brother's house. After 20 years working for his uncle Laban, Jacob returned home. He reconciled with his twin brother Esau, then he and Esau buried their father, Isaac, in Hebron after he died at the age of 180. Burial site Tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron According to local tradition, the graves of Isaac and Rebekah, along with the graves of Abraham and Sarah and Jacob and Leah, are in the Cave of the Patriarchs. Jewish views In rabbinical tradition, the age of Isaac at the time of binding is taken to be 37, which contrasts with common portrayals of Isaac as a child. The rabbis also thought that the reason for the death of Sarah was the news of the intended sacrifice of Isaac. The sacrifice of Isaac is cited in appeals for the mercy of God in later Jewish traditions. The post-biblical Jewish interpretations often elaborate the role of Isaac beyond the biblical description and primarily focus on Abraham's intended sacrifice of Isaac, called the aqedah ("binding"). According to a version of these interpretations, Isaac died in the sacrifice and was revived. According to many accounts of Aggadah, unlike the Bible, it is Satan who is testing Isaac as an agent of God. Isaac's willingness to follow God's command at the cost of his death has been a model for many Jews who preferred martyrdom to violation of the Jewish law. According to the Jewish tradition, Isaac instituted the afternoon prayer. This tradition is based on Genesis chapter 24, verse 63 ("Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide"). Isaac was the only patriarch who stayed in Canaan during his whole life and though once he tried to leave, God told him not to do so. Rabbinic tradition gave the explanation that Isaac was almost sacrificed and anything dedicated as a sacrifice may not leave the Land of Israel. Isaac was the oldest of the biblical patriarchs at the time of his death, and the only patriarch whose name was not changed. Rabbinic literature also linked Isaac's blindness in old age, as stated in the Bible, to the sacrificial binding: Isaac's eyes went blind because the tears of angels present at the time of his sacrifice fell on Isaac's eyes. Christian views Early 1900s Bible illustration depicts Isaac embracing his father Abraham after the Binding of Isaac The early Christian church continued and developed the New Testament theme of Isaac as a type of Christ and the Church being both "the son of the promise" and the "father of the faithful". Tertullian draws a parallel between Isaac's bearing the wood for the sacrificial fire with Christ's carrying his cross. and there was a general agreement that, while all the sacrifices of the Old Law were anticipations of that on Calvary, the sacrifice of Isaac was so "in a pre-eminent way". The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church consider Isaac as a saint along with other biblical patriarchs. Along with those of other patriarchs and the Old Testament Righteous, his feast day is celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine rite of the Catholic Church on the Second Sunday before Christmas (December 11–17), under the title the Sunday of the Forefathers. Isaac is commemorated in the Catholic Church on 25 March or on 17 December. New Testament The New Testament states Isaac was "offered up" by his father Abraham, and that Isaac blessed his sons. Paul contrasted Isaac, symbolizing Christian liberty, with the rejected older son Ishmael, symbolizing slavery; Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace, into which her son Isaac enters. The Epistle of James chapter 2, verses 21–24, states that the sacrifice of Isaac shows that justification (in the Johannine sense) requires both faith and works. In the Epistle to the Hebrews, Abraham's willingness to follow God's command to sacrifice Isaac is used as an example of faith as is Isaac's action in blessing Jacob and Esau with reference to the future promised by God to Abraham. In verse 19, the author views the release of Isaac from sacrifice as analogous to the resurrection of Jesus, the idea of the sacrifice of Isaac being a prefigurement of the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. Islamic views Main article: Isaac in Islam Ishaq name on his grave Islam considers Isaac (Arabic: إسحاق, romanized: Isḥāq) a prophet, and describes him as the father of the Israelites and a righteous servant of God. Isaac, along with Ishmael, is highly important for Muslims for continuing to preach the message of monotheism after his father Abraham. Among Isaac's children was the follow-up Israelite patriarch Jacob, who is also venerated as an Islamic prophet. Isaac is mentioned seventeen times by name in the Quran, often with his father and his son, Jacob. The Quran states that Abraham received "good tidings of Isaac, a prophet, of the righteous", and that God blessed them both (37:112). In a fuller description, when angels came to Abraham to tell him of the future punishment to be imposed on Sodom and Gomorrah, his wife, Sarah, "laughed, and We gave her good tidings of Isaac, and after Isaac of (a grandson) Jacob" (11:71–74); and it is further explained that this event will take place despite Abraham and Sarah's old age. Several verses speak of Isaac as a "gift" to Abraham (6:84; 14:49–50), and 24:26–27 adds that God made "prophethood and the Book to be among his offspring", which has been interpreted to refer to Abraham's two prophetic sons, his prophetic grandson Jacob, and his prophetic great-grandson Joseph. In the Quran, it later narrates that Abraham also praised God for giving him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age (14:39–41). Elsewhere in the Quran, Isaac is mentioned in lists: Joseph follows the religion of his forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (12:38) and speaks of God's favor to them (12:6); Jacob's sons all testify their faith and promise to worship the God that their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", worshiped (2:127); and the Quran commands Muslims to believe in the revelations that were given to "Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Patriarchs" (2:136; 3:84). In the Quran's narrative of Abraham's near-sacrifice of his son (37:102), the name of the son is not mentioned and debate has continued over the son's identity, though many feel that the identity is the least important element in a story which is given to show the courage that one develops through faith. Quran The Quran mentions Isaac as a prophet and a righteous man of God. Isaac and Jacob are mentioned as being bestowed upon Abraham as gifts of God, who then worshipped God only and were righteous leaders in the way of God: And We bestowed on him Isaac and, as an additional gift, (a grandson), Jacob, and We made righteous men of every one (of them). And We made them leaders, guiding (men) by Our Command, and We sent them inspiration to do good deeds, to establish regular prayers, and to practise regular charity; and they constantly served Us (and Us only).— Surah Al-Anbiya 21:72–73 And WE gave him the glad tidings of Isaac, a Prophet, and one of the righteous.— Surah As-Saaffat 37:112 Academic Some scholars have described Isaac as "a legendary figure" or "as a figure representing tribal history, or "as a seminomadic leader". The stories of Isaac, like other patriarchal stories of Genesis, are generally believed to have "their origin in folk memories and oral traditions of the early Hebrew pastoralist experience". The Cambridge Companion to the Bible makes the following comment on the biblical stories of the patriarchs: Yet for all that these stories maintain a distance between their world and that of their time of literary growth and composition, they reflect the political realities of the later periods. Many of the narratives deal with the relationship between the ancestors and peoples who were part of Israel's political world at the time the stories began to be written down (eighth century B.C.E.). Lot is the ancestor of the Transjordanian peoples of Ammon and Moab, and Ishmael personifies the nomadic peoples known to have inhabited north Arabia, although located in the Old Testament in the Negev. Esau personifies Edom (36:1), and Laban represents the Aramean states to Israel's north. A persistent theme is that of difference between the ancestors and the indigenous Canaanites… In fact, the theme of the differences between Judah and Israel, as personified by the ancestors, and the neighboring peoples of the time of the monarchy is pressed effectively into theological service to articulate the choosing by God of Judah and Israel to bring blessing to all peoples. According to Martin Noth, a scholar of the Hebrew Bible, the narratives of Isaac date back to an older cultural stage than that of the West-Jordanian Jacob. At that era, the Israelite tribes were not yet sedentary. In the course of looking for grazing areas, they had come in contact in southern Philistia with the inhabitants of the settled countryside. It has also been argued that the form of Isaac's name as found in the Hebrew Bible is most frequently attested in the early 2nd millennium BCE rather than in later periods. The biblical historian A. Jopsen believes in the connection between the Isaac traditions and the north, and in support of this theory adduces Amos 7:9 ("the high places of Isaac"). Albrecht Alt and Martin Noth hold that, "The figure of Isaac was enhanced when the theme of promise, previously bound to the cults of the 'God the Fathers' was incorporated into the Israelite creed during the southern-Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition." According to Martin Noth, at the Southern Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition, Isaac became established as one of the biblical patriarchs, but his traditions were receded in the favor of Abraham. Israel Finkelstein and Thomas Römer have proposed that Isaac might be the ancestor worshipped in Beersheba and the oldest tradition about him might be an ancestor myth dating back to at least 8th century BCE as shown in Amos 7:9, while proposing that the story about him conflicting with Abimelech, king of Gerar, and Philistines, which is the story that has possibility that Abraham cycle could have vampirized or vice versa, could have been originated and have background in 7th century BCE, and could be made to aim at justifying and legitimizing the claim of Judah over the Judahite territories that are transferred to the Philistine cities by Sennacherib because of several reasons: it was time when Gerar (Tel Haror) had the special importance and fortified Assyrian administration center; there was king of Ashdod, Ahimilki, whose name is similar to that of Abimelech; the Kingdom of Judah could have gotten back parts of Judahite territories while Judah was a compliant vassal of Assyria under Manasseh. In addition, Finkelstein and Römer proposed that Abraham might be the ancestor worshipped in Hebron, and Jacob might be the ancestor worshipped in Israel, but the earliest tradition of Jacob, the tradition about him and his uncle Laban the Aramean establishing the border between them, might be originated in Gilead. In art Stories of Jacob and Isaac by Giusto de' Menabuoi (14th century) The earliest Christian portrayal of Isaac is found in the Roman catacomb frescoes. Excluding the fragments, Alison Moore Smith classifies these artistic works in three categories: Abraham leads Isaac towards the altar; or Isaac approaches with the bundle of sticks, Abraham having preceded him to the place of offering ... Abraham is upon a pedestal and Isaac stands near at hand, both figures in orant attitude ... Abraham is shown about to sacrifice Isaac while the latter stands or kneels on the ground beside the altar. Sometimes Abraham grasps Isaac by the hair. Occasionally the ram is added to the scene and in the later paintings the Hand of God emerges from above. See also Judaism portalChristianity portalIslam portal Biblical and Quranic narratives Testament of Isaac Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis – three such narratives, involving Abraham (two) and Isaac (one) Notes ^ /ˈaɪzək/ EYE-zək; Biblical Hebrew: יִצְחָק‎, romanized: Yīṣḥāq; Ancient Greek: Ἰσαάκ, romanized: Isaák; Arabic: إسحٰق/إسحاق, romanized: Isḥāq; Amharic: ይስሐቅ Citations ^ a b Genesis 17:15–19, Genesis 18:10–15 ^ a b c deClaise-Walford 2000, p. 647. ^ a b c d e Encyclopedia of Religion, Isaac. ^ Singer, Isidore; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906). "Isaac". In Singe, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ^ Hirsch, Emil G.; Bacher, Wilhelm; Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel; Jacobs, Joseph; Montgomery, Mary W. (1901–1906). "Sarah (Sarai)". In Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ^ Genesis 17:15–19 ^ Genesis 18:10–12 ^ Genesis 18:13–15 ^ Genesis 21:1–7 ^ Genesis 16:1–3 ^ Genesis 21:1–5 ^ Genesis 21:8–12 ^ Genesis 22:13 ^ Genesis 25:20 ^ Genesis 25:26 ^ Genesis 25:20–28 ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 10, p. 34. ^ Genesis 25:11 ^ Genesis 26 ^ Genesis 25:29–34 ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Isaac. ^ Genesis 35:28–29 ^ Wright, Thomas (1848). Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de. p. 86. The Gentiles have erected six sepulchres in this place, which they pretend to be those of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah. ^ a b c d e The New Encyclopedia of Judaism, Isaac. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Isaac. ^ a b Brock, Sebastian P., Brill's New Pauly, Isaac. ^ Genesis 24:63 ^ Genesis 26:2 ^ a b Easton, M. G., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 3rd ed., Isaac. ^ Cross and Livingstone, Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 1974, art Isaac ^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines, A & C Black, 1965. p. 72 ^ "The patriarchs, prophets and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the Church's liturgical traditions." – Catechism of the Catholic Church 61 ^ Liturgy > Liturgical year >The Christmas Fast – Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh ^ "Izaak". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-03. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Isaac, S. (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 3. Augsburg ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2022-03-03. ^ Galatians 4:21–31 ^ James 2:21–24 ^ Encyclopedia of Christianity, Bowden, John, ed., Isaac. ^ Hebrews 11:17–20 ^ F.F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews Marshall. Morgan and Scott, 1964 pp. 308–313 ^ Watt, W. Montgomery. "Isaac". Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill. ^ Glasse, C. (1991). "Isaac". Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. HarperSanFrancisco. p. 472. ISBN 9780060631260. ^ a b c d e f Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B.; Mbiti, John (2005). "Isaac". Encyclopedia of Christianity. Eerdmans. p. 744. ISBN 9780802824165. ^ "Isaac". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 1935. pp. 3, 200. ^ Lumby, Joseph Rawson (1893). Chilton, Bruce; Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible: Containing the Structure, Growth and ... Cambridge University Press. p. 59. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139167376. ISBN 9781139167376. ^ Hess, Richard S. (2018). "The Ancestral Period". In Greer, Jonathan S.; Hilber, John W.; Walton, John H. (eds.). Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 187–193. ISBN 978-1-4934-1554-0. ^ a b Finkelstein, Israel; Römer, Thomas (2014). "Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between "Realia" and "Exegetica"". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 3 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1628/219222714x13994465496820. ^ a b Smith, Alison Moore (1922). "The Iconography of the Sacrifice of Isaac in Early Christian Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 26 (2): 159–73. doi:10.2307/497708. JSTOR 497708. S2CID 191366399. References Browning, W.R.F (1996). A Dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211691-8. Paul Lagasse; Lora Goldman; Archie Hobson; Susan R. Norton, eds. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Gale Group. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9. P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. Erwin Fahlbusch; William Geoffrey Bromiley, eds. (2001). Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill. ISBN 978-0-8028-2414-1. John Bowden, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522393-4. The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Qur'an. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12356-4. Geoffrey Wigoder, ed. (2002). The New Encyclopedia of Judaism (2nd ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9388-6. Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2. deClaise-Walford, Nancy (2000). "Isaac". In David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isaac (Biblical figure). Isaac in The Jewish Encyclopedia "Abraham's son as the intended sacrifice (Al-Dhabih, Qur'an 37:99, Qur'an 37:99–113): Issues in qur'anic exegesis", Journal of Semitic Studies XXX1V/ Spring 1989 Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Isaac" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Isaac" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. vteAdam to David according to the Hebrew BibleCreation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem Patriarchs after Flood Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob Tribe of Judah to Kingdom Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version vteBook of GenesisPrimeval history (1–11) Genesis creation narratives (1:1–2:3, 2:4–25) Adam and Eve Fall of man (3) Serpents in the Bible Cain and Abel (4) Genealogies of Genesis (5:1–6:8, 11:10–26) Genesis flood narrative (6:1–9:28) Noah's Ark Curse of Ham (9:20–27) Generations of Noah and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9) Tower of Babel (11:1–9) Patriarchal age (12–50) Abraham (12–23) Abraham and Lot's conflict Battle of Siddim (14:1–17) Covenant of the pieces (15) Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1–28) Isaac (21–35) Binding of Isaac (22) Jacob and his sons (25–50) Jacob's Ladder (28) Jacob wrestling with the angel (32:22–32) Joseph and the coat of many colors (37–50) Blessing of Jacob (49) Notable verses 1:1 In the beginning 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 Torah readings Bereshit (1:1–6:8) Noach (6:9–11:32) Lech-Lecha (12:1–17:27) Vayeira (18:1–22:24) Chayei Sarah (23:1–25:18) Toledot (25:19–28:9) Vayetze (28:10–32:3) Vayishlach (32:4–36:43) Vayeshev (37:1–40:23) Miketz (41:1–44:17) Vayigash (44:18–47:27) Vayechi (47:28–50:26) Sources Priestly Jahwist Elohist Analysis Framework interpretation Allegorical interpretations Wife–sister narratives Arcana Cœlestia Pesher on Genesis Manuscripts Papyrus Berlin 17213 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007 Text Textual variations Bible portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Book of Exodus → vteProphets in the Hebrew Bible / Old TestamentPre-Patriarchal Abel‡ Enoch‡ Noah‡ (in rabbinic literature) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Sarah Israelite prophetsin the Torah Moses (in rabbinic literature) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in theFormer Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Samson Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer ben Dodavah Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah (in rabbinic literature) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel‡ (in rabbinic literature) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah (in rabbinic literature) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job (in rabbinic literature) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther (in rabbinic literature) Ezra Nehemiah Ruth Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted. ‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to Christianity. vteProphets in the Quranآدَمإِدرِيسنُوحهُودصَالِحإِبْرَاهِيْملُوطإِسْمَاعِيْل Adam Adam Idris Enoch (?) Nuh Noah Hud Eber (?) Salih Selah (?) Ibrahim Abraham Lut Lot Ismail Ishmael إِسْحَاقيَعْقُوبيُوسُفأَيُّوْبشُعَيْبمُوسَىهَارُونذُو الكِفْلدَاوُد Is'haq Isaac Yaqub Jacob Yusuf Joseph Ayyub Job Shuayb Jethro (?) Musa Moses Harun Aaron Dhul-Kifl Ezekiel (?) Gautama Buddha (?) Daud David سُلَيْمَانإِلْيَاساليَسَعيُونُسزَكَرِيَّايَحْيَىعِيسَىمُحَمَّد Sulaiman Solomon Ilyas Elijah Al-Yasa Elisha Yunus Jonah Zakariya Zechariah Yahya John Isa Jesus Muhammad Muhammad Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran. vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael  in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John ChurchFathers Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Missionaries Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini See also Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan Catholic Church portal Saints portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_(name)"},{"link_name":"Isaac (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah"},{"link_name":"Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob"},{"link_name":"Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau"},{"link_name":"twelve tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeClaise-Walford2000647-3"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeClaise-Walford2000647-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeClaise-Walford2000647-3"}],"text":"For the name, see Isaac (name). For other uses, see Isaac (disambiguation).Isaac[a] is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Isaac first appears in the Book of Genesis, later adopted by the Hebrew tradition of the Torah, in which he is considered to be the son of Abraham and Sarah, the father of Jacob and Esau, and the grandfather of the twelve tribes of Israel.Isaac's name means \"he will laugh\", reflecting the laughter, in disbelief, of Abraham and Sarah, when told by God that they would have a child.[1][2] He is the only patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not move out of Canaan.[2] According to the narrative, he died aged 180, the longest-lived of the three patriarchs.[2]","title":"Isaac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anglicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicized"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_language"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_(deity)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoR-Isaac-4"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah"},{"link_name":"Elohim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The anglicized name \"Isaac\" is a transliteration of the Hebrew name יִצְחָק‎ (Yīṣḥāq) which literally means \"He laughs/will laugh\". Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite deity El.[3] The Genesis ascribes the laughter to Isaac's parents, Abraham and Sarah, instead. According to the biblical narrative, Abraham fell on his face and laughed when God (Hebrew, Elohim) imparted the news of their son's eventual birth. He laughed because Sarah was past the age of childbearing; both she and Abraham were advanced in age. Later, when Sarah overheard three messengers of the Lord renew the promise, she laughed inwardly for the same reason. Sarah denied laughing when God questioned Abraham about it.[1][4][5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genesis narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"circumcised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Birth","text":"After God changes Abram and Sarai's names to Abraham and Sarah, he tells Abraham that he will bear a second son by Sarah named Isaac, with whom a new covenant would be established. In response, Abraham began to laugh, as both he and Sarah were well beyond natural child-bearing age.[6] Some time later, three men who Abraham identifies as messengers of God visit him and Sarah, and Abraham treats them to food and niceties. They repeat the prophecy that Sarah would bear a child, promising Isaac's birth within a year's time, at which point Sarah laughs in disbelief.[7] God questions why the pair laughed in disbelief at his words, and if it is because they believe such things were not within his power. Now afraid, they futilely deny ever having laughed at God's words.[8]Time passes as Isaac is born.[9] Isaac was Abraham's second son and firstborn of Sarah who was then Sarai. Sarai had been barren for a long time and sought a way to fulfill God's promise that Abram would be father of many nations, especially since they had grown old, so she offered Hagar to Abram to be his concubine.[10]On the eighth day from his birth, Isaac was circumcised, as was necessary for all males of Abraham's household, in order to be in compliance with the Jewish covenant.[11]After Isaac had been weaned, Sarah saw Ishmael playing with him, and urged her husband to cast out Hagar the bondservant and her son, so that Isaac would be Abraham's sole heir. Abraham was hesitant, but at God's order he listened to his wife's request.[12]","title":"Genesis narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beit_alfa02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beit Alfa Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Alfa_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Moriah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriah"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Binding","text":"The Akedah (Binding), mosaic on the floor of Beit Alfa SynagogueAt some point in Isaac's youth, his father Abraham took him to Mount Moriah. At God's command as the last of ten trials to test his faith, Abraham was to build a sacrificial altar and sacrifice his son Isaac upon it. After he had bound his son to the altar and drawn his knife to kill him, at the last moment an angel of God prevented Abraham from proceeding. Instead, he was directed to sacrifice a nearby ram that was stuck in thickets.[13]","title":"Genesis narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esau_and_Jacob_Presented_to_Isaac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Eliezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Bethuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethuel"},{"link_name":"Aramean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramean"},{"link_name":"Rebekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca"},{"link_name":"Esau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esau"},{"link_name":"Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Family life","text":"The birth of Esau and Jacob, as painted by Benjamin WestBefore Isaac was 40 (Genesis 25:20),[14] Abraham sent Eliezer, his steward, into Mesopotamia to find a wife for Isaac, from his nephew Bethuel's family. Eliezer chose the Aramean Rebekah for Isaac. After many years of marriage to Isaac, Rebekah had still not given birth to a child and was believed to be barren. Isaac prayed for her and she conceived. Rebekah gave birth to twin boys, Esau and Jacob. Isaac was 60 years old when his two sons were born.[15] Isaac favored Esau, and Rebekah favored Jacob.[16]The narratives about Isaac do not mention his having concubines.[17]","title":"Genesis narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beer-lahai-roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham#Hagar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Philistine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"Gerar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerar"},{"link_name":"King Abimelech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimelech"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Migration","text":"Isaac moved to Beer-lahai-roi after his father died.[18] When the land experienced famine, he moved to the Philistine land of Gerar where his father once lived. This land was still under the control of King Abimelech as it was in the days of Abraham. Like his father, Isaac also pretended that Rebekah was his sister due to fear that Abimelech would kill him in order to take her. He had gone back to all of the wells that his father dug and saw that they were all stopped up with earth. The Philistines did this after Abraham died. So, Isaac unearthed them and began to dig for more wells all the way to Beersheba, where he made a pact with Abimelech, just like in the day of his father.[19]","title":"Genesis narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Laban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laban_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Birthright","text":"Isaac grew old and became blind. He called his son Esau and directed him to procure some venison for him, in order to receive Isaac's blessing. While Esau was hunting, Jacob, after listening to his mother's advice, deceived his blind father by misrepresenting himself as Esau and thereby obtained his father's blessing, such that Jacob became Isaac's primary heir and Esau was left in an inferior position. According to Genesis 25:29–34,[20] Esau had previously sold his birthright to Jacob for \"bread and stew of lentils\". Thereafter, Isaac sent Jacob into Mesopotamia to take a wife of his mother's brother's house. After 20 years working for his uncle Laban, Jacob returned home. He reconciled with his twin brother Esau, then he and Esau buried their father, Isaac, in Hebron after he died at the age of 180.[21][22]","title":"Genesis narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hebron_Grab_der_Patriarchen_(Moschee)_Innen_Grab_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cave of the Patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Rebekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca"},{"link_name":"Leah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah"},{"link_name":"Cave of the Patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs, HebronAccording to local tradition, the graves of Isaac and Rebekah, along with the graves of Abraham and Sarah and Jacob and Leah, are in the Cave of the Patriarchs.[23]","title":"Burial site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rabbinical tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_EoJ-25"},{"link_name":"rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_EoJ-25"},{"link_name":"mercy of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-Isaac-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoR-Isaac-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoR-Isaac-4"},{"link_name":"Aggadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadah"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brill's_New_Pauly-27"},{"link_name":"martyrdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"Jewish law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_EoJ-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_EoJ-25"},{"link_name":"patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_EoJ-25"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoR-Isaac-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Easton-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brill's_New_Pauly-27"}],"text":"In rabbinical tradition, the age of Isaac at the time of binding is taken to be 37, which contrasts with common portrayals of Isaac as a child.[24] The rabbis also thought that the reason for the death of Sarah was the news of the intended sacrifice of Isaac.[24] The sacrifice of Isaac is cited in appeals for the mercy of God in later Jewish traditions.[25] The post-biblical Jewish interpretations often elaborate the role of Isaac beyond the biblical description and primarily focus on Abraham's intended sacrifice of Isaac, called the aqedah (\"binding\").[3] According to a version of these interpretations, Isaac died in the sacrifice and was revived.[3] According to many accounts of Aggadah, unlike the Bible, it is Satan who is testing Isaac as an agent of God.[26] Isaac's willingness to follow God's command at the cost of his death has been a model for many Jews who preferred martyrdom to violation of the Jewish law.[24]According to the Jewish tradition, Isaac instituted the afternoon prayer. This tradition is based on Genesis chapter 24, verse 63[27] (\"Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide\").[24]Isaac was the only patriarch who stayed in Canaan during his whole life and though once he tried to leave, God told him not to do so.[28] Rabbinic tradition gave the explanation that Isaac was almost sacrificed and anything dedicated as a sacrifice may not leave the Land of Israel.[24] Isaac was the oldest of the biblical patriarchs at the time of his death, and the only patriarch whose name was not changed.[3][29]Rabbinic literature also linked Isaac's blindness in old age, as stated in the Bible, to the sacrificial binding: Isaac's eyes went blind because the tears of angels present at the time of his sacrifice fell on Isaac's eyes.[26]","title":"Jewish views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbrahamIsaac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Binding of Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac"},{"link_name":"early Christian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"biblical patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_patriarchs"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Early 1900s Bible illustration depicts Isaac embracing his father Abraham after the Binding of IsaacThe early Christian church continued and developed the New Testament theme of Isaac as a type of Christ and the Church being both \"the son of the promise\" and the \"father of the faithful\". Tertullian draws a parallel between Isaac's bearing the wood for the sacrificial fire with Christ's carrying his cross.[30] and there was a general agreement that, while all the sacrifices of the Old Law were anticipations of that on Calvary, the sacrifice of Isaac was so \"in a pre-eminent way\".[31]The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church consider Isaac as a saint along with other biblical patriarchs.[32] Along with those of other patriarchs and the Old Testament Righteous, his feast day is celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine rite of the Catholic Church on the Second Sunday before Christmas (December 11–17), under the title the Sunday of the Forefathers.[33]Isaac is commemorated in the Catholic Church on 25 March[34] or on 17 December.[35]","title":"Christian views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Easton-30"},{"link_name":"Christian liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora#Christianity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoR-Isaac-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Epistle of James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Johannine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC-Isaac-39"},{"link_name":"Epistle to the Hebrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"New Testament","text":"The New Testament states Isaac was \"offered up\" by his father Abraham, and that Isaac blessed his sons.[29] Paul contrasted Isaac, symbolizing Christian liberty, with the rejected older son Ishmael, symbolizing slavery;[3][36] Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace, into which her son Isaac enters. The Epistle of James chapter 2, verses 21–24,[37] states that the sacrifice of Isaac shows that justification (in the Johannine sense) requires both faith and works.[38]In the Epistle to the Hebrews, Abraham's willingness to follow God's command to sacrifice Isaac is used as an example of faith as is Isaac's action in blessing Jacob and Esau with reference to the future promised by God to Abraham.[39] In verse 19, the author views the release of Isaac from sacrifice as analogous to the resurrection of Jesus, the idea of the sacrifice of Isaac being a prefigurement of the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.[40]","title":"Christian views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prophet_Isaac_name_on_his_grave.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"servant of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_God"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"37:112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/37?startingVerse=112"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"Sodom and Gomorrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah"},{"link_name":"11:71–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/11?startingVerse=71"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"14:39–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/14?startingVerse=39"},{"link_name":"12:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/12?startingVerse=38"},{"link_name":"12:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/12?startingVerse=6"},{"link_name":"2:127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/2?startingVerse=127"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"2:136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/2?startingVerse=136"},{"link_name":"3:84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/3?startingVerse=84"},{"link_name":"37:102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/37?startingVerse=102"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Ishaq name on his graveIslam considers Isaac (Arabic: إسحاق, romanized: Isḥāq) a prophet, and describes him as the father of the Israelites and a righteous servant of God.[citation needed]Isaac, along with Ishmael, is highly important for Muslims for continuing to preach the message of monotheism after his father Abraham. Among Isaac's children was the follow-up Israelite patriarch Jacob, who is also venerated as an Islamic prophet.[citation needed]Isaac is mentioned seventeen times by name in the Quran, often with his father and his son, Jacob.[41] The Quran states that Abraham received \"good tidings of Isaac, a prophet, of the righteous\", and that God blessed them both (37:112). In a fuller description, when angels came to Abraham to tell him of the future punishment to be imposed on Sodom and Gomorrah, his wife, Sarah, \"laughed, and We gave her good tidings of Isaac, and after Isaac of (a grandson) Jacob\" (11:71–74); and it is further explained that this event will take place despite Abraham and Sarah's old age. Several verses speak of Isaac as a \"gift\" to Abraham (6:84; 14:49–50), and 24:26–27 adds that God made \"prophethood and the Book to be among his offspring\", which has been interpreted to refer to Abraham's two prophetic sons, his prophetic grandson Jacob, and his prophetic great-grandson Joseph. In the Quran, it later narrates that Abraham also praised God for giving him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age (14:39–41).Elsewhere in the Quran, Isaac is mentioned in lists: Joseph follows the religion of his forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (12:38) and speaks of God's favor to them (12:6); Jacob's sons all testify their faith and promise to worship the God that their forefathers, \"Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac\", worshiped (2:127); and the Quran commands Muslims to believe in the revelations that were given to \"Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Patriarchs\" (2:136; 3:84). In the Quran's narrative of Abraham's near-sacrifice of his son (37:102), the name of the son is not mentioned and debate has continued over the son's identity, though many feel that the identity is the least important element in a story which is given to show the courage that one develops through faith.[42]","title":"Islamic views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Surah Al-Anbiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anbiya"},{"link_name":"21:72–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/21?startingVerse=72"},{"link_name":"Surah As-Saaffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Saaffat"},{"link_name":"37:112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/37?startingVerse=112"}],"sub_title":"Quran","text":"The Quran mentions Isaac as a prophet and a righteous man of God. Isaac and Jacob are mentioned as being bestowed upon Abraham as gifts of God, who then worshipped God only and were righteous leaders in the way of God:And We bestowed on him Isaac and, as an additional gift, (a grandson), Jacob, and We made righteous men of every one (of them).\nAnd We made them leaders, guiding (men) by Our Command, and We sent them inspiration to do good deeds, to establish regular prayers, and to practise regular charity; and they constantly served Us (and Us only).— Surah Al-Anbiya 21:72–73And WE gave him the glad tidings of Isaac, a Prophet, and one of the righteous.— Surah As-Saaffat 37:112","title":"Islamic views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"},{"link_name":"tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"seminomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC1-Isaac-44"},{"link_name":"pastoralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoCol-Isaac-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Martin Noth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Noth"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC1-Isaac-44"},{"link_name":"Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite"},{"link_name":"Philistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC1-Isaac-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amos"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC1-Isaac-44"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Alt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Alt"},{"link_name":"Pentateuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC1-Isaac-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoC1-Isaac-44"},{"link_name":"Israel Finkelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein"},{"link_name":"Thomas Römer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6mer"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Tel Haror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Haror"},{"link_name":"Ashdod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdod"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:FR-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:FR-48"}],"text":"Some scholars have described Isaac as \"a legendary figure\" or \"as a figure representing tribal history, or \"as a seminomadic leader\".[43] The stories of Isaac, like other patriarchal stories of Genesis, are generally believed to have \"their origin in folk memories and oral traditions of the early Hebrew pastoralist experience\".[44] The Cambridge Companion to the Bible makes the following comment on the biblical stories of the patriarchs:Yet for all that these stories maintain a distance between their world and that of their time of literary growth and composition, they reflect the political realities of the later periods. Many of the narratives deal with the relationship between the ancestors and peoples who were part of Israel's political world at the time the stories began to be written down (eighth century B.C.E.). Lot is the ancestor of the Transjordanian peoples of Ammon and Moab, and Ishmael personifies the nomadic peoples known to have inhabited north Arabia, although located in the Old Testament in the Negev. Esau personifies Edom (36:1), and Laban represents the Aramean states to Israel's north. A persistent theme is that of difference between the ancestors and the indigenous Canaanites… In fact, the theme of the differences between Judah and Israel, as personified by the ancestors, and the neighboring peoples of the time of the monarchy is pressed effectively into theological service to articulate the choosing by God of Judah and Israel to bring blessing to all peoples.[45]According to Martin Noth, a scholar of the Hebrew Bible, the narratives of Isaac date back to an older cultural stage than that of the West-Jordanian Jacob.[43] At that era, the Israelite tribes were not yet sedentary. In the course of looking for grazing areas, they had come in contact in southern Philistia with the inhabitants of the settled countryside.[43] It has also been argued that the form of Isaac's name as found in the Hebrew Bible is most frequently attested in the early 2nd millennium BCE rather than in later periods.[46] The biblical historian A. Jopsen believes in the connection between the Isaac traditions and the north, and in support of this theory adduces Amos 7:9 (\"the high places of Isaac\").[43]Albrecht Alt and Martin Noth hold that, \"The figure of Isaac was enhanced when the theme of promise, previously bound to the cults of the 'God the Fathers' was incorporated into the Israelite creed during the southern-Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition.\"[43] According to Martin Noth, at the Southern Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition, Isaac became established as one of the biblical patriarchs, but his traditions were receded in the favor of Abraham.[43]Israel Finkelstein and Thomas Römer have proposed that Isaac might be the ancestor worshipped in Beersheba and the oldest tradition about him might be an ancestor myth dating back to at least 8th century BCE as shown in Amos 7:9, while proposing that the story about him conflicting with Abimelech, king of Gerar, and Philistines, which is the story that has possibility that Abraham cycle could have vampirized or vice versa, could have been originated and have background in 7th century BCE, and could be made to aim at justifying and legitimizing the claim of Judah over the Judahite territories that are transferred to the Philistine cities by Sennacherib because of several reasons: it was time when Gerar (Tel Haror) had the special importance and fortified Assyrian administration center; there was king of Ashdod, Ahimilki, whose name is similar to that of Abimelech; the Kingdom of Judah could have gotten back parts of Judahite territories while Judah was a compliant vassal of Assyria under Manasseh.[47] In addition, Finkelstein and Römer proposed that Abraham might be the ancestor worshipped in Hebron, and Jacob might be the ancestor worshipped in Israel, but the earliest tradition of Jacob, the tradition about him and his uncle Laban the Aramean establishing the border between them, might be originated in Gilead.[47]","title":"Academic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2138_-_Milano_-_Abbazia_di_Viboldone_-_Giusto_de%27_Menabuoi,_Storie_di_Isacco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giusto de' Menabuoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giusto_de%27_Menabuoi"},{"link_name":"Roman catacomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_Christian_Art-49"},{"link_name":"attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(art)"},{"link_name":"Hand of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_of_God_(art)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_Christian_Art-49"}],"text":"Stories of Jacob and Isaac by Giusto de' Menabuoi (14th century)The earliest Christian portrayal of Isaac is found in the Roman catacomb frescoes.[48] Excluding the fragments, Alison Moore Smith classifies these artistic works in three categories:Abraham leads Isaac towards the altar; or Isaac approaches with the bundle of sticks, Abraham having preceded him to the place of offering ... Abraham is upon a pedestal and Isaac stands near at hand, both figures in orant attitude ... Abraham is shown about to sacrifice Isaac while the latter stands or kneels on the ground beside the altar. Sometimes Abraham grasps Isaac by the hair. Occasionally the ram is added to the scene and in the later paintings the Hand of God emerges from above.[48]","title":"In art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"/ˈaɪzək/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"EYE-zək","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"}],"text":"^ /ˈaɪzək/ EYE-zək; Biblical Hebrew: יִצְחָק‎, romanized: Yīṣḥāq; Ancient Greek: Ἰσαάκ, romanized: Isaák; Arabic: إسحٰق/إسحاق, romanized: Isḥāq; Amharic: ይስሐቅ","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"},{"link_name":"Genesis 17:15–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#15"},{"link_name":"Genesis 18:10–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeClaise-Walford2000647_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeClaise-Walford2000647_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeClaise-Walford2000647_3-2"},{"link_name":"deClaise-Walford 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFdeClaise-Walford2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoR-Isaac_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoR-Isaac_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoR-Isaac_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoR-Isaac_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoR-Isaac_4-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Singer, Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer"},{"link_name":"Broydé, Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"\"Isaac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=174&letter=I&search=Isaac"},{"link_name":"Singe, Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer"},{"link_name":"Adler, Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Adler"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Funk & Wagnalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Hirsch, Emil G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch"},{"link_name":"Bacher, Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher"},{"link_name":"Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zallel_Lauterbach"},{"link_name":"Jacobs, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"\"Sarah (Sarai)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=S&search=sarah"},{"link_name":"Singer, Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer"},{"link_name":"Adler, Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Adler"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Genesis 17:15–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Genesis 18:10–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Genesis 18:13–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Genesis 21:1–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Genesis 16:1–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Genesis 21:1–5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Genesis 21:8–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Genesis 22:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0122.htm#13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Genesis 25:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Genesis 25:26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Genesis 25:20–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Genesis 25:11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Genesis 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0126.htm#1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Genesis 25:29–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_22-0"},{"link_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=174&letter=I"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Genesis 35:28–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0135.htm#28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890"},{"link_name":"86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890/page/n124"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-New_EoJ_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-New_EoJ_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-New_EoJ_25-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-New_EoJ_25-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-New_EoJ_25-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Britannica-Isaac_26-0"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brill's_New_Pauly_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brill's_New_Pauly_27-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Genesis 24:63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0124.htm#63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Genesis 26:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0126.htm#2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Easton_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Easton_30-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Liturgy > Liturgical year >The Christmas Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metropolitancantorinstitute.org/liturgy/Christmas_Fast.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Izaak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deon.pl/imiona-swietych/izaak,4424"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Lexikoneintrag zu »Isaac, S. (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 3. Augsburg ...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Isaac,+S.+(2)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Galatians 4:21–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#4:21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"James 2:21–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/James#2:21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC-Isaac_39-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Hebrews 11:17–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Hebrews#11:17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Watt, W. Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt"},{"link_name":"\"Isaac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2"},{"link_name":"Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Isaac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"HarperSanFrancisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperSanFrancisco"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780060631260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060631260"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC1-Isaac_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC1-Isaac_44-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC1-Isaac_44-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC1-Isaac_44-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC1-Isaac_44-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoC1-Isaac_44-5"},{"link_name":"\"Isaac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC"},{"link_name":"Eerdmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdmans"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802824165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824165"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EoCol-Isaac_45-0"},{"link_name":"Columbia Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Lumby, Joseph Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rawson_Lumby"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Companion to the Bible: Containing the Structure, Growth and ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgecompan00lumbgoog"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgecompan00lumbgoog/page/n75"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/CBO9781139167376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139167376"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139167376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139167376"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"The Ancestral Period\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VwxYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT315"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4934-1554-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1554-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:FR_48-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:FR_48-1"},{"link_name":"\"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between \"Realia\" and \"Exegetica\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/29972948"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1628/219222714x13994465496820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Early_Christian_Art_49-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Early_Christian_Art_49-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/497708","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F497708"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"497708","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/497708"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"191366399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191366399"}],"text":"^ a b Genesis 17:15–19, Genesis 18:10–15\n\n^ a b c deClaise-Walford 2000, p. 647.\n\n^ a b c d e Encyclopedia of Religion, Isaac.\n\n^ Singer, Isidore; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906). \"Isaac\". In Singe, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.\n\n^ Hirsch, Emil G.; Bacher, Wilhelm; Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel; Jacobs, Joseph; Montgomery, Mary W. (1901–1906). \"Sarah (Sarai)\". In Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.\n\n^ Genesis 17:15–19\n\n^ Genesis 18:10–12\n\n^ Genesis 18:13–15\n\n^ Genesis 21:1–7\n\n^ Genesis 16:1–3\n\n^ Genesis 21:1–5\n\n^ Genesis 21:8–12\n\n^ Genesis 22:13\n\n^ Genesis 25:20\n\n^ Genesis 25:26\n\n^ Genesis 25:20–28\n\n^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 10, p. 34.\n\n^ Genesis 25:11\n\n^ Genesis 26\n\n^ Genesis 25:29–34\n\n^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Isaac.\n\n^ Genesis 35:28–29\n\n^ Wright, Thomas (1848). Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de. p. 86.\nThe Gentiles have erected six sepulchres in this place, which they pretend to be those of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah.\n\n^ a b c d e The New Encyclopedia of Judaism, Isaac.\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Isaac.\n\n^ a b Brock, Sebastian P., Brill's New Pauly, Isaac.\n\n^ Genesis 24:63\n\n^ Genesis 26:2\n\n^ a b Easton, M. G., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 3rd ed., Isaac.\n\n^ Cross and Livingstone, Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 1974, art Isaac\n\n^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines, A & C Black, 1965. p. 72\n\n^ \"The patriarchs, prophets and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the Church's liturgical traditions.\" – Catechism of the Catholic Church 61\n\n^ Liturgy > Liturgical year >The Christmas Fast – Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh\n\n^ \"Izaak\". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-03.\n\n^ Zeno. \"Lexikoneintrag zu »Isaac, S. (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 3. Augsburg ...\" www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2022-03-03.\n\n^ Galatians 4:21–31\n\n^ James 2:21–24\n\n^ Encyclopedia of Christianity, Bowden, John, ed., Isaac.\n\n^ Hebrews 11:17–20\n\n^ F.F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Hebrews Marshall. Morgan and Scott, 1964 pp. 308–313\n\n^ Watt, W. Montgomery. \"Isaac\". Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill.\n\n^ Glasse, C. (1991). \"Isaac\". Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. HarperSanFrancisco. p. 472. ISBN 9780060631260.\n\n^ a b c d e f Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B.; Mbiti, John (2005). \"Isaac\". Encyclopedia of Christianity. Eerdmans. p. 744. ISBN 9780802824165.\n\n^ \"Isaac\". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 1935. pp. 3, 200.\n\n^ Lumby, Joseph Rawson (1893). Chilton, Bruce; Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible: Containing the Structure, Growth and ... Cambridge University Press. p. 59. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139167376. ISBN 9781139167376.\n\n^ Hess, Richard S. (2018). \"The Ancestral Period\". In Greer, Jonathan S.; Hilber, John W.; Walton, John H. (eds.). Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 187–193. ISBN 978-1-4934-1554-0.\n\n^ a b Finkelstein, Israel; Römer, Thomas (2014). \"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between \"Realia\" and \"Exegetica\"\". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 3 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1628/219222714x13994465496820.\n\n^ a b Smith, Alison Moore (1922). \"The Iconography of the Sacrifice of Isaac in Early Christian Art\". American Journal of Archaeology. 26 (2): 159–73. doi:10.2307/497708. JSTOR 497708. S2CID 191366399.","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"The Akedah (Binding), mosaic on the floor of Beit Alfa Synagogue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Beit_alfa02.jpg/220px-Beit_alfa02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The birth of Esau and Jacob, as painted by Benjamin West","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Esau_and_Jacob_Presented_to_Isaac.jpg/220px-Esau_and_Jacob_Presented_to_Isaac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hebron_Grab_der_Patriarchen_%28Moschee%29_Innen_Grab_1.JPG/220px-Hebron_Grab_der_Patriarchen_%28Moschee%29_Innen_Grab_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Early 1900s Bible illustration depicts Isaac embracing his father Abraham after the Binding of Isaac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/AbrahamIsaac.jpg/220px-AbrahamIsaac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ishaq name on his grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prophet_Isaac_name_on_his_grave.jpeg/220px-Prophet_Isaac_name_on_his_grave.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Stories of Jacob and Isaac by Giusto de' Menabuoi (14th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/2138_-_Milano_-_Abbazia_di_Viboldone_-_Giusto_de%27_Menabuoi%2C_Storie_di_Isacco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C.jpg/220px-2138_-_Milano_-_Abbazia_di_Viboldone_-_Giusto_de%27_Menabuoi%2C_Storie_di_Isacco_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Judaism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"title":"Biblical and Quranic narratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives"},{"title":"Testament of Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac"},{"title":"Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis"}]
[{"reference":"Singer, Isidore; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906). \"Isaac\". In Singe, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9","url_text":"Broydé, Isaac"},{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=174&letter=I&search=Isaac","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singe, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Adler","url_text":"Adler, Cyrus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls","url_text":"Funk & Wagnalls"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Emil G.; Bacher, Wilhelm; Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel; Jacobs, Joseph; Montgomery, Mary W. (1901–1906). \"Sarah (Sarai)\". In Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch","url_text":"Hirsch, Emil G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher","url_text":"Bacher, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zallel_Lauterbach","url_text":"Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs","url_text":"Jacobs, Joseph"},{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=S&search=sarah","url_text":"\"Sarah (Sarai)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Adler","url_text":"Adler, Cyrus"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Thomas (1848). Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de. p. 86.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890","url_text":"Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890/page/n124","url_text":"86"}]},{"reference":"\"Izaak\". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/izaak,4424","url_text":"\"Izaak\""}]},{"reference":"Zeno. \"Lexikoneintrag zu »Isaac, S. (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 3. Augsburg ...\" www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2022-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Isaac,+S.+(2)","url_text":"\"Lexikoneintrag zu »Isaac, S. (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 3. Augsburg ...\""}]},{"reference":"Watt, W. Montgomery. \"Isaac\". Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt","url_text":"Watt, W. Montgomery"},{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_(publisher)","url_text":"Brill"}]},{"reference":"Glasse, C. (1991). \"Isaac\". Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. HarperSanFrancisco. p. 472. ISBN 9780060631260.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperSanFrancisco","url_text":"HarperSanFrancisco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060631260","url_text":"9780060631260"}]},{"reference":"Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B.; Mbiti, John (2005). \"Isaac\". Encyclopedia of Christianity. Eerdmans. p. 744. ISBN 9780802824165.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdmans","url_text":"Eerdmans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824165","url_text":"9780802824165"}]},{"reference":"\"Isaac\". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 1935. pp. 3, 200.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Columbia Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"}]},{"reference":"Lumby, Joseph Rawson (1893). Chilton, Bruce; Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible: Containing the Structure, Growth and ... Cambridge University Press. p. 59. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139167376. ISBN 9781139167376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rawson_Lumby","url_text":"Lumby, Joseph Rawson"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompan00lumbgoog","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to the Bible: Containing the Structure, Growth and ..."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompan00lumbgoog/page/n75","url_text":"59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139167376","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9781139167376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139167376","url_text":"9781139167376"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Richard S. (2018). \"The Ancestral Period\". In Greer, Jonathan S.; Hilber, John W.; Walton, John H. (eds.). Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 187–193. ISBN 978-1-4934-1554-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VwxYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT315","url_text":"\"The Ancestral Period\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1554-0","url_text":"978-1-4934-1554-0"}]},{"reference":"Finkelstein, Israel; Römer, Thomas (2014). \"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between \"Realia\" and \"Exegetica\"\". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 3 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1628/219222714x13994465496820.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/29972948","url_text":"\"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between \"Realia\" and \"Exegetica\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820","url_text":"10.1628/219222714x13994465496820"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Alison Moore (1922). \"The Iconography of the Sacrifice of Isaac in Early Christian Art\". American Journal of Archaeology. 26 (2): 159–73. doi:10.2307/497708. JSTOR 497708. S2CID 191366399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F497708","url_text":"10.2307/497708"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/497708","url_text":"497708"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191366399","url_text":"191366399"}]},{"reference":"Browning, W.R.F (1996). A Dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211691-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl00brow","url_text":"A Dictionary of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211691-8","url_text":"978-0-19-211691-8"}]},{"reference":"Paul Lagasse; Lora Goldman; Archie Hobson; Susan R. Norton, eds. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Gale Group. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-236-9","url_text":"978-1-59339-236-9"}]},{"reference":"P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912","url_text":"1573-3912"}]},{"reference":"Erwin Fahlbusch; William Geoffrey Bromiley, eds. (2001). Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill. ISBN 978-0-8028-2414-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2414-1","url_text":"978-0-8028-2414-1"}]},{"reference":"John Bowden, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522393-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522393-4","url_text":"978-0-19-522393-4"}]},{"reference":"The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-236-9","url_text":"978-1-59339-236-9"}]},{"reference":"Jane Dammen McAuliffe, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Qur'an. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12356-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Qur'an"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12356-4","url_text":"978-90-04-12356-4"}]},{"reference":"Geoffrey Wigoder, ed. (2002). The New Encyclopedia of Judaism (2nd ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9388-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_i8k6","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia of Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9388-6","url_text":"978-0-8147-9388-6"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865733-2","url_text":"978-0-02-865733-2"}]},{"reference":"deClaise-Walford, Nancy (2000). \"Isaac\". In David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22Eerdmans%22%22the+son+of+Abraham+and+Sarah%22&pg=PA647","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse","url_text":"Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4","url_text":"978-0-8028-2400-4"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Isaac\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Isaac","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Isaac\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Isaac","url_text":"\"Isaac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=112","external_links_name":"37:112"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/11?startingVerse=71","external_links_name":"11:71–74"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/14?startingVerse=39","external_links_name":"14:39–41"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/12?startingVerse=38","external_links_name":"12:38"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/12?startingVerse=6","external_links_name":"12:6"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=127","external_links_name":"2:127"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=136","external_links_name":"2:136"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=84","external_links_name":"3:84"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=102","external_links_name":"37:102"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=72","external_links_name":"21:72–73"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=112","external_links_name":"37:112"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#15","external_links_name":"Genesis 17:15–19"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#10","external_links_name":"Genesis 18:10–15"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=174&letter=I&search=Isaac","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=S&search=sarah","external_links_name":"\"Sarah (Sarai)\""},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#15","external_links_name":"Genesis 17:15–19"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#10","external_links_name":"Genesis 18:10–12"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#13","external_links_name":"Genesis 18:13–15"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#1","external_links_name":"Genesis 21:1–7"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#1","external_links_name":"Genesis 16:1–3"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#1","external_links_name":"Genesis 21:1–5"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#8","external_links_name":"Genesis 21:8–12"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0122.htm#13","external_links_name":"Genesis 22:13"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#20","external_links_name":"Genesis 25:20"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#26","external_links_name":"Genesis 25:26"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#20","external_links_name":"Genesis 25:20–28"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#11","external_links_name":"Genesis 25:11"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0126.htm#1","external_links_name":"Genesis 26"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#29","external_links_name":"Genesis 25:29–34"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=174&letter=I","external_links_name":"Isaac"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0135.htm#28","external_links_name":"Genesis 35:28–29"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890","external_links_name":"Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890/page/n124","external_links_name":"86"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0124.htm#63","external_links_name":"Genesis 24:63"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0126.htm#2","external_links_name":"Genesis 26:2"},{"Link":"http://www.metropolitancantorinstitute.org/liturgy/Christmas_Fast.html","external_links_name":"Liturgy > Liturgical year >The Christmas Fast"},{"Link":"https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/izaak,4424","external_links_name":"\"Izaak\""},{"Link":"http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Isaac,+S.+(2)","external_links_name":"\"Lexikoneintrag zu »Isaac, S. (2)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 3. Augsburg ...\""},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompan00lumbgoog","external_links_name":"The Cambridge Companion to the Bible: Containing the Structure, Growth and ..."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompan00lumbgoog/page/n75","external_links_name":"59"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139167376","external_links_name":"10.1017/CBO9781139167376"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VwxYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT315","external_links_name":"\"The Ancestral Period\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/29972948","external_links_name":"\"Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between \"Realia\" and \"Exegetica\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1628%2F219222714x13994465496820","external_links_name":"10.1628/219222714x13994465496820"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F497708","external_links_name":"10.2307/497708"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/497708","external_links_name":"497708"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191366399","external_links_name":"191366399"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl00brow","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of the Bible"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912","external_links_name":"1573-3912"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Christianity"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_i8k6","external_links_name":"The New Encyclopedia of Judaism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Religion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22Eerdmans%22%22the+son+of+Abraham+and+Sarah%22&pg=PA647","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse","external_links_name":"Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=174&letter=I","external_links_name":"Isaac"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630160348/http://jss.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/XXXIV/1/95.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abraham's son as the intended sacrifice (Al-Dhabih, Qur'an 37:99, Qur'an 37:99–113): Issues in qur'anic exegesis\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Isaac","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Isaac","external_links_name":"\"Isaac\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/91211/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000458758420","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143826097","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjHW7VG9x7RRxj8d43RcWC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1241070","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119548184","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119548184","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555898","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007311155505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82057089","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090716014&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555898.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_assembly
Representative assembly
["1 History","1.1 The first instance: the councils of León and Galicia","2 State of the art","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
A representative assembly is a political institution in which a number of persons representing the population or privileged orders within the population of a state come together to debate, negotiate with the executive (originally the king or other ruler) and legislate. Examples in English-speaking countries are the United States Congress and the Parliament of the United Kingdom. History The classical republics of Greece, Rome and Carthage included citizen assemblies (e.g. the Roman comitia). Popular assemblies (things) also emerged in pre-civilised Germanic and Scandinavian lands (and the modern assemblies in those countries are often named after the originals). However, all of these were direct rather than indirect expressions of democracy, since their members were the people themselves rather than representatives of the people. The idea of an assembly of representatives, a representative assembly, as a political institution of a literate society first appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages, more specifically in the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. Perhaps it was brought into being by rulers determined to avoid being overawed by their powerful warrior barons by appealing to lower ranks of society: lesser landowners, townsmen and clergy. Whatever the explanation for its emergence, it is considered by many to be the most important political innovation of the European Middle Ages. The idea appeared first in Spain, then in England, France and Italy, then spread to Germany and Scandinavia, even Poland and Hungary. Various names were used for these institutions: in England, Ireland, Scotland, Sicily, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples they were called parliaments or parlamenti; in the Iberian peninsula they were called cortes or corts; in France they were called estates-general and in the Low Countries the estates- or states-general; in Germany the term used was landtag; in Denmark and Norway it was rigsdag, in Sweden riksdag, and in Poland sejm. The number of chambers roughly corresponded to the organised orders or estates of mediaeval society: typically the church, the nobility, and the rest of society. Sometimes however (as in Spain and Portugal) the gentry or lesser nobility formed a separate order; sometimes (as in Sweden) the richer peasantry did likewise. The English parliament, which was to be an important example, was a deviant case in that only two orders were represented: the nobility and the rest. The representative assembly fell into disuse in many of the more important states of Europe in the seventeenth century. However, it survived in England, Sweden, Poland, Hungary and many of the German statelets, the southern ones particularly. In the eighteenth century, the English parliament was effectively transplanted to the United States, and in the nineteenth century it evolved there in an increasingly democratic direction. The American variant propagated in due course to Latin America, but meanwhile in Europe there was a general revival of the representative assembly based principally on the English model. France revived its Estates General in the wake of its revolution. Later, after the disintegration of the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte, assemblies re-emerged in Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Spain. The British Empire especially at the time of its dismantlement in the twentieth century was instrumental in spreading parliamentary democracy far and wide, and in modern times the immense international influence of the United States has encouraged the spread of representative democracy worldwide. Where forms of representative democracy have spread to countries that already had a tradition of assemblies, a merger of ideas has often taken place and the traditional name has tended to be used. Examples include majlis in certain Muslim countries, jirga in Afghanistan, duma in Russia. See list of national legislatures for more examples. The first instance: the councils of León and Galicia In Galicia in 1113, Bishop Diego II of Santiago de Compostela ordered a monthly convening of councils in the regions of his bishopric “as it was the custom of our ancestors”, bringing together churchmen, knights ('milites') and peasants to do justice, in what has been interpreted as a continuation of old Celtic or Suevi local traditions. Later, in 1188, King Ferdinand II of León and Galicia called for a general council of his kingdoms to meet in the capital, León, bringing together bishops, nobility and – allegedly for the first time in European history – representatives of the major cities and towns. State of the art In more modern times, the supremacy of the lower chamber became normal, so did the organisation of representatives into competing parties, so did election and an extended franchise, so did the idea that the ministers of the executive should be responsible to it. For more details on the state of the institution in the modern world, consult the "See also" list below. See also National Assembly Deliberative assembly Legislative Assembly Legislature Diet (assembly) Notes ^ López Ferreiro, Antonio (1975). Fueros municipales de Santiago y de su tierra. Madrid: Ediciones Castilla. pp. 164–165. ISBN 84-7040-107-6. ^ Keane, John (2009). The life and death of democracy (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05835-2. References Finer, S. E. (1997): The History of Government from the Earliest Times – chapter 8. ISBN 0-19-822904-6 (three-volume set, hardback)
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Representative assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage"},{"link_name":"comitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia"},{"link_name":"things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_(assembly)"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"estates-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"},{"link_name":"estates- or states-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"landtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag"},{"link_name":"rigsdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigsdag"},{"link_name":"riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm"},{"link_name":"majlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis"},{"link_name":"jirga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirga"},{"link_name":"duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma"},{"link_name":"list of national legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_legislatures"}],"text":"The classical republics of Greece, Rome and Carthage included citizen assemblies (e.g. the Roman comitia). Popular assemblies (things) also emerged in pre-civilised Germanic and Scandinavian lands (and the modern assemblies in those countries are often named after the originals). However, all of these were direct rather than indirect expressions of democracy, since their members were the people themselves rather than representatives of the people. The idea of an assembly of representatives, a representative assembly, as a political institution of a literate society first appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages, more specifically in the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. Perhaps it was brought into being by rulers determined to avoid being overawed by their powerful warrior barons by appealing to lower ranks of society: lesser landowners, townsmen and clergy. Whatever the explanation for its emergence, it is considered by many to be the most important political innovation of the European Middle Ages.The idea appeared first in Spain, then in England, France and Italy, then spread to Germany and Scandinavia, even Poland and Hungary. Various names were used for these institutions: in England, Ireland, Scotland, Sicily, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples they were called parliaments or parlamenti; in the Iberian peninsula they were called cortes or corts; in France they were called estates-general and in the Low Countries the estates- or states-general; in Germany the term used was landtag; in Denmark and Norway it was rigsdag, in Sweden riksdag, and in Poland sejm.The number of chambers roughly corresponded to the organised orders or estates of mediaeval society: typically the church, the nobility, and the rest of society. Sometimes however (as in Spain and Portugal) the gentry or lesser nobility formed a separate order; sometimes (as in Sweden) the richer peasantry did likewise. The English parliament, which was to be an important example, was a deviant case in that only two orders were represented: the nobility and the rest.The representative assembly fell into disuse in many of the more important states of Europe in the seventeenth century. However, it survived in England, Sweden, Poland, Hungary and many of the German statelets, the southern ones particularly. In the eighteenth century, the English parliament was effectively transplanted to the United States, and in the nineteenth century it evolved there in an increasingly democratic direction. The American variant propagated in due course to Latin America, but meanwhile in Europe there was a general revival of the representative assembly based principally on the English model. France revived its Estates General in the wake of its revolution. Later, after the disintegration of the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte, assemblies re-emerged in Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Spain. The British Empire especially at the time of its dismantlement in the twentieth century was instrumental in spreading parliamentary democracy far and wide, and in modern times the immense international influence of the United States has encouraged the spread of representative democracy worldwide.Where forms of representative democracy have spread to countries that already had a tradition of assemblies, a merger of ideas has often taken place and the traditional name has tended to be used. Examples include majlis in certain Muslim countries, jirga in Afghanistan, duma in Russia. See list of national legislatures for more examples.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Diego II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gelm%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Suevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The first instance: the councils of León and Galicia","text":"In Galicia in 1113, Bishop Diego II of Santiago de Compostela ordered a monthly convening of councils in the regions of his bishopric “as it was the custom of our ancestors”, bringing together churchmen, knights ('milites') and peasants to do justice, in what has been interpreted as a continuation of old Celtic or Suevi local traditions.[1] Later, in 1188, King Ferdinand II of León and Galicia called for a general council of his kingdoms to meet in the capital, León, bringing together bishops, nobility and – allegedly for the first time in European history – representatives of the major cities and towns.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In more modern times, the supremacy of the lower chamber became normal, so did the organisation of representatives into competing parties, so did election and an extended franchise, so did the idea that the ministers of the executive should be responsible to it.For more details on the state of the institution in the modern world, consult the \"See also\" list below.","title":"State of the art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-7040-107-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7040-107-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-05835-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05835-2"}],"text":"^ López Ferreiro, Antonio (1975). Fueros municipales de Santiago y de su tierra. Madrid: Ediciones Castilla. pp. 164–165. ISBN 84-7040-107-6.\n\n^ Keane, John (2009). The life and death of democracy (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05835-2.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly"},{"title":"Deliberative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_assembly"},{"title":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly"},{"title":"Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"title":"Diet (assembly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(assembly)"}]
[{"reference":"López Ferreiro, Antonio (1975). Fueros municipales de Santiago y de su tierra. Madrid: Ediciones Castilla. pp. 164–165. ISBN 84-7040-107-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7040-107-6","url_text":"84-7040-107-6"}]},{"reference":"Keane, John (2009). The life and death of democracy (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05835-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05835-2","url_text":"978-0-393-05835-2"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus
Virgin birth of Jesus
["1 New Testament narratives: Matthew and Luke","1.1 Matthew 1:18-25","1.2 Luke 1:26-38","2 Texts","3 Cultural context","4 Historicity and sources of the narratives","5 Theology and development","6 Celebrations and devotions","7 In Islam","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Citations","10.2 Bibliography"]
Belief that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit The Annunciation as depicted by Guido Reni, 1621 The virgin birth of Jesus is the Christian and Islamic doctrine that Jesus was conceived by his mother, Mary, through the power of the Holy Spirit and without sexual intercourse. Christians regard the doctrine as an explanation of the mixture of the human and divine natures of Jesus. The Eastern Orthodox Churches accept the doctrine as authoritative by reason of its inclusion in the Nicene Creed, and the Catholic Church holds it authoritative for faith through the Apostles' Creed as well as the Nicene. Nevertheless, there are many contemporary churches in which it is considered orthodox to accept the virgin birth but not heretical to deny it. The narrative appears only in Matthew 1:18–25 and Luke 1:26–38, and the modern scholarly consensus is that it rests on slender historical foundations. The ancient world didn't possess a thoroughly modern understanding that male semen and female ovum were both needed to form an embryo; this cultural milieu was conducive to miraculous birth stories, and tales of virgin birth and the impregnation of mortal women by deities were well known in the 1st-century Greco-Roman world and Second Temple Jewish works. The Quran asserts the virgin birth of Jesus, deriving its account from the 2nd century AD Protoevangelium of James, but denies the Trinitarian implications of the gospel story (Jesus is a messenger of God but also a human being and not the Second Person of the Christian Trinity). New Testament narratives: Matthew and Luke Part of a series onChristianity JesusChrist Nativity Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension BibleFoundations Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Church Creed New Covenant Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation Universalism HistoryTradition Apostles Peter Paul Mary Early Christianity Church Fathers Constantine Councils Augustine Ignatius East–West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denominations(full list) Nicene Catholic Latin Eastern Old Catholic Independent Catholic Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Church of the East Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Free Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Plymouth Brethren Quaker Reformed United Protestant Waldensian Nondenominational Christianity Restorationist Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Irvingians Jehovah's Witness Latter Day Saints Members Church of God International The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The New Church (Swedenborgian) Unitarians and Universalists Related topics Civilization Criticism Culture Ecumenism Glossary Index Liturgy Other religions Outline Prayer Sermon Symbolism Worship Glossary Index Outline  Christianity portalvte Events in theLife of Jesusaccording to the canonical gospels Early life Annunciation Visitation Joseph's dreams Nativity Virgin birth Annunciation to the Shepherds Adoration of the Shepherds Circumcision Adoration of the Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Presentation Return to Nazareth Finding in the Temple Ministry Baptism Temptation Commissioning the Twelve Apostles Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Lord's Prayer Miracles Parables Prayer Rejection Transfiguration Passion Triumphal entry into Jerusalem Temple cleansing Second coming prophecy Anointing Last Supper Farewell Discourse Paraclete promised Agony in the Garden Kiss of Judas Arrest Sanhedrin trial Mocking Herod's court Pilate's court Flagellation Crown of Thorns Via Dolorosa Crucifixion Descent from the Cross Entombment Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Empty tomb Appearances Noli me tangere Road to Emmaus Great Commission Ascension In rest of the NT Road to Damascus John's vision Portals: Christianity Biblevte Matthew 1:18-25 Main article: Matthew 1 18: Now the birth of Jesus the Messiah took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been engaged to Joseph, but before they lived together, she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit. 19: Her husband Joseph, being a righteous man and unwilling to expose her to public disgrace, planned to dismiss her quietly. 20: But just when he had resolved to do this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary as your wife, for the child conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21: She will bear a son, and you are to name him Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins." 22: All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet: 23: "Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall name him Emmanuel," which means, "God is with us." 24: When Joseph awoke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him; he took her as his wife, 25: but had no marital relations with her until she had borne a son; and he named him Jesus. Luke 1:26-38 Main article: Luke 1 26: In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth, 27: to a virgin engaged to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary. 28: And he came to her and said, "Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you." 29: But she was much perplexed by his words and pondered what sort of greeting this might be. 30: The angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. 31: And now, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you will name him Jesus. 32: He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David. 33: He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end." 34: Mary said to the angel, "How can this be, since I am a virgin?" 35: The angel said to her, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be holy; he will be called Son of God. 36: And now, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month for her who was said to be barren. 37: For nothing will be impossible with God." 38: Then Mary said, "Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word." Then the angel departed from her. Texts In the entire Christian corpus, the virgin birth is found only in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. The two agree that Mary's husband was named Joseph, that he was of the Davidic line, and that he played no role in Jesus's divine conception, but beyond this they are very different. Matthew has no census, shepherds, or presentation in the temple, and implies that Joseph and Mary are living in Bethlehem at the time of the birth, while Luke has no magi, flight into Egypt or massacre of the infants, and states that Joseph lives in Nazareth. Matthew underlines the virginity of Mary by references to the Book of Isaiah (using the 2,200 year old Greek translation in the Septuagint, rather than the only 1,300 year old mostly Hebrew Masoretic Text) and by his narrative statement that Joseph had no sexual relations with her until after the birth (a choice of words which leaves open the possibility that they did have relations after that). Luke introduces Mary as a virgin, describes her puzzlement at being told she will bear a child despite her lack of sexual experience, and informs the reader that this pregnancy is to be effected through God's Holy Spirit. There is a serious debate as to whether Luke's nativity story is an original part of his gospel. Chapters 1 and 2 are written in a style quite different from the rest of the gospel, and the dependence of the birth narrative on the Greek Septuagint is absent from the remainder. There are strong Lukan motifs in Luke 1–2, but differences are equally striking—Jesus's identity as "son of David", for example, is a prominent theme of the birth narrative, but not in the rest of the gospel. In the early part of the 2nd century, the gnostic theologian Marcion produced a version of Luke lacking these two chapters, and although he is generally accused of having cut them out of a longer text more like our own, genealogies and birth narratives are also absent from Mark and John. Cultural context Further information: Miraculous births Matthew 1:18 says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph. She would have been twelve years old or a little less at the time of events described in the gospels, as under Jewish law betrothal was only possible for minors, which for girls meant aged under twelve or prior to the first menses, whichever came first. According to custom the wedding would take place twelve months later, after which the groom would take his bride from her father's house to his own. A betrothed girl who had sex with a man other than her husband-to-be was considered an adulteress. If tried before a tribunal, both she and the young man would be stoned to death, but it was possible for her betrothed husband to issue a document of repudiation, and this, according to Matthew, was the course Joseph wished to take prior to the visitation by the angel. The most likely cultural context for both Matthew and Luke is Jewish Christian or mixed Gentile/Jewish-Christian circles rooted in Jewish tradition. These readers would have known that the Roman Senate had declared Julius Caesar a god and his successor Augustus to be divi filius, the Son of God before he became a god himself on his death in AD 14; this remained the pattern for later emperors. Imperial divinity was accompanied by suitable miraculous birth stories, with Augustus being fathered by the god Apollo while his human mother slept, and her human husband being granted a dream in which he saw the sun rise from her womb, and inscriptions even described the news of the divine imperial birth as evangelia, the gospel. The virgin birth of Jesus was thus a direct challenge to a central claim of Roman imperial theology, namely the divine conception and descent of the emperors. Matthew's genealogy, tracing Jesus's Davidic descent, was intended for Jews, while his virgin birth story was intended for a Greco-Roman audience familiar with virgin birth stories and stories of women impregnated by gods. The ancient world had no understanding that male semen and female ovum were both needed to form a fetus; instead they thought that the male contribution in reproduction consisted of some sort of formative or generative principle, while Mary's bodily fluids would provide all the matter that was needed for Jesus's bodily form, including his male sex. This cultural milieu was conducive to miraculous birth stories – they were common in biblical tradition going back to Abraham and Sarah (and the conception of Isaac). Such stories are less frequent in Judaism, but there too was a widespread belief in angels and divine intervention in births. Theologically, the two accounts mark the moment when Jesus becomes the Son of God, i.e., at his birth, in distinction to Mark, for whom the Sonship dates from Jesus's baptism, and Paul and the pre-Pauline Christians for whom Jesus becomes the Son only at the Resurrection or even the Second Coming. Tales of virgin birth and the impregnation of mortal women by deities were well known in the 1st-century Greco-Roman world, and Second Temple Jewish works were also capable of producing accounts of the appearances of angels and miraculous births for ancient heroes such as Melchizedek, Noah, and Moses. Luke's virgin birth story is a standard plot from the Jewish scriptures, as for example in the annunciation scenes for Isaac and for Samson, in which an angel appears and causes apprehension, the angel gives reassurance and announces the coming birth, the mother raises an objection, and the angel gives a sign. Nevertheless, "plausible sources that tell of virgin birth in areas convincingly close to the gospels' own probable origins have proven extremely hard to demonstrate". Similarly, while it is widely accepted that there is a connection with Zoroastrian sources underlying Matthew's story of the Magi (the wise men from the East) and the Star of Bethlehem, a wider claim that Zoroastrianism formed the background to the infancy narratives has not achieved acceptance. Historicity and sources of the narratives Part of a series on Jesus in Christianity Christ Christology Names and titles Life of Jesus Gospels Gospel harmony Places Virgin birth Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Miracles Parables Humiliation Execution Burial Resurrection Ascension Obedience Heavenly Session Intercession Apparitions and visions of Jesus Second Coming Jesus in Islam Masih Gospel Names and titles Mary Disciples Death Mahdi End times Background Background to the New Testament Language spoken by Jesus Jesus' race / genealogy Mental health of Jesus Jesus in history Chronology Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus Historicity Sources for the historicity of Jesus Reliability of the Gospels Mythology Jesus myth theory Criticism Unknown years Relics Perspectives on Jesus Christian Jewish Talmud Islamic Ahmadi Manichaean Mandaean Josephus Tacitus Bar-Serapion Jesus in culture Life in art Life of Christ Museum Depiction Jesuism Christianity portal Islam portalvte The modern scholarly consensus is that the doctrine of the virgin birth rests on very slender historical foundations. Both Matthew and Luke are late and anonymous compositions dating from the period AD 80–100. The earliest Christian writings, the Pauline epistles, do not contain any mention of a virgin birth and assume Jesus's full humanity, stating that he was "born of a woman" like any other human being and "born under the law" like any Jew. In the Gospel of Mark, dating from around AD 70, we read of Jesus saying that "prophets are not without honour, except in their home town, and among their own kin, and in their own house" – Mark 6:4, which suggests that Mark was not aware of any tradition of special circumstances surrounding Jesus' birth, and while the author of the Gospel of John is confident that Jesus is more than human he makes no reference to a virgin birth to prove his point. John in fact refers twice to Jesus as the "son of Joseph," the first time from the lips of the disciple Philip ("We have found him about whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus, son of Joseph from Nazareth" – John 1:45), the second from the unbelieving Jews ("Is this not Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose mother and father we know?" – John 6:42). These quotations, incidentally, are in direct opposition to the suggestion that Jesus was, or was believed to be, illegitimate: Philip and the Jews knew that Jesus had a human father, and that father was Joseph. This raises the question of where the authors of Matthew and Luke found their stories. It is almost certain that neither was the work of an eyewitness. In view of the many inconsistencies between them neither is likely to derive from the other, nor did they share a common source. Raymond E. Brown suggested in 1973 that Joseph was the source of Matthew's account and Mary of Luke's, but modern scholars consider this "highly unlikely" given that the stories emerged so late. It follows that the two narratives were created by the two writers, drawing on ideas in circulation at least a decade before the gospels were composed, to perhaps 65-75 or even earlier. Matthew presents the ministry of Jesus as largely the fulfilment of prophecies from the Book of Isaiah, and Matthew 1:22-23, "All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet: "Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son...", is a reference to Isaiah 7:14, "...the Lord himself shall give you a sign: the maiden is with child and she will bear a son..." But in the time of Jesus the Jews of Palestine no longer spoke Hebrew, Isaiah was translated into Greek, and Matthew uses the Greek word parthenos, which does mean virgin, for the Hebrew almah, which scholars agree signifies a girl of childbearing age without reference to virginity. This mistranslation gave the author of Matthew the opportunity to interpret Jesus as the prophesied Immanuel, God is with us, the divine representative on earth. According to R.T. France, the inclusion of Isaiah 7:14 was an explanatory addition to Matthew's birth narrative, albeit not the inspiration for it. Conservative scholars argue that despite the uncertainty of the details, the gospel birth narratives trace back to historical, or at least much earlier pre-gospel traditions. For instance, according to Ben Witherington: What we find in Matthew and Luke is not the story of… a descending to earth and, in the guise of a man, mating with a human woman, but rather the story of a miraculous conception without the aid of any man, divine or otherwise. As such, this story is without precedent either in Jewish or pagan literature. Theology and development Matthew and Luke use the virgin birth (or more accurately the divine conception that precedes it) to mark the moment when Jesus becomes the Son of God. This was a notable development over Mark, for whom the Sonship dates from Jesus's baptism, Mark 1:9–13 and the earlier Christianity of Paul and the pre-Pauline Christians for whom Jesus becomes the Son at the Resurrection or even the Second Coming. The Ebionites, a Jewish Christian sect, saw Jesus as fully human, rejected the virgin birth, and preferred to translate almah as "young woman". The 2nd century gnostic theologian Marcion likewise rejected the virgin birth, but regarded Jesus as descended fully formed from heaven and having only the appearance of humanity. By about AD 180 Jews were telling how Jesus had been illegitimately conceived by a Roman soldier named Pantera or Pandera, whose name is likely a pun on parthenos, virgin. The story was still current in the Middle Ages in satirical parody of the Christian gospels called the Toledot Yeshu. The Toledot Yeshu contains little historical material, and was probably created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. According to Kärkkäinen, the virgin birth in relation to the incarnation was seen as proof of the divinity of Christ but that the Age of Enlightenment offered a full-scale rebuttal of the doctrine, and that the only way for classical liberals to continue believing the virgin birth was to resort to the notion of myth, though this elicited a vigorous reaction from conservatives. This division remains in place, although some national synods of the Catholic Church have replaced a biological understanding with the idea of "theological truth," and some evangelical theologians hold it to be marginal rather than indispensable to the Christian faith. Today, the traditional doctrine of the virgin birth is still defended by conservative theologians. Celebrations and devotions Mary writing the Magnificat, by Marie Ellenrieder, 1833 See also: Annunciation, Marian devotions, Hymns to Mary, and Annunciation in Christian art Some Christians celebrate the conception of Jesus on 25 March and his birth on 25 December. (These dates are traditional; no one knows for certain when Jesus was born.) The Magnificat, based on Luke 1:46-55 is one of four well known Gospel canticles: the Benedictus and the Magnificat in the first chapter, and the Gloria in Excelsis and the Nunc dimittis in the second chapter of Luke, which are now an integral part of the Christian liturgical tradition. The Annunciation became an element of Marian devotions in medieval times, and by the 13th century direct references to it were widespread in French lyrics. The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the title "Ever Virgin Mary" as a key element of its Marian veneration, and as part of the Akathists hymns to Mary which are an integral part of its liturgy. The doctrine is often represented in Christian art in terms of the annunciation to Mary by the Archangel Gabriel that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God, and in Nativity scenes that include the figure of Salome. The Annunciation is one of the most frequently depicted scenes in Western art. Annunciation scenes also amount to the most frequent appearances of Gabriel in medieval art. The depiction of Joseph turning away in some Nativity scenes is a discreet reference to the fatherhood of the Holy Spirit and the virgin birth. In Islam Further information: Mary in Islam § Virgin birth The Quran follows the apocryphal gospels, and especially in the Protoevangelium of James, in its accounts of the miraculous births of both Mary and her son Jesus, but while it affirms the virgin birth of Jesus it denies the Trinitarian implications of the gospel story (Jesus is a messenger of God but also a human being and not the Second Person of the Christian Trinity). Surah Al Imran 3:35-36, for example, follows the Protoevangelium closely when describing how the pregnant "wife of Imran" (that is, Mary's mother Anne) dedicates her unborn child to God, Mary's secluded upbringing within the Temple, and the angels who bring her food. Gallery Holy Doors, Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt, 12th century Sandro Botticelli (1489–90) Mikhail Nesterov, Russia, 19th century Eastern Orthodox Nativity depiction little changed in more than a millennium Giotto (1267–1337): Nativity with an uninvolved Joseph but without Salome Medieval miniature of the Nativity, c. 1350 See also Adoptionism Almah Christology Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus Immaculate Conception of Mary Incarnation (Christianity) Isaiah 7:14 Perpetual virginity of Mary Parthenogenesis References Citations ^ a b Carrigan 2000, p. 1359. ^ a b Ware 1993, p. unpaginated. ^ Barclay 1998, p. 55. ^ a b c Hurtado 2005, p. 318. ^ a b Bruner 2004, p. 37. ^ a b Lincoln 2013, pp. 195–196, 258. ^ a b Schowalter 1993, p. 790. ^ a b Lachs 1987, p. 6. ^ a b c Casey 1991, p. 152. ^ a b Bell 2012, p. 110. ^ a b Hulmes 1993, p. 640. ^ a b Robinson 2009, p. 111. ^ Lincoln 2013, p. 99. ^ Morris 1992, pp. 31–32. ^ Carroll 2012, p. 39. ^ Zervos 2019, p. 78. ^ a b BeDuhn 2015, p. 170. ^ Dunn 2003, pp. 341–343. ^ Vermes 2006a, p. 216. ^ Vermes 2006a, pp. 72, 216. ^ a b Vermes 2006b, p. 72. ^ Vermes 2006b, p. 73. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 328. ^ Hornblower & Spawforth 2014, p. 688. ^ Borg 2011, pp. 41–42. ^ Borg 2011, p. 41. ^ Lachs 1987, pp. 5–6. ^ Mark 1:9–13 ^ a b c Loewe 1996, p. 184. ^ Kodell 1992, p. 939. ^ a b Welburn 2008, p. 2. ^ Fredriksen 2008, p. 7. ^ Lincoln 2013, p. 21. ^ Lincoln 2013, p. 23. ^ Lincoln 2013, p. 24. ^ Lincoln 2013, p. 29. ^ Boring & Craddock 2009, p. 12. ^ Reddish 2011, p. 13. ^ Lincoln 2013, p. 144. ^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 318–319, 325. ^ a b Barker 2001, p. 490. ^ a b Sweeney 1996, p. 161. ^ a b c Saldarini 2001, p. 1007. ^ R.T. France (2008), Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary, p.81-82 ^ "History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)". ^ R.T. France (2008), Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary, p.81-82 ^ Craig Blomberg (2nd Ed. 2009), Jesus and the Gospels, p. 243-244 ^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 319. ^ Raymond Brown (1977), The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke, pp. 104–121 ^ Witherington (1992), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, p. 70 ^ Paget 2010, p. 351. ^ Hayes 2017, p. 152 fn.153. ^ Voorst 2000, p. 117. ^ a b Cook 2011, p. unpaginated. ^ Evans 1998, p. 450. ^ a b Kärkkäinen 2009, p. 175. ^ "History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)". ^ R.T. France (2008), Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary, p.81-82 ^ Craig Blomberg (2nd Ed. 2009), Jesus and the Gospels, p. 243-244 ^ Nothaft 2014, p. 564. ^ Simpler 1990, p. 396. ^ O'Sullivan 2005, pp. 14–15. ^ Peltomaa 2001, p. 127. ^ Guiley 2004, p. 183. ^ Ross 1996, p. 99. ^ Grabar 1968, p. 130. ^ Reynolds 2018, pp. 55–56. Bibliography Barclay, William (1998). The Apostles' Creed. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781250088703. Barker, Margaret (2001). "Isaiah". In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110. BeDuhn, Jason (2015). "The New Marcion" (PDF). Forum. 3 (Fall 2015): 163–179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2020. Bell, Richard (2012). The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment. Routledge. ISBN 9781136260674. Borg, Marcus (2011). Jesus. SPCK. ISBN 9780281066063. Brown, Raymond E. (1973). The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0809117680. Brown, Raymond E. (1999). The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300140088. Boring, M. Eugene; Craddock, Fred B. (2009). The People's New Testament Commentary. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664235925. Bruner, Frederick (2004). Matthew 1-12. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802811189. Carrigan, Henry L. (2000). "Virgin Birth". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032. Carroll, John T. (2000). "Eschatology". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032. Carroll, John T. (2012). Luke: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664221065. Casey, Maurice (1991). From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God: The Origins and Development of New Testament Christology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664227654. Childs, Brevard S (2001). Isaiah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664221430. Chouinard, Larry (1997), Matthew, College Press, ISBN 978-0899006284 Collinge, William J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Catholicism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879799. Coyle, Kathleen (1996), Mary in the Christian Tradition (revised ed.), Gracewing Publishing, ISBN 978-0852443804 Cook, Michael J. (2011), "Jewish Perspectives on Jesus", in Burkett, Delbert (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Jesus, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781444351750 Davidson, John (2005). The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings. Clear Press. ISBN 978-1904555148. Deiss, Lucien (1996). Joseph, Mary, Jesus. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814622551. Dorman, T.M. (1995). "Virgin Birth". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802837844. Dunn, James D.G. (2003). Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802839312. Erskine, Andrew (2009). A Companion to the Hellenistic World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405154413. Evans, Craig (1998), "Jesus in non-Christian Sources", in Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig (eds.), Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research, BRILL, ISBN 9004111425 France, R.T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802825018. Fredriksen, Paula (2008). From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300164107. Grabar, André (1968). Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780710062376. Gregg, D. Larry (2000). "Docetism". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032. Guiley, Rosemary (2004). The Encyclopedia of Angels. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-5023-6. Hayes, Andrew (2017). Justin against Marcion: Defining the Christian Philosophy. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781506420400. Hendrickson, Peter A.; Jenson, Bradley C.; Lundell, Randi H. (2015). Luther and Bach on the Magnificat. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 9781625641205. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9. Hulmes, Edward (1993), "Quran and the Bible, The", in Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.), The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-974391-9 Hurtado, Larry (2005). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802831675. Kärkkäinen, V.-N (2009), "Christology", in Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.), Global Dictionary of Theology, InterVarsity Press, ISBN 9780830878116 Kodell, Jerome (1992). "Luke". In Karris, Robert J. (ed.). The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament, NAB. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814622117. Koester, Helmut (2000). Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110149708. Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365. Lachs, Samuel T. (1987). A Rabbinic Commentary of the New Testament: the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 978-0881250893. Lincoln, Andrew (2013). Born of a Virgin?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802869258. Loewe, William P. (1996). The College Student's Introduction to Christology. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814650189. Marsh, Clive; Moyise, Steve (2006). Jesus and the Gospels. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0567040732. Marthaler, Berard L. (2007). The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology. Twenty-Third Publications. ISBN 9780896225374. McGuckin, John Anthony (2004). The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664223960. Miller, John W. (2008). "The Miracle of Christ's Birth". In Ellens, J. Harold (ed.). Miracles. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0275997236. Morris, Leon (1992). The Gospel According to Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0851113388. Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2014). Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar: A Study with Five Editions and Translations. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004274129. O'Sullivan, Daniel E. (2005). Marian devotion in thirteenth-century French lyric. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802038859. Paget, James Carleton (2010). Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161503122. Reddish, Mitchell (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426750083. Peltomaa, Leena Mari (2001). The image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos hymn. Brill. ISBN 9004120882. Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2018). The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300181326. Robinson, Bernard P. (2009). "Matthew's Nativity Stories". In Corley, Jeremy (ed.). New Perspectives on the Nativity. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567613790. Ross, Leslie (1996). Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313293290. Saldarini, Anthony J. (2001). "Matthew". In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110. Saritoprak, Zeki (2014). Islam's Jesus. Tampa: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-4940-3. Satlow, Michael L. (2018). Jewish Marriage in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691187495. Sawyer, W. Thomas (1990). "Mary". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0865543737. Schowalter, Daniel N. (1993). "Virgin Birth of Christ". In Metzger, B.M.; Coogan, D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743919. Simpler, Steven (1990). "Hymn". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737. Sweeney, Marvin A (1996). Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802841001. Turner, David L. (2008). Matthew. Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-2684-3. Tyson, Joseph B. (2006). Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570036507. Vermes, Geza (2006a). Who's Who in the Age of Jesus. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141937557. Vermes, Geza (2006b). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141912615. Voorst, Robert van (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802843685. Wahlde, Urban von (2015). Gnosticism, Docetism, and the Judaisms of the First Century. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567656599. Ware, Timothy (1993). The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity. Penguin. ISBN 9780141925004. Weaver, Rebeccah H. (2008), "Jesus in early Christianity", in Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O (eds.), The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0664224165 Welburn, Andrew J. (2008). From a Virgin Womb: The "Apocalypse of Adam" and the Virgin Birth. BRILL. ISBN 9789004163768. Wilson, Frank E. (1989). Faith and Practice. Harrisburg, PA: Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780819224576. Zebiri, Kate (March 2000). "Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus". The Muslim World. 90 (1–2): 71–90. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x. Zervos, George (2019). The Protevangelium of James. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 79. ISBN 9780567053169. Virgin birth of Jesus Life of Jesus Preceded byGabriel announces John'sbirth to Zechariah New TestamentEvents Succeeded byMary visits Elisabeth vteMary, mother of JesusFamily Joseph (husband) Jesus (son) Joachim (father) Anne (mother) Elizabeth Brothers of Jesus LifeTradition: Early Life Immaculate Conception Birth Presentation Marriage to Joseph Perpetual virginity In the Bible Annunciation Virginal motherhood Visitation Nativity of Jesus Presentation of Jesus Flight into Egypt Return to Nazareth Finding of Jesus in the Temple Miracle at the Wedding at Cana Passion of Jesus Crucifixion Deposition Resurrection Pentecost Tradition: Later Life Bilocation to St. James Dormition Assumption Coronation Queenship Woman of the Apocalypse Apocryphal Protoevangelium of James MariologyChristian Anglican Catholic history papal Orthodox Protestant Lutheran Other Islamic Veneration Apparitions list Catholic churches Christmas Devotions month of May Feast days Patronage Shrines Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church Titles Christotokos Coredemptrix Help of Christians Immaculate Heart Life-giving Spring Mediatrix (of all graces) New Eve Panagia Our Lady of Navigators Our Lady of Sorrows Our Lady of Victory Star of the Sea Seat of Wisdom Theotokos Prayers Angelus Antiphons Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Regina caelorum Salve Regina Regina caeli Ave Maria Fátima prayers Hymns Akathist Ave maris stella Sub tuum praesidium Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria mater gratiae Memorare Rosary Three Hail Marys ArtWest Assumption Black Madonna Golden Madonna of Essen The Golden Virgin Pietà Queen of Heaven Stabat Mater East Agiosoritissa Madonna del Rosario Derzhavnaya Eleusa Theotokos of Vladimir Hodegetria Related Life of the Virgin Saint Luke painting the Virgin Category Saints Portal vteNativity of JesusPeopleHoly Family Christ Child (Jesus) Mary Joseph Magi Melchior Caspar Balthazar Others Shepherds Herod the Great Place Bethlehem Gifts of the Magi Gold Frankincense Myrrh NarrativesGospel of Matthew Matthew 1 Matthew 1:18 Matthew 1:19 Matthew 1:20 Matthew 1:21 Matthew 1:22 Matthew 1:23 Matthew 1:24 Matthew 1:25 Matthew 2:11 Adoration of the Magi (In art) Gospel of Luke Luke 2 Annunciation to the shepherds Related Manger Star of Bethlehem Virgin birth of Jesus Saint Joseph's dreams Flight into Egypt In culture In art In film Batlejka Christmas village Szopka Nativity displays theft Nativity play Vertep Serbian Others Remembrances Advent Christmas Church of the Nativity Nativity Fast vteJesus Outline List of topics Chronologyof Jesus's life Annunciation Nativity Virgin birth Date of birth Flight into Egypt Infancy (apocryphal) Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles Selecting Great Commission Ministry Disciples Sermon on the Mount/Plain Beatitudes Prayers Lord's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Great Commandment Olivet Discourse Anointing Passion Entry into Jerusalem Last Supper Farewell Discourse Agony in the garden Betrayal Arrest Trial Crucifixion Sayings on the cross Burial Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Five Discourses of Matthew Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Historicity Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus Sources Josephus Tacitus Mara bar Serapion Gospels Christ myth theory Depictions Bibliography Christ Child Life of Christ in art Life of Christ Museum Statues Transfiguration Christianity Christ Christianity 1st century Christology Incarnation Person of Christ Pre-existence Relics Second Coming Session of Christ Son of God Cosmic Christ In other faiths Jesuism In comparative mythology Judaism In the Talmud Islam Ahmadiyya Baháʼí Faith Manichaeism Jesus the Splendour Mandaeism Master Jesus Family Genealogies Mary (mother) Joseph (legal father) Holy Family Panthera (alleged father) Brothers of Jesus Holy Kinship Anne (traditional maternal grandmother) Joachim (traditional maternal grandfather) Heli (paternal grandfather per Luke) Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew) Descendants Clopas (traditional uncle) Related Language of Jesus Interactions with women Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Christmas Easter Rejection of Jesus Criticism Mental health Race and appearance Sexuality Category vteChristianity Index Outline Glossary Prophets People Lists of Christians By country Bible(Scriptures) Canon Old Testament New Testament Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Christian tradition Worship History(timeline)(spread)EarlyChristianity Jesus in Christianity Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Apostles Church fathers Apostolic fathers Great Church Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Middle Ages Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Modern era Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Relations with Islam Influences Denominations(list, members)Western Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Reformed Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Western Rite Orthodoxy Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Restorationist Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Iglesia ni Cristo Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Christology Nicene Creed Tradition Original sin Salvation Born again Liturgy Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Worship Mariology Theotokos Saints Angel Ecclesiology Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Sacraments Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Mission Ablution Hygiene Philosophy Natural law Ethics Science Evolution Politics Views on poverty and wealth OtherfeaturesCulture Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Education Catechism Flag Literature Music Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Church buildings Cathedrals Role in civilization Movements Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left/Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Traditionalist Catholicism Cooperation Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Related Cultural Christians Anti-Christian sentiment Criticism Persecution Relations with other religions Christianity portal Category Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Guido Reni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Reni"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"without sexual intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359-1"},{"link_name":"human and divine natures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359-1"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated-2"},{"link_name":"Apostles' Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed"},{"link_name":"orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"heretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretical"},{"link_name":"deny it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199855-3"},{"link_name":"Matthew 1:18–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#1:18"},{"link_name":"Luke 1:26–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#1:26"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruner200437-5"},{"link_name":"semen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen"},{"link_name":"ovum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovum"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195%E2%80%93196,_258-6"},{"link_name":"milieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieu"},{"link_name":"miraculous birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_birth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790-7"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19876-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Protoevangelium of James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_James"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2012110-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640-11"}],"text":"The Annunciation as depicted by Guido Reni, 1621The virgin birth of Jesus is the Christian and Islamic doctrine that Jesus was conceived by his mother, Mary, through the power of the Holy Spirit and without sexual intercourse.[1] Christians regard the doctrine as an explanation of the mixture of the human and divine natures of Jesus.[2][1] The Eastern Orthodox Churches accept the doctrine as authoritative by reason of its inclusion in the Nicene Creed,[2] and the Catholic Church holds it authoritative for faith through the Apostles' Creed as well as the Nicene. Nevertheless, there are many contemporary churches in which it is considered orthodox to accept the virgin birth but not heretical to deny it.[3]The narrative appears only in Matthew 1:18–25 and Luke 1:26–38,[4] and the modern scholarly consensus is that it rests on slender historical foundations.[5] The ancient world didn't possess a thoroughly modern understanding that male semen and female ovum were both needed to form an embryo;[6] this cultural milieu was conducive to miraculous birth stories,[7] and tales of virgin birth and the impregnation of mortal women by deities were well known in the 1st-century Greco-Roman world and Second Temple Jewish works.[8][9]The Quran asserts the virgin birth of Jesus, deriving its account from the 2nd century AD Protoevangelium of James,[10] but denies the Trinitarian implications of the gospel story (Jesus is a messenger of God but also a human being and not the Second Person of the Christian Trinity).[11]","title":"Virgin birth of Jesus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New Testament narratives: Matthew and Luke"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matthew 1:18-25","text":"18: Now the birth of Jesus the Messiah took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been engaged to Joseph, but before they lived together, she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit.\n19: Her husband Joseph, being a righteous man and unwilling to expose her to public disgrace, planned to dismiss her quietly.\n20: But just when he had resolved to do this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, \"Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary as your wife, for the child conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. \n21: She will bear a son, and you are to name him Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.\"\n22: All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet: \n23: \"Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall name him Emmanuel,\" which means, \"God is with us.\" \n24: When Joseph awoke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him; he took her as his wife, \n25: but had no marital relations with her until she had borne a son; and he named him Jesus.","title":"New Testament narratives: Matthew and Luke"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Luke 1:26-38","text":"26: In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth,\n27: to a virgin engaged to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary.\n28: And he came to her and said, \"Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you.\"\n29: But she was much perplexed by his words and pondered what sort of greeting this might be.\n30: The angel said to her, \"Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.\n31: And now, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you will name him Jesus.\n32: He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David. \n33: He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end.\"\n34: Mary said to the angel, \"How can this be, since I am a virgin?\"\n35: The angel said to her, \"The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be holy; he will be called Son of God.\n36: And now, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month for her who was said to be barren.\n37: For nothing will be impossible with God.\"\n38: Then Mary said, \"Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word.\" Then the angel departed from her.","title":"New Testament narratives: Matthew and Luke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"},{"link_name":"Davidic line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidic_line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201399-13"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius"},{"link_name":"presentation in the temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple"},{"link_name":"magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi"},{"link_name":"flight into Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt"},{"link_name":"massacre of the infants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-12"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Book of Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199231%E2%80%9332-14"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll201239-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZervos201978-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003341%E2%80%93343-18"},{"link_name":"Marcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170-17"}],"text":"In the entire Christian corpus, the virgin birth is found only in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.[4] The two agree that Mary's husband was named Joseph, that he was of the Davidic line, and that he played no role in Jesus's divine conception, but beyond this they are very different.[12][13] Matthew has no census, shepherds, or presentation in the temple, and implies that Joseph and Mary are living in Bethlehem at the time of the birth, while Luke has no magi, flight into Egypt or massacre of the infants, and states that Joseph lives in Nazareth.[12]Matthew underlines the virginity of Mary by references to the Book of Isaiah (using the 2,200 year old Greek translation in the Septuagint, rather than the only 1,300 year old mostly Hebrew Masoretic Text) and by his narrative statement that Joseph had no sexual relations with her until after the birth (a choice of words which leaves open the possibility that they did have relations after that).[14]\nLuke introduces Mary as a virgin, describes her puzzlement at being told she will bear a child despite her lack of sexual experience, and informs the reader that this pregnancy is to be effected through God's Holy Spirit.[15]There is a serious debate as to whether Luke's nativity story is an original part of his gospel.[16] Chapters 1 and 2 are written in a style quite different from the rest of the gospel, and the dependence of the birth narrative on the Greek Septuagint is absent from the remainder.[17] There are strong Lukan motifs in Luke 1–2, but differences are equally striking—Jesus's identity as \"son of David\", for example, is a prominent theme of the birth narrative, but not in the rest of the gospel.[18] In the early part of the 2nd century, the gnostic theologian Marcion produced a version of Luke lacking these two chapters, and although he is generally accused of having cut them out of a longer text more like our own, genealogies and birth narratives are also absent from Mark and John.[17]","title":"Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miraculous births","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_births"},{"link_name":"betrothed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrothed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a216-19"},{"link_name":"the first menses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a72,_216-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b73-22"},{"link_name":"Jewish Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christian"},{"link_name":"Gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_Christian"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005328-23"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforth2014688-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg201141%E2%80%9342-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg201141-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19875%E2%80%936-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195%E2%80%93196,_258-6"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah"},{"link_name":"Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Jesus's baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Second Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19876-8"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"Melchizedek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek"},{"link_name":"Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"},{"link_name":"Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKodell1992939-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082-31"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian"},{"link_name":"Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi"},{"link_name":"Star of Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082-31"}],"text":"Further information: Miraculous birthsMatthew 1:18 says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph.[19] She would have been twelve years old or a little less at the time of events described in the gospels, as under Jewish law betrothal was only possible for minors, which for girls meant aged under twelve or prior to the first menses, whichever came first.[20] According to custom the wedding would take place twelve months later, after which the groom would take his bride from her father's house to his own.[21] A betrothed girl who had sex with a man other than her husband-to-be was considered an adulteress.[21] If tried before a tribunal, both she and the young man would be stoned to death, but it was possible for her betrothed husband to issue a document of repudiation, and this, according to Matthew, was the course Joseph wished to take prior to the visitation by the angel.[22]The most likely cultural context for both Matthew and Luke is Jewish Christian or mixed Gentile/Jewish-Christian circles rooted in Jewish tradition.[23] These readers would have known that the Roman Senate had declared Julius Caesar a god and his successor Augustus to be divi filius, the Son of God before he became a god himself on his death in AD 14; this remained the pattern for later emperors.[24] Imperial divinity was accompanied by suitable miraculous birth stories, with Augustus being fathered by the god Apollo while his human mother slept, and her human husband being granted a dream in which he saw the sun rise from her womb, and inscriptions even described the news of the divine imperial birth as evangelia, the gospel.[25] The virgin birth of Jesus was thus a direct challenge to a central claim of Roman imperial theology, namely the divine conception and descent of the emperors.[26]Matthew's genealogy, tracing Jesus's Davidic descent, was intended for Jews, while his virgin birth story was intended for a Greco-Roman audience familiar with virgin birth stories and stories of women impregnated by gods.[27] The ancient world had no understanding that male semen and female ovum were both needed to form a fetus; instead they thought that the male contribution in reproduction consisted of some sort of formative or generative principle, while Mary's bodily fluids would provide all the matter that was needed for Jesus's bodily form, including his male sex.[6] This cultural milieu was conducive to miraculous birth stories – they were common in biblical tradition going back to Abraham and Sarah (and the conception of Isaac).[7]Such stories are less frequent in Judaism, but there too was a widespread belief in angels and divine intervention in births.[9] Theologically, the two accounts mark the moment when Jesus becomes the Son of God, i.e., at his birth, in distinction to Mark, for whom the Sonship dates from Jesus's baptism,[28] and Paul and the pre-Pauline Christians for whom Jesus becomes the Son only at the Resurrection or even the Second Coming.[29]Tales of virgin birth and the impregnation of mortal women by deities were well known in the 1st-century Greco-Roman world,[8] and Second Temple Jewish works were also capable of producing accounts of the appearances of angels and miraculous births for ancient heroes such as Melchizedek, Noah, and Moses.[9] Luke's virgin birth story is a standard plot from the Jewish scriptures, as for example in the annunciation scenes for Isaac and for Samson, in which an angel appears and causes apprehension, the angel gives reassurance and announces the coming birth, the mother raises an objection, and the angel gives a sign.[30] Nevertheless, \"plausible sources that tell of virgin birth in areas convincingly close to the gospels' own probable origins have proven extremely hard to demonstrate\".[31] Similarly, while it is widely accepted that there is a connection with Zoroastrian sources underlying Matthew's story of the Magi (the wise men from the East) and the Star of Bethlehem, a wider claim that Zoroastrianism formed the background to the infancy narratives has not achieved acceptance.[31]","title":"Cultural context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruner200437-5"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen20087-32"},{"link_name":"Pauline epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201321-33"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"Mark 6:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:4&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201323-34"},{"link_name":"John 1:45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:45&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"6:42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:42&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201324-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201329-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock200912-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113-38"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318%E2%80%93319,_325-40"},{"link_name":"Book of Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2001490-41"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 7:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_7:14"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney1996161-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2001490-41"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"almah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almah"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney1996161-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007-43"},{"link_name":"Immanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007-43"},{"link_name":"R.T. France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.T._France"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005319-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Ben Witherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The modern scholarly consensus is that the doctrine of the virgin birth rests on very slender historical foundations.[5] Both Matthew and Luke are late and anonymous compositions dating from the period AD 80–100.[32] The earliest Christian writings, the Pauline epistles, do not contain any mention of a virgin birth and assume Jesus's full humanity, stating that he was \"born of a woman\" like any other human being and \"born under the law\" like any Jew.[33] In the Gospel of Mark, dating from around AD 70, we read of Jesus saying that \"prophets are not without honour, except in their home town, and among their own kin, and in their own house\" – Mark 6:4, which suggests that Mark was not aware of any tradition of special circumstances surrounding Jesus' birth, and while the author of the Gospel of John is confident that Jesus is more than human he makes no reference to a virgin birth to prove his point.[34] John in fact refers twice to Jesus as the \"son of Joseph,\" the first time from the lips of the disciple Philip (\"We have found him about whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus, son of Joseph from Nazareth\" – John 1:45), the second from the unbelieving Jews (\"Is this not Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose mother and father we know?\" – John 6:42).[35] These quotations, incidentally, are in direct opposition to the suggestion that Jesus was, or was believed to be, illegitimate: Philip and the Jews knew that Jesus had a human father, and that father was Joseph.[36]This raises the question of where the authors of Matthew and Luke found their stories. It is almost certain that neither was the work of an eyewitness.[37][38] In view of the many inconsistencies between them neither is likely to derive from the other, nor did they share a common source.[4] Raymond E. Brown suggested in 1973 that Joseph was the source of Matthew's account and Mary of Luke's, but modern scholars consider this \"highly unlikely\" given that the stories emerged so late.[39] It follows that the two narratives were created by the two writers, drawing on ideas in circulation at least a decade before the gospels were composed, to perhaps 65-75 or even earlier.[40]Matthew presents the ministry of Jesus as largely the fulfilment of prophecies from the Book of Isaiah,[41] and Matthew 1:22-23, \"All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet: \"Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son...\", is a reference to Isaiah 7:14, \"...the Lord himself shall give you a sign: the maiden is with child and she will bear a son...\"[42][43] But in the time of Jesus the Jews of Palestine no longer spoke Hebrew, Isaiah was translated into Greek,[41][failed verification] and Matthew uses the Greek word parthenos, which does mean virgin, for the Hebrew almah, which scholars agree signifies a girl of childbearing age without reference to virginity.[42][43] This mistranslation gave the author of Matthew the opportunity to interpret Jesus as the prophesied Immanuel, God is with us, the divine representative on earth.[43] According to R.T. France, the inclusion of Isaiah 7:14 was an explanatory addition to Matthew's birth narrative, albeit not the inspiration for it.[44]Conservative scholars argue that despite the uncertainty of the details, the gospel birth narratives trace back to historical, or at least much earlier pre-gospel traditions.[45][46][47][48][49] For instance, according to Ben Witherington:What we find in Matthew and Luke is not the story of… a [god] descending to earth and, in the guise of a man, mating with a human woman, but rather the story of a miraculous conception without the aid of any man, divine or otherwise. As such, this story is without precedent either in Jewish or pagan literature.[50]","title":"Historicity and sources of the narratives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"},{"link_name":"Jesus's baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Mark 1:9–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9%E2%80%9313&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Second Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"},{"link_name":"Ebionites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebionites"},{"link_name":"Jewish Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christian"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget2010351-51"},{"link_name":"Marcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcion"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2017152_fn.153-52"},{"link_name":"Pantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_(Jesus%27s_father)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorst2000117-53"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Toledot Yeshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2011unpaginated-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1998450-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2011unpaginated-54"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen2009175-56"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen2009175-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Matthew and Luke use the virgin birth (or more accurately the divine conception that precedes it) to mark the moment when Jesus becomes the Son of God.[29] This was a notable development over Mark, for whom the Sonship dates from Jesus's baptism, Mark 1:9–13 and the earlier Christianity of Paul and the pre-Pauline Christians for whom Jesus becomes the Son at the Resurrection or even the Second Coming.[29] The Ebionites, a Jewish Christian sect, saw Jesus as fully human, rejected the virgin birth, and preferred to translate almah as \"young woman\".[51] The 2nd century gnostic theologian Marcion likewise rejected the virgin birth, but regarded Jesus as descended fully formed from heaven and having only the appearance of humanity.[52] By about AD 180 Jews were telling how Jesus had been illegitimately conceived by a Roman soldier named Pantera or Pandera, whose name is likely a pun on parthenos, virgin.[53] The story was still current in the Middle Ages in satirical parody of the Christian gospels called the Toledot Yeshu.[54][55] The Toledot Yeshu contains little historical material, and was probably created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity.[54]According to Kärkkäinen, the virgin birth in relation to the incarnation was seen as proof of the divinity of Christ but that the Age of Enlightenment offered a full-scale rebuttal of the doctrine, and that the only way for classical liberals to continue believing the virgin birth was to resort to the notion of myth, though this elicited a vigorous reaction from conservatives.[56] This division remains in place, although some national synods of the Catholic Church have replaced a biological understanding with the idea of \"theological truth,\" and some evangelical theologians hold it to be marginal rather than indispensable to the Christian faith.[56] Today, the traditional doctrine of the virgin birth is still defended by conservative theologians.[57][58][59]","title":"Theology and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magnificat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat"},{"link_name":"Marie Ellenrieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Ellenrieder"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Marian devotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_devotions"},{"link_name":"Hymns to Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary"},{"link_name":"Annunciation in Christian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_in_Christian_art"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENothaft2014564-60"},{"link_name":"These dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Magnificat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat"},{"link_name":"canticles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canticle"},{"link_name":"Benedictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)"},{"link_name":"Gloria in Excelsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_in_Excelsis"},{"link_name":"Nunc dimittis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunc_dimittis"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpler1990396-61"},{"link_name":"Marian devotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_devotions"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan200514%E2%80%9315-62"},{"link_name":"Akathists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathist"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltomaa2001127-63"},{"link_name":"Christian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art"},{"link_name":"annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(disciple)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2004183-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199699-65"},{"link_name":"Nativity scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar1968130-66"}],"text":"Mary writing the Magnificat, by Marie Ellenrieder, 1833See also: Annunciation, Marian devotions, Hymns to Mary, and Annunciation in Christian artSome Christians celebrate the conception of Jesus on 25 March and his birth on 25 December.[60] (These dates are traditional; no one knows for certain when Jesus was born.) The Magnificat, based on Luke 1:46-55 is one of four well known Gospel canticles: the Benedictus and the Magnificat in the first chapter, and the Gloria in Excelsis and the Nunc dimittis in the second chapter of Luke, which are now an integral part of the Christian liturgical tradition.[61] The Annunciation became an element of Marian devotions in medieval times, and by the 13th century direct references to it were widespread in French lyrics.[62] The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the title \"Ever Virgin Mary\" as a key element of its Marian veneration, and as part of the Akathists hymns to Mary which are an integral part of its liturgy.[63]The doctrine is often represented in Christian art in terms of the annunciation to Mary by the Archangel Gabriel that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God, and in Nativity scenes that include the figure of Salome. The Annunciation is one of the most frequently depicted scenes in Western art.[64] Annunciation scenes also amount to the most frequent appearances of Gabriel in medieval art.[65] The depiction of Joseph turning away in some Nativity scenes is a discreet reference to the fatherhood of the Holy Spirit and the virgin birth.[66]","title":"Celebrations and devotions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary in Islam § Virgin birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_in_Islam#Virgin_birth"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"apocryphal gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphal_gospels"},{"link_name":"Protoevangelium of James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_James"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2012110-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640-11"},{"link_name":"Surah Al Imran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Imran"},{"link_name":"3:35-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/3?startingVerse=35"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anne"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds201855%E2%80%9356-67"}],"text":"Further information: Mary in Islam § Virgin birthThe Quran follows the apocryphal gospels, and especially in the Protoevangelium of James, in its accounts of the miraculous births of both Mary and her son Jesus,[10] but while it affirms the virgin birth of Jesus it denies the Trinitarian implications of the gospel story (Jesus is a messenger of God but also a human being and not the Second Person of the Christian Trinity).[11] Surah Al Imran 3:35-36, for example, follows the Protoevangelium closely when describing how the pregnant \"wife of Imran\" (that is, Mary's mother Anne) dedicates her unborn child to God, Mary's secluded upbringing within the Temple, and the angels who bring her food.[67]","title":"In Islam"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Doors.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Catherine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annunciation_nesterov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Nesterov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg"}],"text":"Holy Doors, Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt, 12th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSandro Botticelli (1489–90)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMikhail Nesterov, Russia, 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEastern Orthodox Nativity depiction little changed in more than a millennium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiotto (1267–1337): Nativity with an uninvolved Joseph but without Salome\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedieval miniature of the Nativity, c. 1350","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"The Annunciation as depicted by Guido Reni, 1621","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg/170px-GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mary writing the Magnificat, by Marie Ellenrieder, 1833","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg/170px-Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Adoptionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionism"},{"title":"Almah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almah"},{"title":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"title":"Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"title":"Incarnation (Christianity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)"},{"title":"Isaiah 7:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_7:14"},{"title":"Perpetual virginity of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary"},{"title":"Parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"}]
[{"reference":"\"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/religion/nt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth/13686186","url_text":"\"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/religion/nt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth/13686186","url_text":"\"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)\""}]},{"reference":"Barclay, William (1998). The Apostles' Creed. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781250088703.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOqGJc6tpcC&pg=PA55","url_text":"The Apostles' Creed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250088703","url_text":"9781250088703"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Margaret (2001). \"Isaiah\". In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=margaret+barker+Isaiah&pg=PA490","url_text":"\"Isaiah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110","url_text":"9780802837110"}]},{"reference":"BeDuhn, Jason (2015). \"The New Marcion\" (PDF). Forum. 3 (Fall 2015): 163–179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_BeDuhn","url_text":"BeDuhn, Jason"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525073815/http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf","url_text":"\"The New Marcion\""},{"url":"http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Richard (2012). The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment. Routledge. ISBN 9781136260674.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g5srBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136260674","url_text":"9781136260674"}]},{"reference":"Borg, Marcus (2011). Jesus. SPCK. ISBN 9780281066063.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0WmpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41","url_text":"Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281066063","url_text":"9780281066063"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1973). The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0809117680.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0Ik5DuD01cC&q=%22family+tradition%22&pg=PA61","url_text":"The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809117680","url_text":"978-0809117680"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond E. (1999). The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300140088.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_1ZAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140088","url_text":"978-0300140088"}]},{"reference":"Boring, M. Eugene; Craddock, Fred B. (2009). The People's New Testament Commentary. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664235925.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC","url_text":"The People's New Testament Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664235925","url_text":"9780664235925"}]},{"reference":"Bruner, Frederick (2004). Matthew 1-12. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802811189.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA37","url_text":"Matthew 1-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802811189","url_text":"9780802811189"}]},{"reference":"Carrigan, Henry L. (2000). \"Virgin Birth\". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA1359","url_text":"\"Virgin Birth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032","url_text":"9789053565032"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, John T. (2000). \"Eschatology\". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422","url_text":"\"Eschatology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032","url_text":"9789053565032"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, John T. (2012). Luke: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664221065.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=krRY23eR55IC&pg=PA39","url_text":"Luke: A Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664221065","url_text":"978-0664221065"}]},{"reference":"Casey, Maurice (1991). From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God: The Origins and Development of New Testament Christology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664227654.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ynQmwvLppFQC&pg=PA152","url_text":"From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God: The Origins and Development of New Testament Christology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227654","url_text":"9780664227654"}]},{"reference":"Childs, Brevard S (2001). Isaiah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664221430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_Childs","url_text":"Childs, Brevard S"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yTxixTkYagoC&q=%22appear+to+be+virgins%22&pg=PA66","url_text":"Isaiah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664221430","url_text":"978-0664221430"}]},{"reference":"Chouinard, Larry (1997), Matthew, College Press, ISBN 978-0899006284","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuWJVwYxPAC&q=Matthew+%22feminine+pronoun%22&pg=PA44","url_text":"Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899006284","url_text":"978-0899006284"}]},{"reference":"Collinge, William J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Catholicism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879799.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L8C3TKNdn5oC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Catholicism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879799","url_text":"9780810879799"}]},{"reference":"Coyle, Kathleen (1996), Mary in the Christian Tradition (revised ed.), Gracewing Publishing, ISBN 978-0852443804","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5QCZlA_j3BcC&q=%22immaculate+conception%22&pg=PA36","url_text":"Mary in the Christian Tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852443804","url_text":"978-0852443804"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Michael J. (2011), \"Jewish Perspectives on Jesus\", in Burkett, Delbert (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Jesus, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781444351750","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=te96AkpyiKAC&q=%22Jews%27+perceptions+of+Jesus+were+predominantly+disparaging%22&pg=PT244","url_text":"\"Jewish Perspectives on Jesus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351750","url_text":"9781444351750"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, John (2005). The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings. Clear Press. ISBN 978-1904555148.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GoWhptP_up0C&q=%22the+nativity+stories+found+in+Luke+and+Matthew+are+completely+absent%22&pg=PA82","url_text":"The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904555148","url_text":"978-1904555148"}]},{"reference":"Deiss, Lucien (1996). Joseph, Mary, Jesus. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814622551.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Deiss","url_text":"Deiss, Lucien"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IZLWU9zvj-4C&q=%22How+old+could+Mary+have+been%3F%22&pg=PA25","url_text":"Joseph, Mary, Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814622551","url_text":"978-0814622551"}]},{"reference":"Dorman, T.M. (1995). \"Virgin Birth\". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802837844.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=definition+virgin+birth&pg=PA990","url_text":"\"Virgin Birth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837844","url_text":"978-0802837844"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, James D.G. (2003). Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802839312.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA341","url_text":"Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802839312","url_text":"9780802839312"}]},{"reference":"Erskine, Andrew (2009). A Companion to the Hellenistic World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405154413.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=krJF3rnhQdsC&pg=PA218","url_text":"A Companion to the Hellenistic World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405154413","url_text":"9781405154413"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Craig (1998), \"Jesus in non-Christian Sources\", in Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig (eds.), Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research, BRILL, ISBN 9004111425","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC","url_text":"Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004111425","url_text":"9004111425"}]},{"reference":"France, R.T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802825018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA56","url_text":"The Gospel of Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825018","url_text":"978-0802825018"}]},{"reference":"Fredriksen, Paula (2008). From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300164107.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C&pg=PT7","url_text":"From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300164107","url_text":"978-0300164107"}]},{"reference":"Grabar, André (1968). Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780710062376.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cTanjgEACAAJ","url_text":"Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710062376","url_text":"9780710062376"}]},{"reference":"Gregg, D. Larry (2000). \"Docetism\". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC","url_text":"Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032","url_text":"9789053565032"}]},{"reference":"Guiley, Rosemary (2004). The Encyclopedia of Angels. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-5023-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mkVwQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Angels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6","url_text":"0-8160-5023-6"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Andrew (2017). Justin against Marcion: Defining the Christian Philosophy. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781506420400.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGSjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152","url_text":"Justin against Marcion: Defining the Christian Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506420400","url_text":"9781506420400"}]},{"reference":"Hendrickson, Peter A.; Jenson, Bradley C.; Lundell, Randi H. (2015). Luther and Bach on the Magnificat. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 9781625641205.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EHuoCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Luther and Bach on the Magnificat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625641205","url_text":"9781625641205"}]},{"reference":"Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870677-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA688","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870677-9","url_text":"978-0-19-870677-9"}]},{"reference":"Hulmes, Edward (1993), \"Quran and the Bible, The\", in Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.), The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-974391-9","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA640","url_text":"\"Quran and the Bible, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9","url_text":"978-0-19-974391-9"}]},{"reference":"Hurtado, Larry (2005). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802831675.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC&pg=PA318","url_text":"Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802831675","url_text":"9780802831675"}]},{"reference":"Kärkkäinen, V.-N (2009), \"Christology\", in Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.), Global Dictionary of Theology, InterVarsity Press, ISBN 9780830878116","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA175","url_text":"\"Christology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830878116","url_text":"9780830878116"}]},{"reference":"Kodell, Jerome (1992). \"Luke\". In Karris, Robert J. (ed.). The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament, NAB. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814622117.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fJR0wYP12ZEC&q=%22infancy+stories+were+added%22%22to+serve+as+a+prologue%22&pg=PA939","url_text":"\"Luke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814622117","url_text":"978-0814622117"}]},{"reference":"Koester, Helmut (2000). Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110149708.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&q=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament:+History+and+literature+of+early+Christianity","url_text":"Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110149708","url_text":"9783110149708"}]},{"reference":"Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC","url_text":"An Introduction to the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846365","url_text":"9780802846365"}]},{"reference":"Lachs, Samuel T. (1987). A Rabbinic Commentary of the New Testament: the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 978-0881250893.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_qSWLVIi2xwC&pg=PA5","url_text":"A Rabbinic Commentary of the New Testament: the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881250893","url_text":"978-0881250893"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Andrew (2013). Born of a Virgin?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802869258.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=deNgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144","url_text":"Born of a Virgin?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802869258","url_text":"978-0802869258"}]},{"reference":"Loewe, William P. (1996). The College Student's Introduction to Christology. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814650189.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o7e1PCoH1dIC&q=infancy+narrative+of+Jesus&pg=PA184","url_text":"The College Student's Introduction to Christology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814650189","url_text":"9780814650189"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Clive; Moyise, Steve (2006). Jesus and the Gospels. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0567040732.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&q=%22focuses+on+Joseph%22&pg=PA37","url_text":"Jesus and the Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567040732","url_text":"978-0567040732"}]},{"reference":"Marthaler, Berard L. (2007). The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology. Twenty-Third Publications. ISBN 9780896225374.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3-aZIo9HEC","url_text":"The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896225374","url_text":"9780896225374"}]},{"reference":"McGuckin, John Anthony (2004). The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664223960.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4i8jv0b7IkC&pg=PS286","url_text":"The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664223960","url_text":"9780664223960"}]},{"reference":"Miller, John W. (2008). \"The Miracle of Christ's Birth\". In Ellens, J. Harold (ed.). Miracles. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0275997236.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51n9m5oTdrkC&q=miracle+of+christ%27s+birth+john+w.+miller&pg=PR5-IA3","url_text":"\"The Miracle of Christ's Birth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275997236","url_text":"978-0275997236"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Leon (1992). The Gospel According to Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0851113388.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=%22standpoint+of+Joseph%22&pg=PA26","url_text":"The Gospel According to Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851113388","url_text":"978-0851113388"}]},{"reference":"Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2014). Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar: A Study with Five Editions and Translations. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004274129.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fae7oAEACAAJ","url_text":"Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar: A Study with Five Editions and Translations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004274129","url_text":"9789004274129"}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Daniel E. (2005). Marian devotion in thirteenth-century French lyric. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802038859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802038859","url_text":"0802038859"}]},{"reference":"Paget, James Carleton (2010). Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161503122.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AFLJ682D9QUC&pg=PA360","url_text":"Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161503122","url_text":"9783161503122"}]},{"reference":"Reddish, Mitchell (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426750083.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC","url_text":"An Introduction to The Gospels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426750083","url_text":"9781426750083"}]},{"reference":"Peltomaa, Leena Mari (2001). The image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos hymn. Brill. ISBN 9004120882.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ED_cXouKxl8C","url_text":"The image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos hymn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120882","url_text":"9004120882"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2018). The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300181326.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ynVaDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300181326","url_text":"9780300181326"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Bernard P. (2009). \"Matthew's Nativity Stories\". In Corley, Jeremy (ed.). New Perspectives on the Nativity. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567613790.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111","url_text":"\"Matthew's Nativity Stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567613790","url_text":"9780567613790"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Leslie (1996). Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313293290.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b-5YPoia7qwC","url_text":"Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293290","url_text":"9780313293290"}]},{"reference":"Saritoprak, Zeki (2014). Islam's Jesus. Tampa: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-4940-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4940-3","url_text":"978-0-8130-4940-3"}]},{"reference":"Satlow, Michael L. (2018). Jewish Marriage in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691187495.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104","url_text":"Jewish Marriage in Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691187495","url_text":"9780691187495"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, W. Thomas (1990). \"Mary\". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0865543737.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=%22infancy+stories+involving+Mary+are+found+only+in%22&pg=PA555","url_text":"\"Mary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865543737","url_text":"978-0865543737"}]},{"reference":"Schowalter, Daniel N. (1993). \"Virgin Birth of Christ\". In Metzger, B.M.; Coogan, D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743919.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA790","url_text":"\"Virgin Birth of Christ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743919","url_text":"9780199743919"}]},{"reference":"Simpler, Steven (1990). \"Hymn\". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC","url_text":"Mercer Dictionary of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737","url_text":"9780865543737"}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Marvin A (1996). Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802841001.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&q=%22scholars+agree%22%22nothing+to+do+with+whether+she+is+a+virgin%22&pg=PA161","url_text":"Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802841001","url_text":"978-0802841001"}]},{"reference":"Turner, David L. (2008). Matthew. Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-2684-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C","url_text":"Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3","url_text":"978-0-8010-2684-3"}]},{"reference":"Tyson, Joseph B. (2006). Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570036507.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MU2U08v6aq0C","url_text":"Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570036507","url_text":"9781570036507"}]},{"reference":"Vermes, Geza (2006a). Who's Who in the Age of Jesus. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141937557.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t6C6kxbpdO8C&pg=PT216","url_text":"Who's Who in the Age of Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141937557","url_text":"9780141937557"}]},{"reference":"Vermes, Geza (2006b). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141912615.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J00OOo-3RqEC&pg=PT72","url_text":"The Nativity: History and Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141912615","url_text":"9780141912615"}]},{"reference":"Voorst, Robert van (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802843685.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC","url_text":"Jesus Outside the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802843685","url_text":"9780802843685"}]},{"reference":"Wahlde, Urban von (2015). Gnosticism, Docetism, and the Judaisms of the First Century. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567656599.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gRB0BgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Gnosticism, Docetism, and the Judaisms of the First Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567656599","url_text":"9780567656599"}]},{"reference":"Ware, Timothy (1993). The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity. Penguin. ISBN 9780141925004.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ckkRoFrW_dQC","url_text":"The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141925004","url_text":"9780141925004"}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Rebeccah H. (2008), \"Jesus in early Christianity\", in Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O (eds.), The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0664224165","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA351","url_text":"\"Jesus in early Christianity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664224165","url_text":"978-0664224165"}]},{"reference":"Welburn, Andrew J. (2008). From a Virgin Womb: The \"Apocalypse of Adam\" and the Virgin Birth. BRILL. ISBN 9789004163768.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYM_jgnv6EC","url_text":"From a Virgin Womb: The \"Apocalypse of Adam\" and the Virgin Birth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163768","url_text":"9789004163768"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Frank E. (1989). Faith and Practice. Harrisburg, PA: Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780819224576.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uTltAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Faith and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819224576","url_text":"9780819224576"}]},{"reference":"Zebiri, Kate (March 2000). \"Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus\". The Muslim World. 90 (1–2): 71–90. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x"}]},{"reference":"Zervos, George (2019). The Protevangelium of James. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 79. ISBN 9780567053169.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ky2nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","url_text":"The Protevangelium of James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567053169","url_text":"9780567053169"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:4&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 6:4"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:45&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"John 1:45"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:42&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"6:42"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9%E2%80%9313&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 1:9–13"},{"Link":"https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=35","external_links_name":"3:35-36"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9%E2%80%9313&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Mark 1:9–13"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/religion/nt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth/13686186","external_links_name":"\"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/religion/nt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth/13686186","external_links_name":"\"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N.T. Wright)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOqGJc6tpcC&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"The Apostles' Creed"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=margaret+barker+Isaiah&pg=PA490","external_links_name":"\"Isaiah\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525073815/http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The New Marcion\""},{"Link":"http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g5srBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0WmpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41","external_links_name":"Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0Ik5DuD01cC&q=%22family+tradition%22&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_1ZAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC","external_links_name":"The People's New Testament Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"Matthew 1-12"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA1359","external_links_name":"\"Virgin Birth\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422","external_links_name":"\"Eschatology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=krRY23eR55IC&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"Luke: A Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ynQmwvLppFQC&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God: The Origins and Development of New Testament Christology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yTxixTkYagoC&q=%22appear+to+be+virgins%22&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"Isaiah"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuWJVwYxPAC&q=Matthew+%22feminine+pronoun%22&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"Matthew"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L8C3TKNdn5oC","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Catholicism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5QCZlA_j3BcC&q=%22immaculate+conception%22&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"Mary in the Christian Tradition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=te96AkpyiKAC&q=%22Jews%27+perceptions+of+Jesus+were+predominantly+disparaging%22&pg=PT244","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Perspectives on Jesus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GoWhptP_up0C&q=%22the+nativity+stories+found+in+Luke+and+Matthew+are+completely+absent%22&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IZLWU9zvj-4C&q=%22How+old+could+Mary+have+been%3F%22&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Joseph, Mary, Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=definition+virgin+birth&pg=PA990","external_links_name":"\"Virgin Birth\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA341","external_links_name":"Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=krJF3rnhQdsC&pg=PA218","external_links_name":"A Companion to the Hellenistic World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC","external_links_name":"Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"The Gospel of Matthew"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C&pg=PT7","external_links_name":"From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cTanjgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC","external_links_name":"Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mkVwQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Angels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGSjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"Justin against Marcion: Defining the Christian Philosophy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EHuoCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Luther and Bach on the Magnificat"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA688","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA640","external_links_name":"\"Quran and the Bible, The\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC&pg=PA318","external_links_name":"Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA175","external_links_name":"\"Christology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fJR0wYP12ZEC&q=%22infancy+stories+were+added%22%22to+serve+as+a+prologue%22&pg=PA939","external_links_name":"\"Luke\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&q=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament:+History+and+literature+of+early+Christianity","external_links_name":"Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC","external_links_name":"An Introduction to the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_qSWLVIi2xwC&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"A Rabbinic Commentary of the New Testament: the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=deNgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Born of a Virgin?"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o7e1PCoH1dIC&q=infancy+narrative+of+Jesus&pg=PA184","external_links_name":"The College Student's Introduction to Christology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&q=%22focuses+on+Joseph%22&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"Jesus and the Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3-aZIo9HEC","external_links_name":"The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4i8jv0b7IkC&pg=PS286","external_links_name":"The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51n9m5oTdrkC&q=miracle+of+christ%27s+birth+john+w.+miller&pg=PR5-IA3","external_links_name":"\"The Miracle of Christ's Birth\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=%22standpoint+of+Joseph%22&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"The Gospel According to Matthew"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fae7oAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar: A Study with Five Editions and Translations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AFLJ682D9QUC&pg=PA360","external_links_name":"Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC","external_links_name":"An Introduction to The Gospels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ED_cXouKxl8C","external_links_name":"The image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos hymn"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ynVaDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111","external_links_name":"\"Matthew's Nativity Stories\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b-5YPoia7qwC","external_links_name":"Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1007","external_links_name":"\"Matthew\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Jewish Marriage in Antiquity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=%22infancy+stories+involving+Mary+are+found+only+in%22&pg=PA555","external_links_name":"\"Mary\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA790","external_links_name":"\"Virgin Birth of Christ\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC","external_links_name":"Mercer Dictionary of the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&q=%22scholars+agree%22%22nothing+to+do+with+whether+she+is+a+virgin%22&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C","external_links_name":"Matthew"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MU2U08v6aq0C","external_links_name":"Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t6C6kxbpdO8C&pg=PT216","external_links_name":"Who's Who in the Age of Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J00OOo-3RqEC&pg=PT72","external_links_name":"The Nativity: History and Legend"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC","external_links_name":"Jesus Outside the New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gRB0BgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Gnosticism, Docetism, and the Judaisms of the First Century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ckkRoFrW_dQC","external_links_name":"The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA351","external_links_name":"\"Jesus in early Christianity\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYM_jgnv6EC","external_links_name":"From a Virgin Womb: The \"Apocalypse of Adam\" and the Virgin Birth"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uTltAAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Faith and Practice"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ky2nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"The Protevangelium of James"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4162910-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541439505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85143742","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(1984_film)
Speed (1984 film)
["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1984 film by Greg MacGillivray This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Speed" 1984 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SpeedInternet promotional posterDirected byGreg MacGillivrayWritten byGreg MacGillivraySteven HenschelJames FosterProduced byGreg MacGillivrayNarrated byJames BurkeCinematographyGreg MacGillivrayEdited byStephen JudsonMusic bySteve WoodDistributed byMacGillivray Freeman FilmsRelease date 1984 (1984) Running time29 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Speed is a 1984 documentary written and directed by Greg MacGillivray of MacGillivray Freeman Films which chronicles the development of human technology as part of our desire to go faster than before. It was originally produced for Six Flags Autoworld in Flint, Michigan. In 1994 Knowledge Adventure worked with IMAX to make an MS-DOS game of the film. Plot summary This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) Cast Monty Cox as Hunter Shane McCamey as Kirkpatrick MacMillan Linda Hoy as Scottish Lady Omri Katz as Scottish Laddie Andy Muxlow as Scottish Laddie Lee S. Brock as Bill Vukovich (as Lee Brock) Kathy Graber as Ellen Leif Green as Danny References External links Speed at IMDb Speed at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Greg MacGillivray Five Summer Stories (1972) To Fly! (1976) Speed (1984) The Discoverers (1993) The Living Sea (1995) Everest (1998) Dolphins (2000) Adventures in Wild California (2000) Coral Reef Adventure (2003) Hurricane on the Bayou (2006) Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk (2008) Hollywood Don't Surf! (2011) To the Arctic 3D (2012) Journey to the South Pacific (2013) Dream Big: Engineering Our World (2017) This article about a scientific documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Greg MacGillivray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_MacGillivray"},{"link_name":"MacGillivray Freeman Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGillivray_Freeman_Films"},{"link_name":"Six Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags"},{"link_name":"Autoworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoWorld_(theme_park)"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Adventure"},{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"}],"text":"Speed is a 1984 documentary written and directed by Greg MacGillivray of MacGillivray Freeman Films which chronicles the development of human technology as part of our desire to go faster than before.It was originally produced for Six Flags Autoworld in Flint, Michigan.In 1994 Knowledge Adventure worked with IMAX to make an MS-DOS game of the film.","title":"Speed (1984 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monty Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Cox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shane McCamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shane_McCamey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linda Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Hoy"},{"link_name":"Omri Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omri_Katz"},{"link_name":"Andy Muxlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Muxlow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee S. Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_S._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kathy Graber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Graber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leif Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Green"}],"text":"Monty Cox as Hunter\nShane McCamey as Kirkpatrick MacMillan\nLinda Hoy as \tScottish Lady\nOmri Katz as Scottish Laddie\nAndy Muxlow as Scottish Laddie\nLee S. Brock as Bill Vukovich (as Lee Brock)\nKathy Graber as \tEllen\nLeif Green as Danny","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Speed%22+1984+film","external_links_name":"\"Speed\" 1984 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Speed%22+1984+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Speed%22+1984+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Speed%22+1984+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Speed%22+1984+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Speed%22+1984+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_(1984_film)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088159/","external_links_name":"Speed"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v1623728","external_links_name":"Speed"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_(1984_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_polygon_mesh
Polygon mesh
["1 Elements","2 Representations","2.1 Vertex-vertex meshes","2.2 Face-vertex meshes","2.3 Winged-edge meshes","2.4 Render dynamic meshes","3 Summary of mesh representation","4 Other representations","5 File formats","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Set of polygons to define a 3D model See also: Wire-frame model This article needs additional citations for verification. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Polygon mesh" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Example of a low poly triangle mesh representing a dolphin In 3D computer graphics and solid modeling, a polygon mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object. The faces usually consist of triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals (quads), or other simple convex polygons (n-gons), since this simplifies rendering, but may also be more generally composed of concave polygons, or even polygons with holes. The study of polygon meshes is a large sub-field of computer graphics (specifically 3D computer graphics) and geometric modeling. Different representations of polygon meshes are used for different applications and goals. The variety of operations performed on meshes may include: Boolean logic (Constructive solid geometry), smoothing, simplification, and many others. Algorithms also exist for ray tracing, collision detection, and rigid-body dynamics with polygon meshes. If the mesh's edges are rendered instead of the faces, then the model becomes a wireframe model. Volumetric meshes are distinct from polygon meshes in that they explicitly represent both the surface and volume of a structure, while polygon meshes only explicitly represent the surface (the volume is implicit). Several methods exist for mesh generation, including the marching cubes algorithm. Elements Objects created with polygon meshes must store different types of elements. These include vertices, edges, faces, polygons and surfaces. In many applications, only vertices, edges and either faces or polygons are stored. A renderer may support only 3-sided faces, so polygons must be constructed of many of these, as shown above. However, many renderers either support quads and higher-sided polygons, or are able to convert polygons to triangles on the fly, making it unnecessary to store a mesh in a triangulated form. vertex A position (usually in 3D space) along with other information such as color, normal vector and texture coordinates. edge A connection between two vertices. face A closed set of edges, in which a triangle face has three edges, and a quad face has four edges. A polygon is a coplanar set of faces. In systems that support multi-sided faces, polygons and faces are equivalent. However, most rendering hardware supports only 3- or 4-sided faces, so polygons are represented as multiple faces. Mathematically a polygonal mesh may be considered an unstructured grid, or undirected graph, with additional properties of geometry, shape and topology. surfaces More often called smoothing groups, are useful, but not required to group smooth regions. Consider a cylinder with caps, such as a soda can. For smooth shading of the sides, all surface normals must point horizontally away from the center, while the normals of the caps must point straight up and down. Rendered as a single, Phong-shaded surface, the crease vertices would have incorrect normals. Thus, some way of determining where to cease smoothing is needed to group smooth parts of a mesh, just as polygons group 3-sided faces. As an alternative to providing surfaces/smoothing groups, a mesh may contain other data for calculating the same data, such as a splitting angle (polygons with normals above this threshold are either automatically treated as separate smoothing groups or some technique such as splitting or chamfering is automatically applied to the edge between them). Additionally, very high resolution meshes are less subject to issues that would require smoothing groups, as their polygons are so small as to make the need irrelevant. Further, another alternative exists in the possibility of simply detaching the surfaces themselves from the rest of the mesh. Renderers do not attempt to smooth edges across noncontiguous polygons. groups Some mesh formats contain groups, which define separate elements of the mesh, and are useful for determining separate sub-objects for skeletal animation or separate actors for non-skeletal animation. materials Generally materials will be defined, allowing different portions of the mesh to use different shaders when rendered. UV coordinates Most mesh formats also support some form of UV coordinates which are a separate 2d representation of the mesh "unfolded" to show what portion of a 2-dimensional texture map to apply to different polygons of the mesh. It is also possible for meshes to contain other such vertex attribute information such as colour, tangent vectors, weight maps to control animation, etc (sometimes also called channels). Representations Polygon meshes may be represented in a variety of ways, using different methods to store the vertex, edge and face data. These include: Face-vertex meshes A simple list of vertices, and a set of polygons that point to the vertices it uses. Winged-edge in which each edge points to two vertices, two faces, and the four (clockwise and counterclockwise) edges that touch them. Winged-edge meshes allow constant time traversal of the surface, but with higher storage requirements. Half-edge meshes Similar to winged-edge meshes except that only half the edge traversal information is used. (see OpenMesh) Quad-edge meshes which store edges, half-edges, and vertices without any reference to polygons. The polygons are implicit in the representation, and may be found by traversing the structure. Memory requirements are similar to half-edge meshes. Corner-tables which store vertices in a predefined table, such that traversing the table implicitly defines polygons. This is in essence the triangle fan used in hardware graphics rendering. The representation is more compact, and more efficient to retrieve polygons, but operations to change polygons are slow. Furthermore, corner-tables do not represent meshes completely. Multiple corner-tables (triangle fans) are needed to represent most meshes. Vertex-vertex meshesA "VV" mesh represents only vertices, which point to other vertices. Both the edge and face information is implicit in the representation. However, the simplicity of the representation does not allow for many efficient operations to be performed on meshes. Each of the representations above have particular advantages and drawbacks, further discussed in Smith (2006). The choice of the data structure is governed by the application, the performance required, size of the data, and the operations to be performed. For example, it is easier to deal with triangles than general polygons, especially in computational geometry. For certain operations it is necessary to have a fast access to topological information such as edges or neighboring faces; this requires more complex structures such as the winged-edge representation. For hardware rendering, compact, simple structures are needed; thus the corner-table (triangle fan) is commonly incorporated into low-level rendering APIs such as DirectX and OpenGL. Vertex-vertex meshes Figure 2. Vertex-vertex meshes Vertex-vertex meshes represent an object as a set of vertices connected to other vertices. This is the simplest representation, but not widely used since the face and edge information is implicit. Thus, it is necessary to traverse the data in order to generate a list of faces for rendering. In addition, operations on edges and faces are not easily accomplished. However, VV meshes benefit from small storage space and efficient morphing of shape. The above figure shows a four-sided box as represented by a VV mesh. Each vertex indexes its neighboring vertices. The last two vertices, 8 and 9 at the top and bottom center of the "box-cylinder", have four connected vertices rather than five. A general system must be able to handle an arbitrary number of vertices connected to any given vertex. For a complete description of VV meshes see Smith (2006). Face-vertex meshes Figure 3. Face-vertex meshes Face-vertex meshes represent an object as a set of faces and a set of vertices. This is the most widely used mesh representation, being the input typically accepted by modern graphics hardware. Face-vertex meshes improve on VV-mesh for modeling in that they allow explicit lookup of the vertices of a face, and the faces surrounding a vertex. The above figure shows the "box-cylinder" example as an FV mesh. Vertex v5 is highlighted to show the faces that surround it. Notice that, in this example, every face is required to have exactly 3 vertices. However, this does not mean every vertex has the same number of surrounding faces. For rendering, the face list is usually transmitted to the GPU as a set of indices to vertices, and the vertices are sent as position/color/normal structures (in the figure, only position is given). This has the benefit that changes in shape, but not geometry, can be dynamically updated by simply resending the vertex data without updating the face connectivity. Modeling requires easy traversal of all structures. With face-vertex meshes it is easy to find the vertices of a face. Also, the vertex list contains a list of faces connected to each vertex. Unlike VV meshes, both faces and vertices are explicit, so locating neighboring faces and vertices is constant time. However, the edges are implicit, so a search is still needed to find all the faces surrounding a given face. Other dynamic operations, such as splitting or merging a face, are also difficult with face-vertex meshes. Winged-edge meshes Figure 4. Winged-edge meshes Introduced by Baumgart in 1975, winged-edge meshes explicitly represent the vertices, faces, and edges of a mesh. This representation is widely used in modeling programs to provide the greatest flexibility in dynamically changing the mesh geometry, because split and merge operations can be done quickly. Their primary drawback is large storage requirements and increased complexity due to maintaining many indices. A good discussion of implementation issues of Winged-edge meshes may be found in the book Graphics Gems II. Winged-edge meshes address the issue of traversing from edge to edge, and providing an ordered set of faces around an edge. For any given edge, the number of outgoing edges may be arbitrary. To simplify this, winged-edge meshes provide only four, the nearest clockwise and counter-clockwise edges at each end. The other edges may be traversed incrementally. The information for each edge therefore resembles a butterfly, hence "winged-edge" meshes. The above figure shows the "box-cylinder" as a winged-edge mesh. The total data for an edge consists of 2 vertices (endpoints), 2 faces (on each side), and 4 edges (winged-edge). Rendering of winged-edge meshes for graphics hardware requires generating a Face index list. This is usually done only when the geometry changes. Winged-edge meshes are ideally suited for dynamic geometry, such as subdivision surfaces and interactive modeling, since changes to the mesh can occur locally. Traversal across the mesh, as might be needed for collision detection, can be accomplished efficiently. See Baumgart (1975) for more details. Render dynamic meshes Winged-edge meshes are not the only representation which allows for dynamic changes to geometry. A new representation which combines winged-edge meshes and face-vertex meshes is the render dynamic mesh, which explicitly stores both, the vertices of a face and faces of a vertex (like FV meshes), and the faces and vertices of an edge (like winged-edge). Render dynamic meshes require slightly less storage space than standard winged-edge meshes, and can be directly rendered by graphics hardware since the face list contains an index of vertices. In addition, traversal from vertex to face is explicit (constant time), as is from face to vertex. RD meshes do not require the four outgoing edges since these can be found by traversing from edge to face, then face to neighboring edge. RD meshes benefit from the features of winged-edge meshes by allowing for geometry to be dynamically updated. See Tobler & Maierhofer (WSCG 2006) for more details. Summary of mesh representation Operation Vertex-vertex Face-vertex Winged-edge Render dynamic V-V All vertices around vertex Explicit V → f1, f2, f3, ... → v1, v2, v3, ... V → e1, e2, e3, ... → v1, v2, v3, ... V → e1, e2, e3, ... → v1, v2, v3, ... E-F All edges of a face F(a,b,c) → {a,b}, {b,c}, {a,c} F → {a,b}, {b,c}, {a,c} Explicit Explicit V-F All vertices of a face F(a,b,c) → {a,b,c} Explicit F → e1, e2, e3 → a, b, c Explicit F-V All faces around a vertex Pair search Explicit V → e1, e2, e3 → f1, f2, f3, ... Explicit E-V All edges around a vertex V → {v,v1}, {v,v2}, {v,v3}, ... V → f1, f2, f3, ... → v1, v2, v3, ... Explicit Explicit F-E Both faces of an edge List compare List compare Explicit Explicit V-E Both vertices of an edge E(a,b) → {a,b} E(a,b) → {a,b} Explicit Explicit Flook Find face with given vertices F(a,b,c) → {a,b,c} Set intersection of v1,v2,v3 Set intersection of v1,v2,v3 Set intersection of v1,v2,v3 Storage size V*avg(V,V) 3F + V*avg(F,V) 3F + 8E + V*avg(E,V) 6F + 4E + V*avg(E,V) Example with 10 vertices, 16 faces, 24 edges: 10 * 5 = 50 3*16 + 10*5 = 98 3*16 + 8*24 + 10*5 = 290 6*16 + 4*24 + 10*5 = 242 Figure 6: summary of mesh representation operations In the above table, explicit indicates that the operation can be performed in constant time, as the data is directly stored; list compare indicates that a list comparison between two lists must be performed to accomplish the operation; and pair search indicates a search must be done on two indices. The notation avg(V,V) means the average number of vertices connected to a given vertex; avg(E,V) means the average number of edges connected to a given vertex, and avg(F,V) is the average number of faces connected to a given vertex. The notation "V → f1, f2, f3, ... → v1, v2, v3, ..." describes that a traversal across multiple elements is required to perform the operation. For example, to get "all vertices around a given vertex V" using the face-vertex mesh, it is necessary to first find the faces around the given vertex V using the vertex list. Then, from those faces, use the face list to find the vertices around them. Winged-edge meshes explicitly store nearly all information, and other operations always traverse to the edge first to get additional info. Vertex-vertex meshes are the only representation that explicitly stores the neighboring vertices of a given vertex. As the mesh representations become more complex (from left to right in the summary), the amount of information explicitly stored increases. This gives more direct, constant time, access to traversal and topology of various elements but at the cost of increased overhead and space in maintaining indices properly. Figure 7 shows the connectivity information for each of the four technique described in this article. Other representations also exist, such as half-edge and corner tables. These are all variants of how vertices, faces and edges index one another. As a general rule, face-vertex meshes are used whenever an object must be rendered on graphics hardware that does not change geometry (connectivity), but may deform or morph shape (vertex positions) such as real-time rendering of static or morphing objects. Winged-edge or render dynamic meshes are used when the geometry changes, such as in interactive modeling packages or for computing subdivision surfaces. Vertex-vertex meshes are ideal for efficient, complex changes in geometry or topology so long as hardware rendering is not of concern. Other representations Streaming meshes store faces in an ordered, yet independent, way so that the mesh can be transmitted in pieces. The order of faces may be spatial, spectral, or based on other properties of the mesh. Streaming meshes allow a very large mesh to be rendered even while it is still being loaded. Progressive meshes transmit the vertex and face data with increasing levels of detail. Unlike streaming meshes, progressive meshes give the overall shape of the entire object, but at a low level of detail. Additional data, new edges and faces, progressively increase the detail of the mesh. Normal meshes transmit progressive changes to a mesh as a set of normal displacements from a base mesh. With this technique, a series of textures represent the desired incremental modifications. Normal meshes are compact, since only a single scalar value is needed to express displacement. However, the technique requires a complex series of transformations to create the displacement textures. File formats There exist many different file formats for storing polygon mesh data. Each format is most effective when used for the purpose intended by its creator. Popular formats include .fbx, .dae, .obj, and .stl. A table of some more of these formats is presented below: File suffix Format name Organization(s) Program(s) Description .raw Raw mesh Unknown Various Open, ASCII-only format. Each line contains 3 vertices, separated by spaces, to form a triangle, like so: X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2 X3 Y3 Z3 .blend Blender File Format Blender Foundation Blender 3D Open source, binary-only format .fbx Autodesk FBX Format Autodesk Various Proprietary. Binary and ASCII specifications exist. .3ds 3ds Max File Autodesk 3ds Max A common but outdated format with hard 16-bit limits on the number of vertices and faces. Neither standardised nor well documented, but used to be a "de facto standard" for data exchange. .dae Digital Asset Exchange (COLLADA) Sony Computer Entertainment, Khronos Group N/A Stands for "COLLAborative Design Activity". A universal format designed to prevent incompatibility. .dgn MicroStation File Bentley Systems MicroStation There are two dgn file formats: pre-version 8 and version 8 (V8) .3dm Rhino File Robert McNeel & Associates Rhinoceros 3D .dxf, .dwg Drawing Exchange Format Autodesk AutoCAD .obj Wavefront OBJ Wavefront Technologies Various ASCII format describing 3D geometry. All faces' vertices are ordered counter-clockwise, making facet normals implicit. Smooth normals are specified per vertex. .ply Polygon File Format Stanford University Various Binary and ASCII .pmd Polygon Movie Maker data Yu Higuchi MikuMikuDance Proprietary binary file format for storing humanoid model geometry with rigging, material, and physics information. .stl Stereolithography Format 3D Systems Many Binary and ASCII format originally designed to aid in CNC. .amf Additive Manufacturing File Format ASTM International N/A Like the STL format, but with added native color, material, and constellation support. .wrl Virtual Reality Modeling Language Web3D Consortium Web Browsers ISO Standard 14772-1:1997 .wrz VRML Compressed Web3D Consortium Web Browsers .x3d, .x3db, .x3dv Extensible 3D Web3D Consortium Web Browsers XML-based, open source, royalty-free, extensible, and interoperable; also supports color, texture, and scene information. ISO Standard 19775/19776/19777 .x3dz, .x3dbz, .x3dvz X3D Compressed Binary Web3D Consortium Web Browsers .c4d Cinema 4D File Maxon CINEMA 4D .lwo LightWave 3D object File NewTek LightWave 3D .smb SCOREC apf RPI SCOREC PUMI Open source parallel adaptive unstructured 3D meshes for PDE based simulation workflows. .msh Gmsh Mesh GMsh Developers GMsh Project Open source, providing an ASCII mesh description for linear and polynomially interpolated elements in 1 to 3 dimensions. .mesh OGRE XML OGRE Development Team OGRE, purebasic Open Source. Binary (.mesh) and ASCII (.mesh.xml) format available. Includes data for vertex animation and Morph target animation (blendshape). Skeletal animation data in separate file (.skeleton). .veg Vega FEM tetrahedral mesh Jernej Barbič Vega FEM Open Source. Stores a tetrahedral mesh and its material properties for FEM simulation. ASCII (.veg) and binary (.vegb) formats available. .z3d Z3d Oleg Melashenko Zanoza Modeler - .vtk VTK mesh VTK, Kitware VTK, Paraview Open, ASCII or binary format that contains many different data fields, including point data, cell data, and field data. .l4d LAI4D drawing Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Design LAI4D ASCII data format that describes a hierarchical tree of entities. See also Boundary representation Euler operator Hypergraph Manifold (a mesh can be manifold or non-manifold) Mesh subdivision (a technique for adding detail to a polygon mesh) Polygon modeling Polygonizer Simplex T-spline Triangulation (geometry) Wire-frame model References ^ Lorensen, William E.; Cline, Harvey E. (1 August 1987). "Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 21 (4): 163–169. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.545.613. doi:10.1145/37402.37422. ^ a b Colin Smith, On Vertex-Vertex Meshes and Their Use in Geometric and Biological Modeling, (PDF) ^ Bruce Baumgart, Winged-Edge Polyhedron Representation for Computer Vision. National Computer Conference, May 1975. "Use of Polyhedra in computer vision". baumgart.org. May 1975. Archived from the original on 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2005-08-29. ^ Tobler & Maierhofer, A Mesh Data Structure for Rendering and Subdivision. 2006. (PDF) External links Weisstein, Eric W. "Simplicial complex". MathWorld. Weisstein, Eric W. "Triangulation". MathWorld. OpenMesh open source half-edge mesh representation. Polygon Mesh Processing Library vteMesh generationTypes of mesh Polygon mesh Triangle mesh Volume mesh Methods Laplacian smoothing Parallel mesh generation Stretched grid method Related Chew's second algorithm Image-based meshing Marching cubes Marching tetrahedra Principles of Grid Generation Regular grid Ruppert's algorithm Tessellation Unstructured grid
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wire-frame model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-frame_model"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolphin_triangle_mesh.png"},{"link_name":"low poly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_poly"},{"link_name":"triangle mesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_mesh"},{"link_name":"dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"3D computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"solid modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling"},{"link_name":"polyhedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron"},{"link_name":"The faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_mesh"},{"link_name":"triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"triangle mesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_mesh"},{"link_name":"quadrilaterals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral"},{"link_name":"convex polygons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_polygon"},{"link_name":"n-gons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gons"},{"link_name":"rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"concave polygons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave_polygon"},{"link_name":"polygons with holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_with_holes"},{"link_name":"polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"geometric modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_modeling"},{"link_name":"Boolean logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic"},{"link_name":"Constructive solid geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry"},{"link_name":"smoothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_surfaces"},{"link_name":"simplification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_detail_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"ray tracing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)"},{"link_name":"collision detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_detection"},{"link_name":"rigid-body dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-body_dynamics"},{"link_name":"wireframe model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-frame_model"},{"link_name":"Volumetric meshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_mesh"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"mesh generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_generation"},{"link_name":"marching cubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_cubes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalarticle-1"}],"text":"See also: Wire-frame modelExample of a low poly triangle mesh representing a dolphinIn 3D computer graphics and solid modeling, a polygon mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object. The faces usually consist of triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals (quads), or other simple convex polygons (n-gons), since this simplifies rendering, but may also be more generally composed of concave polygons, or even polygons with holes.The study of polygon meshes is a large sub-field of computer graphics (specifically 3D computer graphics) and geometric modeling. Different representations of polygon meshes are used for different applications and goals. The variety of operations performed on meshes may include: Boolean logic (Constructive solid geometry), smoothing, simplification, and many others. Algorithms also exist for ray tracing, collision detection, and rigid-body dynamics with polygon meshes. If the mesh's edges are rendered instead of the faces, then the model becomes a wireframe model.Volumetric meshes are distinct from polygon meshes in that they explicitly represent both the surface and volume of a structure, while polygon meshes only explicitly represent the surface (the volume is implicit).Several methods exist for mesh generation, including the marching cubes algorithm.[1]","title":"Polygon mesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesh_overview.svg"},{"link_name":"triangulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_triangulation"},{"link_name":"coplanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanar"},{"link_name":"unstructured grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstructured_grid"},{"link_name":"surface normals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normal"},{"link_name":"Phong-shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_shading"},{"link_name":"skeletal animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_animation"},{"link_name":"shaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaders"},{"link_name":"UV coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_coordinates"},{"link_name":"UV coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_coordinates"},{"link_name":"texture map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_map"},{"link_name":"weight maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighting"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_animation"}],"text":"Objects created with polygon meshes must store different types of elements. These include vertices, edges, faces, polygons and surfaces. In many applications, only vertices, edges and either faces or polygons are stored. A renderer may support only 3-sided faces, so polygons must be constructed of many of these, as shown above. However, many renderers either support quads and higher-sided polygons, or are able to convert polygons to triangles on the fly, making it unnecessary to store a mesh in a triangulated form.vertexA position (usually in 3D space) along with other information such as color, normal vector and texture coordinates.edgeA connection between two vertices.faceA closed set of edges, in which a triangle face has three edges, and a quad face has four edges. A polygon is a coplanar set of faces. In systems that support multi-sided faces, polygons and faces are equivalent. However, most rendering hardware supports only 3- or 4-sided faces, so polygons are represented as multiple faces. Mathematically a polygonal mesh may be considered an unstructured grid, or undirected graph, with additional properties of geometry, shape and topology.surfacesMore often called smoothing groups, are useful, but not required to group smooth regions. Consider a cylinder with caps, such as a soda can. For smooth shading of the sides, all surface normals must point horizontally away from the center, while the normals of the caps must point straight up and down. Rendered as a single, Phong-shaded surface, the crease vertices would have incorrect normals. Thus, some way of determining where to cease smoothing is needed to group smooth parts of a mesh, just as polygons group 3-sided faces. As an alternative to providing surfaces/smoothing groups, a mesh may contain other data for calculating the same data, such as a splitting angle (polygons with normals above this threshold are either automatically treated as separate smoothing groups or some technique such as splitting or chamfering is automatically applied to the edge between them). Additionally, very high resolution meshes are less subject to issues that would require smoothing groups, as their polygons are so small as to make the need irrelevant. Further, another alternative exists in the possibility of simply detaching the surfaces themselves from the rest of the mesh. Renderers do not attempt to smooth edges across noncontiguous polygons.groupsSome mesh formats contain groups, which define separate elements of the mesh, and are useful for determining separate sub-objects for skeletal animation or separate actors for non-skeletal animation.materialsGenerally materials will be defined, allowing different portions of the mesh to use different shaders when rendered.UV coordinatesMost mesh formats also support some form of UV coordinates which are a separate 2d representation of the mesh \"unfolded\" to show what portion of a 2-dimensional texture map to apply to different polygons of the mesh. It is also possible for meshes to contain other such vertex attribute information such as colour, tangent vectors, weight maps to control animation, etc (sometimes also called channels).","title":"Elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"Winged-edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_edge"},{"link_name":"Half-edge meshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-edge_data_structure"},{"link_name":"OpenMesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.openmesh.org/"},{"link_name":"Quad-edge meshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-edge"},{"link_name":"triangle fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_fan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith(2006)-2"},{"link_name":"computational geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry"},{"link_name":"DirectX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectX"},{"link_name":"OpenGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"}],"text":"Polygon meshes may be represented in a variety of ways, using different methods to store the vertex, edge and face data. These include:Face-vertex meshesA simple list of vertices, and a set of polygons that point to the vertices it uses.Winged-edgein which each edge points to two vertices, two faces, and the four (clockwise and counterclockwise) edges that touch them. Winged-edge meshes allow constant time traversal of the surface, but with higher storage requirements.Half-edge meshesSimilar to winged-edge meshes except that only half the edge traversal information is used. (see OpenMesh)Quad-edge mesheswhich store edges, half-edges, and vertices without any reference to polygons. The polygons are implicit in the representation, and may be found by traversing the structure. Memory requirements are similar to half-edge meshes.Corner-tableswhich store vertices in a predefined table, such that traversing the table implicitly defines polygons. This is in essence the triangle fan used in hardware graphics rendering. The representation is more compact, and more efficient to retrieve polygons, but operations to change polygons are slow. Furthermore, corner-tables do not represent meshes completely. Multiple corner-tables (triangle fans) are needed to represent most meshes.Vertex-vertex meshesA \"VV\" mesh represents only vertices, which point to other vertices. Both the edge and face information is implicit in the representation. However, the simplicity of the representation does not allow for many efficient operations to be performed on meshes.Each of the representations above have particular advantages and drawbacks, further discussed in Smith (2006).[2]\n\nThe choice of the data structure is governed by the application, the performance required, size of the data, and the operations to be performed. For example, it is easier to deal with triangles than general polygons, especially in computational geometry. For certain operations it is necessary to have a fast access to topological information such as edges or neighboring faces; this requires more complex structures such as the winged-edge representation. For hardware rendering, compact, simple structures are needed; thus the corner-table (triangle fan) is commonly incorporated into low-level rendering APIs such as DirectX and OpenGL.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertex-Vertex_Meshes_(VV).png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith(2006)-2"}],"sub_title":"Vertex-vertex meshes","text":"Figure 2. Vertex-vertex meshesVertex-vertex meshes represent an object as a set of vertices connected to other vertices. This is the simplest representation, but not widely used since the face and edge information is implicit. Thus, it is necessary to traverse the data in order to generate a list of faces for rendering. In addition, operations on edges and faces are not easily accomplished.However, VV meshes benefit from small storage space and efficient morphing of shape. The above figure shows a four-sided box as represented by a VV mesh. Each vertex indexes its neighboring vertices. The last two vertices, 8 and 9 at the top and bottom center of the \"box-cylinder\", have four connected vertices rather than five. A general system must be able to handle an arbitrary number of vertices connected to any given vertex.For a complete description of VV meshes see Smith (2006).[2]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesh_fv.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Face-vertex meshes","text":"Figure 3. Face-vertex meshesFace-vertex meshes represent an object as a set of faces and a set of vertices. This is the most widely used mesh representation, being the input typically accepted by modern graphics hardware.Face-vertex meshes improve on VV-mesh for modeling in that they allow explicit lookup of the vertices of a face, and the faces surrounding a vertex. The above figure shows the \"box-cylinder\" example as an FV mesh. Vertex v5 is highlighted to show the faces that surround it. Notice that, in this example, every face is required to have exactly 3 vertices. However, this does not mean every vertex has the same number of surrounding faces.For rendering, the face list is usually transmitted to the GPU as a set of indices to vertices, and the vertices are sent as position/color/normal structures (in the figure, only position is given). This has the benefit that changes in shape, but not geometry, can be dynamically updated by simply resending the vertex data without updating the face connectivity.Modeling requires easy traversal of all structures. With face-vertex meshes it is easy to find the vertices of a face. Also, the vertex list contains a list of faces connected to each vertex. Unlike VV meshes, both faces and vertices are explicit, so locating neighboring faces and vertices is constant time. However, the edges are implicit, so a search is still needed to find all the faces surrounding a given face. Other dynamic operations, such as splitting or merging a face, are also difficult with face-vertex meshes.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesh_we2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Winged-edge meshes","text":"Figure 4. Winged-edge meshesIntroduced by Baumgart in 1975, winged-edge meshes explicitly represent the vertices, faces, and edges of a mesh. This representation is widely used in modeling programs to provide the greatest flexibility in dynamically changing the mesh geometry, because split and merge operations can be done quickly. Their primary drawback is large storage requirements and increased complexity due to maintaining many indices. A good discussion of implementation issues of Winged-edge meshes may be found in the book Graphics Gems II.Winged-edge meshes address the issue of traversing from edge to edge, and providing an ordered set of faces around an edge. For any given edge, the number of outgoing edges may be arbitrary. To simplify this, winged-edge meshes provide only four, the nearest clockwise and counter-clockwise edges at each end. The other edges may be traversed incrementally. The information for each edge therefore resembles a butterfly, hence \"winged-edge\" meshes. The above figure shows the \"box-cylinder\" as a winged-edge mesh. The total data for an edge consists of 2 vertices (endpoints), 2 faces (on each side), and 4 edges (winged-edge).Rendering of winged-edge meshes for graphics hardware requires generating a Face index list. This is usually done only when the geometry changes. Winged-edge meshes are ideally suited for dynamic geometry, such as subdivision surfaces and interactive modeling, since changes to the mesh can occur locally. Traversal across the mesh, as might be needed for collision detection, can be accomplished efficiently.See Baumgart (1975) for more details.[3]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WSCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_School_of_Computer_Graphics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Render dynamic meshes","text":"Winged-edge meshes are not the only representation which allows for dynamic changes to geometry. A new representation which combines winged-edge meshes and face-vertex meshes is the render dynamic mesh, which explicitly stores both, the vertices of a face and faces of a vertex (like FV meshes), and the faces and vertices of an edge (like winged-edge).Render dynamic meshes require slightly less storage space than standard winged-edge meshes, and can be directly rendered by graphics hardware since the face list contains an index of vertices. In addition, traversal from vertex to face is explicit (constant time), as is from face to vertex. RD meshes do not require the four outgoing edges since these can be found by traversing from edge to face, then face to neighboring edge.RD meshes benefit from the features of winged-edge meshes by allowing for geometry to be dynamically updated.See Tobler & Maierhofer (WSCG 2006) for more details.[4]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connectivity information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connectivity_information&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"real-time rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_rendering"}],"text":"In the above table, explicit indicates that the operation can be performed in constant time, as the data is directly stored; list compare indicates that a list comparison between two lists must be performed to accomplish the operation; and pair search indicates a search must be done on two indices. The notation avg(V,V) means the average number of vertices connected to a given vertex; avg(E,V) means the average number of edges connected to a given vertex, and avg(F,V) is the average number of faces connected to a given vertex.The notation \"V → f1, f2, f3, ... → v1, v2, v3, ...\" describes that a traversal across multiple elements is required to perform the operation. For example, to get \"all vertices around a given vertex V\" using the face-vertex mesh, it is necessary to first find the faces around the given vertex V using the vertex list. Then, from those faces, use the face list to find the vertices around them. Winged-edge meshes explicitly store nearly all information, and other operations always traverse to the edge first to get additional info. Vertex-vertex meshes are the only representation that explicitly stores the neighboring vertices of a given vertex.As the mesh representations become more complex (from left to right in the summary), the amount of information explicitly stored increases. This gives more direct, constant time, access to traversal and topology of various elements but at the cost of increased overhead and space in maintaining indices properly.Figure 7 shows the connectivity information for each of the four technique described in this article. Other representations also exist, such as half-edge and corner tables. These are all variants of how vertices, faces and edges index one another.As a general rule, face-vertex meshes are used whenever an object must be rendered on graphics hardware that does not change geometry (connectivity), but may deform or morph shape (vertex positions) such as real-time rendering of static or morphing objects. Winged-edge or render dynamic meshes are used when the geometry changes, such as in interactive modeling packages or for computing subdivision surfaces. Vertex-vertex meshes are ideal for efficient, complex changes in geometry or topology so long as hardware rendering is not of concern.","title":"Summary of mesh representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progressive meshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_meshes"}],"text":"Streaming meshesstore faces in an ordered, yet independent, way so that the mesh can be transmitted in pieces. The order of faces may be spatial, spectral, or based on other properties of the mesh. Streaming meshes allow a very large mesh to be rendered even while it is still being loaded.Progressive meshestransmit the vertex and face data with increasing levels of detail. Unlike streaming meshes, progressive meshes give the overall shape of the entire object, but at a low level of detail. Additional data, new edges and faces, progressively increase the detail of the mesh.Normal meshestransmit progressive changes to a mesh as a set of normal displacements from a base mesh. With this technique, a series of textures represent the desired incremental modifications. Normal meshes are compact, since only a single scalar value is needed to express displacement. However, the technique requires a complex series of transformations to create the displacement textures.","title":"Other representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"file formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format"},{"link_name":".fbx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fbx"},{"link_name":".dae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dae"},{"link_name":".obj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file"},{"link_name":".stl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(file_format)"}],"text":"There exist many different file formats for storing polygon mesh data. Each format is most effective when used for the purpose intended by its creator.\nPopular formats include .fbx, .dae, .obj, and .stl. A table of some more of these formats is presented below:","title":"File formats"}]
[{"image_text":"Example of a low poly triangle mesh representing a dolphin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dolphin_triangle_mesh.png/250px-Dolphin_triangle_mesh.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 2. Vertex-vertex meshes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vertex-Vertex_Meshes_%28VV%29.png/400px-Vertex-Vertex_Meshes_%28VV%29.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 3. Face-vertex meshes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mesh_fv.jpg/500px-Mesh_fv.jpg"},{"image_text":"Figure 4. Winged-edge meshes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mesh_we2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Boundary representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_representation"},{"title":"Euler operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_operator_(digital_geometry)"},{"title":"Hypergraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph"},{"title":"Manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"title":"Mesh subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_subdivision"},{"title":"Polygon modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_modeling"},{"title":"Polygonizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonizer"},{"title":"Simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"title":"T-spline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-spline"},{"title":"Triangulation (geometry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(geometry)"},{"title":"Wire-frame model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-frame_model"}]
[{"reference":"Lorensen, William E.; Cline, Harvey E. (1 August 1987). \"Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm\". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 21 (4): 163–169. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.545.613. doi:10.1145/37402.37422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.545.613","url_text":"10.1.1.545.613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F37402.37422","url_text":"10.1145/37402.37422"}]},{"reference":"\"Use of Polyhedra in computer vision\". baumgart.org. May 1975. Archived from the original on 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2005-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050829135758/http://www.baumgart.org/winged-edge/winged-edge.html","url_text":"\"Use of Polyhedra in computer vision\""},{"url":"http://www.baumgart.org/winged-edge/winged-edge.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Simplicial complex\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SimplicialComplex.html","url_text":"\"Simplicial complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Triangulation\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Triangulation.html","url_text":"\"Triangulation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Polygon+mesh%22","external_links_name":"\"Polygon mesh\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Polygon+mesh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Polygon+mesh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Polygon+mesh%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Polygon+mesh%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Polygon+mesh%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.openmesh.org/","external_links_name":"OpenMesh"},{"Link":"https://github.com/SCOREC/core","external_links_name":"PUMI"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.545.613","external_links_name":"10.1.1.545.613"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F37402.37422","external_links_name":"10.1145/37402.37422"},{"Link":"http://algorithmicbotany.org/papers/smithco.dis2006.pdf","external_links_name":"On Vertex-Vertex Meshes and Their Use in Geometric and Biological Modeling"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050829135758/http://www.baumgart.org/winged-edge/winged-edge.html","external_links_name":"\"Use of Polyhedra in computer vision\""},{"Link":"http://www.baumgart.org/winged-edge/winged-edge.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wscg.zcu.cz/wscg2006/Papers_2006/Short/E17-full.pdf","external_links_name":"A Mesh Data Structure for Rendering and Subdivision. 2006"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SimplicialComplex.html","external_links_name":"\"Simplicial complex\""},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Triangulation.html","external_links_name":"\"Triangulation\""},{"Link":"http://www.openmesh.org/","external_links_name":"OpenMesh"},{"Link":"https://www.pmp-library.org/","external_links_name":"Polygon Mesh Processing Library"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks
List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
[]
The following is a list of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks as designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers since it began the program in 1964. The designation is granted to projects, structures, and sites in the United States (National Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks) and the rest of the world (International Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks). As of 2019, there are over 280 landmarks that have been approved by the ASCE Board of Direction. Sections or chapters of the American Society of Civil Engineers may also designate state or local landmarks within their areas; those landmarks are not listed here. Ref# Year designated Name Image Built LocationCoordinates Region/state Country Category 1 1966 Bollman Truss Bridge 1869 Savage39°8′5.4″N 76°49′30.3″W / 39.134833°N 76.825083°W / 39.134833; -76.825083 (Bollman Truss Bridge) Maryland United States bridges 2 1967 Bidwell Bar Bridge 1856 Oroville39°32′14.8″N 121°27′15.6″W / 39.537444°N 121.454333°W / 39.537444; -121.454333 (Bidwell Bar Bridge) California United States bridges 3 1967 Erie Canal 1825 Hudson River to Lake Erie43°2′35.6″N 76°1′20.2″W / 43.043222°N 76.022278°W / 43.043222; -76.022278 (Erie Canal) New York United States water transportation 4 1967 Middlesex Canal 1803 Middlesex County42°30′21.4″N 71°9′25.8″W / 42.505944°N 71.157167°W / 42.505944; -71.157167 (Middlesex Canal) Massachusetts United States water transportation 5 1968 Central Pacific Railroad 1863–1869 Sacramento eastward38°34′57″N 121°30′22.8″W / 38.58250°N 121.506333°W / 38.58250; -121.506333 (Central Pacific Railroad) California United States roads & rails 6 1968 Durango-Silverton Branch of the D&RGW RR 1882 Durango37°35′27.7″N 107°46′41.6″W / 37.591028°N 107.778222°W / 37.591028; -107.778222 (Durango-Silverton Branch of the D&RGW RR) Colorado United States roads & rails 7 1968 Ellicott's Stone 1799 Mobile30°59′52″N 88°1′21.1″W / 30.99778°N 88.022528°W / 30.99778; -88.022528 (Ellicott's Stone) Alabama United States surveys & maps 8 1968 Acequias of San Antonio 1718 San Antonio29°19′57.1″N 98°27′41.1″W / 29.332528°N 98.461417°W / 29.332528; -98.461417 (Acequias of San Antonio) Texas United States water supply & control 9 1968 Joining of the Rails - Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Promontory41°37′4.7″N 112°33′5.8″W / 41.617972°N 112.551611°W / 41.617972; -112.551611 (Joining of the Rails - Transcontinental Railroad) Utah United States roads & rails 10 1968 Wheeling Suspension Bridge 1849 Wheeling40°4′12.8″N 80°43′36.7″W / 40.070222°N 80.726861°W / 40.070222; -80.726861 (Wheeling Suspension Bridge) West Virginia United States bridges 11 1969 Alvord Lake Bridge 1889 San Francisco37°46′8.4″N 122°27′17.6″W / 37.769000°N 122.454889°W / 37.769000; -122.454889 (Alvord Lake Bridge) California United States bridges 12 1969 Charleston - Hamburg Railroad 1833 Charleston to Hamburg32°47′22.9″N 79°56′15.8″W / 32.789694°N 79.937722°W / 32.789694; -79.937722 (Charleston - Hamburg Railroad) South Carolina United States roads & rails 13 1970 Ascutney Mill Dam 1834 Windsor43°28′35″N 72°23′44.5″W / 43.47639°N 72.395694°W / 43.47639; -72.395694 (Ascutney Mill Dam) Vermont United States dams 14 1970 Bridgeport Covered Bridge 1862 Nevada County39°17′34.2″N 121°11′41.7″W / 39.292833°N 121.194917°W / 39.292833; -121.194917 (Bridgeport Covered Bridge) California United States bridges 15 1970 Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge 1866, rebuilt 1988 Windsor to Cornish43°28′25.3″N 72°23′2.1″W / 43.473694°N 72.383917°W / 43.473694; -72.383917 (Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge) Vermont and New Hampshire United States bridges 16 1970 Frankford Avenue Bridge 1697 Philadelphia40°2′36.7″N 75°1′14″W / 40.043528°N 75.02056°W / 40.043528; -75.02056 (Frankford Avenue Bridge) Pennsylvania United States bridges 17 1970 Potowmack Canal and Locks 1799 Great Falls38°59′25.3″N 77°14′58.1″W / 38.990361°N 77.249472°W / 38.990361; -77.249472 (Potowmack Canal and Locks) Virginia United States water transportation 18 1970 Theodore Roosevelt Dam & Salt River Project 1911 33°40′17.9″N 111°9′40.8″W / 33.671639°N 111.161333°W / 33.671639; -111.161333 (Theodore Roosevelt Dam & Salt River Project) Arizona United States water supply & control 19 1970 Union Canal Tunnel 1828 Lebanon40°20′58.5″N 76°27′41″W / 40.349583°N 76.46139°W / 40.349583; -76.46139 (Union Canal Tunnel) Pennsylvania United States water transportation 20 1971 Bethlehem Waterworks 1761 Bethlehem40°37′8.7″N 75°22′58.2″W / 40.619083°N 75.382833°W / 40.619083; -75.382833 (Bethlehem Waterworks) Pennsylvania United States water supply & control 21 1971 Druid Lake Dam 1871 Baltimore39°19′7″N 76°37′53″W / 39.31861°N 76.63139°W / 39.31861; -76.63139 (Druid Lake Dam) Maryland United States dams 22 1971 Eads Bridge 1874 St. Louis38°37′44″N 90°10′43.3″W / 38.62889°N 90.178694°W / 38.62889; -90.178694 (Eads Bridge) Missouri United States bridges 23 1971 First Owens River - Los Angeles Aqueduct 1913 Owens Valley36°58′32.4″N 118°12′38″W / 36.975667°N 118.21056°W / 36.975667; -118.21056 (First Owens River - Los Angeles Aqueduct) California United States water supply & control 24 1971 Mormon Tabernacle 1867 Salt Lake City40°46′13.6″N 111°53′35.3″W / 40.770444°N 111.893139°W / 40.770444; -111.893139 (Mormon Tabernacle) Utah United States buildings 25 1972 Cabin John Aqueduct 1863 Cabin John38°58′22″N 77°8′54.9″W / 38.97278°N 77.148583°W / 38.97278; -77.148583 (Cabin John Aqueduct) Maryland United States water supply & control 26 1972 Chesbroughs Water Supply System Chicago 1869 Chicago41°53′49.8″N 87°37′27.9″W / 41.897167°N 87.624417°W / 41.897167; -87.624417 (Chesbroughs Water Supply System Chicago) Illinois United States water supply & control 27 1972 Brooklyn Bridge 1883 New York City40°42′22″N 73°59′48.8″W / 40.70611°N 73.996889°W / 40.70611; -73.996889 (Brooklyn Bridge) New York United States bridges 28 1972 Gunnison Tunnel 1909 Montrose38°29′36″N 107°43′17″W / 38.49333°N 107.72139°W / 38.49333; -107.72139 (Gunnison Tunnel) Colorado United States tunnels 29 1972 Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct of the Delaware & Hudson Canal 1848, restored 1983 Lackawaxen to Minisink Ford41°28′57.5″N 74°59′4.1″W / 41.482639°N 74.984472°W / 41.482639; -74.984472 (Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct of the Delaware & Hudson Canal) Pennsylvania & New York United States water transportation 30 1972 Miami Conservancy District 1922 near Dayton39°45′49.2″N 84°11′29.2″W / 39.763667°N 84.191444°W / 39.763667; -84.191444 (Miami Conservancy District) Ohio United States water supply & control 31 1973 Buffalo Bill Dam 1910 Cody44°30′5.3″N 109°10′59.4″W / 44.501472°N 109.183167°W / 44.501472; -109.183167 (Buffalo Bill Dam) Wyoming United States dams 32 1973 Cheesman Reservoir 1905 Southwest of Denver39°12′27″N 105°16′20.1″W / 39.20750°N 105.272250°W / 39.20750; -105.272250 (Cheesman Reservoir) Colorado United States dams 33 1973 Embudo Stream Gauging Station 1889 Embudo36°12′18.4″N 105°57′49.2″W / 36.205111°N 105.963667°W / 36.205111; -105.963667 (Embudo Stream Gauging Station) New Mexico United States water supply & control 34 1973 Ingalls Building 1903 Cincinnati39°6′1″N 84°30′45.1″W / 39.10028°N 84.512528°W / 39.10028; -84.512528 (Ingalls Building) Ohio United States buildings 35 1973 Pelton Impulse Water Wheel 1878 Camptonville39°27′7″N 121°2′55″W / 39.45194°N 121.04861°W / 39.45194; -121.04861 (Pelton Impulse Water Wheel) California United States power generation 36 1973 Starrucca Viaduct 1848 Lanesboro41°57′51.3″N 75°35′0.6″W / 41.964250°N 75.583500°W / 41.964250; -75.583500 (Starrucca Viaduct) Pennsylvania United States bridges 37 1974 Kansas City Park and Boulevard System 1893 to 1915 Kansas City39°4′57″N 94°33′18″W / 39.08250°N 94.55500°W / 39.08250; -94.55500 (Kansas City Park and Boulevard System) Missouri United States surveys & maps 38 1974 Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage Treatment Plant, home of Milorganite 1919 Milwaukee43°1′21.3″N 87°53′57.3″W / 43.022583°N 87.899250°W / 43.022583; -87.899250 (Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage Treatment Plant) Wisconsin United States water supply & control 39 1974 Philadelphia Municipal Water Supply 1801 Philadelphia39°57′56″N 75°10′51″W / 39.96556°N 75.18083°W / 39.96556; -75.18083 (Philadelphia Municipal Water Supply) Pennsylvania United States water supply & control 40 1974 Stone Arch Bridge 1883 Minneapolis44°58′50.8″N 93°15′12.3″W / 44.980778°N 93.253417°W / 44.980778; -93.253417 (Stone Arch Bridge) Minnesota United States bridges 41 1975 Castillo de San Marcos 1695 St. Augustine29°53′52″N 81°18′41″W / 29.89778°N 81.31139°W / 29.89778; -81.31139 (Castillo de San Marcos) Florida United States buildings 42 1975 Croton Water Supply System 1842 New York City41°0′42.5″N 73°52′36.4″W / 41.011806°N 73.876778°W / 41.011806; -73.876778 (Croton Water Supply System) New York United States water supply & control 43 1975 Folsom Hydroelectric Power System 1895 Folsom38°40′46.6″N 121°10′37.2″W / 38.679611°N 121.177000°W / 38.679611; -121.177000 (Folsom Hydroelectric Power System) California United States power generation 44 1975 Granite Railway 1826 Quincy42°14′44.6″N 71°2′9″W / 42.245722°N 71.03583°W / 42.245722; -71.03583 (Granite Railway) Massachusetts United States roads & rails 45 1975 Hoosac Tunnel 1875 Berkshire County42°40′31.1″N 73°2′45.1″W / 42.675306°N 73.045861°W / 42.675306; -73.045861 (Hoosac Tunnel) Massachusetts United States tunnels 46 1975 Lawrence Experiment Station 1886 Lawrence42°41′53.8″N 71°9′55.7″W / 42.698278°N 71.165472°W / 42.698278; -71.165472 (Lawrence Experiment Station) Massachusetts United States research & educational 47 1975 Marlette Lake Water System 1873 to 1887 Virginia City39°13′9.5″N 119°47′20.1″W / 39.219306°N 119.788917°W / 39.219306; -119.788917 (Marlette Lake Water System) Nevada United States water supply & control 48 1975 Mount Washington Cog Railway 1869 Mount Washington44°16′26″N 71°19′55″W / 44.27389°N 71.33194°W / 44.27389; -71.33194 (Mount Washington Cog Railway) New Hampshire United States roads & rails 49 1975 Smithfield Street Bridge 1883 Pittsburgh40°26′5.4″N 80°0′7.7″W / 40.434833°N 80.002139°W / 40.434833; -80.002139 (Smithfield Street Bridge) Pennsylvania United States bridges 50 1975 Tunkhannock Viaduct 1915 Nicholson41°37′34.2″N 75°46′34.4″W / 41.626167°N 75.776222°W / 41.626167; -75.776222 (Tunkhannock Viaduct) Pennsylvania United States bridges 51 1976 Crozet's Blue Ridge Tunnel 1858 Waynesboro38°2′3.1″N 78°51′28.4″W / 38.034194°N 78.857889°W / 38.034194; -78.857889 (Crozet's Blue Ridge Tunnel) Virginia United States tunnels 52 1976 Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad 1880 Chama to Antonito36°59′42″N 106°17′51.1″W / 36.99500°N 106.297528°W / 36.99500; -106.297528 (Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad) New Mexico and Colorado United States roads & rails 53 1976 Elephant Butte Dam 1916 Truth or Consequences33°9′14.9″N 107°11′31.3″W / 33.154139°N 107.192028°W / 33.154139; -107.192028 (Elephant Butte Dam) New Mexico United States dams 54 1976 First Concrete Pavement 1893 Bellefontaine40°21′37.5″N 83°45′33.6″W / 40.360417°N 83.759333°W / 40.360417; -83.759333 (First Concrete Pavement) Ohio United States roads & rails 55 1976 International Boundary Marker No. 1 1855 Doña Ana County31°47′2″N 106°31′47.1″W / 31.78389°N 106.529750°W / 31.78389; -106.529750 (International Boundary Marker No. 1) New Mexico United States surveys & maps 56 1976 King's Road 1766 to 1775 New Smyrna29°38′23.4″N 81°16′50.3″W / 29.639833°N 81.280639°W / 29.639833; -81.280639 (King's Road) Florida United States roads & rails 57 1976 National Road 1811–1839 Cumberland to Vandalia39°57′38.7″N 82°27′2″W / 39.960750°N 82.45056°W / 39.960750; -82.45056 (National Road) Maryland to Illinois United States roads & rails 58 1977 Charlestown Naval Dry Dock 1833 Boston42°22′23.7″N 71°3′19.3″W / 42.373250°N 71.055361°W / 42.373250; -71.055361 (Charlestown Naval Dry Dock) Massachusetts United States water transportation 59 1977 City Plan of Savannah 1733 Savannah32°4′32″N 81°5′31″W / 32.07556°N 81.09194°W / 32.07556; -81.09194 (City Plan of Savannah) Georgia United States surveys & maps 60 1977 Great Falls Raceway and Power System 1800 Paterson40°54′55.1″N 74°10′52.1″W / 40.915306°N 74.181139°W / 40.915306; -74.181139 (Great Falls Raceway and Power System) New Jersey United States power generation 61 1977 First New York Subway 1904 New York City40°42′45.3″N 74°0′24.2″W / 40.712583°N 74.006722°W / 40.712583; -74.006722 (First New York Subway) New York United States roads & rails 62 1977 Mason–Dixon line 1767 39°43′16.1″N 80°7′5.3″W / 39.721139°N 80.118139°W / 39.721139; -80.118139 (Mason–Dixon line) Maryland & Pennsylvania United States surveys & maps 63 1977 Minot's Ledge Lighthouse 1860 off Scituate42°16′11″N 70°45′32.9″W / 42.26972°N 70.759139°W / 42.26972; -70.759139 (Minot's Ledge Lighthouse) Massachusetts United States water transportation 64 1977 Mullan Road 1862 Walla Walla46°46′8.3″N 118°12′22.6″W / 46.768972°N 118.206278°W / 46.768972; -118.206278 (Mullan Road) Washington United States roads & rails 65 1977 Dry Dock No 1 Norfolk Naval Shipyard 1833 Portsmouth36°49′14″N 76°17′35″W / 36.82056°N 76.29306°W / 36.82056; -76.29306 (Gosport Naval Dry Docks) Virginia United States water transportation 66 1977 Reversal of the Chicago River 1900 Chicago41°42′18″N 87°56′2″W / 41.70500°N 87.93389°W / 41.70500; -87.93389 (Reversal of the Chicago River) Illinois United States water transportation 67 1977 Vulcan Street Plant 1882 Appleton44°15′29.2″N 88°23′50.2″W / 44.258111°N 88.397278°W / 44.258111; -88.397278 (Vulcan Street Plant) Wisconsin United States power generation 68 1977 William E. Ward House 1876 Rye Brook41°1′32.5″N 73°40′3.1″W / 41.025694°N 73.667528°W / 41.025694; -73.667528 (William E. Ward House) New York United States buildings 69 1978 Boston Subway 1897 Boston42°21′23.8″N 71°3′43.6″W / 42.356611°N 71.062111°W / 42.356611; -71.062111 (Boston Subway) Massachusetts United States roads & rails 70 1978 Dunlap's Creek Bridge 1839 Brownsville40°1′17.2″N 79°53′17.2″W / 40.021444°N 79.888111°W / 40.021444; -79.888111 (Dunlap's Creek Bridge) Pennsylvania United States bridges 71 1978 Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Tunnel 1908 Jersey City to New York City40°43′56.7″N 74°1′11.6″W / 40.732417°N 74.019889°W / 40.732417; -74.019889 (Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Tunnel) New Jersey & New York United States tunnels 72 1978 Newark International Airport 1928 Newark40°41′22.2″N 74°10′28.2″W / 40.689500°N 74.174500°W / 40.689500; -74.174500 (Newark International Airport) New Jersey United States aviation 73 1978 United States Military Academy 1813 West Point41°23′34.8″N 73°57′28.8″W / 41.393000°N 73.958000°W / 41.393000; -73.958000 (United States Military Academy) New York United States research & educational 74 1979 Cleveland Hopkins Airport 1925 Cleveland41°24′45″N 81°50′53″W / 41.41250°N 81.84806°W / 41.41250; -81.84806 (Cleveland Hopkins Airport) Ohio United States aviation 75 1979 Fink Deck Truss Bridge 1870 Lynchburg37°26′24.3″N 79°9′56″W / 37.440083°N 79.16556°W / 37.440083; -79.16556 (Fink Deck Truss Bridge) Virginia United States bridges 76 1979 Fink Through Truss Bridge 1858 Hamden40°36′14.3″N 74°54′8.1″W / 40.603972°N 74.902250°W / 40.603972; -74.902250 (Fink Through Truss Bridge) New Jersey United States bridges 77 1979 Iron Bridge 1779 Ironbridge52°37′38.4″N 2°29′7.6″W / 52.627333°N 2.485444°W / 52.627333; -2.485444 (Iron Bridge) West Midlands England bridges 78 1979 Moffat Tunnel 1928 Winter Park39°53′37.5″N 105°42′41.3″W / 39.893750°N 105.711472°W / 39.893750; -105.711472 (Moffat Tunnel) Colorado United States tunnels 79 1979 Rockville Bridge 1902 Harrisburg40°19′59.9″N 76°54′38.8″W / 40.333306°N 76.910778°W / 40.333306; -76.910778 (Rockville Bridge) Pennsylvania United States bridges 80 1980 Goodyear Airdock 1929 Akron41°1′54.9″N 81°28′14.6″W / 41.031917°N 81.470722°W / 41.031917; -81.470722 (Goodyear Airdock) Ohio United States aviation 81 1980 Hydraulic-Inclined Plane System of the Morris Canal 1831 Waterloo Village40°54′55.2″N 74°21′23.8″W / 40.915333°N 74.356611°W / 40.915333; -74.356611 (Hydraulic-Inclined Plane System of the Morris Canal) New Jersey United States water transportation 82 1981 Borden Base Line 1831 Hatfield42°25′33.7″N 72°37′9″W / 42.426028°N 72.61917°W / 42.426028; -72.61917 (Borden Base Line) Massachusetts United States surveys & maps 83 1981 Chain of Rocks Water Purification Plant 1904 St. Louis38°45′18.5″N 90°11′11.6″W / 38.755139°N 90.186556°W / 38.755139; -90.186556 (Chain of Rocks Water Purification Plant) Missouri United States water supply & control 84 1981 Charles River Basin Project 1910 Boston42°22′3.8″N 71°4′12.8″W / 42.367722°N 71.070222°W / 42.367722; -71.070222 (Charles River Basin Project) Massachusetts United States water supply & control 85 1981 Cortland Street Drawbridge 1902 Chicago41°55′1.1″N 87°39′51.4″W / 41.916972°N 87.664278°W / 41.916972; -87.664278 (Cortland Street Drawbridge) Illinois United States bridges 86 1981 George Washington Bridge 1931 Fort Lee to New York City40°51′6.1″N 73°57′9.7″W / 40.851694°N 73.952694°W / 40.851694; -73.952694 (George Washington Bridge) New Jersey & New York United States bridges 87 1981 Louisville Water Works 1875 to 1896 Louisville38°16′50″N 85°42′4.3″W / 38.28056°N 85.701194°W / 38.28056; -85.701194 (Louisville Water Works) Kentucky United States water supply & control 88 1981 Montgomery Bell's Tunnel 1818 Cheatham County36°8′48.5″N 87°7′19.3″W / 36.146806°N 87.122028°W / 36.146806; -87.122028 (Montgomery Bell's Tunnel) Tennessee United States tunnels 89 1981 Snoqualmie Falls Cavity Generating Station 1899 Snoqualmie47°32′39.5″N 121°50′29.3″W / 47.544306°N 121.841472°W / 47.544306; -121.841472 (Snoqualmie Falls Cavity Generating Station) Washington United States power generation 90 1981 Union Station 1894 St. Louis38°37′41.2″N 90°12′28.8″W / 38.628111°N 90.208000°W / 38.628111; -90.208000 (Union Station) Missouri United States roads & rails 91 1981 Washington Monument 1885 Washington38°53′22.1″N 77°2′6.9″W / 38.889472°N 77.035250°W / 38.889472; -77.035250 (Washington Monument) District of Columbia United States buildings 92 1981 Whipple Truss Bridge 1855 Schenectady42°49′5.2″N 73°55′27″W / 42.818111°N 73.92417°W / 42.818111; -73.92417 (Whipple Truss Bridge) New York United States bridges 93 1982 Carrollton Viaduct 1829 Baltimore39°16′31.5″N 76°39′18″W / 39.275417°N 76.65500°W / 39.275417; -76.65500 (Carrollton Viaduct) Maryland United States bridges 94 1982 Detroit-Windsor Tunnel 1930 Detroit42°19′28″N 83°2′25.4″W / 42.32444°N 83.040389°W / 42.32444; -83.040389 (Detroit-Windsor Tunnel) Michigan United States tunnels 95 1982 Eads South Pass Navigation Works 1879 Port Eads28°59′50″N 89°8′38″W / 28.99722°N 89.14389°W / 28.99722; -89.14389 (Eads South Pass Navigation Works) Louisiana United States water transportation 96 1982 Holland Tunnel 1927 Jersey City to New York City40°43′38.9″N 74°1′16″W / 40.727472°N 74.02111°W / 40.727472; -74.02111 (Holland Tunnel) New Jersey & New York United States tunnels 97 1982 John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge 1866 Cincinnati39°5′34.8″N 84°30′35.6″W / 39.093000°N 84.509889°W / 39.093000; -84.509889 (John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge) Ohio United States bridges 98 1982 Kinzua Railway Viaduct 1882 McKean County41°45′47.3″N 78°35′21.1″W / 41.763139°N 78.589194°W / 41.763139; -78.589194 (Kinzua Railway Viaduct) Pennsylvania United States bridges 99 1982 Rogue River Bridge 1931 Gold Beach42°25′40.5″N 124°24′47.5″W / 42.427917°N 124.413194°W / 42.427917; -124.413194 (Rogue River Bridge) Oregon United States bridges 100 1982 Second Street Bridge 1886 Allegan42°31′32.7″N 85°50′54.6″W / 42.525750°N 85.848500°W / 42.525750; -85.848500 (Second Street Bridge) Michigan United States bridges 101 1982 Watertown Arsenal 1859 Watertown42°21′44″N 71°9′58″W / 42.36222°N 71.16611°W / 42.36222; -71.16611 (Watertown Arsenal) Massachusetts United States research & educational 102 1983 Atlantic City Convention Hall 1929 Atlantic City39°21′18″N 74°26′19.1″W / 39.35500°N 74.438639°W / 39.35500; -74.438639 (Atlantic City Convention Hall) New Jersey United States buildings 103 1983 Bailey Island Bridge 1928 Harpswell43°44′57.1″N 69°59′19.3″W / 43.749194°N 69.988694°W / 43.749194; -69.988694 (Bailey Island Bridge) Maine United States bridges 104 1983 Blenheim Bridge 1855 North Blenheim42°28′18.4″N 74°26′29.4″W / 42.471778°N 74.441500°W / 42.471778; -74.441500 (Blenheim Bridge) New York United States bridges 105 1983 Iron Building of the U.S. Army Arsenal 1859 Watervliet42°43′5.9″N 73°42′14.5″W / 42.718306°N 73.704028°W / 42.718306; -73.704028 (Iron Building of the U.S. Army Arsenal) New York United States buildings 106 1983 Ohio Canal System 1848 Akron40°52′39.2″N 81°35′1.4″W / 40.877556°N 81.583722°W / 40.877556; -81.583722 (Ohio Canal System) Ohio United States water transportation 107 1983 Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator 1900 St. Louis Park44°56′32.7″N 93°20′42.8″W / 44.942417°N 93.345222°W / 44.942417; -93.345222 (Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator) Minnesota United States buildings 108 1983 Sault Ste. Marie Hydroelectric Complex 1902 Sault Ste. Marie46°29′50.8″N 84°19′55.7″W / 46.497444°N 84.332139°W / 46.497444; -84.332139 (Sault Ste. Marie Hydroelectric Complex) Michigan United States power generation 109 1983 Zuiderzee Enclosure Dam 1927 to 1932 Zaandam52°59′37.5″N 5°9′19.1″E / 52.993750°N 5.155306°E / 52.993750; 5.155306 (Zuiderzee Enclosure Dam) North Holland Netherlands water supply & control 110 1984 Columbia River Scenic Highway 1922 Portland45°39′19.3″N 121°54′13.2″W / 45.655361°N 121.903667°W / 45.655361; -121.903667 (Columbia River Scenic Highway) Oregon United States roads & rails 111 1984 Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge 1930 Columbia40°1′42.4″N 76°31′5.6″W / 40.028444°N 76.518222°W / 40.028444; -76.518222 (Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge) Pennsylvania United States bridges 112 1984 Golden Gate Bridge 1937 San Francisco37°49′11.7″N 122°28′42.7″W / 37.819917°N 122.478528°W / 37.819917; -122.478528 (Golden Gate Bridge) California United States bridges 113 1984 Hoover Dam 1935 Boulder City36°0′57.7″N 114°44′14.8″W / 36.016028°N 114.737444°W / 36.016028; -114.737444 (Hoover Dam) Nevada & Arizona United States dams 114 1984 Lowell Waterpower System 1821 Lowell42°38′48.5″N 71°18′41.6″W / 42.646806°N 71.311556°W / 42.646806; -71.311556 (Lowell Waterpower System) Massachusetts United States power generation 115 1984 Panama Canal 1914 Colón to Panama City9°7′2.2″N 79°43′7.6″W / 9.117278°N 79.718778°W / 9.117278; -79.718778 (Panama Canal) Panama water transportation 116 1984 Rocky River Pumped Storage Hydro-Plant 1925 New Milford41°34′49.7″N 73°26′13.2″W / 41.580472°N 73.437000°W / 41.580472; -73.437000 (Rocky River Pumped Storage Hydro-Plant) Connecticut United States power generation 117 1985 Bayonne Bridge 1931 Bayonne to Staten Island40°38′29.8″N 74°8′31.6″W / 40.641611°N 74.142111°W / 40.641611; -74.142111 (Bayonne Bridge) New Jersey & New York United States bridges 118 1985 Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey 1785 Liverpool40°38′19.7″N 80°31′8.4″W / 40.638806°N 80.519000°W / 40.638806; -80.519000 (Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey) Ohio United States surveys & maps 119 1985 Cape Cod Canal 1914 Barnstable County41°45′51.1″N 70°34′6.3″W / 41.764194°N 70.568417°W / 41.764194; -70.568417 (Cape Cod Canal) Massachusetts United States water transportation 120 1985 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 1828 (rebuilt 1927) New Castle39°32′34″N 75°43′14″W / 39.54278°N 75.72056°W / 39.54278; -75.72056 (Chesapeake and Delaware Canal) Delaware United States water transportation 121 1985 Davis Island Lock and Dam 1885 Pittsburgh40°29′35″N 80°3′56″W / 40.49306°N 80.06556°W / 40.49306; -80.06556 (Davis Island Lock and Dam) Pennsylvania United States water transportation 122 1985 Forth Railway Bridge 1890 North Queensferry to South Queensferry56°0′1.5″N 3°23′19.4″W / 56.000417°N 3.388722°W / 56.000417; -3.388722 (Forth Railway Bridge) Scotland bridges 123 1985 Going-to-the-Sun Road 1932 Glacier National Park48°41′42″N 113°49′1.2″W / 48.69500°N 113.817000°W / 48.69500; -113.817000 (Going-to-the-Sun Road) Montana United States roads & rails 124 1985 High Bridge 1877 Jessamine & Mercer Counties37°49′1.7″N 84°43′12.4″W / 37.817139°N 84.720111°W / 37.817139; -84.720111 (High Bridge) Kentucky United States bridges 125 1985 Statue of Liberty 1886 New York Harbor40°41′21.5″N 74°2′40.4″W / 40.689306°N 74.044556°W / 40.689306; -74.044556 (Statue of Liberty) New York United States buildings 126 1986 White River Concrete Arch Bridge 1930 Cotter36°16′2″N 92°32′39″W / 36.26722°N 92.54417°W / 36.26722; -92.54417 (White River Concrete Arch Bridge) Arkansas United States bridges 127 1986 Cranetown Triangulation Site 1817 Cedar Grove40°49′43.9″N 74°13′27.1″W / 40.828861°N 74.224194°W / 40.828861; -74.224194 (Cranetown Triangulation Site) New Jersey United States surveys & maps 128 1986 Eiffel Tower 1889 Paris48°51′30.2″N 2°17′40.2″E / 48.858389°N 2.294500°E / 48.858389; 2.294500 (Eiffel Tower) Île-de-France France buildings 129 1986 El Camino Real 1598-1800s Santa Fe and Mexico City34°3′38.7″N 106°53′36.6″W / 34.060750°N 106.893500°W / 34.060750; -106.893500 (El Camino Real) New Mexico United States and Mexico roads & rails 130 1986 El Camino Real (The Royal Road) Eastern Branch from 16th century San Antonio29°26′45.8″N 98°30′12.3″W / 29.446056°N 98.503417°W / 29.446056; -98.503417 (El Camino Real (The Royal Road) Eastern Branch) Texas United States roads & rails 131 1986 New Castle Ice Harbor 1974 New Castle39°39′28″N 75°33′39″W / 39.65778°N 75.56083°W / 39.65778; -75.56083 (New Castle Ice Harbor) Delaware United States water transportation 132 1986 Norris Dam 1936 Knoxville36°13′28″N 84°5′31.5″W / 36.22444°N 84.092083°W / 36.22444; -84.092083 (Norris Dam) Tennessee United States dams 133 1986 San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 1937 San Francisco to Oakland37°47′53.6″N 122°22′40.7″W / 37.798222°N 122.377972°W / 37.798222; -122.377972 (San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge) California United States bridges 134 1986 Sewall's Bridge 1761 (rebuilt 1934) York43°8′10.2″N 70°39′38.3″W / 43.136167°N 70.660639°W / 43.136167; -70.660639 (Sewall's Bridge) Maine United States bridges 135 1986 Triborough Bridge Project 1936 New York City40°47′26.6″N 73°55′33.2″W / 40.790722°N 73.925889°W / 40.790722; -73.925889 (Triborough Bridge Project) New York United States bridges 136 1986 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Exp. Station 1929 Vicksburg32°18′4.2″N 90°52′18″W / 32.301167°N 90.87167°W / 32.301167; -90.87167 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Exp. Station) Mississippi United States research & educational 137 1986 U.S. Capitol 1793, rebuilt 1863 Washington38°53′23″N 77°0′33″W / 38.88972°N 77.00917°W / 38.88972; -77.00917 (U.S. Capitol) District of Columbia United States buildings 138 1987 Allegheny Portage Railroad 1834 Hollidaysburg40°27′23″N 78°33′3.4″W / 40.45639°N 78.550944°W / 40.45639; -78.550944 (Allegheny Portage Railroad) Pennsylvania United States roads & rails 139 1987 Bonneville Dam, Columbia River System 1937 Bonneville45°38′39.7″N 121°56′26.7″W / 45.644361°N 121.940750°W / 45.644361; -121.940750 (Bonneville Dam, Columbia River System) Oregon United States power generation 140 1987 Bridges of Keeseville 1843, 1878, 1888 Keeseville44°30′13.2″N 73°28′57.3″W / 44.503667°N 73.482583°W / 44.503667; -73.482583 (Bridges of Keeseville) New York United States bridges 141 1987 Dismal Swamp Canal 1805 Chesapeake to South Mills36°35′34.1″N 76°23′5.4″W / 36.592806°N 76.384833°W / 36.592806; -76.384833 (Dismal Swamp Canal) Virginia to North Carolina United States water transportation 142 1987 Houston Ship Channel 1837–present Houston29°44′35.8″N 95°6′16.5″W / 29.743278°N 95.104583°W / 29.743278; -95.104583 (Houston Ship Channel) Texas United States water transportation 143 1987 Kamehameha V Post Office 1871 Honolulu21°18′34.6″N 157°51′47.4″W / 21.309611°N 157.863167°W / 21.309611; -157.863167 (Kamehameha V Post Office) Hawaii United States buildings 144 1987 Frisco Bridge 1892 Memphis35°7′43.6″N 90°4′34.7″W / 35.128778°N 90.076306°W / 35.128778; -90.076306 (Frisco Bridge) Tennessee & Arkansas United States bridges 145 1987 Quebec Bridge 1917 Quebec City46°44′45.6″N 71°17′17.3″W / 46.746000°N 71.288139°W / 46.746000; -71.288139 (Quebec Bridge) Quebec Canada bridges 146 1988 Belle Fourche Dam 1911 Belle Fourche44°43′51.3″N 103°40′36.8″W / 44.730917°N 103.676889°W / 44.730917; -103.676889 (Belle Fourche Dam) South Dakota United States dams 147 1988 École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées 1747 Paris48°51′20.9″N 2°19′49.9″E / 48.855806°N 2.330528°E / 48.855806; 2.330528 (École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées) Île-de-France France research & educational 148 1988 Keokuk Hydro-Power System 1913 Keokuk40°23′56.6″N 91°21′49″W / 40.399056°N 91.36361°W / 40.399056; -91.36361 (Keokuk Hydro-Power System) Iowa United States power generation 149 1988 Pennsylvania Turnpike 1940 40°1′49.9″N 78°29′33.6″W / 40.030528°N 78.492667°W / 40.030528; -78.492667 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) Pennsylvania United States roads & rails 150 1988 River des Peres Sewerage & Drainage Works 1924 to 1931 St. Louis38°39′42.3″N 90°18′33.9″W / 38.661750°N 90.309417°W / 38.661750; -90.309417 (River des Peres Sewerage & Drainage Works) Missouri United States water supply & control 151 1988 Sydney Harbour Bridge 1932 Sydney33°51′8.1″S 151°12′38.6″E / 33.852250°S 151.210722°E / -33.852250; 151.210722 (Sydney Harbour Bridge) New South Wales Australia bridges 152 1989 Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665 1728–1819 Middlesboro36°36′2.9″N 83°40′31.5″W / 36.600806°N 83.675417°W / 36.600806; -83.675417 (Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665) Kentucky United States surveys & maps 153 1989 Zhaozhou Bridge 605 AD Zhaoxian37°43′12.9″N 114°45′47.7″E / 37.720250°N 114.763250°E / 37.720250; 114.763250 (Zhaozhou Bridge) Hebei China bridges 154 1990 Fort Peck Dam 1940 Fort Peck48°0′10.1″N 106°24′58″W / 48.002806°N 106.41611°W / 48.002806; -106.41611 (Fort Peck Dam) Montana United States dams 155 1990 Maria Pia Bridge 1877 Oporto41°8′23.4″N 8°35′49.6″W / 41.139833°N 8.597111°W / 41.139833; -8.597111 (Maria Pia Bridge) Norte Portugal bridges 156 1990 Salginatobel Bridge 1930 Grisons46°58′54.4″N 9°43′5.1″E / 46.981778°N 9.718083°E / 46.981778; 9.718083 (Salginatobel Bridge) Graubünden Switzerland bridges 157 1991 Eddystone Lighthouse 1882 off Plymouth50°11′2″N 4°16′5.1″W / 50.18389°N 4.268083°W / 50.18389; -4.268083 (Eddystone Lighthouse) England water transportation 158 1991 Fritz Engineering Laboratory 1910 Bethlehem40°36′28.9″N 75°22′34.3″W / 40.608028°N 75.376194°W / 40.608028; -75.376194 (Fritz Engineering Laboratory) Pennsylvania United States research & educational 159 1991 St. Clair Tunnel 1891 Port Huron42°57′32.4″N 82°25′22.2″W / 42.959000°N 82.422833°W / 42.959000; -82.422833 (St. Clair Tunnel) Michigan United States tunnels 160 1991 Thames Tunnel 1843 London51°30′12.7″N 0°3′13.3″W / 51.503528°N 0.053694°W / 51.503528; -0.053694 (Thames Tunnel) England tunnels 161 1992 Acquedotto Traiano-Paolo 110 AD Rome42°3′12.9″N 12°20′18.7″E / 42.053583°N 12.338528°E / 42.053583; 12.338528 (Acquedotto Traiano-Paolo) Lazio Italy water supply & control 162 1992 Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge 1849, 1855, 1883, 1898, 1941 Niagara Gorge43°5′24.8″N 79°4′3.4″W / 43.090222°N 79.067611°W / 43.090222; -79.067611 (Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge) Ontario and New York Canada and United States bridges 163 1992 Duck Creek Aqueduct 1846 Metamora39°26′46.1″N 85°7′48″W / 39.446139°N 85.13000°W / 39.446139; -85.13000 (Duck Creek Aqueduct) Indiana United States water supply & control 164 1992 Hohokam Canal System 600 - 1450 AD Maricopa County33°26′43.8″N 111°48′56.2″W / 33.445500°N 111.815611°W / 33.445500; -111.815611 (Hohokam Canal System) Arizona United States water supply & control 165 1992 San Jacinto Monument 1939 Houston29°44′59.5″N 95°4′50.6″W / 29.749861°N 95.080722°W / 29.749861; -95.080722 (San Jacinto Monument) Texas United States buildings 166 1993 Blimp Hangars 1942 Tustin33°42′10.8″N 117°49′26.3″W / 33.703000°N 117.823972°W / 33.703000; -117.823972 (Blimp Hangars) California United States aviation 167 1993 Denison Dam 1943 Denison33°49′52.6″N 96°34′16″W / 33.831278°N 96.57111°W / 33.831278; -96.57111 (Denison Dam) Texas & Oklahoma United States dams 168 1993 Hanford B Reactor 1944 Richland46°37′49.1″N 119°38′50.3″W / 46.630306°N 119.647306°W / 46.630306; -119.647306 (Hanford B Reactor) Washington United States power generation 169 1993 Stevens Pass Railroad Tunnels & Switchback System 1900 Stevens Pass47°44′52.4″N 121°7′26.3″W / 47.747889°N 121.123972°W / 47.747889; -121.123972 (Stevens Pass Railroad Tunnels & Switchback System) Washington United States tunnels 170 1994 Colorado River Aqueduct 1933–1941 Blythe34°17′23.6″N 114°10′19.5″W / 34.289889°N 114.172083°W / 34.289889; -114.172083 (Colorado River Aqueduct) California United States water supply & control 171 1994 Kavanagh Building 1936 Buenos Aires34°35′43.7″S 58°22′28.9″W / 34.595472°S 58.374694°W / -34.595472; -58.374694 (Kavanagh Building) Argentina buildings 172 1994 Missouri River Bridges 1926 Chamberlain43°48′42.1″N 99°20′16.1″W / 43.811694°N 99.337806°W / 43.811694; -99.337806 (Missouri River Bridges) South Dakota United States bridges 173 1995 Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility 1943 Honolulu21°22′18″N 157°53′44″W / 21.37167°N 157.89556°W / 21.37167; -157.89556 (Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility) Hawaii United States tunnels 174 1994 Viaducto del Malleco 1890 Malleco River37°57′47″S 72°26′20″W / 37.96306°S 72.43889°W / -37.96306; -72.43889 (Viaducto del Malleco) Central Chile Chile bridges 175 1994 White Pass and Yukon Route 1900 Whitehorse, Yukon to Skagway, Alaska59°37′28″N 135°8′18.3″W / 59.62444°N 135.138417°W / 59.62444; -135.138417 (White Pass and Yukon Route) Yukon Territory to Alaska Canada & United States roads & rails 176 1995 Alaska Highway 1942 Dawson Creek to Delta Junction59°54′39.6″N 131°33′20.6″W / 59.911000°N 131.555722°W / 59.911000; -131.555722 (Alaska Highway) British Columbia to Alaska Canada & United States roads & rails 177 1995 Banaue Rice Terraces 100 BC Banaue16°55′57.4″N 121°3′30.1″E / 16.932611°N 121.058361°E / 16.932611; 121.058361 (Banaue Rice Terraces) Ifugao Philippines water supply & control 178 1995 Acueducto de Queretaro 1738 Querétaro20°35′48″N 100°22′20.6″W / 20.59667°N 100.372389°W / 20.59667; -100.372389 (Acueducto de Queretaro) Mexico water supply & control 179 1995 Victoria Falls Bridge 1905 Zambezi River17°55′41.7″S 25°51′26.1″E / 17.928250°S 25.857250°E / -17.928250; 25.857250 (Victoria Falls Bridge) Zimbabwe & Zambia bridges 180 1996 Armour-Swift-Burlington Bridge 1912 Kansas City39°7′0″N 94°34′47.5″W / 39.11667°N 94.579861°W / 39.11667; -94.579861 (Armour-Swift-Burlington Bridge) Missouri United States bridges 181 1996 Dublin-Belfast railway line 1839 Dublin to Belfast53°43′0″N 6°20′15″W / 53.71667°N 6.33750°W / 53.71667; -6.33750 (Dublin-Belfast railway line) Ireland & Northern Ireland roads & rails 182 1996 Kentucky Dam 1944 Gilbertsville37°0′46.4″N 88°16′10.1″W / 37.012889°N 88.269472°W / 37.012889; -88.269472 (Kentucky Dam) Kentucky United States dams 183 1996 Lake Moeris Quarry Road 2575-2137 BC Lake Moeris29°37′24.2″N 30°38′40.4″E / 29.623389°N 30.644556°E / 29.623389; 30.644556 (Lake Moeris Quarry Road) Egypt roads & rails 184 1996 City Plan of Philadelphia 1682 Philadelphia39°57′28.6″N 75°10′14.2″W / 39.957944°N 75.170611°W / 39.957944; -75.170611 (City Plan of Philadelphia) Pennsylvania United States surveys & maps 185 1996 San Antonio River Walk & Flood Control System 1929 to 1941 San Antonio29°25′30.7″N 98°29′29.7″W / 29.425194°N 98.491583°W / 29.425194; -98.491583 (San Antonio River Walk & Flood Control System) Texas United States water control & supply 186 1997 Grand Coulee Dam 1941 Grand Coulee47°57′23.8″N 118°58′51.6″W / 47.956611°N 118.981000°W / 47.956611; -118.981000 (Grand Coulee Dam) Washington United States dams 187 1997 Lake Washington Ship Canal & Hiram M. Chittenden Locks 1917 Seattle47°39′55.7″N 122°23′49.6″W / 47.665472°N 122.397111°W / 47.665472; -122.397111 (Lake Washington Ship Canal & Hiram M. Chittenden Locks) Washington United States water transportation 188 1997 Navajo Bridge 1929 Page36°49′3.4″N 111°37′52.3″W / 36.817611°N 111.631194°W / 36.817611; -111.631194 (Navajo Bridge) Arizona United States bridges 189 1997 North Island Main Trunk Railway 1885–1908 Auckland to Wellington39°13′39.8″S 175°23′55.5″E / 39.227722°S 175.398750°E / -39.227722; 175.398750 (North Island Main Trunk Railway) North Island New Zealand roads & rails 190 1997 Northampton Street Bridge 1896 Easton to Phillipsburg40°41′29.3″N 75°12′14.4″W / 40.691472°N 75.204000°W / 40.691472; -75.204000 (Northampton Street Bridge) Pennsylvania & New Jersey United States bridges 191 1997 Snowy Mountains Scheme 1974 Snowy Mountains35°36′40.1″S 148°17′29.8″E / 35.611139°S 148.291611°E / -35.611139; 148.291611 (Snowy Mountains Scheme) New South Wales Australia power generation 192 1997 Texas Commerce Bank Building (formerly Gulf, now Chase) 1929 Houston29°45′32″N 95°21′49.7″W / 29.75889°N 95.363806°W / 29.75889; -95.363806 (Texas Commerce Bank Building (formerly Gulf, now Chase)) Texas United States buildings 193 1997 Walnut Street Bridge 1890 Harrisburg40°15′27.1″N 76°53′9.8″W / 40.257528°N 76.886056°W / 40.257528; -76.886056 (Walnut Street Bridge) Pennsylvania United States bridges 194 1998 Brooks AFB, Old Hangar 9 1918 San Antonio29°20′38.5″N 98°26′38.9″W / 29.344028°N 98.444139°W / 29.344028; -98.444139 (Brooks AFB, Old Hangar 9) Texas United States aviation 195 1998 Canton Viaduct 1835 Canton42°9′28.8″N 71°9′14.5″W / 42.158000°N 71.154028°W / 42.158000; -71.154028 (Canton Viaduct) Massachusetts United States bridges 196 1998 Göta Canal 1810 to 1832 Gothenburg58°29′53.9″N 16°10′28.9″E / 58.498306°N 16.174694°E / 58.498306; 16.174694 (Göta Canal) Västra Götaland Sweden water transportation 197 1998 Moseley Wrought Iron Arch Bridge 1864 North Andover42°40′8.6″N 71°7′21.3″W / 42.669056°N 71.122583°W / 42.669056; -71.122583 (Moseley Wrought Iron Arch Bridge) Massachusetts United States bridges 198 1998 Tehachapi Pass Railroad Line 1876 Kern County35°12′3″N 118°32′13″W / 35.20083°N 118.53694°W / 35.20083; -118.53694 (Tehachapi Pass Railroad Line) California United States roads & rails 199 1999 Acueducto de Segovia 50 AD Segovia40°56′52.7″N 4°7′4.3″W / 40.947972°N 4.117861°W / 40.947972; -4.117861 (Acueducto de Segovia) Castile and León Spain water supply & control 200 1999 Arroyo Seco Parkway 1940 Los Angeles34°4′23″N 118°14′2″W / 34.07306°N 118.23389°W / 34.07306; -118.23389 (Arroyo Seco Parkway) California United States roads & rails 201 1999 Blue Ridge Parkway begun 1935 Shenandoah NP to Great Smokey Mountains NP36°26′28.5″N 81°5′42.9″W / 36.441250°N 81.095250°W / 36.441250; -81.095250 (Blue Ridge Parkway) Virginia to North Carolina United States roads & rails 202 1999 Cape Hatteras Lighthouse 1870 Cape Hatteras35°15′2″N 75°31′43.7″W / 35.25056°N 75.528806°W / 35.25056; -75.528806 (Cape Hatteras Lighthouse) North Carolina United States water transportation 203 1999 Maine Turnpike 1947 43°21′17.2″N 70°35′26.2″W / 43.354778°N 70.590611°W / 43.354778; -70.590611 (Maine Turnpike) Maine United States roads & rails 204 1999 McNeill Street Pumping Station 1887 Shreveport32°31′3.8″N 93°45′25.9″W / 32.517722°N 93.757194°W / 32.517722; -93.757194 (McNeill Street Pumping Station) Louisiana United States water supply & control 205 2000 Cedar Falls Hydroelectric Project 1901 Seattle47°25′9.2″N 121°46′54.4″W / 47.419222°N 121.781778°W / 47.419222; -121.781778 (Cedar Falls Hydroelectric Project) Washington United States power generation 206 2000 Forth and Clyde Canal and Union Canal 1790 55°56′18″N 4°9′18.8″W / 55.93833°N 4.155222°W / 55.93833; -4.155222 (Forth and Clyde Canal and Union Canal) Scotland water transportation 207 2000 Hagia Sophia 537 AD Istanbul41°0′31.2″N 28°58′48.6″E / 41.008667°N 28.980167°E / 41.008667; 28.980167 (Hagia Sophia) Istanbul Turkey buildings 208 2000 Muskingum River Navigation System 1837 Zanesville39°43′59.5″N 81°54′29.4″W / 39.733194°N 81.908167°W / 39.733194; -81.908167 (Muskingum River Navigation System) Ohio United States water transportation 209 2000 Seventh Street Improvement Arches 1909 St. Paul44°57′23″N 93°4′38″W / 44.95639°N 93.07722°W / 44.95639; -93.07722 (Seventh Street Improvement Arches) Minnesota United States bridges 210 2000 West Baden Springs Hotel 1902 West Baden Springs38°34′1.3″N 86°37′6.6″W / 38.567028°N 86.618500°W / 38.567028; -86.618500 (West Baden Springs Hotel) Indiana United States buildings 211 2001 Bunker Hill Covered Bridge 1895, rebuilt 1994 Claremont35°43′17.5″N 81°6′54.8″W / 35.721528°N 81.115222°W / 35.721528; -81.115222 (Bunker Hill Covered Bridge) North Carolina United States bridges 212 2001 Galveston Seawall and Grade Raising 1904 (expanded through 1963) Galveston29°18′9″N 94°46′27″W / 29.30250°N 94.77417°W / 29.30250; -94.77417 (Galveston Seawall and Grade Raising) Texas United States water supply & control 213 2001 Baltimore & Ohio Roundhouse & Shop Complex 1842 to 1850s Martinsburg39°27′33″N 77°57′36″W / 39.45917°N 77.96000°W / 39.45917; -77.96000 (Baltimore & Ohio Roundhouse & Shop Complex) West Virginia United States buildings 214 2002 Conwy Suspension Bridge 1826 Conwy53°16′49.7″N 3°49′25.6″W / 53.280472°N 3.823778°W / 53.280472; -3.823778 (Conwy Suspension Bridge) Conwy Wales bridges 215 2002 Conwy Tubular Bridge 1849 Conwy53°16′49″N 3°49′25″W / 53.28028°N 3.82361°W / 53.28028; -3.82361 (Conwy Tubular Bridge) Conwy Wales bridges 216 2002 Dorton Arena 1952 Raleigh35°47′38.4″N 78°42′37.3″W / 35.794000°N 78.710361°W / 35.794000; -78.710361 (Dorton Arena) North Carolina United States buildings 217 2002 East Maui Irrigation System 1876 to 1923 East Maui20°52′0″N 156°13′0″W / 20.86667°N 156.21667°W / 20.86667; -156.21667 (East Maui Irrigation System) Hawaii United States water supply & control 218 2002 Five Stone Arch Bridges 1830 to 1866 Hillsborough43°7′49″N 71°56′41.1″W / 43.13028°N 71.944750°W / 43.13028; -71.944750 (Five Stone Arch Bridges) New Hampshire United States bridges 219 2002 Louisville and Portland Canal Locks & Dam 1830, rebuilt 1962 Louisville38°16′18.5″N 85°46′45.6″W / 38.271806°N 85.779333°W / 38.271806; -85.779333 (Louisville and Portland Canal Locks & Dam) Kentucky United States water transportation 220 2002 Marshall Building 1906 Milwaukee43°2′0.9″N 87°54′31.2″W / 43.033583°N 87.908667°W / 43.033583; -87.908667 (Marshall Building) Wisconsin United States buildings 221 2002 Menai Suspension Bridge 1826 Anglesey53°13′13.1″N 4°9′48.1″W / 53.220306°N 4.163361°W / 53.220306; -4.163361 (Menai Suspension Bridge) Wales bridges 222 2002 Old Cape Henry Light, 1792, replaced 1881 Virginia Beach36°55′32.8″N 76°0′29.3″W / 36.925778°N 76.008139°W / 36.925778; -76.008139 (Old Cape Henry Light) Virginia United States water transportation 223 2002 Portland Head Light 1787 Cape Elizabeth43°37′23.2″N 70°12′28.4″W / 43.623111°N 70.207889°W / 43.623111; -70.207889 (Portland Head Light) Maine United States water transportation 224 2002 Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme 1929 52°42′20″N 8°36′46″W / 52.70556°N 8.61278°W / 52.70556; -8.61278 (Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme) Ireland power generation 225 2002 Waldo-Hancock Suspension Bridge 1931 Bucksport44°33′37.6″N 68°48′5.9″W / 44.560444°N 68.801639°W / 44.560444; -68.801639 (Waldo-Hancock Suspension Bridge) Maine United States bridges 226 2003 Horseshoe Curve 1854 Altoona40°29′54″N 78°29′9.1″W / 40.49833°N 78.485861°W / 40.49833; -78.485861 (Horseshoe Curve) Pennsylvania United States roads & rails 227 2003 Suez Canal 1869 Port Said to Suez30°42′18″N 32°20′39″E / 30.70500°N 32.34417°E / 30.70500; 32.34417 (Suez Canal) Egypt water transportation 228 2003 Tennessee State Capitol 1845 to 1877 Nashville36°9′57.1″N 86°47′3.4″W / 36.165861°N 86.784278°W / 36.165861; -86.784278 (Tennessee State Capitol) Tennessee United States buildings 229 2004 Hwaseong Fortress 1796 Suwon37°17′0″N 127°0′57.6″E / 37.28333°N 127.016000°E / 37.28333; 127.016000 (Hwaseong Fortress) Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea buildings 230 2004 Mesa Verde Reservoirs 750 to 1180 AD Montezuma County37°14′26.3″N 108°30′16.7″W / 37.240639°N 108.504639°W / 37.240639; -108.504639 (Mesa Verde Reservoirs) Colorado United States water supply & control 231 2004 Northern Pacific High Line Bridge No 64 1908 Valley City46°56′18.9″N 97°59′26.9″W / 46.938583°N 97.990806°W / 46.938583; -97.990806 (Northern Pacific High Line Bridge No 64) North Dakota United States bridges 232 2004 Old Wisla Bridge Tczew54°5′33.7″N 18°48′22.2″E / 54.092694°N 18.806167°E / 54.092694; 18.806167 (Old Wisla Bridge) Vistula River Poland bridges 233 2005 Great Western Railway 1838 51°37′16.2″N 1°21′26.8″W / 51.621167°N 1.357444°W / 51.621167; -1.357444 (Great Western Railway) England & Wales roads & rails 234 2005 Philadelphia City Hall 1901 Philadelphia39°57′10.1″N 75°9′48.8″W / 39.952806°N 75.163556°W / 39.952806; -75.163556 (Philadelphia City Hall) Pennsylvania United States buildings 235 2005 Sweetwater Dam 1888 Spring Valley32°41′29.8″N 117°0′29.2″W / 32.691611°N 117.008111°W / 32.691611; -117.008111 (Sweetwater Dam) California United States dams 236 2005 Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of Iowa established 1919 Iowa City41°39′25.8″N 91°32′29″W / 41.657167°N 91.54139°W / 41.657167; -91.54139 (Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of Iowa) Iowa United States research & educational 237 2006 Machu Picchu 1460 AD 13°9′48″S 72°32′44″W / 13.16333°S 72.54556°W / -13.16333; -72.54556 (Machu Picchu) Peru urban development 238 2006 Portland Observatory 1807 Portland43°39′55.4″N 70°14′53.7″W / 43.665389°N 70.248250°W / 43.665389; -70.248250 (Portland Observatory) Maine United States water transportation 239 2006 Tipon 1200 - 1534 AD 13°34′15″S 71°46′59″W / 13.57083°S 71.78306°W / -13.57083; -71.78306 (Tipon) Peru water supply & control 240 2007 Caledonian Canal 1822 Great Glen57°6′44.9″N 4°44′18.8″W / 57.112472°N 4.738556°W / 57.112472; -4.738556 (Caledonian Canal) Scotland water transportation 241 2007 Craigellachie Bridge Moray 1814 Strathspey57°29′28.8″N 3°11′38″W / 57.491333°N 3.19389°W / 57.491333; -3.19389 (Craigellachie Bridge Moray) Scotland bridges 242 2008 Choate Bridge 1764 Ipswich42°40′46.1″N 70°50′13.6″W / 42.679472°N 70.837111°W / 42.679472; -70.837111 (Choate Bridge) Massachusetts United States bridges 243 2008 Goldfields Water Supply 1903 Kalgoorlie31°57′36″S 116°10′16.7″E / 31.96000°S 116.171306°E / -31.96000; 116.171306 (Goldfields Water Supply) Western Australia Australia water supply & control 244 2008 Lacey V. Murrow Bridge and Mount Baker Ridge Tunnels 1940 King County47°35′23.2″N 122°16′44.3″W / 47.589778°N 122.278972°W / 47.589778; -122.278972 (Lacey V. Murrow Bridge and Mount Baker Ridge Tunnels) Washington United States bridges 245 2008 Woodhead Dam 1897 Cape Town33°58′38.2″S 18°24′7.9″E / 33.977278°S 18.402194°E / -33.977278; 18.402194 (Woodhead Dam) Western Cape South Africa dams 246 2009 Guayabo Ceremonial Center 300 BC - AD 1400 Turrialba9°58′21.7″N 83°41′26.6″W / 9.972694°N 83.690722°W / 9.972694; -83.690722 (Guayabo Ceremonial Center) Turrialba Costa Rica civil engineering profession 247 2009 Vancouver's Mapping of the West Coast of North America 1791–1795 45°0′0″N 124°0′43″W / 45.00000°N 124.01194°W / 45.00000; -124.01194 (Vancouver's Mapping of the West Coast of North America) Canada, Mexico and United States surveys & maps 248 2009 Poughkeepsie-Highland Bridge 1886–1888 Poughkeepsie41°42′38.5″N 73°56′41.1″W / 41.710694°N 73.944750°W / 41.710694; -73.944750 (Poughkeepsie-Highland Bridge) New York United States bridges 249 2009 Manhattan Bridge 1909 New York City40°42′27″N 73°59′26.9″W / 40.70750°N 73.990806°W / 40.70750; -73.990806 (Manhattan Bridge) New York United States bridges 250 2009 Queensboro Bridge 1909 New York City40°45′24.2″N 73°57′15.1″W / 40.756722°N 73.954194°W / 40.756722; -73.954194 (Queensboro Bridge) New York United States bridges 251 2009 Williamsburg Bridge 1903 New York City40°42′49.2″N 73°58′20.5″W / 40.713667°N 73.972361°W / 40.713667; -73.972361 (Williamsburg Bridge) New York United States bridges 252 2010 Mackinac Bridge 1958 Straits of Mackinac45°48′48.8″N 84°43′42″W / 45.813556°N 84.72833°W / 45.813556; -84.72833 (Mackinac Bridge) Michigan United States bridges 253 2010 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1824 Troy42°43′48″N 73°40′39″W / 42.73000°N 73.67750°W / 42.73000; -73.67750 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) New York United States research & educational 254 2010 Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge 1835 Elkridge and Relay39°13′17.5″N 76°42′48.1″W / 39.221528°N 76.713361°W / 39.221528; -76.713361 (Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge) Maryland United States bridges 255 2011 Utica Memorial Auditorium 1959 Utica43°6′17.9″N 75°14′0.5″W / 43.104972°N 75.233472°W / 43.104972; -75.233472 (Utica Memorial Auditorium) New York United States buildings 256 2011 Tacoma Narrows Bridges 1940-1950 Tacoma47°16′8″N 122°33′3″W / 47.26889°N 122.55083°W / 47.26889; -122.55083 (Tacoma Narrows Bridges) Washington United States bridges 257 2011 Flight of Five Locks 1915 Waterford42°48′2.8″N 73°41′29.1″W / 42.800778°N 73.691417°W / 42.800778; -73.691417 (Flight of Five Locks) New York United States water transportation 258 2011 Petra 309 BC 30°19′43″N 35°26′31″E / 30.32861°N 35.44194°E / 30.32861; 35.44194 (Petra) Ma'an Governorate Jordan buildings 259 2012 Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and Highway 1930 Zion National Park37°12′40.7″N 112°57′29.6″W / 37.211306°N 112.958222°W / 37.211306; -112.958222 (Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and Highway) Utah United States roads & rails 260 2012 Huey P. Long Bridge 1935 Jefferson Parish29°56′38.8″N 90°10′7.6″W / 29.944111°N 90.168778°W / 29.944111; -90.168778 (Huey P. Long Bridge) Louisiana United States bridges 261 2012 Grand Central Terminal 1913 New York City40°45′10.3″N 73°58′37.9″W / 40.752861°N 73.977194°W / 40.752861; -73.977194 (Grand Central Terminal) New York United States roads & rails 262 2013 Titan Clydebank crane 1907 Clydebank55°53′50.5″N 4°24′31.2″W / 55.897361°N 4.408667°W / 55.897361; -4.408667 (Titan Clydebank crane) West Dunbartonshire Scotland buildings 263 2013 Waterford Bridges 1909 Troy and Waterford42°47′19.3″N 73°40′25.8″W / 42.788694°N 73.673833°W / 42.788694; -73.673833 (Waterford Bridges) New York United States bridges 264 2013 Lake Pontchartrain Causeway 1956 Lake Pontchartrain30°11′59.2″N 90°7′21.7″W / 30.199778°N 90.122694°W / 30.199778; -90.122694 (Lake Pontchartrain Causeway) Louisiana United States bridges 265 2014 The Dalles Dam 1957 Columbia River45°36′50.3″N 121°8′3″W / 45.613972°N 121.13417°W / 45.613972; -121.13417 (The Dalles Dam) Oregon & Washington United States dams 266 2015 Gladesville Bridge 1964 Sydney33°50′31.3″S 151°8′51.8″E / 33.842028°S 151.147722°E / -33.842028; 151.147722 (Gladesville Bridge) New South Wales Australia bridges 267 2016 Cape Agulhas Lighthouse 1848 L'Agulhas34°49′45.7″S 20°0′32.4″E / 34.829361°S 20.009000°E / -34.829361; 20.009000 (Cape Agulhas Lighthouse) South Africa water transportation 268 2016 Arrowrock Dam 1912 Boise and Elmore43°35′43″N 115°55′21.1″W / 43.59528°N 115.922528°W / 43.59528; -115.922528 (Arrowrock Dam) Idaho United States dams 269 2016 All-American Canal 1940 Imperial County32°52′59″N 114°27′54″W / 32.88306°N 114.46500°W / 32.88306; -114.46500 (All-American Canal) California United States water supply & control 270 2016 Canal du Midi 1681 Toulouse to Étang de Thau43°12′52.9″N 2°25′49.8″E / 43.214694°N 2.430500°E / 43.214694; 2.430500 (Canal du Midi) Occitania France water transportation 271 2016 Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1830 Liverpool to Manchester53°27′10.8″N 2°36′58.6″W / 53.453000°N 2.616278°W / 53.453000; -2.616278 (Liverpool & Manchester Railway) North West England England roads & rails 272 2017 Bonnet Carré Spillway 1931 St. Charles Parish30°0′7.2″N 90°26′23.3″W / 30.002000°N 90.439806°W / 30.002000; -90.439806 (Bonnet Carré Spillway) Louisiana United States dams 273 2017 Duluth Aerial Ferry/Lift Bridge 1905 Duluth46°46′45.8″N 92°5′35.3″W / 46.779389°N 92.093139°W / 46.779389; -92.093139 (Duluth Aerial Ferry/Lift Bridge) Minnesota United States bridges 274 2017 Mississippi River Basin Model 1966 Jackson32°18′21.8″N 90°19′8.2″W / 32.306056°N 90.318944°W / 32.306056; -90.318944 (Mississippi River Basin Model) Mississippi United States research & educational 275 2017 Chaffey Brothers Irrigation Works 1887 Mildura and Renmark34°15′1.6″S 142°13′28.8″E / 34.250444°S 142.224667°E / -34.250444; 142.224667 (Chaffey Brothers Irrigation Works) Victoria and South Australia Australia water supply & control 276 2017 Qhapaq Ñan: The Great Inka Road System 1000 BC - 1533 AD 13°13′0.3″S 72°23′5.2″W / 13.216750°S 72.384778°W / -13.216750; -72.384778 (Qhapaq Ñan: The Great Inka Road System) Colombia to Chile roads & rails 277 2017 Tunnel of Eupalinos 520 BC Samos37°41′40.6″N 26°55′48″E / 37.694611°N 26.93000°E / 37.694611; 26.93000 (Tunnel of Eupalinos) North Aegean Greece tunnels 278 2018 Augusta Canal and Industrial District 1845 Augusta33°31′17.6″N 82°0′38.9″W / 33.521556°N 82.010806°W / 33.521556; -82.010806 (Augusta Canal and Industrial District) Georgia United States power generation 279 2018 Old River Station 1907 Cincinnati39°4′17″N 84°25′40″W / 39.07139°N 84.42778°W / 39.07139; -84.42778 (Old River Station) Ohio United States water supply & control 280 2018 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory 1965 London43°0′14″N 81°16′32.5″W / 43.00389°N 81.275694°W / 43.00389; -81.275694 (Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory) Ontario Canada research & educational 281 2018 Institution of Civil Engineers 1818 London51°30′4″N 0°7′44.4″W / 51.50111°N 0.129000°W / 51.50111; -0.129000 (Institution of Civil Engineers) England research & educational 282 2018 Union Chain Bridge 1820 Horncliffe to Fishwick55°45′9.3″N 2°6′24.4″W / 55.752583°N 2.106778°W / 55.752583; -2.106778 (Union Chain Bridge) England to Scotland bridges 283 2019 Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge 1928 Grand Canyon36°6′53.2″N 112°5′21.1″W / 36.114778°N 112.089194°W / 36.114778; -112.089194 (Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge) Arizona United States bridges 284 2019 Union Pacific Railroad 1868 Omaha westward41°15′0.9″N 95°55′37.4″W / 41.250250°N 95.927056°W / 41.250250; -95.927056 (Union Pacific Railroad) Nebraska United States roads & rails 285 2019 Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards 1967 Point Pleasant38°50′42″N 82°8′28″W / 38.84500°N 82.14111°W / 38.84500; -82.14111 (Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards) West Virginia United States bridges 286 2020 NASA Vehicle Assembly Building 1966 Titusville28°35′11″N 80°39′5″W / 28.58639°N 80.65139°W / 28.58639; -80.65139 (NASA Vehicle Assembly Building) Florida United States buildings 287 2021 Main Avenue Bridge 1939 Cleveland41°29′55.2″N 81°42′18.5″W / 41.498667°N 81.705139°W / 41.498667; -81.705139 (Main Avenue Bridge) Ohio United States bridges 288 2021 Sydney Opera House 1973 Sydney33°51′24″S 151°12′55″E / 33.85667°S 151.21528°E / -33.85667; 151.21528 (Sydney Opera House) New South Wales Australia buildings 289 2022 David Thompson's Surveying and Mapping of the Northwest of North America 1814 Canada & United States surveys & maps 290 2022 Portage Lake Bridge 1959 Hancock and Houghton47°7′25.9″N 88°34′26.7″W / 47.123861°N 88.574083°W / 47.123861; -88.574083 (Portage Lake Bridge) Michigan United States bridges 291 2022 Salmon Creek Dam 1914 Juneau58°20′30″N 134°24′12″W / 58.34167°N 134.40333°W / 58.34167; -134.40333 (Salmon Creek Dam) Alaska United States dams See also List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks References ^ Witcher, T.R. (January 2020). "Preserving the Profession's Achievements: The ASCE Historic Civil Engineering Landmark Program". Civil Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 37. ^ "Historic Landmarks". American Society of Civil Engineers. ^ Grand Central Terminal is named a national historical civil engineering landmark ^ ASCE Names Huey P. Long Bridge a Civil Engineering Landmark Archived 2014-01-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ Stephens, Odin L.; Mengak, Michael T.; Osborn, David; Miller, Karl V. (March 2005). "Using Milorganite to temporarily repel white-tailed deer from food plots" (PDF). Wildlife Management Series. WSFR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-29. ^ "International Boundary Marker | ASCE". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20. ^ The Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island, federal property administered by the National Park Service, located within the territorial jurisdiction of the State of New York. A pact between New York and New Jersey, ratified by Congress in 1834, declared this issue. ^ "Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge | ASCE". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2021-12-07. ^ "Tacoma Narrows Bridges | ASCE". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2021-12-07. ^ Harding, Matt (20 December 2016). "Canal System Now Engineering Landmark". Yuma Sun. p. 1. ^ "Canal du Midi Designated as International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark". American Academy of Water Resources Engineers. 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ Morris, Paula (2016-09-14). "Rainhill reaffirmed as the birthplace of the railway". St Helens Star. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ Lundy, John (2017-09-11). "Centenarian engineer, Aerial Lift Bridge share honors". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ "In Military Lingo, MRBM = NHCEL". Preservation in Mississippi. 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ a b "Sydney Opera House | ASCE". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ "Peru: Qhapaq Ñan designated ASCE historic civil engineering landmark". Andina. 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ "Ανακήρυξη του Ευπαλίνειου Όρυγματος ως Ιστορικού Τοπόσημου Τεχνολογίας Πολιτικού Μηχανικού" . National Technical University of Athens School of Civil Engineering (in Greek). 2017-10-29. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ "Old River Station | Cincinnati Section ASCE". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ "Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel, London, Ontario". Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. Retrieved 2020-08-20. ^ Booth, Kenneth (2018-10-29). "ASCE recognises ICE as historic civil engineering landmark". Building Design & Construction. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ Johnson, Phil (2020-07-25). "Union Chain Bridge gets international badge of honour to mark bicentenary". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2022-08-20. ^ "Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge | ASCE AZ Section". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ "Union Pacific Railroad | csengineermag.com". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ "Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards | HMdb.org". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ "NASA Vehicle Assembly Building | NASA". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ "Main Avenue Bridge | ASCE Sections". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ Gilbert, David R.; Bartlett, F. Michael; Bedford, Cole G. (2022). David Thompson's Surveying and Mapping of the Northwest of North America. CSCE Annual Conference. Whistler, British Columbia. ^ "Portage Lake Bridge | MTU". www.mtu.edu/news. Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ Kuhn, Jonson (2022-09-10). "Salmon Creek Dam recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark". Juneau Empire. Retrieved 2022-09-13. External links American Society of Civil Engineers Historic Landmarks Media related to Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks at Wikimedia Commons Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The following is a list of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks as designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers since it began the program in 1964. The designation is granted to projects, structures, and sites in the United States (National Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks) and the rest of the world (International Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks). As of 2019, there are over 280 landmarks that have been approved by the ASCE Board of Direction.[1][2][3][4]\nSections or chapters of the American Society of Civil Engineers may also designate state or local landmarks within their areas; those landmarks are not listed here.","title":"List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Mechanical_Engineering_Landmarks"}]
[{"reference":"Witcher, T.R. (January 2020). \"Preserving the Profession's Achievements: The ASCE Historic Civil Engineering Landmark Program\". Civil Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Historic Landmarks\". American Society of Civil Engineers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks","url_text":"\"Historic Landmarks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers","url_text":"American Society of Civil Engineers"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Odin L.; Mengak, Michael T.; Osborn, David; Miller, Karl V. (March 2005). \"Using Milorganite to temporarily repel white-tailed deer from food plots\" (PDF). Wildlife Management Series. WSFR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329062759/http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/for05-001/for05-001.pdf","url_text":"\"Using Milorganite to temporarily repel white-tailed deer from food plots\""},{"url":"http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/for05-001/for05-001.pdf","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"\"International Boundary Marker | ASCE\". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asce.org/project/international-boundary-marker/","url_text":"\"International Boundary Marker | ASCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge | ASCE\". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2021-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/thomas-viaduct-railroad-bridge","url_text":"\"Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge | ASCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tacoma Narrows Bridges | ASCE\". www.asce.org. Retrieved 2021-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/tacoma-narrows-bridges","url_text":"\"Tacoma Narrows Bridges | ASCE\""}]},{"reference":"Harding, Matt (20 December 2016). \"Canal System Now Engineering Landmark\". Yuma Sun. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Canal du Midi Designated as International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark\". American Academy of Water Resources Engineers. 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aawre.org/news/canal-du-midi-designated-international-historic-civil-engineering-landmark","url_text":"\"Canal du Midi Designated as International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Paula (2016-09-14). \"Rainhill reaffirmed as the birthplace of the railway\". St Helens Star. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/14741938.rainhill-reaffirmed-as-the-birthplace-of-the-railway/","url_text":"\"Rainhill reaffirmed as the birthplace of the railway\""}]},{"reference":"Lundy, John (2017-09-11). \"Centenarian engineer, Aerial Lift Bridge share honors\". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/1708237-Centenarian-engineer-Aerial-Lift-Bridge-share-honors","url_text":"\"Centenarian engineer, Aerial Lift Bridge share honors\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Military Lingo, MRBM = NHCEL\". Preservation in Mississippi. 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://misspreservation.com/2018/05/24/mississippi-river-basin-model-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","url_text":"\"In Military Lingo, MRBM = NHCEL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House | ASCE\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2022/04/11/sydney-opera-house-joins-list-of-asce-historic-landmarks","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House | ASCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru: Qhapaq Ñan designated ASCE historic civil engineering landmark\". Andina. 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-qhapaq-nan-designated-asce-historic-civil-engineering-landmark-689070.aspx","url_text":"\"Peru: Qhapaq Ñan designated ASCE historic civil engineering landmark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ανακήρυξη του Ευπαλίνειου Όρυγματος ως Ιστορικού Τοπόσημου Τεχνολογίας Πολιτικού Μηχανικού\" [Designation of Tunnel of Eupalinos as a Historical Civil Engineering Landmark]. National Technical University of Athens School of Civil Engineering (in Greek). 2017-10-29. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civil.ntua.gr/news/2017/11/4/eupalinos-tunnel/","url_text":"\"Ανακήρυξη του Ευπαλίνειου Όρυγματος ως Ιστορικού Τοπόσημου Τεχνολογίας Πολιτικού Μηχανικού\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old River Station | Cincinnati Section ASCE\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://sections.asce.org/cincinnati/old-river-station-national-historic-landmark-award-ceremony","url_text":"\"Old River Station | Cincinnati Section ASCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel, London, Ontario\". Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://cscehistory.ca/international/boundary-layer-wind-tunnel-london-ontario/","url_text":"\"Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel, London, Ontario\""}]},{"reference":"Booth, Kenneth (2018-10-29). \"ASCE recognises ICE as historic civil engineering landmark\". Building Design & Construction. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdcmagazine.com/2018/10/asce-recognises-ice-as-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","url_text":"\"ASCE recognises ICE as historic civil engineering landmark\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Phil (2020-07-25). \"Union Chain Bridge gets international badge of honour to mark bicentenary\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2022-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/union-chain-bridge-gets-international-badge-honour-mark-bicentenary-2923973","url_text":"\"Union Chain Bridge gets international badge of honour to mark bicentenary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge | ASCE AZ Section\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azsce.org/kaibab-suspension-bridge/","url_text":"\"Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge | ASCE AZ Section\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union Pacific Railroad | csengineermag.com\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://csengineermag.com/union-pacific-railroad-recognized-as-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","url_text":"\"Union Pacific Railroad | csengineermag.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards | HMdb.org\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=189706","url_text":"\"Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards | HMdb.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Vehicle Assembly Building | NASA\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-many-stories-of-the-vab","url_text":"\"NASA Vehicle Assembly Building | NASA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Main Avenue Bridge | ASCE Sections\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://sections.asce.org/cleveland/main-avenue-bridge-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark-dedication-and-annual-dinner-event","url_text":"\"Main Avenue Bridge | ASCE Sections\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, David R.; Bartlett, F. Michael; Bedford, Cole G. (2022). David Thompson's Surveying and Mapping of the Northwest of North America. CSCE Annual Conference. Whistler, British Columbia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Portage Lake Bridge | MTU\". www.mtu.edu/news. Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtu.edu/news/2022/06/rich-history-unique-design-make-lift-bridge-a-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark.html","url_text":"\"Portage Lake Bridge | MTU\""}]},{"reference":"Kuhn, Jonson (2022-09-10). \"Salmon Creek Dam recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark\". Juneau Empire. Retrieved 2022-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juneauempire.com/news/salmon-creek-dam-recognized-as-a-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","url_text":"\"Salmon Creek Dam recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_8_5.4_N_76_49_30.3_W_type:landmark&title=Bollman+Truss+Bridge","external_links_name":"39°8′5.4″N 76°49′30.3″W / 39.134833°N 76.825083°W / 39.134833; -76.825083 (Bollman Truss Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_32_14.8_N_121_27_15.6_W_type:landmark&title=Bidwell+Bar+Bridge","external_links_name":"39°32′14.8″N 121°27′15.6″W / 39.537444°N 121.454333°W / 39.537444; -121.454333 (Bidwell Bar Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_2_35.6_N_76_1_20.2_W_type:landmark&title=Erie+Canal","external_links_name":"43°2′35.6″N 76°1′20.2″W / 43.043222°N 76.022278°W / 43.043222; -76.022278 (Erie Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_30_21.4_N_71_9_25.8_W_type:landmark&title=Middlesex+Canal","external_links_name":"42°30′21.4″N 71°9′25.8″W / 42.505944°N 71.157167°W / 42.505944; -71.157167 (Middlesex Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_34_57_N_121_30_22.8_W_type:landmark&title=Central+Pacific+Railroad","external_links_name":"38°34′57″N 121°30′22.8″W / 38.58250°N 121.506333°W / 38.58250; -121.506333 (Central Pacific Railroad)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_35_27.7_N_107_46_41.6_W_type:landmark&title=Durango-Silverton+Branch+of+the+D%26RGW+RR","external_links_name":"37°35′27.7″N 107°46′41.6″W / 37.591028°N 107.778222°W / 37.591028; -107.778222 (Durango-Silverton Branch of the D&RGW RR)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=30_59_52_N_88_1_21.1_W_type:landmark&title=Ellicott%27s+Stone","external_links_name":"30°59′52″N 88°1′21.1″W / 30.99778°N 88.022528°W / 30.99778; -88.022528 (Ellicott's Stone)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_19_57.1_N_98_27_41.1_W_type:landmark&title=Acequias+of+San+Antonio","external_links_name":"29°19′57.1″N 98°27′41.1″W / 29.332528°N 98.461417°W / 29.332528; -98.461417 (Acequias of San Antonio)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_37_4.7_N_112_33_5.8_W_type:landmark&title=Joining+of+the+Rails+-+Transcontinental+Railroad","external_links_name":"41°37′4.7″N 112°33′5.8″W / 41.617972°N 112.551611°W / 41.617972; -112.551611 (Joining of the Rails - Transcontinental Railroad)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_4_12.8_N_80_43_36.7_W_type:landmark&title=Wheeling+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°4′12.8″N 80°43′36.7″W / 40.070222°N 80.726861°W / 40.070222; -80.726861 (Wheeling Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_46_8.4_N_122_27_17.6_W_type:landmark&title=Alvord+Lake+Bridge","external_links_name":"37°46′8.4″N 122°27′17.6″W / 37.769000°N 122.454889°W / 37.769000; -122.454889 (Alvord Lake Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_47_22.9_N_79_56_15.8_W_type:landmark&title=Charleston+-+Hamburg+Railroad","external_links_name":"32°47′22.9″N 79°56′15.8″W / 32.789694°N 79.937722°W / 32.789694; -79.937722 (Charleston - Hamburg Railroad)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_28_35_N_72_23_44.5_W_type:landmark&title=Ascutney+Mill+Dam","external_links_name":"43°28′35″N 72°23′44.5″W / 43.47639°N 72.395694°W / 43.47639; -72.395694 (Ascutney Mill Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_17_34.2_N_121_11_41.7_W_type:landmark&title=Bridgeport+Covered+Bridge","external_links_name":"39°17′34.2″N 121°11′41.7″W / 39.292833°N 121.194917°W / 39.292833; -121.194917 (Bridgeport Covered Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_28_25.3_N_72_23_2.1_W_type:landmark&title=Cornish%E2%80%93Windsor+Covered+Bridge","external_links_name":"43°28′25.3″N 72°23′2.1″W / 43.473694°N 72.383917°W / 43.473694; -72.383917 (Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_2_36.7_N_75_1_14_W_type:landmark&title=Frankford+Avenue+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°2′36.7″N 75°1′14″W / 40.043528°N 75.02056°W / 40.043528; -75.02056 (Frankford Avenue Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_59_25.3_N_77_14_58.1_W_type:landmark&title=Potowmack+Canal+and+Locks","external_links_name":"38°59′25.3″N 77°14′58.1″W / 38.990361°N 77.249472°W / 38.990361; -77.249472 (Potowmack Canal and Locks)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_40_17.9_N_111_9_40.8_W_type:landmark&title=Theodore+Roosevelt+Dam+%26+Salt+River+Project","external_links_name":"33°40′17.9″N 111°9′40.8″W / 33.671639°N 111.161333°W / 33.671639; -111.161333 (Theodore Roosevelt Dam & Salt River Project)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_20_58.5_N_76_27_41_W_type:landmark&title=Union+Canal+Tunnel","external_links_name":"40°20′58.5″N 76°27′41″W / 40.349583°N 76.46139°W / 40.349583; -76.46139 (Union Canal Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_37_8.7_N_75_22_58.2_W_type:landmark&title=Bethlehem+Waterworks","external_links_name":"40°37′8.7″N 75°22′58.2″W / 40.619083°N 75.382833°W / 40.619083; -75.382833 (Bethlehem Waterworks)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_19_7_N_76_37_53_W_type:landmark&title=Druid+Lake+Dam","external_links_name":"39°19′7″N 76°37′53″W / 39.31861°N 76.63139°W / 39.31861; -76.63139 (Druid Lake Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_37_44_N_90_10_43.3_W_type:landmark&title=Eads+Bridge","external_links_name":"38°37′44″N 90°10′43.3″W / 38.62889°N 90.178694°W / 38.62889; -90.178694 (Eads Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_58_32.4_N_118_12_38_W_type:landmark&title=First+Owens+River+-+Los+Angeles+Aqueduct","external_links_name":"36°58′32.4″N 118°12′38″W / 36.975667°N 118.21056°W / 36.975667; -118.21056 (First Owens River - Los Angeles Aqueduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_46_13.6_N_111_53_35.3_W_type:landmark&title=Mormon+Tabernacle","external_links_name":"40°46′13.6″N 111°53′35.3″W / 40.770444°N 111.893139°W / 40.770444; -111.893139 (Mormon Tabernacle)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_58_22_N_77_8_54.9_W_type:landmark&title=Cabin+John+Aqueduct","external_links_name":"38°58′22″N 77°8′54.9″W / 38.97278°N 77.148583°W / 38.97278; -77.148583 (Cabin John Aqueduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_53_49.8_N_87_37_27.9_W_type:landmark&title=Chesbroughs+Water+Supply+System+Chicago","external_links_name":"41°53′49.8″N 87°37′27.9″W / 41.897167°N 87.624417°W / 41.897167; -87.624417 (Chesbroughs Water Supply System Chicago)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_42_22_N_73_59_48.8_W_type:landmark&title=Brooklyn+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°42′22″N 73°59′48.8″W / 40.70611°N 73.996889°W / 40.70611; -73.996889 (Brooklyn Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_29_36_N_107_43_17_W_type:landmark&title=Gunnison+Tunnel","external_links_name":"38°29′36″N 107°43′17″W / 38.49333°N 107.72139°W / 38.49333; -107.72139 (Gunnison Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_28_57.5_N_74_59_4.1_W_type:landmark&title=Roebling%27s+Delaware+Aqueduct+of+the+Delaware+%26+Hudson+Canal","external_links_name":"41°28′57.5″N 74°59′4.1″W / 41.482639°N 74.984472°W / 41.482639; -74.984472 (Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct of the Delaware & Hudson Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_45_49.2_N_84_11_29.2_W_type:landmark&title=Miami+Conservancy+District","external_links_name":"39°45′49.2″N 84°11′29.2″W / 39.763667°N 84.191444°W / 39.763667; -84.191444 (Miami Conservancy District)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_30_5.3_N_109_10_59.4_W_type:landmark&title=Buffalo+Bill+Dam","external_links_name":"44°30′5.3″N 109°10′59.4″W / 44.501472°N 109.183167°W / 44.501472; -109.183167 (Buffalo Bill Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_12_27_N_105_16_20.1_W_type:landmark&title=Cheesman+Reservoir","external_links_name":"39°12′27″N 105°16′20.1″W / 39.20750°N 105.272250°W / 39.20750; -105.272250 (Cheesman Reservoir)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_12_18.4_N_105_57_49.2_W_type:landmark&title=Embudo+Stream+Gauging+Station","external_links_name":"36°12′18.4″N 105°57′49.2″W / 36.205111°N 105.963667°W / 36.205111; -105.963667 (Embudo Stream Gauging Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_6_1_N_84_30_45.1_W_type:landmark&title=Ingalls+Building","external_links_name":"39°6′1″N 84°30′45.1″W / 39.10028°N 84.512528°W / 39.10028; -84.512528 (Ingalls Building)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_27_7_N_121_2_55_W_type:landmark&title=Pelton+Impulse+Water+Wheel","external_links_name":"39°27′7″N 121°2′55″W / 39.45194°N 121.04861°W / 39.45194; -121.04861 (Pelton Impulse Water Wheel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_57_51.3_N_75_35_0.6_W_type:landmark&title=Starrucca+Viaduct","external_links_name":"41°57′51.3″N 75°35′0.6″W / 41.964250°N 75.583500°W / 41.964250; -75.583500 (Starrucca Viaduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_4_57_N_94_33_18_W_type:landmark&title=Kansas+City+Park+and+Boulevard+System","external_links_name":"39°4′57″N 94°33′18″W / 39.08250°N 94.55500°W / 39.08250; -94.55500 (Kansas City Park and Boulevard System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_1_21.3_N_87_53_57.3_W_type:landmark&title=Milwaukee+Metropolitan+Sewage+Treatment+Plant","external_links_name":"43°1′21.3″N 87°53′57.3″W / 43.022583°N 87.899250°W / 43.022583; -87.899250 (Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage Treatment Plant)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_57_56_N_75_10_51_W_type:landmark&title=Philadelphia+Municipal+Water+Supply","external_links_name":"39°57′56″N 75°10′51″W / 39.96556°N 75.18083°W / 39.96556; -75.18083 (Philadelphia Municipal Water Supply)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_58_50.8_N_93_15_12.3_W_type:landmark&title=Stone+Arch+Bridge","external_links_name":"44°58′50.8″N 93°15′12.3″W / 44.980778°N 93.253417°W / 44.980778; -93.253417 (Stone Arch Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_53_52_N_81_18_41_W_type:landmark&title=Castillo+de+San+Marcos","external_links_name":"29°53′52″N 81°18′41″W / 29.89778°N 81.31139°W / 29.89778; -81.31139 (Castillo de San Marcos)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_0_42.5_N_73_52_36.4_W_type:landmark&title=Croton+Water+Supply+System","external_links_name":"41°0′42.5″N 73°52′36.4″W / 41.011806°N 73.876778°W / 41.011806; -73.876778 (Croton Water Supply System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_40_46.6_N_121_10_37.2_W_type:landmark&title=Folsom+Hydroelectric+Power+System","external_links_name":"38°40′46.6″N 121°10′37.2″W / 38.679611°N 121.177000°W / 38.679611; -121.177000 (Folsom Hydroelectric Power System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_14_44.6_N_71_2_9_W_type:landmark&title=Granite+Railway","external_links_name":"42°14′44.6″N 71°2′9″W / 42.245722°N 71.03583°W / 42.245722; -71.03583 (Granite Railway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_40_31.1_N_73_2_45.1_W_type:landmark&title=Hoosac+Tunnel","external_links_name":"42°40′31.1″N 73°2′45.1″W / 42.675306°N 73.045861°W / 42.675306; -73.045861 (Hoosac Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_41_53.8_N_71_9_55.7_W_type:landmark&title=Lawrence+Experiment+Station","external_links_name":"42°41′53.8″N 71°9′55.7″W / 42.698278°N 71.165472°W / 42.698278; -71.165472 (Lawrence Experiment Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_13_9.5_N_119_47_20.1_W_type:landmark&title=Marlette+Lake+Water+System","external_links_name":"39°13′9.5″N 119°47′20.1″W / 39.219306°N 119.788917°W / 39.219306; -119.788917 (Marlette Lake Water System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_16_26_N_71_19_55_W_type:landmark&title=Mount+Washington+Cog+Railway","external_links_name":"44°16′26″N 71°19′55″W / 44.27389°N 71.33194°W / 44.27389; -71.33194 (Mount Washington Cog Railway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_26_5.4_N_80_0_7.7_W_type:landmark&title=Smithfield+Street+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°26′5.4″N 80°0′7.7″W / 40.434833°N 80.002139°W / 40.434833; -80.002139 (Smithfield Street Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_37_34.2_N_75_46_34.4_W_type:landmark&title=Tunkhannock+Viaduct","external_links_name":"41°37′34.2″N 75°46′34.4″W / 41.626167°N 75.776222°W / 41.626167; -75.776222 (Tunkhannock Viaduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_2_3.1_N_78_51_28.4_W_type:landmark&title=Crozet%27s+Blue+Ridge+Tunnel","external_links_name":"38°2′3.1″N 78°51′28.4″W / 38.034194°N 78.857889°W / 38.034194; -78.857889 (Crozet's Blue Ridge Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_59_42_N_106_17_51.1_W_type:landmark&title=Cumbres+and+Toltec+Scenic+Railroad","external_links_name":"36°59′42″N 106°17′51.1″W / 36.99500°N 106.297528°W / 36.99500; -106.297528 (Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_9_14.9_N_107_11_31.3_W_type:landmark&title=Elephant+Butte+Dam","external_links_name":"33°9′14.9″N 107°11′31.3″W / 33.154139°N 107.192028°W / 33.154139; -107.192028 (Elephant Butte Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_21_37.5_N_83_45_33.6_W_type:landmark&title=First+Concrete+Pavement","external_links_name":"40°21′37.5″N 83°45′33.6″W / 40.360417°N 83.759333°W / 40.360417; -83.759333 (First Concrete Pavement)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=31_47_2_N_106_31_47.1_W_type:landmark&title=International+Boundary+Marker+No.+1","external_links_name":"31°47′2″N 106°31′47.1″W / 31.78389°N 106.529750°W / 31.78389; -106.529750 (International Boundary Marker No. 1)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_38_23.4_N_81_16_50.3_W_type:landmark&title=King%27s+Road","external_links_name":"29°38′23.4″N 81°16′50.3″W / 29.639833°N 81.280639°W / 29.639833; -81.280639 (King's Road)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_57_38.7_N_82_27_2_W_type:landmark&title=National+Road","external_links_name":"39°57′38.7″N 82°27′2″W / 39.960750°N 82.45056°W / 39.960750; -82.45056 (National Road)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_22_23.7_N_71_3_19.3_W_type:landmark&title=Charlestown+Naval+Dry+Dock","external_links_name":"42°22′23.7″N 71°3′19.3″W / 42.373250°N 71.055361°W / 42.373250; -71.055361 (Charlestown Naval Dry Dock)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_4_32_N_81_5_31_W_type:landmark&title=City+Plan+of+Savannah","external_links_name":"32°4′32″N 81°5′31″W / 32.07556°N 81.09194°W / 32.07556; -81.09194 (City Plan of Savannah)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_54_55.1_N_74_10_52.1_W_type:landmark&title=Great+Falls+Raceway+and+Power+System","external_links_name":"40°54′55.1″N 74°10′52.1″W / 40.915306°N 74.181139°W / 40.915306; -74.181139 (Great Falls Raceway and Power System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_42_45.3_N_74_0_24.2_W_type:landmark&title=First+New+York+Subway","external_links_name":"40°42′45.3″N 74°0′24.2″W / 40.712583°N 74.006722°W / 40.712583; -74.006722 (First New York Subway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_43_16.1_N_80_7_5.3_W_type:landmark&title=Mason%E2%80%93Dixon+line","external_links_name":"39°43′16.1″N 80°7′5.3″W / 39.721139°N 80.118139°W / 39.721139; -80.118139 (Mason–Dixon line)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_16_11_N_70_45_32.9_W_type:landmark&title=Minot%27s+Ledge+Lighthouse","external_links_name":"42°16′11″N 70°45′32.9″W / 42.26972°N 70.759139°W / 42.26972; -70.759139 (Minot's Ledge Lighthouse)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_46_8.3_N_118_12_22.6_W_type:landmark&title=Mullan+Road","external_links_name":"46°46′8.3″N 118°12′22.6″W / 46.768972°N 118.206278°W / 46.768972; -118.206278 (Mullan Road)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_49_14_N_76_17_35_W_type:landmark&title=Gosport+Naval+Dry+Docks","external_links_name":"36°49′14″N 76°17′35″W / 36.82056°N 76.29306°W / 36.82056; -76.29306 (Gosport Naval Dry Docks)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_42_18_N_87_56_2_W_type:landmark&title=Reversal+of+the+Chicago+River","external_links_name":"41°42′18″N 87°56′2″W / 41.70500°N 87.93389°W / 41.70500; -87.93389 (Reversal of the Chicago River)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_15_29.2_N_88_23_50.2_W_type:landmark&title=Vulcan+Street+Plant","external_links_name":"44°15′29.2″N 88°23′50.2″W / 44.258111°N 88.397278°W / 44.258111; -88.397278 (Vulcan Street Plant)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_1_32.5_N_73_40_3.1_W_type:landmark&title=William+E.+Ward+House","external_links_name":"41°1′32.5″N 73°40′3.1″W / 41.025694°N 73.667528°W / 41.025694; -73.667528 (William E. Ward House)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_21_23.8_N_71_3_43.6_W_type:landmark&title=Boston+Subway","external_links_name":"42°21′23.8″N 71°3′43.6″W / 42.356611°N 71.062111°W / 42.356611; -71.062111 (Boston Subway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_1_17.2_N_79_53_17.2_W_type:landmark&title=Dunlap%27s+Creek+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°1′17.2″N 79°53′17.2″W / 40.021444°N 79.888111°W / 40.021444; -79.888111 (Dunlap's Creek Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_43_56.7_N_74_1_11.6_W_type:landmark&title=Hudson+and+Manhattan+Railroad+Tunnel","external_links_name":"40°43′56.7″N 74°1′11.6″W / 40.732417°N 74.019889°W / 40.732417; -74.019889 (Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_41_22.2_N_74_10_28.2_W_type:landmark&title=Newark+International+Airport","external_links_name":"40°41′22.2″N 74°10′28.2″W / 40.689500°N 74.174500°W / 40.689500; -74.174500 (Newark International Airport)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_23_34.8_N_73_57_28.8_W_type:landmark&title=United+States+Military+Academy","external_links_name":"41°23′34.8″N 73°57′28.8″W / 41.393000°N 73.958000°W / 41.393000; -73.958000 (United States Military Academy)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_24_45_N_81_50_53_W_type:landmark&title=Cleveland+Hopkins+Airport","external_links_name":"41°24′45″N 81°50′53″W / 41.41250°N 81.84806°W / 41.41250; -81.84806 (Cleveland Hopkins Airport)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_26_24.3_N_79_9_56_W_type:landmark&title=Fink+Deck+Truss+Bridge","external_links_name":"37°26′24.3″N 79°9′56″W / 37.440083°N 79.16556°W / 37.440083; -79.16556 (Fink Deck Truss Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_36_14.3_N_74_54_8.1_W_type:landmark&title=Fink+Through+Truss+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°36′14.3″N 74°54′8.1″W / 40.603972°N 74.902250°W / 40.603972; -74.902250 (Fink Through Truss Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=52_37_38.4_N_2_29_7.6_W_type:landmark&title=Iron+Bridge","external_links_name":"52°37′38.4″N 2°29′7.6″W / 52.627333°N 2.485444°W / 52.627333; -2.485444 (Iron Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_53_37.5_N_105_42_41.3_W_type:landmark&title=Moffat+Tunnel","external_links_name":"39°53′37.5″N 105°42′41.3″W / 39.893750°N 105.711472°W / 39.893750; -105.711472 (Moffat Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_19_59.9_N_76_54_38.8_W_type:landmark&title=Rockville+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°19′59.9″N 76°54′38.8″W / 40.333306°N 76.910778°W / 40.333306; -76.910778 (Rockville Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_1_54.9_N_81_28_14.6_W_type:landmark&title=Goodyear+Airdock","external_links_name":"41°1′54.9″N 81°28′14.6″W / 41.031917°N 81.470722°W / 41.031917; -81.470722 (Goodyear Airdock)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_54_55.2_N_74_21_23.8_W_type:landmark&title=Hydraulic-Inclined+Plane+System+of+the+Morris+Canal","external_links_name":"40°54′55.2″N 74°21′23.8″W / 40.915333°N 74.356611°W / 40.915333; -74.356611 (Hydraulic-Inclined Plane System of the Morris Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_25_33.7_N_72_37_9_W_type:landmark&title=Borden+Base+Line","external_links_name":"42°25′33.7″N 72°37′9″W / 42.426028°N 72.61917°W / 42.426028; -72.61917 (Borden Base Line)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_45_18.5_N_90_11_11.6_W_type:landmark&title=Chain+of+Rocks+Water+Purification+Plant","external_links_name":"38°45′18.5″N 90°11′11.6″W / 38.755139°N 90.186556°W / 38.755139; -90.186556 (Chain of Rocks Water Purification Plant)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_22_3.8_N_71_4_12.8_W_type:landmark&title=Charles+River+Basin+Project","external_links_name":"42°22′3.8″N 71°4′12.8″W / 42.367722°N 71.070222°W / 42.367722; -71.070222 (Charles River Basin Project)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_55_1.1_N_87_39_51.4_W_type:landmark&title=Cortland+Street+Drawbridge","external_links_name":"41°55′1.1″N 87°39′51.4″W / 41.916972°N 87.664278°W / 41.916972; -87.664278 (Cortland Street Drawbridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_51_6.1_N_73_57_9.7_W_type:landmark&title=George+Washington+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°51′6.1″N 73°57′9.7″W / 40.851694°N 73.952694°W / 40.851694; -73.952694 (George Washington Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_16_50_N_85_42_4.3_W_type:landmark&title=Louisville+Water+Works","external_links_name":"38°16′50″N 85°42′4.3″W / 38.28056°N 85.701194°W / 38.28056; -85.701194 (Louisville Water Works)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_8_48.5_N_87_7_19.3_W_type:landmark&title=Montgomery+Bell%27s+Tunnel","external_links_name":"36°8′48.5″N 87°7′19.3″W / 36.146806°N 87.122028°W / 36.146806; -87.122028 (Montgomery Bell's Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_32_39.5_N_121_50_29.3_W_type:landmark&title=Snoqualmie+Falls+Cavity+Generating+Station","external_links_name":"47°32′39.5″N 121°50′29.3″W / 47.544306°N 121.841472°W / 47.544306; -121.841472 (Snoqualmie Falls Cavity Generating Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_37_41.2_N_90_12_28.8_W_type:landmark&title=Union+Station","external_links_name":"38°37′41.2″N 90°12′28.8″W / 38.628111°N 90.208000°W / 38.628111; -90.208000 (Union Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_53_22.1_N_77_2_6.9_W_type:landmark&title=Washington+Monument","external_links_name":"38°53′22.1″N 77°2′6.9″W / 38.889472°N 77.035250°W / 38.889472; -77.035250 (Washington Monument)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_49_5.2_N_73_55_27_W_type:landmark&title=Whipple+Truss+Bridge","external_links_name":"42°49′5.2″N 73°55′27″W / 42.818111°N 73.92417°W / 42.818111; -73.92417 (Whipple Truss Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_16_31.5_N_76_39_18_W_type:landmark&title=Carrollton+Viaduct","external_links_name":"39°16′31.5″N 76°39′18″W / 39.275417°N 76.65500°W / 39.275417; -76.65500 (Carrollton Viaduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_19_28_N_83_2_25.4_W_type:landmark&title=Detroit-Windsor+Tunnel","external_links_name":"42°19′28″N 83°2′25.4″W / 42.32444°N 83.040389°W / 42.32444; -83.040389 (Detroit-Windsor Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=28_59_50_N_89_8_38_W_type:landmark&title=Eads+South+Pass+Navigation+Works","external_links_name":"28°59′50″N 89°8′38″W / 28.99722°N 89.14389°W / 28.99722; -89.14389 (Eads South Pass Navigation Works)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_43_38.9_N_74_1_16_W_type:landmark&title=Holland+Tunnel","external_links_name":"40°43′38.9″N 74°1′16″W / 40.727472°N 74.02111°W / 40.727472; -74.02111 (Holland Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_5_34.8_N_84_30_35.6_W_type:landmark&title=John+A.+Roebling+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"39°5′34.8″N 84°30′35.6″W / 39.093000°N 84.509889°W / 39.093000; -84.509889 (John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_45_47.3_N_78_35_21.1_W_type:landmark&title=Kinzua+Railway+Viaduct","external_links_name":"41°45′47.3″N 78°35′21.1″W / 41.763139°N 78.589194°W / 41.763139; -78.589194 (Kinzua Railway Viaduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_25_40.5_N_124_24_47.5_W_type:landmark&title=Rogue+River+Bridge","external_links_name":"42°25′40.5″N 124°24′47.5″W / 42.427917°N 124.413194°W / 42.427917; -124.413194 (Rogue River Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_31_32.7_N_85_50_54.6_W_type:landmark&title=Second+Street+Bridge","external_links_name":"42°31′32.7″N 85°50′54.6″W / 42.525750°N 85.848500°W / 42.525750; -85.848500 (Second Street Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_21_44_N_71_9_58_W_type:landmark&title=Watertown+Arsenal","external_links_name":"42°21′44″N 71°9′58″W / 42.36222°N 71.16611°W / 42.36222; -71.16611 (Watertown Arsenal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_21_18_N_74_26_19.1_W_type:landmark&title=Atlantic+City+Convention+Hall","external_links_name":"39°21′18″N 74°26′19.1″W / 39.35500°N 74.438639°W / 39.35500; -74.438639 (Atlantic City Convention Hall)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_44_57.1_N_69_59_19.3_W_type:landmark&title=Bailey+Island+Bridge","external_links_name":"43°44′57.1″N 69°59′19.3″W / 43.749194°N 69.988694°W / 43.749194; -69.988694 (Bailey Island Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_28_18.4_N_74_26_29.4_W_type:landmark&title=Blenheim+Bridge","external_links_name":"42°28′18.4″N 74°26′29.4″W / 42.471778°N 74.441500°W / 42.471778; -74.441500 (Blenheim Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_43_5.9_N_73_42_14.5_W_type:landmark&title=Iron+Building+of+the+U.S.+Army+Arsenal","external_links_name":"42°43′5.9″N 73°42′14.5″W / 42.718306°N 73.704028°W / 42.718306; -73.704028 (Iron Building of the U.S. Army Arsenal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_52_39.2_N_81_35_1.4_W_type:landmark&title=Ohio+Canal+System","external_links_name":"40°52′39.2″N 81°35′1.4″W / 40.877556°N 81.583722°W / 40.877556; -81.583722 (Ohio Canal System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_56_32.7_N_93_20_42.8_W_type:landmark&title=Peavey%E2%80%93Haglin+Experimental+Concrete+Grain+Elevator","external_links_name":"44°56′32.7″N 93°20′42.8″W / 44.942417°N 93.345222°W / 44.942417; -93.345222 (Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_29_50.8_N_84_19_55.7_W_type:landmark&title=Sault+Ste.+Marie+Hydroelectric+Complex","external_links_name":"46°29′50.8″N 84°19′55.7″W / 46.497444°N 84.332139°W / 46.497444; -84.332139 (Sault Ste. Marie Hydroelectric Complex)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=52_59_37.5_N_5_9_19.1_E_type:landmark&title=Zuiderzee+Enclosure+Dam","external_links_name":"52°59′37.5″N 5°9′19.1″E / 52.993750°N 5.155306°E / 52.993750; 5.155306 (Zuiderzee Enclosure Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=45_39_19.3_N_121_54_13.2_W_type:landmark&title=Columbia+River+Scenic+Highway","external_links_name":"45°39′19.3″N 121°54′13.2″W / 45.655361°N 121.903667°W / 45.655361; -121.903667 (Columbia River Scenic Highway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_1_42.4_N_76_31_5.6_W_type:landmark&title=Columbia-Wrightsville+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°1′42.4″N 76°31′5.6″W / 40.028444°N 76.518222°W / 40.028444; -76.518222 (Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_49_11.7_N_122_28_42.7_W_type:landmark&title=Golden+Gate+Bridge","external_links_name":"37°49′11.7″N 122°28′42.7″W / 37.819917°N 122.478528°W / 37.819917; -122.478528 (Golden Gate Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_0_57.7_N_114_44_14.8_W_type:landmark&title=Hoover+Dam","external_links_name":"36°0′57.7″N 114°44′14.8″W / 36.016028°N 114.737444°W / 36.016028; -114.737444 (Hoover Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_38_48.5_N_71_18_41.6_W_type:landmark&title=Lowell+Waterpower+System","external_links_name":"42°38′48.5″N 71°18′41.6″W / 42.646806°N 71.311556°W / 42.646806; -71.311556 (Lowell Waterpower System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=9_7_2.2_N_79_43_7.6_W_type:landmark&title=Panama+Canal","external_links_name":"9°7′2.2″N 79°43′7.6″W / 9.117278°N 79.718778°W / 9.117278; -79.718778 (Panama Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_34_49.7_N_73_26_13.2_W_type:landmark&title=Rocky+River+Pumped+Storage+Hydro-Plant","external_links_name":"41°34′49.7″N 73°26′13.2″W / 41.580472°N 73.437000°W / 41.580472; -73.437000 (Rocky River Pumped Storage Hydro-Plant)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_38_29.8_N_74_8_31.6_W_type:landmark&title=Bayonne+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°38′29.8″N 74°8′31.6″W / 40.641611°N 74.142111°W / 40.641611; -74.142111 (Bayonne Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_38_19.7_N_80_31_8.4_W_type:landmark&title=Beginning+Point+of+the+U.S.+Public+Land+Survey","external_links_name":"40°38′19.7″N 80°31′8.4″W / 40.638806°N 80.519000°W / 40.638806; -80.519000 (Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_45_51.1_N_70_34_6.3_W_type:landmark&title=Cape+Cod+Canal","external_links_name":"41°45′51.1″N 70°34′6.3″W / 41.764194°N 70.568417°W / 41.764194; -70.568417 (Cape Cod Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_32_34_N_75_43_14_W_type:landmark&title=Chesapeake+and+Delaware+Canal","external_links_name":"39°32′34″N 75°43′14″W / 39.54278°N 75.72056°W / 39.54278; -75.72056 (Chesapeake and Delaware Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_29_35_N_80_3_56_W_type:landmark&title=Davis+Island+Lock+and+Dam","external_links_name":"40°29′35″N 80°3′56″W / 40.49306°N 80.06556°W / 40.49306; -80.06556 (Davis Island Lock and Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=56_0_1.5_N_3_23_19.4_W_type:landmark&title=Forth+Railway+Bridge","external_links_name":"56°0′1.5″N 3°23′19.4″W / 56.000417°N 3.388722°W / 56.000417; -3.388722 (Forth Railway Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=48_41_42_N_113_49_1.2_W_type:landmark&title=Going-to-the-Sun+Road","external_links_name":"48°41′42″N 113°49′1.2″W / 48.69500°N 113.817000°W / 48.69500; -113.817000 (Going-to-the-Sun Road)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_49_1.7_N_84_43_12.4_W_type:landmark&title=High+Bridge","external_links_name":"37°49′1.7″N 84°43′12.4″W / 37.817139°N 84.720111°W / 37.817139; -84.720111 (High Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_41_21.5_N_74_2_40.4_W_type:landmark&title=Statue+of+Liberty","external_links_name":"40°41′21.5″N 74°2′40.4″W / 40.689306°N 74.044556°W / 40.689306; -74.044556 (Statue of Liberty)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_16_2_N_92_32_39_W_type:landmark&title=White+River+Concrete+Arch+Bridge","external_links_name":"36°16′2″N 92°32′39″W / 36.26722°N 92.54417°W / 36.26722; -92.54417 (White River Concrete Arch Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_49_43.9_N_74_13_27.1_W_type:landmark&title=Cranetown+Triangulation+Site","external_links_name":"40°49′43.9″N 74°13′27.1″W / 40.828861°N 74.224194°W / 40.828861; -74.224194 (Cranetown Triangulation Site)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=48_51_30.2_N_2_17_40.2_E_type:landmark&title=Eiffel+Tower","external_links_name":"48°51′30.2″N 2°17′40.2″E / 48.858389°N 2.294500°E / 48.858389; 2.294500 (Eiffel Tower)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=34_3_38.7_N_106_53_36.6_W_type:landmark&title=El+Camino+Real","external_links_name":"34°3′38.7″N 106°53′36.6″W / 34.060750°N 106.893500°W / 34.060750; -106.893500 (El Camino Real)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_26_45.8_N_98_30_12.3_W_type:landmark&title=El+Camino+Real+%28The+Royal+Road%29+Eastern+Branch","external_links_name":"29°26′45.8″N 98°30′12.3″W / 29.446056°N 98.503417°W / 29.446056; -98.503417 (El Camino Real (The Royal Road) Eastern Branch)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_39_28_N_75_33_39_W_type:landmark&title=New+Castle+Ice+Harbor","external_links_name":"39°39′28″N 75°33′39″W / 39.65778°N 75.56083°W / 39.65778; -75.56083 (New Castle Ice Harbor)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_13_28_N_84_5_31.5_W_type:landmark&title=Norris+Dam","external_links_name":"36°13′28″N 84°5′31.5″W / 36.22444°N 84.092083°W / 36.22444; -84.092083 (Norris Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_47_53.6_N_122_22_40.7_W_type:landmark&title=San+Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland+Bay+Bridge","external_links_name":"37°47′53.6″N 122°22′40.7″W / 37.798222°N 122.377972°W / 37.798222; -122.377972 (San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_8_10.2_N_70_39_38.3_W_type:landmark&title=Sewall%27s+Bridge","external_links_name":"43°8′10.2″N 70°39′38.3″W / 43.136167°N 70.660639°W / 43.136167; -70.660639 (Sewall's Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_47_26.6_N_73_55_33.2_W_type:landmark&title=Triborough+Bridge+Project","external_links_name":"40°47′26.6″N 73°55′33.2″W / 40.790722°N 73.925889°W / 40.790722; -73.925889 (Triborough Bridge Project)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_18_4.2_N_90_52_18_W_type:landmark&title=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Waterways+Exp.+Station","external_links_name":"32°18′4.2″N 90°52′18″W / 32.301167°N 90.87167°W / 32.301167; -90.87167 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Exp. Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_53_23_N_77_0_33_W_type:landmark&title=U.S.+Capitol","external_links_name":"38°53′23″N 77°0′33″W / 38.88972°N 77.00917°W / 38.88972; -77.00917 (U.S. Capitol)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_27_23_N_78_33_3.4_W_type:landmark&title=Allegheny+Portage+Railroad","external_links_name":"40°27′23″N 78°33′3.4″W / 40.45639°N 78.550944°W / 40.45639; -78.550944 (Allegheny Portage Railroad)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=45_38_39.7_N_121_56_26.7_W_type:landmark&title=Bonneville+Dam%2C+Columbia+River+System","external_links_name":"45°38′39.7″N 121°56′26.7″W / 45.644361°N 121.940750°W / 45.644361; -121.940750 (Bonneville Dam, Columbia River System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_30_13.2_N_73_28_57.3_W_type:landmark&title=Bridges+of+Keeseville","external_links_name":"44°30′13.2″N 73°28′57.3″W / 44.503667°N 73.482583°W / 44.503667; -73.482583 (Bridges of Keeseville)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_35_34.1_N_76_23_5.4_W_type:landmark&title=Dismal+Swamp+Canal","external_links_name":"36°35′34.1″N 76°23′5.4″W / 36.592806°N 76.384833°W / 36.592806; -76.384833 (Dismal Swamp Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_44_35.8_N_95_6_16.5_W_type:landmark&title=Houston+Ship+Channel","external_links_name":"29°44′35.8″N 95°6′16.5″W / 29.743278°N 95.104583°W / 29.743278; -95.104583 (Houston Ship Channel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=21_18_34.6_N_157_51_47.4_W_type:landmark&title=Kamehameha+V+Post+Office","external_links_name":"21°18′34.6″N 157°51′47.4″W / 21.309611°N 157.863167°W / 21.309611; -157.863167 (Kamehameha V Post Office)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=35_7_43.6_N_90_4_34.7_W_type:landmark&title=Frisco+Bridge","external_links_name":"35°7′43.6″N 90°4′34.7″W / 35.128778°N 90.076306°W / 35.128778; -90.076306 (Frisco Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_44_45.6_N_71_17_17.3_W_type:landmark&title=Quebec+Bridge","external_links_name":"46°44′45.6″N 71°17′17.3″W / 46.746000°N 71.288139°W / 46.746000; -71.288139 (Quebec Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_43_51.3_N_103_40_36.8_W_type:landmark&title=Belle+Fourche+Dam","external_links_name":"44°43′51.3″N 103°40′36.8″W / 44.730917°N 103.676889°W / 44.730917; -103.676889 (Belle Fourche Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=48_51_20.9_N_2_19_49.9_E_type:landmark&title=%C3%89cole+Nationale+des+Ponts+et+Chauss%C3%A9es","external_links_name":"48°51′20.9″N 2°19′49.9″E / 48.855806°N 2.330528°E / 48.855806; 2.330528 (École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_23_56.6_N_91_21_49_W_type:landmark&title=Keokuk+Hydro-Power+System","external_links_name":"40°23′56.6″N 91°21′49″W / 40.399056°N 91.36361°W / 40.399056; -91.36361 (Keokuk Hydro-Power System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_1_49.9_N_78_29_33.6_W_type:landmark&title=Pennsylvania+Turnpike","external_links_name":"40°1′49.9″N 78°29′33.6″W / 40.030528°N 78.492667°W / 40.030528; -78.492667 (Pennsylvania Turnpike)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_39_42.3_N_90_18_33.9_W_type:landmark&title=River+des+Peres+Sewerage+%26+Drainage+Works","external_links_name":"38°39′42.3″N 90°18′33.9″W / 38.661750°N 90.309417°W / 38.661750; -90.309417 (River des Peres Sewerage & Drainage Works)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_51_8.1_S_151_12_38.6_E_type:landmark&title=Sydney+Harbour+Bridge","external_links_name":"33°51′8.1″S 151°12′38.6″E / 33.852250°S 151.210722°E / -33.852250; 151.210722 (Sydney Harbour Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_36_2.9_N_83_40_31.5_W_type:landmark&title=Royal+Colonial+Boundary+of+1665","external_links_name":"36°36′2.9″N 83°40′31.5″W / 36.600806°N 83.675417°W / 36.600806; -83.675417 (Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_43_12.9_N_114_45_47.7_E_type:landmark&title=Zhaozhou+Bridge","external_links_name":"37°43′12.9″N 114°45′47.7″E / 37.720250°N 114.763250°E / 37.720250; 114.763250 (Zhaozhou Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=48_0_10.1_N_106_24_58_W_type:landmark&title=Fort+Peck+Dam","external_links_name":"48°0′10.1″N 106°24′58″W / 48.002806°N 106.41611°W / 48.002806; -106.41611 (Fort Peck Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_8_23.4_N_8_35_49.6_W_type:landmark&title=Maria+Pia+Bridge","external_links_name":"41°8′23.4″N 8°35′49.6″W / 41.139833°N 8.597111°W / 41.139833; -8.597111 (Maria Pia Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_58_54.4_N_9_43_5.1_E_type:landmark&title=Salginatobel+Bridge","external_links_name":"46°58′54.4″N 9°43′5.1″E / 46.981778°N 9.718083°E / 46.981778; 9.718083 (Salginatobel Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=50_11_2_N_4_16_5.1_W_type:landmark&title=Eddystone+Lighthouse","external_links_name":"50°11′2″N 4°16′5.1″W / 50.18389°N 4.268083°W / 50.18389; -4.268083 (Eddystone Lighthouse)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_36_28.9_N_75_22_34.3_W_type:landmark&title=Fritz+Engineering+Laboratory","external_links_name":"40°36′28.9″N 75°22′34.3″W / 40.608028°N 75.376194°W / 40.608028; -75.376194 (Fritz Engineering Laboratory)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_57_32.4_N_82_25_22.2_W_type:landmark&title=St.+Clair+Tunnel","external_links_name":"42°57′32.4″N 82°25′22.2″W / 42.959000°N 82.422833°W / 42.959000; -82.422833 (St. Clair Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=51_30_12.7_N_0_3_13.3_W_type:landmark&title=Thames+Tunnel","external_links_name":"51°30′12.7″N 0°3′13.3″W / 51.503528°N 0.053694°W / 51.503528; -0.053694 (Thames Tunnel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_3_12.9_N_12_20_18.7_E_type:landmark&title=Acquedotto+Traiano-Paolo","external_links_name":"42°3′12.9″N 12°20′18.7″E / 42.053583°N 12.338528°E / 42.053583; 12.338528 (Acquedotto Traiano-Paolo)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_5_24.8_N_79_4_3.4_W_type:landmark&title=Niagara+Falls+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"43°5′24.8″N 79°4′3.4″W / 43.090222°N 79.067611°W / 43.090222; -79.067611 (Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_26_46.1_N_85_7_48_W_type:landmark&title=Duck+Creek+Aqueduct","external_links_name":"39°26′46.1″N 85°7′48″W / 39.446139°N 85.13000°W / 39.446139; -85.13000 (Duck Creek Aqueduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_26_43.8_N_111_48_56.2_W_type:landmark&title=Hohokam+Canal+System","external_links_name":"33°26′43.8″N 111°48′56.2″W / 33.445500°N 111.815611°W / 33.445500; -111.815611 (Hohokam Canal System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_44_59.5_N_95_4_50.6_W_type:landmark&title=San+Jacinto+Monument","external_links_name":"29°44′59.5″N 95°4′50.6″W / 29.749861°N 95.080722°W / 29.749861; -95.080722 (San Jacinto Monument)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_42_10.8_N_117_49_26.3_W_type:landmark&title=Blimp+Hangars","external_links_name":"33°42′10.8″N 117°49′26.3″W / 33.703000°N 117.823972°W / 33.703000; -117.823972 (Blimp Hangars)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_49_52.6_N_96_34_16_W_type:landmark&title=Denison+Dam","external_links_name":"33°49′52.6″N 96°34′16″W / 33.831278°N 96.57111°W / 33.831278; -96.57111 (Denison Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_37_49.1_N_119_38_50.3_W_type:landmark&title=Hanford+B+Reactor","external_links_name":"46°37′49.1″N 119°38′50.3″W / 46.630306°N 119.647306°W / 46.630306; -119.647306 (Hanford B Reactor)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_44_52.4_N_121_7_26.3_W_type:landmark&title=Stevens+Pass+Railroad+Tunnels+%26+Switchback+System","external_links_name":"47°44′52.4″N 121°7′26.3″W / 47.747889°N 121.123972°W / 47.747889; -121.123972 (Stevens Pass Railroad Tunnels & Switchback System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=34_17_23.6_N_114_10_19.5_W_type:landmark&title=Colorado+River+Aqueduct","external_links_name":"34°17′23.6″N 114°10′19.5″W / 34.289889°N 114.172083°W / 34.289889; -114.172083 (Colorado River Aqueduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=34_35_43.7_S_58_22_28.9_W_type:landmark&title=Kavanagh+Building","external_links_name":"34°35′43.7″S 58°22′28.9″W / 34.595472°S 58.374694°W / -34.595472; -58.374694 (Kavanagh Building)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_48_42.1_N_99_20_16.1_W_type:landmark&title=Missouri+River+Bridges","external_links_name":"43°48′42.1″N 99°20′16.1″W / 43.811694°N 99.337806°W / 43.811694; -99.337806 (Missouri River Bridges)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=21_22_18_N_157_53_44_W_type:landmark&title=Red+Hill+Underground+Fuel+Storage+Facility","external_links_name":"21°22′18″N 157°53′44″W / 21.37167°N 157.89556°W / 21.37167; -157.89556 (Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_57_47_S_72_26_20_W_type:landmark&title=Viaducto+del+Malleco","external_links_name":"37°57′47″S 72°26′20″W / 37.96306°S 72.43889°W / -37.96306; -72.43889 (Viaducto del Malleco)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=59_37_28_N_135_8_18.3_W_type:landmark&title=White+Pass+and+Yukon+Route","external_links_name":"59°37′28″N 135°8′18.3″W / 59.62444°N 135.138417°W / 59.62444; -135.138417 (White Pass and Yukon Route)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=59_54_39.6_N_131_33_20.6_W_type:landmark&title=Alaska+Highway","external_links_name":"59°54′39.6″N 131°33′20.6″W / 59.911000°N 131.555722°W / 59.911000; -131.555722 (Alaska Highway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=16_55_57.4_N_121_3_30.1_E_type:landmark&title=Banaue+Rice+Terraces","external_links_name":"16°55′57.4″N 121°3′30.1″E / 16.932611°N 121.058361°E / 16.932611; 121.058361 (Banaue Rice Terraces)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=20_35_48_N_100_22_20.6_W_type:landmark&title=Acueducto+de+Queretaro","external_links_name":"20°35′48″N 100°22′20.6″W / 20.59667°N 100.372389°W / 20.59667; -100.372389 (Acueducto de Queretaro)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=17_55_41.7_S_25_51_26.1_E_type:landmark&title=Victoria+Falls+Bridge","external_links_name":"17°55′41.7″S 25°51′26.1″E / 17.928250°S 25.857250°E / -17.928250; 25.857250 (Victoria Falls Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_7_0_N_94_34_47.5_W_type:landmark&title=Armour-Swift-Burlington+Bridge","external_links_name":"39°7′0″N 94°34′47.5″W / 39.11667°N 94.579861°W / 39.11667; -94.579861 (Armour-Swift-Burlington Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=53_43_0_N_6_20_15_W_type:landmark&title=Dublin-Belfast+railway+line","external_links_name":"53°43′0″N 6°20′15″W / 53.71667°N 6.33750°W / 53.71667; -6.33750 (Dublin-Belfast railway line)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_0_46.4_N_88_16_10.1_W_type:landmark&title=Kentucky+Dam","external_links_name":"37°0′46.4″N 88°16′10.1″W / 37.012889°N 88.269472°W / 37.012889; -88.269472 (Kentucky Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_37_24.2_N_30_38_40.4_E_type:landmark&title=Lake+Moeris+Quarry+Road","external_links_name":"29°37′24.2″N 30°38′40.4″E / 29.623389°N 30.644556°E / 29.623389; 30.644556 (Lake Moeris Quarry Road)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_57_28.6_N_75_10_14.2_W_type:landmark&title=City+Plan+of+Philadelphia","external_links_name":"39°57′28.6″N 75°10′14.2″W / 39.957944°N 75.170611°W / 39.957944; -75.170611 (City Plan of Philadelphia)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_25_30.7_N_98_29_29.7_W_type:landmark&title=San+Antonio+River+Walk+%26+Flood+Control+System","external_links_name":"29°25′30.7″N 98°29′29.7″W / 29.425194°N 98.491583°W / 29.425194; -98.491583 (San Antonio River Walk & Flood Control System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_57_23.8_N_118_58_51.6_W_type:landmark&title=Grand+Coulee+Dam","external_links_name":"47°57′23.8″N 118°58′51.6″W / 47.956611°N 118.981000°W / 47.956611; -118.981000 (Grand Coulee Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_39_55.7_N_122_23_49.6_W_type:landmark&title=Lake+Washington+Ship+Canal+%26+Hiram+M.+Chittenden+Locks","external_links_name":"47°39′55.7″N 122°23′49.6″W / 47.665472°N 122.397111°W / 47.665472; -122.397111 (Lake Washington Ship Canal & Hiram M. Chittenden Locks)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_49_3.4_N_111_37_52.3_W_type:landmark&title=Navajo+Bridge","external_links_name":"36°49′3.4″N 111°37′52.3″W / 36.817611°N 111.631194°W / 36.817611; -111.631194 (Navajo Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_13_39.8_S_175_23_55.5_E_type:landmark&title=North+Island+Main+Trunk+Railway","external_links_name":"39°13′39.8″S 175°23′55.5″E / 39.227722°S 175.398750°E / -39.227722; 175.398750 (North Island Main Trunk Railway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_41_29.3_N_75_12_14.4_W_type:landmark&title=Northampton+Street+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°41′29.3″N 75°12′14.4″W / 40.691472°N 75.204000°W / 40.691472; -75.204000 (Northampton Street Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=35_36_40.1_S_148_17_29.8_E_type:landmark&title=Snowy+Mountains+Scheme","external_links_name":"35°36′40.1″S 148°17′29.8″E / 35.611139°S 148.291611°E / -35.611139; 148.291611 (Snowy Mountains Scheme)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_45_32_N_95_21_49.7_W_type:landmark&title=Texas+Commerce+Bank+Building+%28formerly+Gulf%2C+now+Chase%29","external_links_name":"29°45′32″N 95°21′49.7″W / 29.75889°N 95.363806°W / 29.75889; -95.363806 (Texas Commerce Bank Building (formerly Gulf, now Chase))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_15_27.1_N_76_53_9.8_W_type:landmark&title=Walnut+Street+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°15′27.1″N 76°53′9.8″W / 40.257528°N 76.886056°W / 40.257528; -76.886056 (Walnut Street Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_20_38.5_N_98_26_38.9_W_type:landmark&title=Brooks+AFB%2C+Old+Hangar+9","external_links_name":"29°20′38.5″N 98°26′38.9″W / 29.344028°N 98.444139°W / 29.344028; -98.444139 (Brooks AFB, Old Hangar 9)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_9_28.8_N_71_9_14.5_W_type:landmark&title=Canton+Viaduct","external_links_name":"42°9′28.8″N 71°9′14.5″W / 42.158000°N 71.154028°W / 42.158000; -71.154028 (Canton Viaduct)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=58_29_53.9_N_16_10_28.9_E_type:landmark&title=G%C3%B6ta+Canal","external_links_name":"58°29′53.9″N 16°10′28.9″E / 58.498306°N 16.174694°E / 58.498306; 16.174694 (Göta Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_40_8.6_N_71_7_21.3_W_type:landmark&title=Moseley+Wrought+Iron+Arch+Bridge","external_links_name":"42°40′8.6″N 71°7′21.3″W / 42.669056°N 71.122583°W / 42.669056; -71.122583 (Moseley Wrought Iron Arch Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=35_12_3_N_118_32_13_W_type:landmark&title=Tehachapi+Pass+Railroad+Line","external_links_name":"35°12′3″N 118°32′13″W / 35.20083°N 118.53694°W / 35.20083; -118.53694 (Tehachapi Pass Railroad Line)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_56_52.7_N_4_7_4.3_W_type:landmark&title=Acueducto+de+Segovia","external_links_name":"40°56′52.7″N 4°7′4.3″W / 40.947972°N 4.117861°W / 40.947972; -4.117861 (Acueducto de Segovia)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=34_4_23_N_118_14_2_W_type:landmark&title=Arroyo+Seco+Parkway","external_links_name":"34°4′23″N 118°14′2″W / 34.07306°N 118.23389°W / 34.07306; -118.23389 (Arroyo Seco Parkway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_26_28.5_N_81_5_42.9_W_type:landmark&title=Blue+Ridge+Parkway","external_links_name":"36°26′28.5″N 81°5′42.9″W / 36.441250°N 81.095250°W / 36.441250; -81.095250 (Blue Ridge Parkway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=35_15_2_N_75_31_43.7_W_type:landmark&title=Cape+Hatteras+Lighthouse","external_links_name":"35°15′2″N 75°31′43.7″W / 35.25056°N 75.528806°W / 35.25056; -75.528806 (Cape Hatteras Lighthouse)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_21_17.2_N_70_35_26.2_W_type:landmark&title=Maine+Turnpike","external_links_name":"43°21′17.2″N 70°35′26.2″W / 43.354778°N 70.590611°W / 43.354778; -70.590611 (Maine Turnpike)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_31_3.8_N_93_45_25.9_W_type:landmark&title=McNeill+Street+Pumping+Station","external_links_name":"32°31′3.8″N 93°45′25.9″W / 32.517722°N 93.757194°W / 32.517722; -93.757194 (McNeill Street Pumping Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_25_9.2_N_121_46_54.4_W_type:landmark&title=Cedar+Falls+Hydroelectric+Project","external_links_name":"47°25′9.2″N 121°46′54.4″W / 47.419222°N 121.781778°W / 47.419222; -121.781778 (Cedar Falls Hydroelectric Project)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=55_56_18_N_4_9_18.8_W_type:landmark&title=Forth+and+Clyde+Canal+and+Union+Canal","external_links_name":"55°56′18″N 4°9′18.8″W / 55.93833°N 4.155222°W / 55.93833; -4.155222 (Forth and Clyde Canal and Union Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_0_31.2_N_28_58_48.6_E_type:landmark&title=Hagia+Sophia","external_links_name":"41°0′31.2″N 28°58′48.6″E / 41.008667°N 28.980167°E / 41.008667; 28.980167 (Hagia Sophia)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_43_59.5_N_81_54_29.4_W_type:landmark&title=Muskingum+River+Navigation+System","external_links_name":"39°43′59.5″N 81°54′29.4″W / 39.733194°N 81.908167°W / 39.733194; -81.908167 (Muskingum River Navigation System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_57_23_N_93_4_38_W_type:landmark&title=Seventh+Street+Improvement+Arches","external_links_name":"44°57′23″N 93°4′38″W / 44.95639°N 93.07722°W / 44.95639; -93.07722 (Seventh Street Improvement Arches)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_34_1.3_N_86_37_6.6_W_type:landmark&title=West+Baden+Springs+Hotel","external_links_name":"38°34′1.3″N 86°37′6.6″W / 38.567028°N 86.618500°W / 38.567028; -86.618500 (West Baden Springs Hotel)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=35_43_17.5_N_81_6_54.8_W_type:landmark&title=Bunker+Hill+Covered+Bridge","external_links_name":"35°43′17.5″N 81°6′54.8″W / 35.721528°N 81.115222°W / 35.721528; -81.115222 (Bunker Hill Covered Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_18_9_N_94_46_27_W_type:landmark&title=Galveston+Seawall+and+Grade+Raising","external_links_name":"29°18′9″N 94°46′27″W / 29.30250°N 94.77417°W / 29.30250; -94.77417 (Galveston Seawall and Grade Raising)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_27_33_N_77_57_36_W_type:landmark&title=Baltimore+%26+Ohio+Roundhouse+%26+Shop+Complex","external_links_name":"39°27′33″N 77°57′36″W / 39.45917°N 77.96000°W / 39.45917; -77.96000 (Baltimore & Ohio Roundhouse & Shop Complex)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=53_16_49.7_N_3_49_25.6_W_type:landmark&title=Conwy+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"53°16′49.7″N 3°49′25.6″W / 53.280472°N 3.823778°W / 53.280472; -3.823778 (Conwy Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=53_16_49_N_3_49_25_W_type:landmark&title=Conwy+Tubular+Bridge","external_links_name":"53°16′49″N 3°49′25″W / 53.28028°N 3.82361°W / 53.28028; -3.82361 (Conwy Tubular Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=35_47_38.4_N_78_42_37.3_W_type:landmark&title=Dorton+Arena","external_links_name":"35°47′38.4″N 78°42′37.3″W / 35.794000°N 78.710361°W / 35.794000; -78.710361 (Dorton Arena)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=20_52_0_N_156_13_0_W_type:landmark&title=East+Maui+Irrigation+System","external_links_name":"20°52′0″N 156°13′0″W / 20.86667°N 156.21667°W / 20.86667; -156.21667 (East Maui Irrigation System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_7_49_N_71_56_41.1_W_type:landmark&title=Five+Stone+Arch+Bridges","external_links_name":"43°7′49″N 71°56′41.1″W / 43.13028°N 71.944750°W / 43.13028; -71.944750 (Five Stone Arch Bridges)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_16_18.5_N_85_46_45.6_W_type:landmark&title=Louisville+and+Portland+Canal+Locks+%26+Dam","external_links_name":"38°16′18.5″N 85°46′45.6″W / 38.271806°N 85.779333°W / 38.271806; -85.779333 (Louisville and Portland Canal Locks & Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_2_0.9_N_87_54_31.2_W_type:landmark&title=Marshall+Building","external_links_name":"43°2′0.9″N 87°54′31.2″W / 43.033583°N 87.908667°W / 43.033583; -87.908667 (Marshall Building)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=53_13_13.1_N_4_9_48.1_W_type:landmark&title=Menai+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"53°13′13.1″N 4°9′48.1″W / 53.220306°N 4.163361°W / 53.220306; -4.163361 (Menai Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_55_32.8_N_76_0_29.3_W_type:landmark&title=Old+Cape+Henry+Light","external_links_name":"36°55′32.8″N 76°0′29.3″W / 36.925778°N 76.008139°W / 36.925778; -76.008139 (Old Cape Henry Light)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_37_23.2_N_70_12_28.4_W_type:landmark&title=Portland+Head+Light","external_links_name":"43°37′23.2″N 70°12′28.4″W / 43.623111°N 70.207889°W / 43.623111; -70.207889 (Portland Head Light)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=52_42_20_N_8_36_46_W_type:landmark&title=Shannon+Hydroelectric+Scheme","external_links_name":"52°42′20″N 8°36′46″W / 52.70556°N 8.61278°W / 52.70556; -8.61278 (Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=44_33_37.6_N_68_48_5.9_W_type:landmark&title=Waldo-Hancock+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"44°33′37.6″N 68°48′5.9″W / 44.560444°N 68.801639°W / 44.560444; -68.801639 (Waldo-Hancock Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_29_54_N_78_29_9.1_W_type:landmark&title=Horseshoe+Curve","external_links_name":"40°29′54″N 78°29′9.1″W / 40.49833°N 78.485861°W / 40.49833; -78.485861 (Horseshoe Curve)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=30_42_18_N_32_20_39_E_type:landmark&title=Suez+Canal","external_links_name":"30°42′18″N 32°20′39″E / 30.70500°N 32.34417°E / 30.70500; 32.34417 (Suez Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_9_57.1_N_86_47_3.4_W_type:landmark&title=Tennessee+State+Capitol","external_links_name":"36°9′57.1″N 86°47′3.4″W / 36.165861°N 86.784278°W / 36.165861; -86.784278 (Tennessee State Capitol)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_17_0_N_127_0_57.6_E_type:landmark&title=Hwaseong+Fortress","external_links_name":"37°17′0″N 127°0′57.6″E / 37.28333°N 127.016000°E / 37.28333; 127.016000 (Hwaseong Fortress)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_14_26.3_N_108_30_16.7_W_type:landmark&title=Mesa+Verde+Reservoirs","external_links_name":"37°14′26.3″N 108°30′16.7″W / 37.240639°N 108.504639°W / 37.240639; -108.504639 (Mesa Verde Reservoirs)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_56_18.9_N_97_59_26.9_W_type:landmark&title=Northern+Pacific+High+Line+Bridge+No+64","external_links_name":"46°56′18.9″N 97°59′26.9″W / 46.938583°N 97.990806°W / 46.938583; -97.990806 (Northern Pacific High Line Bridge No 64)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=54_5_33.7_N_18_48_22.2_E_type:landmark&title=Old+Wisla+Bridge","external_links_name":"54°5′33.7″N 18°48′22.2″E / 54.092694°N 18.806167°E / 54.092694; 18.806167 (Old Wisla Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=51_37_16.2_N_1_21_26.8_W_type:landmark&title=Great+Western+Railway","external_links_name":"51°37′16.2″N 1°21′26.8″W / 51.621167°N 1.357444°W / 51.621167; -1.357444 (Great Western Railway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_57_10.1_N_75_9_48.8_W_type:landmark&title=Philadelphia+City+Hall","external_links_name":"39°57′10.1″N 75°9′48.8″W / 39.952806°N 75.163556°W / 39.952806; -75.163556 (Philadelphia City Hall)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_41_29.8_N_117_0_29.2_W_type:landmark&title=Sweetwater+Dam","external_links_name":"32°41′29.8″N 117°0′29.2″W / 32.691611°N 117.008111°W / 32.691611; -117.008111 (Sweetwater Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_39_25.8_N_91_32_29_W_type:landmark&title=Stanley+Hydraulics+Laboratory+at+the+University+of+Iowa","external_links_name":"41°39′25.8″N 91°32′29″W / 41.657167°N 91.54139°W / 41.657167; -91.54139 (Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of Iowa)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=13_9_48_S_72_32_44_W_type:landmark&title=Machu+Picchu","external_links_name":"13°9′48″S 72°32′44″W / 13.16333°S 72.54556°W / -13.16333; -72.54556 (Machu Picchu)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_39_55.4_N_70_14_53.7_W_type:landmark&title=Portland+Observatory","external_links_name":"43°39′55.4″N 70°14′53.7″W / 43.665389°N 70.248250°W / 43.665389; -70.248250 (Portland Observatory)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=13_34_15_S_71_46_59_W_type:landmark&title=Tipon","external_links_name":"13°34′15″S 71°46′59″W / 13.57083°S 71.78306°W / -13.57083; -71.78306 (Tipon)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=57_6_44.9_N_4_44_18.8_W_type:landmark&title=Caledonian+Canal","external_links_name":"57°6′44.9″N 4°44′18.8″W / 57.112472°N 4.738556°W / 57.112472; -4.738556 (Caledonian Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=57_29_28.8_N_3_11_38_W_type:landmark&title=Craigellachie+Bridge+Moray","external_links_name":"57°29′28.8″N 3°11′38″W / 57.491333°N 3.19389°W / 57.491333; -3.19389 (Craigellachie Bridge Moray)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_40_46.1_N_70_50_13.6_W_type:landmark&title=Choate+Bridge","external_links_name":"42°40′46.1″N 70°50′13.6″W / 42.679472°N 70.837111°W / 42.679472; -70.837111 (Choate Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=31_57_36_S_116_10_16.7_E_type:landmark&title=Goldfields+Water+Supply","external_links_name":"31°57′36″S 116°10′16.7″E / 31.96000°S 116.171306°E / -31.96000; 116.171306 (Goldfields Water Supply)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_35_23.2_N_122_16_44.3_W_type:landmark&title=Lacey+V.+Murrow+Bridge+and+Mount+Baker+Ridge+Tunnels","external_links_name":"47°35′23.2″N 122°16′44.3″W / 47.589778°N 122.278972°W / 47.589778; -122.278972 (Lacey V. Murrow Bridge and Mount Baker Ridge Tunnels)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_58_38.2_S_18_24_7.9_E_type:landmark&title=Woodhead+Dam","external_links_name":"33°58′38.2″S 18°24′7.9″E / 33.977278°S 18.402194°E / -33.977278; 18.402194 (Woodhead Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=9_58_21.7_N_83_41_26.6_W_type:landmark&title=Guayabo+Ceremonial+Center","external_links_name":"9°58′21.7″N 83°41′26.6″W / 9.972694°N 83.690722°W / 9.972694; -83.690722 (Guayabo Ceremonial Center)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=45_0_0_N_124_0_43_W_type:landmark&title=Vancouver%27s+Mapping+of+the+West+Coast+of+North+America","external_links_name":"45°0′0″N 124°0′43″W / 45.00000°N 124.01194°W / 45.00000; -124.01194 (Vancouver's Mapping of the West Coast of North America)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_42_38.5_N_73_56_41.1_W_type:landmark&title=Poughkeepsie-Highland+Bridge","external_links_name":"41°42′38.5″N 73°56′41.1″W / 41.710694°N 73.944750°W / 41.710694; -73.944750 (Poughkeepsie-Highland Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_42_27_N_73_59_26.9_W_type:landmark&title=Manhattan+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°42′27″N 73°59′26.9″W / 40.70750°N 73.990806°W / 40.70750; -73.990806 (Manhattan Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_45_24.2_N_73_57_15.1_W_type:landmark&title=Queensboro+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°45′24.2″N 73°57′15.1″W / 40.756722°N 73.954194°W / 40.756722; -73.954194 (Queensboro Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_42_49.2_N_73_58_20.5_W_type:landmark&title=Williamsburg+Bridge","external_links_name":"40°42′49.2″N 73°58′20.5″W / 40.713667°N 73.972361°W / 40.713667; -73.972361 (Williamsburg Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=45_48_48.8_N_84_43_42_W_type:landmark&title=Mackinac+Bridge","external_links_name":"45°48′48.8″N 84°43′42″W / 45.813556°N 84.72833°W / 45.813556; -84.72833 (Mackinac Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_43_48_N_73_40_39_W_type:landmark&title=Rensselaer+Polytechnic+Institute","external_links_name":"42°43′48″N 73°40′39″W / 42.73000°N 73.67750°W / 42.73000; -73.67750 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_13_17.5_N_76_42_48.1_W_type:landmark&title=Thomas+Viaduct+Railroad+Bridge","external_links_name":"39°13′17.5″N 76°42′48.1″W / 39.221528°N 76.713361°W / 39.221528; -76.713361 (Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_6_17.9_N_75_14_0.5_W_type:landmark&title=Utica+Memorial+Auditorium","external_links_name":"43°6′17.9″N 75°14′0.5″W / 43.104972°N 75.233472°W / 43.104972; -75.233472 (Utica Memorial Auditorium)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_16_8_N_122_33_3_W_type:landmark&title=Tacoma+Narrows+Bridges","external_links_name":"47°16′8″N 122°33′3″W / 47.26889°N 122.55083°W / 47.26889; -122.55083 (Tacoma Narrows Bridges)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_48_2.8_N_73_41_29.1_W_type:landmark&title=Flight+of+Five+Locks","external_links_name":"42°48′2.8″N 73°41′29.1″W / 42.800778°N 73.691417°W / 42.800778; -73.691417 (Flight of Five Locks)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=30_19_43_N_35_26_31_E_type:landmark&title=Petra","external_links_name":"30°19′43″N 35°26′31″E / 30.32861°N 35.44194°E / 30.32861; 35.44194 (Petra)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_12_40.7_N_112_57_29.6_W_type:landmark&title=Zion-Mount+Carmel+Tunnel+and+Highway","external_links_name":"37°12′40.7″N 112°57′29.6″W / 37.211306°N 112.958222°W / 37.211306; -112.958222 (Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel and Highway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=29_56_38.8_N_90_10_7.6_W_type:landmark&title=Huey+P.+Long+Bridge","external_links_name":"29°56′38.8″N 90°10′7.6″W / 29.944111°N 90.168778°W / 29.944111; -90.168778 (Huey P. Long Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=40_45_10.3_N_73_58_37.9_W_type:landmark&title=Grand+Central+Terminal","external_links_name":"40°45′10.3″N 73°58′37.9″W / 40.752861°N 73.977194°W / 40.752861; -73.977194 (Grand Central Terminal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=55_53_50.5_N_4_24_31.2_W_type:landmark&title=Titan+Clydebank+crane","external_links_name":"55°53′50.5″N 4°24′31.2″W / 55.897361°N 4.408667°W / 55.897361; -4.408667 (Titan Clydebank crane)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=42_47_19.3_N_73_40_25.8_W_type:landmark&title=Waterford+Bridges","external_links_name":"42°47′19.3″N 73°40′25.8″W / 42.788694°N 73.673833°W / 42.788694; -73.673833 (Waterford Bridges)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=30_11_59.2_N_90_7_21.7_W_type:landmark&title=Lake+Pontchartrain+Causeway","external_links_name":"30°11′59.2″N 90°7′21.7″W / 30.199778°N 90.122694°W / 30.199778; -90.122694 (Lake Pontchartrain Causeway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=45_36_50.3_N_121_8_3_W_type:landmark&title=The+Dalles+Dam","external_links_name":"45°36′50.3″N 121°8′3″W / 45.613972°N 121.13417°W / 45.613972; -121.13417 (The Dalles Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_50_31.3_S_151_8_51.8_E_type:landmark&title=Gladesville+Bridge","external_links_name":"33°50′31.3″S 151°8′51.8″E / 33.842028°S 151.147722°E / -33.842028; 151.147722 (Gladesville Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=34_49_45.7_S_20_0_32.4_E_type:landmark&title=Cape+Agulhas+Lighthouse","external_links_name":"34°49′45.7″S 20°0′32.4″E / 34.829361°S 20.009000°E / -34.829361; 20.009000 (Cape Agulhas Lighthouse)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_35_43_N_115_55_21.1_W_type:landmark&title=Arrowrock+Dam","external_links_name":"43°35′43″N 115°55′21.1″W / 43.59528°N 115.922528°W / 43.59528; -115.922528 (Arrowrock Dam)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_52_59_N_114_27_54_W_type:landmark&title=All-American+Canal","external_links_name":"32°52′59″N 114°27′54″W / 32.88306°N 114.46500°W / 32.88306; -114.46500 (All-American Canal)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_12_52.9_N_2_25_49.8_E_type:landmark&title=Canal+du+Midi","external_links_name":"43°12′52.9″N 2°25′49.8″E / 43.214694°N 2.430500°E / 43.214694; 2.430500 (Canal du Midi)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=53_27_10.8_N_2_36_58.6_W_type:landmark&title=Liverpool+%26+Manchester+Railway","external_links_name":"53°27′10.8″N 2°36′58.6″W / 53.453000°N 2.616278°W / 53.453000; -2.616278 (Liverpool & Manchester Railway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=30_0_7.2_N_90_26_23.3_W_type:landmark&title=Bonnet+Carr%C3%A9+Spillway","external_links_name":"30°0′7.2″N 90°26′23.3″W / 30.002000°N 90.439806°W / 30.002000; -90.439806 (Bonnet Carré Spillway)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=46_46_45.8_N_92_5_35.3_W_type:landmark&title=Duluth+Aerial+Ferry%2FLift+Bridge","external_links_name":"46°46′45.8″N 92°5′35.3″W / 46.779389°N 92.093139°W / 46.779389; -92.093139 (Duluth Aerial Ferry/Lift Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=32_18_21.8_N_90_19_8.2_W_type:landmark&title=Mississippi+River+Basin+Model","external_links_name":"32°18′21.8″N 90°19′8.2″W / 32.306056°N 90.318944°W / 32.306056; -90.318944 (Mississippi River Basin Model)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=34_15_1.6_S_142_13_28.8_E_type:landmark&title=Chaffey+Brothers+Irrigation+Works","external_links_name":"34°15′1.6″S 142°13′28.8″E / 34.250444°S 142.224667°E / -34.250444; 142.224667 (Chaffey Brothers Irrigation Works)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=13_13_0.3_S_72_23_5.2_W_type:landmark&title=Qhapaq+%C3%91an%3A+The+Great+Inka+Road+System","external_links_name":"13°13′0.3″S 72°23′5.2″W / 13.216750°S 72.384778°W / -13.216750; -72.384778 (Qhapaq Ñan: The Great Inka Road System)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=37_41_40.6_N_26_55_48_E_type:landmark&title=Tunnel+of+Eupalinos","external_links_name":"37°41′40.6″N 26°55′48″E / 37.694611°N 26.93000°E / 37.694611; 26.93000 (Tunnel of Eupalinos)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_31_17.6_N_82_0_38.9_W_type:landmark&title=Augusta+Canal+and+Industrial+District","external_links_name":"33°31′17.6″N 82°0′38.9″W / 33.521556°N 82.010806°W / 33.521556; -82.010806 (Augusta Canal and Industrial District)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=39_4_17_N_84_25_40_W_type:landmark&title=Old+River+Station","external_links_name":"39°4′17″N 84°25′40″W / 39.07139°N 84.42778°W / 39.07139; -84.42778 (Old River Station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=43_0_14_N_81_16_32.5_W_type:landmark&title=Boundary+Layer+Wind+Tunnel+Laboratory","external_links_name":"43°0′14″N 81°16′32.5″W / 43.00389°N 81.275694°W / 43.00389; -81.275694 (Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=51_30_4_N_0_7_44.4_W_type:landmark&title=Institution+of+Civil+Engineers","external_links_name":"51°30′4″N 0°7′44.4″W / 51.50111°N 0.129000°W / 51.50111; -0.129000 (Institution of Civil Engineers)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=55_45_9.3_N_2_6_24.4_W_type:landmark&title=Union+Chain+Bridge","external_links_name":"55°45′9.3″N 2°6′24.4″W / 55.752583°N 2.106778°W / 55.752583; -2.106778 (Union Chain Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=36_6_53.2_N_112_5_21.1_W_type:landmark&title=Kaibab+Trail+Suspension+Bridge","external_links_name":"36°6′53.2″N 112°5′21.1″W / 36.114778°N 112.089194°W / 36.114778; -112.089194 (Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_15_0.9_N_95_55_37.4_W_type:landmark&title=Union+Pacific+Railroad","external_links_name":"41°15′0.9″N 95°55′37.4″W / 41.250250°N 95.927056°W / 41.250250; -95.927056 (Union Pacific Railroad)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=38_50_42_N_82_8_28_W_type:landmark&title=Silver+Bridge+Collapse+-+Creation+of+National+Inspection+Standards","external_links_name":"38°50′42″N 82°8′28″W / 38.84500°N 82.14111°W / 38.84500; -82.14111 (Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=28_35_11_N_80_39_5_W_type:landmark&title=NASA+Vehicle+Assembly+Building","external_links_name":"28°35′11″N 80°39′5″W / 28.58639°N 80.65139°W / 28.58639; -80.65139 (NASA Vehicle Assembly Building)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=41_29_55.2_N_81_42_18.5_W_type:landmark&title=Main+Avenue+Bridge","external_links_name":"41°29′55.2″N 81°42′18.5″W / 41.498667°N 81.705139°W / 41.498667; -81.705139 (Main Avenue Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=33_51_24_S_151_12_55_E_type:landmark&title=Sydney+Opera+House","external_links_name":"33°51′24″S 151°12′55″E / 33.85667°S 151.21528°E / -33.85667; 151.21528 (Sydney Opera House)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=47_7_25.9_N_88_34_26.7_W_type:landmark&title=Portage+Lake+Bridge","external_links_name":"47°7′25.9″N 88°34′26.7″W / 47.123861°N 88.574083°W / 47.123861; -88.574083 (Portage Lake Bridge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks&params=58_20_30_N_134_24_12_W_type:landmark&title=Salmon+Creek+Dam","external_links_name":"58°20′30″N 134°24′12″W / 58.34167°N 134.40333°W / 58.34167; -134.40333 (Salmon Creek Dam)"},{"Link":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks","external_links_name":"\"Historic Landmarks\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/news/stories/?story=670","external_links_name":"Grand Central Terminal is named a national historical civil engineering landmark"},{"Link":"http://www.asce.org/ascenews/shorttakes.aspx?id=23622321614","external_links_name":"ASCE Names Huey P. Long Bridge a Civil Engineering Landmark"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140104002035/http://www.asce.org/ascenews/shorttakes.aspx?id=23622321614","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329062759/http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/for05-001/for05-001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Using Milorganite to temporarily repel white-tailed deer from food plots\""},{"Link":"http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/for05-001/for05-001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.asce.org/project/international-boundary-marker/","external_links_name":"\"International Boundary Marker | ASCE\""},{"Link":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/thomas-viaduct-railroad-bridge","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge | ASCE\""},{"Link":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/tacoma-narrows-bridges","external_links_name":"\"Tacoma Narrows Bridges | ASCE\""},{"Link":"https://www.aawre.org/news/canal-du-midi-designated-international-historic-civil-engineering-landmark","external_links_name":"\"Canal du Midi Designated as International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark\""},{"Link":"https://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/14741938.rainhill-reaffirmed-as-the-birthplace-of-the-railway/","external_links_name":"\"Rainhill reaffirmed as the birthplace of the railway\""},{"Link":"https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/1708237-Centenarian-engineer-Aerial-Lift-Bridge-share-honors","external_links_name":"\"Centenarian engineer, Aerial Lift Bridge share honors\""},{"Link":"https://misspreservation.com/2018/05/24/mississippi-river-basin-model-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","external_links_name":"\"In Military Lingo, MRBM = NHCEL\""},{"Link":"https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2022/04/11/sydney-opera-house-joins-list-of-asce-historic-landmarks","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Opera House | ASCE\""},{"Link":"https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-qhapaq-nan-designated-asce-historic-civil-engineering-landmark-689070.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Peru: Qhapaq Ñan designated ASCE historic civil engineering landmark\""},{"Link":"http://www.civil.ntua.gr/news/2017/11/4/eupalinos-tunnel/","external_links_name":"\"Ανακήρυξη του Ευπαλίνειου Όρυγματος ως Ιστορικού Τοπόσημου Τεχνολογίας Πολιτικού Μηχανικού\""},{"Link":"https://sections.asce.org/cincinnati/old-river-station-national-historic-landmark-award-ceremony","external_links_name":"\"Old River Station | Cincinnati Section ASCE\""},{"Link":"https://cscehistory.ca/international/boundary-layer-wind-tunnel-london-ontario/","external_links_name":"\"Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel, London, Ontario\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdcmagazine.com/2018/10/asce-recognises-ice-as-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","external_links_name":"\"ASCE recognises ICE as historic civil engineering landmark\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/union-chain-bridge-gets-international-badge-honour-mark-bicentenary-2923973","external_links_name":"\"Union Chain Bridge gets international badge of honour to mark bicentenary\""},{"Link":"http://www.azsce.org/kaibab-suspension-bridge/","external_links_name":"\"Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge | ASCE AZ Section\""},{"Link":"https://csengineermag.com/union-pacific-railroad-recognized-as-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","external_links_name":"\"Union Pacific Railroad | csengineermag.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=189706","external_links_name":"\"Silver Bridge Collapse - Creation of National Inspection Standards | HMdb.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-many-stories-of-the-vab","external_links_name":"\"NASA Vehicle Assembly Building | NASA\""},{"Link":"https://sections.asce.org/cleveland/main-avenue-bridge-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark-dedication-and-annual-dinner-event","external_links_name":"\"Main Avenue Bridge | ASCE Sections\""},{"Link":"https://www.mtu.edu/news/2022/06/rich-history-unique-design-make-lift-bridge-a-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark.html","external_links_name":"\"Portage Lake Bridge | MTU\""},{"Link":"https://www.juneauempire.com/news/salmon-creek-dam-recognized-as-a-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/","external_links_name":"\"Salmon Creek Dam recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark\""},{"Link":"https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks","external_links_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers Historic Landmarks"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-civil_fusion
Military-civil fusion
["1 Background","2 History","3 General policies","4 Responses","5 See also","6 References"]
Strategy of the Chinese Communist Party Not to be confused with civil-military coordination, civil-military co-operation, or civil-military operations. Compare a military–industrial complex. Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping State representative: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Qiang Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji Conference Chairman: Wang Huning Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members Related systems Unified power Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service ConstitutionLaw Constitution Previous constitutions 195419751978 "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) Democratic centralism (Article 3) Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) Protection of human rights (Article 33) Freedom of religion (Article 36) Highest state organ of power (Article 57) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020) Civil Code (From 2021) Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Communist Party History Principal leaders Constitution & ideology Admission Oath (Article 6) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Communism Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Two Establishes and Two Safeguards Democracy Organization National Party Congress (20th) Central Committee (20th) General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Central Secretariat (20th) Central Military Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi Office Chief: Cai Qi Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi Secretary-General: Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Office Chief: He Lifeng General Office Director: Cai Qi Office of the General Secretary Chief: Cai Qi Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head: Li Ganjie Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Secretary: Li Xi Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader: Li Xi Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries Party group National People's Congress (14th) Elections Standing Committee (14th) Council of Chairpersons Chairman: Zhao Leji Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong Secretary-General: Liu Qi Special Committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Presidium State representative President (list): Xi Jinping Presidential Office Chief: Cai Qi Vice President: Han Zheng Executive organ State Council (Central People's Government) Li Qiang Cabinet Premier (list): Li Qiang Vice-Premiers (list) Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong State Councilors Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong Cabinet-level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission most Central Enterprises Military organ Central Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (supreme commander): Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong Members: Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin Departments: General Office Director: Zhong Shaojun Joint Staff Dept. Chief: Liu Zhenli Political Work Dept. Director: Miao Hua Logistic Support Dept. Director: Zhang Lin Equipment Development Dept. Director: Xu Xueqiang Training and Administration Dept. Director: Wang Peng National Defense Mobilization Dept. Director: Liu Faqing Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Politics and Legal Affairs Commission Science and Technology Commission Strategic Planning Office Reform & Organizational Structure Office Int'l Military Cooperation Office Audit Office Offices Administration Agency National armed forces: People's Liberation Army Theater commands People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman: Li Qiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Dong Jun Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Supervisory organ National Supervisory Commission Director: Liu Jinguo Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) Judicial organs Supreme People's Court President: Zhang Jun People's Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Procuratorate Prosecutor General: Ying Yong People's Procuratorates Judicial Police Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services  Public Security Police Judiciary Police  United front Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman: Wang Huning Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng Political parties: CCP (ruling) United Front Work Department Head: Shi Taifeng RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP Federation of Industry and Commerce People's organizations Law enforcement CCP Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary: Chen Wenqing Ministry of Public Security Minister: Wang Xiaohong Public Security Organs People's Police State Immigration Administration Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister: Chen Yixin State Security Organs People's Police Ministry of Justice Minister: He Rong Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police Bureau of Prison Administration  Office for Safeguarding National Security Urban Management (chengguan) Propaganda Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Leader: Cai Qi Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director: Cai Qi Deputy Director: Li Shulei Central Propaganda Department Head: Li Shulei National Press and Publication Administration China Film Administration State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio International Xinhua News Agency Reference News China News Service People's Daily Global Times China Today Censorship in China Radio jamming Overseas censorship of Chinese issues Media of China Internal media Publishing industry in China Internet in China Internet censorship Great Firewall Great Cannon Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Director: Cai Qi Cyberspace Administration of China Director: Zhuang Rongwen Hong KongMacau Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leader: Ding Xuexiang HK & Macau Affairs Office Director: Xia Baolong Hong Kong Liaison Office Macau Liaison Office One country, two systems Special administrative regions Hong Kong Basic Law Chief Executive: John Lee Ka-chiu Hong Kong SAR Government Politics of Hong Kong Pro-Beijing camp Pro-democracy camp Independence movement Mainland & HK CEPA Macao Basic Law Chief Executive: Ho Iat-seng Macau SAR Government Politics of Macau Mainland & Macau CEPA Cross-Strait relations Cross-Strait relations Chinese Civil War One China Political status of Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan Taiwan Area "Taiwan Province", PRC Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Huning Taiwan Affairs Office Director: Song Tao Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Secretary-General: Wang Yi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / in China Foreign aid from China / to China International Development Cooperation Agency Ministry of Commerce Exim Bank of China China Development Bank Belt and Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CCP International Department State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau) National Immigration Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China–Africa relations China–Arab relations China–Caribbean relations China–European Union relations China–Latin America relations China–Pacific relations China–Russia relations China–United States relations Related topics Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities China portal Other countries vte Military-civil fusion (Chinese: 军民融合; pinyin: Jūnmín rónghé, MCF) or civil-military fusion is a strategy and policy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with the stated goal of developing its People's Liberation Army (PLA) into a world-class military. Military-civil fusion is a priority for the Xi Jinping administration. Background The institutional foundations of PLA's weapon development and research are copied from the Soviet Union, where state-owned factories and companies develop and manufacture equipment based on a top-down command approach. Other major weaknesses include monopoly in the defense industry held by state-owned companies, bureaucratic inefficacy, corruption, lack of innovation, outdated pricing and contracting process. Chinese state-owned defense corporations are historically uncoordinated and inefficient, inclined toward to the preservation of their state-sanctioned monopoly, exploiting their gain in a privileged position due to obstruction in fair competition with private enterprises. In 2010, Chinese researchers estimated that less than one percent of the Chinese high-tech enterprises were involved in defense-related activity. History The term "military-civil fusion" first emerged in the late 1990s. Hu Jintao, then-vice chairman of the CCP's Central Military Commission, uses the term to describe the coordination between civic and military sectors. The concept of "military-civil fusion" dates back to Mao Zedong and the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Defense analysts have noted that military-civil fusion efforts under current CCP general secretary Xi Jinping are more ambitious than those of his predecessors. MCF was first used in 1980s primarily for converting military factories over to civilian production under the backdrop of the economic reform, which failed to bring innovative commercial technologies into the military sector. The PLA acquired defense product through state-owned enterprises, while private companies only had limited contribution and involvement. Corruption and graft also contributed to the continuous preference toward state-owned companies, even when alternative options existed. Certain areas of development in China's military-industrial complex did see some benefits from the military-civilian integration, particularly for the shipbuilding, information technology, and aerospace industry. Analysts Elsa B. Kania and Lorand Laskai noted Xi Jinping's initiative may lead to a breakthrough in efficiency and innovations, however, the initiative indicates China's attempt to overcome military procurement and research and development (R&D) deficiencies instead of a sign of strength. Richard A. Bitzinger believes MCF would requires significant effort and resources to implement successfully, given the current legal, regulatory, and cultural hurdles that exist in the Chinese government. Analyst Christian Brose argues that Chinese military capabilities have improved significantly in the 2010s due to relative success in fusing the defense and civilian sector for military development and production. Emily Weinstein noted that the Chinese government has studied the U.S. military-civil framework, with research papers examining the successes and drawbacks of its implementation in the United States, such as Pentagon's Defense Innovation Unit, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). China recognized the technological superiority the U.S. has achieved through collaboration between the U.S. government institutions and leading technologies companies in the U.S., such as the case of SpaceX, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. China attempted to replicate and modified the framework as per domestic needs. However, the Chinese government can demand information and assistance from companies with more hardline approach than that of the United States. General policies MCF promotes the use of dual-use technology and two-way technology transfer, in which defense companies, universities, and research institutions can collaborate and share technologies between military and civilian sectors. The term "civil-military integration" (CMI) was gradually replaced by the term "military-civil fusion" under the Xi Jinping administration, possibly inkling the latter has increased level of coordination in civil–military relations or a more balanced attention between military and civilian developments. MCF influences investment decisions, talent recruitment, and research and development (R&D) across multiple fields. In January 2017, Xi Jinping created a Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), which is responsible for the planning and implementation of the MCF in China. In 2021, China implemented a Five-Year Plan to set overall guidance for policies and national development goals through 2025. The document called for further coordination in the development of critical and emergent technologies, which is in-line with the goal of military-civil fusion. In 2021, Janes reported that a purpose of the military-civil fusion is to ease the administrative burden on private defense companies, and stimulate greater competition in China's defense industry. Responses Further information: United States sanctions against China Several U.S. government agencies have deployed their own definitions of military-civil fusion. In May 2020, the Trump administration issued a presidential proclamation banning certain Chinese students and researchers from coming to the United States based on their perceived relationship with military-civil fusion. The executive order describes military-civil fusion as a mean to "acquire and divert foreign technologies". Other analysts asserted that the definition is largely divorced from the purpose and objective of military-civil fusion and that instead it describes China's general issues on technology transfer. Multiple analysts and think tanks have proposed ways in which the US could respond to China's MCF strategy. See also 2015 People's Republic of China military reform Foreign policy of China References ^ Bitzinger, Richard A. (2021). "China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion". Asia Policy. 28 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1353/asp.2021.0001. ISSN 1559-2960. S2CID 234121234. ^ Cheung, Tai Ming (2022). Innovate to Dominate: The Rise of the Chinese Techno-Security State. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-6434-9. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn. ^ a b c d e f g h B. Kania, Elsa; Laskai, Lorand (28 January 2021). "Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy". Center for a New American Security. JSTOR resrep28654. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ a b Ding, Arthur; Tang, K. Tristan (April 14, 2023). "Xi Seeks to Reinvigorate Military-Civilian Integration". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ CHEUNG, Tai Ming; ANDERSON, Eric (2017). "Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competition". SITC Research Briefs. 9 (4). Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. ^ a b Laskai, Lorand. "Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China's Technological and Military Rise". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2021-08-25. ^ a b c d e f g h Weinstein, Emily (5 February 2021). "Don't Underestimate China's Military-Civil Fusion Efforts". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ a b Bruyère, Emily de La; Picarsic, Nathan (27 May 2021). "Defusing Military-Civil Fusion". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ Yang, Zi (28 January 2021). "China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Development, Procurement, and Secrecy (Introduction)". national bureau of asian research. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ a b A. Bitzinger, Richard (December 2004). "Civil-Milit Civil-Military Integration and ary Integration and Chinese Military Modernization" (PDF). Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. 3 (9). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-26. ^ A. Bitzinger, Richard (28 January 2021). "China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion". The National Bureau of Asian Research. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ a b Kania, Elsa B. (27 August 2019). "In Military-Civil Fusion, China is Learning Lessons from the United States and Starting to Innovate". Center for a New American Security. The Strategy Bridge. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ Fritz, Audrey (2021-10-08). "The foundation of innovation under military-civil fusion: The role of universities" (PDF). Sinopsis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-10-11. ^ Fritz, Audrey (14 July 2021). "At the Nexus of Military-Civil Fusion and Technological Innovation in China". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ Fritz, Audrey (2 August 2019). "China's Evolving Conception of Civil-Military Collaboration". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ Kania, Elsa B. Battlefield singularity : artificial intelligence, military revolution, and China's future military power. OCLC 1029611044. ^ Yujia He (2017). How China is preparing for an AI-powered Future (PDF). The Wilson Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-08-26. ^ Levesque, Greg (8 October 2019). "Military-Civil Fusion: Beijing's "Guns AND Butter" Strategy to Become a Technological Superpower". China Brief. 19 (18). Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ a b STONE, ALEX; W. SINGER, PETER (18 February 2021). "China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: What to Expect in the Next Five Years". Defense One. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ Grevatt, Jon (23 June 2021). "China launches 'deregulation trial' for private sector defence contractors". Janes. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ "How Should the U.S. Respond to China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy?". China File. 22 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. vte People's Liberation ArmyGeneral History Modernization Budget Equipment Decorations Generals Weapons of mass destruction Information operations and information warfare BranchesGround Structure Equipment Infantry  Armored forces  Artillery  Air defense  Aviation aircraft Engineers  Chemical defense  Special operations units Navy Organization Weaponry History Branches: Surface ships aircraft carriers Submarine Coastal Defense Naval Air aircraft Marine Corps special operations units Fleets: North Sea East Sea South Sea Air Aviation aircraft airbases Air Defense Airborne Corps special operations units Rocket Missile operation units Rocket Force corps of engineers  Special operations units ArmsAerospace Astronaut Corps astronauts Deep Space Network Cyberspace Cyberspace Force Network Systems Department  Information Information Support Force Joint Logistics Support Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers: Wuxi; Guilin; Xining; Shenyang; Zhengzhou StructureCentral Military Commission Chairman Vice-Chairmen General Office Joint Staff Intelligence Bureau Guard Bureau Guard Unit Political Work Logistic Support Equipment Development Manned Space Agency Training and Administration National Defense Mobilization Discipline Inspection Strategic Planning Reform and Organizational Structure International Military Cooperation Audit Office Offices Administration Theater Commands Eastern Southern Hong Kong Macau Western Tibet Northern Central Military regions (defunct) Shenyang Beijing Lanzhou Jinan Nanjing Guangzhou Chengdu Ranks Ground Force Navy Air Force Uniform Xingkong (camouflage) Type 07 Type 99 (camouflage) Type 97 Service Dress Institutions Academy of Military Science National Defence University National University of Defense Technology Army Command College PLA Air Force Aviation University Academic institutions of the armed forces of China Publications PLA Daily August First Film Studio CCTV-7 The Science of Military Strategy Defense White Paper Paramilitary People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Special police units Snow Leopard Commando Unit Mountain Eagle Commando Unit Militia Maritime Militia Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Contractors China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation Norinco China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation Poly Technologies Seven Sons of National Defence Armed conflicts Korean War Authorized defense products dealer
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil-military coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil-military_coordination"},{"link_name":"civil-military co-operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil-military_co-operation"},{"link_name":"civil-military operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil-military_operations"},{"link_name":"military–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with civil-military coordination, civil-military co-operation, or civil-military operations.Compare a military–industrial complex.Military-civil fusion (Chinese: 军民融合; pinyin: Jūnmín rónghé, MCF) or civil-military fusion is a strategy and policy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with the stated goal of developing its People's Liberation Army (PLA) into a world-class military.[1][2][3] Military-civil fusion is a priority for the Xi Jinping administration.[4]","title":"Military-civil fusion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SITC-5"},{"link_name":"state-owned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfr-6"}],"text":"The institutional foundations of PLA's weapon development and research are copied from the Soviet Union, where state-owned factories and companies develop and manufacture equipment based on a top-down command approach. Other major weaknesses include monopoly in the defense industry held by state-owned companies, bureaucratic inefficacy, corruption, lack of innovation, outdated pricing and contracting process.[5] Chinese state-owned defense corporations are historically uncoordinated and inefficient, inclined toward to the preservation of their state-sanctioned monopoly, exploiting their gain in a privileged position due to obstruction in fair competition with private enterprises.[3] In 2010, Chinese researchers estimated that less than one percent of the Chinese high-tech enterprises were involved in defense-related activity.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdd-8"},{"link_name":"CCP general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"economic reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apcss-10"},{"link_name":"state-owned enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"aerospace industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_industry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apcss-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbr_2101-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"Defense Innovation Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Innovation_Unit"},{"link_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbas_1908-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"}],"text":"The term \"military-civil fusion\" first emerged in the late 1990s. Hu Jintao, then-vice chairman of the CCP's Central Military Commission, uses the term to describe the coordination between civic and military sectors. The concept of \"military-civil fusion\" dates back to Mao Zedong and the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC).[7][8] Defense analysts have noted that military-civil fusion efforts under current CCP general secretary Xi Jinping are more ambitious than those of his predecessors.[7][9][4]MCF was first used in 1980s primarily for converting military factories over to civilian production under the backdrop of the economic reform, which failed to bring innovative commercial technologies into the military sector.[10] The PLA acquired defense product through state-owned enterprises, while private companies only had limited contribution and involvement.[3] Corruption and graft also contributed to the continuous preference toward state-owned companies, even when alternative options existed.[3] Certain areas of development in China's military-industrial complex did see some benefits from the military-civilian integration, particularly for the shipbuilding, information technology, and aerospace industry.[10]Analysts Elsa B. Kania and Lorand Laskai noted Xi Jinping's initiative may lead to a breakthrough in efficiency and innovations, however, the initiative indicates China's attempt to overcome military procurement and research and development (R&D) deficiencies instead of a sign of strength.[3] Richard A. Bitzinger believes MCF would requires significant effort and resources to implement successfully, given the current legal, regulatory, and cultural hurdles that exist in the Chinese government.[11] Analyst Christian Brose argues that Chinese military capabilities have improved significantly in the 2010s due to relative success in fusing the defense and civilian sector for military development and production.[7]Emily Weinstein noted that the Chinese government has studied the U.S. military-civil framework, with research papers examining the successes and drawbacks of its implementation in the United States, such as Pentagon's Defense Innovation Unit, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). China recognized the technological superiority the U.S. has achieved through collaboration between the U.S. government institutions and leading technologies companies in the U.S., such as the case of SpaceX, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. China attempted to replicate and modified the framework as per domestic needs.[12][3][7] However, the Chinese government can demand information and assistance from companies with more hardline approach than that of the United States.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dual-use technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology"},{"link_name":"technology transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration"},{"link_name":"civil–military relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_relations"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csis_1908-15"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yujia-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glmcf-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbas_1908-12"},{"link_name":"Five-Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deone-19"},{"link_name":"Janes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janes_Information_Services"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"MCF promotes the use of dual-use technology and two-way technology transfer, in which defense companies, universities, and research institutions can collaborate and share technologies between military and civilian sectors.[13][14] The term \"civil-military integration\" (CMI) was gradually replaced by the term \"military-civil fusion\" under the Xi Jinping administration, possibly inkling the latter has increased level of coordination in civil–military relations or a more balanced attention between military and civilian developments.[15]MCF influences investment decisions, talent recruitment, and research and development (R&D) across multiple fields. In January 2017, Xi Jinping created a Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), which is responsible for the planning and implementation of the MCF in China.[16][17][18][12]In 2021, China implemented a Five-Year Plan to set overall guidance for policies and national development goals through 2025. The document called for further coordination in the development of critical and emergent technologies, which is in-line with the goal of military-civil fusion.[19]In 2021, Janes reported that a purpose of the military-civil fusion is to ease the administrative burden on private defense companies, and stimulate greater competition in China's defense industry.[20]","title":"General policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States sanctions against China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration"},{"link_name":"presidential proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_proclamation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"technology transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfr-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp_210205-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnas-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdd-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinafile-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deone-19"}],"text":"Further information: United States sanctions against ChinaSeveral U.S. government agencies have deployed their own definitions of military-civil fusion.[7] In May 2020, the Trump administration issued a presidential proclamation banning certain Chinese students and researchers from coming to the United States based on their perceived relationship with military-civil fusion.[7] The executive order describes military-civil fusion as a mean to \"acquire and divert foreign technologies\". Other analysts asserted that the definition is largely divorced from the purpose and objective of military-civil fusion and that instead it describes China's general issues on technology transfer.[3]Multiple analysts and think tanks have proposed ways in which the US could respond to China's MCF strategy.[6][7][3][8][21][19]","title":"Responses"}]
[]
[{"title":"2015 People's Republic of China military reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform"},{"title":"Foreign policy of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China"}]
[{"reference":"Bitzinger, Richard A. (2021). \"China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion\". Asia Policy. 28 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1353/asp.2021.0001. ISSN 1559-2960. S2CID 234121234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasp.2021.0001","url_text":"10.1353/asp.2021.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-2960","url_text":"1559-2960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234121234","url_text":"234121234"}]},{"reference":"Cheung, Tai Ming (2022). Innovate to Dominate: The Rise of the Chinese Techno-Security State. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-6434-9. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6434-9","url_text":"978-1-5017-6434-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn","url_text":"10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn"}]},{"reference":"B. Kania, Elsa; Laskai, Lorand (28 January 2021). \"Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy\". Center for a New American Security. JSTOR resrep28654. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/myths-and-realities-of-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","url_text":"\"Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_a_New_American_Security","url_text":"Center for a New American Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28654","url_text":"resrep28654"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154559/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/myths-and-realities-of-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ding, Arthur; Tang, K. Tristan (April 14, 2023). \"Xi Seeks to Reinvigorate Military-Civilian Integration\". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-seeks-to-reinvigorate-military-civilian-integration/","url_text":"\"Xi Seeks to Reinvigorate Military-Civilian Integration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation","url_text":"Jamestown Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214243/https://jamestown.org/program/xi-seeks-to-reinvigorate-military-civilian-integration/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"CHEUNG, Tai Ming; ANDERSON, Eric (2017). \"Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competition\". SITC Research Briefs. 9 (4). Archived from the original on 2022-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84v3d66k","url_text":"\"Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013180521/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84v3d66k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Laskai, Lorand. \"Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China's Technological and Military Rise\". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cfr.org/blog/civil-military-fusion-missing-link-between-chinas-technological-and-military-rise","url_text":"\"Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China's Technological and Military Rise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations","url_text":"Council on Foreign Relations"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200718153255/https://www.cfr.org/blog/civil-military-fusion-missing-link-between-chinas-technological-and-military-rise","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Emily (5 February 2021). \"Don't Underestimate China's Military-Civil Fusion Efforts\". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/05/dont-underestimate-chinas-military-civil-fusion-efforts/","url_text":"\"Don't Underestimate China's Military-Civil Fusion Efforts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat","url_text":"The Diplomat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817110831/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/05/dont-underestimate-chinas-military-civil-fusion-efforts/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bruyère, Emily de La; Picarsic, Nathan (27 May 2021). \"Defusing Military-Civil Fusion\". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/05/26/defusing-military-civil-fusion/","url_text":"\"Defusing Military-Civil Fusion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies","url_text":"Foundation for Defense of Democracies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225939/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/05/26/defusing-military-civil-fusion/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Zi (28 January 2021). \"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Development, Procurement, and Secrecy (Introduction)\". national bureau of asian research. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy-development-procurement-and-secrecy-introduction/","url_text":"\"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Development, Procurement, and Secrecy (Introduction)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225929/https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy-development-procurement-and-secrecy-introduction/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A. Bitzinger, Richard (December 2004). \"Civil-Milit Civil-Military Integration and ary Integration and Chinese Military Modernization\" (PDF). Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. 3 (9). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/Civil-MilitaryIntegration.pdf","url_text":"\"Civil-Milit Civil-Military Integration and ary Integration and Chinese Military Modernization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Center_for_Security_Studies","url_text":"Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234146/https://apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/Civil-MilitaryIntegration.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A. Bitzinger, Richard (28 January 2021). \"China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion\". The National Bureau of Asian Research. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-shift-from-civil-military-integration-to-military-civil-fusion/","url_text":"\"China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234144/https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-shift-from-civil-military-integration-to-military-civil-fusion/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kania, Elsa B. (27 August 2019). \"In Military-Civil Fusion, China is Learning Lessons from the United States and Starting to Innovate\". Center for a New American Security. The Strategy Bridge. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/in-military-civil-fusion-china-is-learning-lessons-from-the-united-states-and-starting-to-innovate","url_text":"\"In Military-Civil Fusion, China is Learning Lessons from the United States and Starting to Innovate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826235658/https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/in-military-civil-fusion-china-is-learning-lessons-from-the-united-states-and-starting-to-innovate","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Audrey (2021-10-08). \"The foundation of innovation under military-civil fusion: The role of universities\" (PDF). Sinopsis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mcf0.pdf","url_text":"\"The foundation of innovation under military-civil fusion: The role of universities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008214245/https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mcf0.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Audrey (14 July 2021). \"At the Nexus of Military-Civil Fusion and Technological Innovation in China\". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/at-the-nexus-of-military-civil-fusion-and-technological-innovation-in-china/","url_text":"\"At the Nexus of Military-Civil Fusion and Technological Innovation in China\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827021905/https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/at-the-nexus-of-military-civil-fusion-and-technological-innovation-in-china/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Audrey (2 August 2019). \"China's Evolving Conception of Civil-Military Collaboration\". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/chinas-evolving-conception-civil-military-collaboration","url_text":"\"China's Evolving Conception of Civil-Military Collaboration\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234143/https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/chinas-evolving-conception-civil-military-collaboration","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kania, Elsa B. Battlefield singularity : artificial intelligence, military revolution, and China's future military power. OCLC 1029611044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029611044","url_text":"1029611044"}]},{"reference":"Yujia He (2017). How China is preparing for an AI-powered Future (PDF). The Wilson Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/how_china_is_preparing_for_ai_powered_future.pdf","url_text":"How China is preparing for an AI-powered Future"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210215085744/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/how_china_is_preparing_for_ai_powered_future.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levesque, Greg (8 October 2019). \"Military-Civil Fusion: Beijing's \"Guns AND Butter\" Strategy to Become a Technological Superpower\". China Brief. 19 (18). Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamestown.org/program/military-civil-fusion-beijings-guns-and-butter-strategy-to-become-a-technological-superpower/","url_text":"\"Military-Civil Fusion: Beijing's \"Guns AND Butter\" Strategy to Become a Technological Superpower\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002702/https://jamestown.org/program/military-civil-fusion-beijings-guns-and-butter-strategy-to-become-a-technological-superpower/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"STONE, ALEX; W. SINGER, PETER (18 February 2021). \"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: What to Expect in the Next Five Years\". Defense One. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/02/how-teach-troops-about-constitution/172117/","url_text":"\"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: What to Expect in the Next Five Years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225929/https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/02/how-teach-troops-about-constitution/172117/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grevatt, Jon (23 June 2021). \"China launches 'deregulation trial' for private sector defence contractors\". Janes. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-launches-deregulation-trial-for-private-sector-defence-contractors_18510","url_text":"\"China launches 'deregulation trial' for private sector defence contractors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225938/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-launches-deregulation-trial-for-private-sector-defence-contractors_18510","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How Should the U.S. Respond to China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy?\". China File. 22 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/how-should-us-respond-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","url_text":"\"How Should the U.S. Respond to China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225939/https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/how-should-us-respond-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasp.2021.0001","external_links_name":"10.1353/asp.2021.0001"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-2960","external_links_name":"1559-2960"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234121234","external_links_name":"234121234"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn","external_links_name":"10.7591/j.ctv20pxxmn"},{"Link":"https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/myths-and-realities-of-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","external_links_name":"\"Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28654","external_links_name":"resrep28654"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154559/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/myths-and-realities-of-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-seeks-to-reinvigorate-military-civilian-integration/","external_links_name":"\"Xi Seeks to Reinvigorate Military-Civilian Integration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214243/https://jamestown.org/program/xi-seeks-to-reinvigorate-military-civilian-integration/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84v3d66k","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013180521/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84v3d66k","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cfr.org/blog/civil-military-fusion-missing-link-between-chinas-technological-and-military-rise","external_links_name":"\"Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China's Technological and Military Rise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200718153255/https://www.cfr.org/blog/civil-military-fusion-missing-link-between-chinas-technological-and-military-rise","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/05/dont-underestimate-chinas-military-civil-fusion-efforts/","external_links_name":"\"Don't Underestimate China's Military-Civil Fusion Efforts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817110831/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/05/dont-underestimate-chinas-military-civil-fusion-efforts/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/05/26/defusing-military-civil-fusion/","external_links_name":"\"Defusing Military-Civil Fusion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225939/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/05/26/defusing-military-civil-fusion/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy-development-procurement-and-secrecy-introduction/","external_links_name":"\"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Development, Procurement, and Secrecy (Introduction)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225929/https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy-development-procurement-and-secrecy-introduction/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/Civil-MilitaryIntegration.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Civil-Milit Civil-Military Integration and ary Integration and Chinese Military Modernization\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234146/https://apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/Civil-MilitaryIntegration.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-shift-from-civil-military-integration-to-military-civil-fusion/","external_links_name":"\"China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234144/https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-shift-from-civil-military-integration-to-military-civil-fusion/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/in-military-civil-fusion-china-is-learning-lessons-from-the-united-states-and-starting-to-innovate","external_links_name":"\"In Military-Civil Fusion, China is Learning Lessons from the United States and Starting to Innovate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826235658/https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/in-military-civil-fusion-china-is-learning-lessons-from-the-united-states-and-starting-to-innovate","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mcf0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The foundation of innovation under military-civil fusion: The role of universities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008214245/https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mcf0.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/at-the-nexus-of-military-civil-fusion-and-technological-innovation-in-china/","external_links_name":"\"At the Nexus of Military-Civil Fusion and Technological Innovation in China\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827021905/https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/at-the-nexus-of-military-civil-fusion-and-technological-innovation-in-china/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/chinas-evolving-conception-civil-military-collaboration","external_links_name":"\"China's Evolving Conception of Civil-Military Collaboration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826234143/https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/chinas-evolving-conception-civil-military-collaboration","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029611044","external_links_name":"1029611044"},{"Link":"https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/how_china_is_preparing_for_ai_powered_future.pdf","external_links_name":"How China is preparing for an AI-powered Future"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210215085744/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/how_china_is_preparing_for_ai_powered_future.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://jamestown.org/program/military-civil-fusion-beijings-guns-and-butter-strategy-to-become-a-technological-superpower/","external_links_name":"\"Military-Civil Fusion: Beijing's \"Guns AND Butter\" Strategy to Become a Technological Superpower\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002702/https://jamestown.org/program/military-civil-fusion-beijings-guns-and-butter-strategy-to-become-a-technological-superpower/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/02/how-teach-troops-about-constitution/172117/","external_links_name":"\"China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: What to Expect in the Next Five Years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225929/https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/02/how-teach-troops-about-constitution/172117/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-launches-deregulation-trial-for-private-sector-defence-contractors_18510","external_links_name":"\"China launches 'deregulation trial' for private sector defence contractors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225938/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-launches-deregulation-trial-for-private-sector-defence-contractors_18510","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/how-should-us-respond-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","external_links_name":"\"How Should the U.S. Respond to China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225939/https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/how-should-us-respond-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushootseed
Lushootseed
["1 Name","2 Phonology","2.1 Consonants","2.2 Vowels","3 Syntax","3.1 Pronouns","3.2 Negation","4 Morphology and verbs","4.1 Verb prefixes","4.2 Possession","5 Related languages and current status","6 Language revitalization","7 Dialects","8 Orthography","9 Vocabulary","10 Example text","11 Notes","12 References","12.1 Bibliography","12.2 Language-learning materials","13 External links"]
Salishan language or dialect continuum of North America For a list of all Lushootseed-speaking peoples, see List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples. Lushootseeddxʷləšucid, txʷəlšucid, xʷəlšucidNative toUnited StatesRegionNorth Western Washington, around the Puget SoundEthnicityLushootseed-speaking peoplesExtinct2008Revival472 L2 speakers (2022)Language familySalishan Coast SalishCentralLushootseedEarly formProto-Salish Dialects Northern Lushootseed Southern Lushootseed Writing systemLatin (NAPA)Language codesISO 639-3Variously:lut – Lushootseedslh – Southern Lushootseed (covered by )ska – Skagit (covered by )sno – Snohomish (covered by )Glottologlush1251ELPLushootseedLushootseed is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Lushootseed (/lʌˈʃuːtsiːd/ luh-SHOOT-tseed), historically known as Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish, or Skagit-Nisqually, is a Central Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum composed of two main dialects, Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed, which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects. Lushootseed test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western Puget Sound roughly between modern-day Bellingham and Olympia by a large number of Indigenous peoples, numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across the region. Name Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually. The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called dxʷləšucid. In most southern dialects, it is txʷəlšucid, whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it is pronounced xʷəlšucid. The southern pronunciation txʷəlšucid is derived from the original by de-voicing d into t and switching the position of l and ə. The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from dxʷləšucid. The prefix dxʷ- along with the suffix -ucid means "language." The meaning of the root word, ləš, has been debated. According to linguist Thom Hess, ləš is an old word for "people," related to the word "Salish." Phonology Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants, ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives. Consonants Lushootseed consonants Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)palatal Velar Uvular Glottal plain sibilant plain lab. plain labio. Stop voiced b d dz dʒ ɡ ɡʷ voiceless p t ts tʃ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ ejective pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ lateral ejective tɬʼ Fricative ɬ s ʃ xʷ χ χʷ h Approximant plain l j w laryngealized l̰ j̰ w̰ Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals. However, the nasals , , , and may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of /b/ and /d/. Vowels Lushootseed vowels Front Central Back High i ~ e u ~ o Mid ə Low æ ~ ɑ Syntax This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lushootseed" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Lushootseed grammar Lushootseed can be considered a relatively agglutinating language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be verb-subject-object (VSO). Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only a verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in ʔuʔəy’dub ' managed to find '. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no copula. An example of such a sentence is stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ 'What that?'. Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify the words themselves, but requires the particle ʔə to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate. Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, ʔal, which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in the following phrases: stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ ʔal tə stuləkʷ 'What is that in the river?' ʔuyayus ti dbad ʔal tudiʔ 'My father is working over there.' šəqabac ʔal ti piit 'On top of the bed.' Pronouns Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: čəd 'I' (first-person singular), čəɬ 'we' (first-person plural), čəxʷ 'you' (second-person singular), and čələp 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way. Pronouns of Lushootseed First Person Second Person Third Person Singular čəd čəxʷ ∅ Plural čəɬ čələp ∅ The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence:dxʷləbiʔ čəxʷ ʔu 'Are you Lummi?' xʷiʔ čəd lədxʷləbiʔ 'I am not Lummi.' Here, negation takes the first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence. Negation Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb xʷiʔ 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity, a proclitic lə- must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ 'Don't get hurt again'. Morphology and verbs This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lushootseed" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Lushootseed grammar Verb prefixes Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their tense and/or aspect. Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications. Prefix Usage ʔəs- Imperfective present lə- Imperfective present ʔu- Completed telic actions tu- Past ɬu- Future ƛ̕u- Habitual gʷ(ə)- Subjunctive/future The prefix ʔəs- is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use ʔəs- if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being":ʔəsƛ̕ubil čəd. 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.'If a verb does involve motion, the ʔəs- prefix is replaced with lə-:ləƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal. 'I'm going home.' Completed or telic actions use the prefix ʔu-. Most verbs without ʔəs- or lə- will use ʔu-. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between lə- and ʔu-, and only one of them is correct:ʔusaxʷəb čəxʷ. 'You jump(ed).' The verb saxʷəb literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in a short burst of energy', and is correctly used with ʔu-. In contrast, the verb təlawil, which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with lə-:lətəlawil čəxʷ. 'You are jumping.' Possession There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns: Possessive Suffixes First Person Second Person Third Person Singular d- ad- -s Plural -čəɬ -ləp (none) The third person singular -s is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor. Related languages and current status Lushootseed, like its neighbors Twana, Nooksack, Klallam, and the North Straits Salish languages, are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the Puget Sound region, including the Duwamish, Suquamish, Squaxin, Muckleshoot, Snoqualmie, Nisqually, and Puyallup in the south and the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, Upper Skagit, and Swinomish in the north. Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed: ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčəł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul̕ul̕ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapu Ethnologue quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on the boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert, d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published. In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by the Puyallup Tribe. By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day. Language revitalization As of 2013, the Tulalip Tribes' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children. Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers also teach at the Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ, a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed a family experience. Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. As of 2013, an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University. A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College. Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University. It has been spoken during the annual Tribal Canoe Journeys that takes place throughout the Salish Sea. There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often. To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulaip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create Unicode-compliant typefaces that met the needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad. In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus. It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma, and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon. Dialects Historical extent of Lushootseed dialectsLushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid) and Southern Lushootseed (txʷəlšucid~xʷəlšucid). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects: Northern Lushootseed (Upper) Skagit Lower Skagit (Swinomish) Sauk Snohomish Southern Lushootseed Skykomish Snoqualmie Suquamish Duwamish Muckleshoot Puyallup Nisqually Squaxin/Sahewamish The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in the same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the Skykomish dialect should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed. Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like čəgʷəš ("wife") being pronounced čəgʷas in Northern dialects. Differences in stress in Northern and Southern Lushootseed. (Stress is marked with an acute accent.) Northern Lushootseed Southern Lushootseed English bədáʔ bə́dəʔ child sc̓əlíč sc̓ə́lič backbone č̓ƛ̕áʔ č̓ə́ƛ̕əʔ rock dəč̓úʔ də́čuʔ one k̓ədáyu k̓ádəyu rat kʷədád kʷə́dəd take/hold something təyíl táyil go upstream ʔəcá ʔə́cə I, me Different dialects often use completely different words. For example, the word for "raccoon" is x̌aʔx̌əlus in Northern Lushootseed, whereas bəlups is used in Southern Lushootseed. Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using dəxʷ- and Southern Lushootseed using sxʷ-. See Determiners for more information on this dialectical variation. Orthography According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses a morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as ⟨p'⟩ and ⟨pʼ⟩ do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed. Some older works based on the Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between schwas that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript. The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed alphabet, sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with. Letter Letter Name IPA Notes ʔ Glottal stop /ʔ/ a /ɑ/ b /b/ b̓ Glottalized b /bˀ/ Rare, non-initial. Voiced bilabial stop with glottalized stricture c /t͡s/ c̓ Glottalized c /t͡sʼ/ č c-wedge /t͡ʃ/ č̓ Glottalized c-wedge /t͡ʃʼ/ d /d/ dᶻ d-raised-z /d͡z/ ə Schwa /ə/ g /ɡ/ gʷ g-raised-w /ɡʷ/ Labialized counterpart of /ɡ/ h /h/ i /i~e/ Pronounced either as in the English "bee" or "bay." ǰ j-wedge /d͡ʒ/ k /k/ k̓ Glottalized k /kʼ/ kʷ k-raised-w /kʷ/ Labialized counterpart of /k/ k̓ʷ Glottalized k-raised-w /kʷʼ/ Labialized counterpart of /kʼ/ l /l/ l̓ Glottalized/Strictured l /l̰/ ɫ/ɬ/ł Barred/Belted l /ɬ/ Though they represent the same sound, all three variations of the letter are seen. ƛ̓ Glottalized barred-lambda /t͜ɬʼ/ m /m/ Rare due to phonetic evolution. m̓ Glottalized/Strictured m /m̰/ Rare due to phonetic evolution. Laryngealized bilabial nasal n /n/ Rare due to phonetic evolution n̓ Glottalized/Strictured n /n̰/ Rare due to phonetic evolution. Laryngealized alveolar nasal p /p/ p̓ Glottalized p /pʼ/ q /q/ q̓ Glottalized q /qʼ/ qʷ q-raised-w /qʷ/ Labialized counterpart of /q/ q̓ʷ Glottalized q-raised-w /qʷʼ/ Labialized counterpart of /qʼ/ s /s/ š s-wedge /ʃ/ t /t/ t̓ Glottalized t /tʼ/ u /u~o/ Pronounced either as in the English "boot" or "boat." w /w~ʋ/ w̓ Glottalized/Strictured w /w̰/ Laryngealized high back rounded glide xʷ x-w/x-raised-w /xʷ/ Labialized counterpart of /x/ x̌ x-wedge /χ/ x̌ʷ Rounded x-wedge /χʷ/ Labialized counterpart of /χ/ y /j/ y̓ Glottalized/Strictured y /j̰/ Laryngealized high front unrounded glide See the external links below for resources. Vocabulary This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Lushootseed language originates from the coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies. Southern Lushootseed Salmonoid Vocabulary sčədadx a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout. sac̓əb Chinook or King c̓uwad Sockeye salmon skʷǝxʷic coho salmon ƛ̓xʷay̓ chum salmon hədu the pink salmon skʷawǝl̓ Steelhead pədkʷəxʷic coho season sc̓ay̓ay̓ gills ɫičaʔa nets ɫičaʔalikʷ net fishing ʔalil tiʔiɫ ƛ̓usq̓íl spawning season skʷǝɫt tailfin t̓altəd fillet knife sq̓ʷəlus kippered dried salmon səlusqid fish heads qəlx̌ dried salmon eggs ƛ̓ǝbƛ̓əbqʷ fresh eggs sɫuʔb dried chum sxʷudᶻəʔdaliɫəd fish with a large amount of body fat xʷšabus Lightly smoked Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Salmonoid Vocabulary sʔuladxʷ a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout. yubəč Chinook or King scəqiʔ sockeye salmon ƛ̓xʷayʔ chum salmon skʷəxʷic silver salmon Northern Lushootseed/Snohomish Aquatic Vocabulary qal̓qaləx̌ič orca/killer whale č(ə)xʷəluʔ grey whale sq̓aƛ̓ otter sup̓qs harbor seal st̓əqxʷ beaver sqibk̕ʷ octopus ʔaləšək turtle waq̓waq̓ frog sk̕ʷic̕i sea urchin təǰabac sea cucumber q̓ʷəlačiʔ star fish bəsqʷ crab t̓aɬiɡʷs rock cod p̓uay̓ flounder kəlapx̌ʷəlč jelly fish sʔax̌ʷuʔ clam tulqʷ mussel ƛ̓ux̌ʷƛ̓ux̌ʷ native oyster c̕ubc̕ub barnacle sx̌aʔaʔ little neck steam clams xʷč̓iɬqs large native oyster ɡʷidəq geoduck stxʷub butter clam sx̌əp̓ab cockle clam haʔəc horse clam č̓ič̓əlpyaqid / puʔps periwinkle sč̓awəyʔ any seashell ʔuk̕ʷs large chiton x̌ald small chiton Example text Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lushootseed: ʔəsdiɬdiɬgʷəs ti sdᶻəw̓il ʔi ti staltalx̌ ʔə ti sbək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ tul̕ʔal ti sgʷəcs. ʔəstalx̌ əlgʷəʔ kʷi gʷəsx̌əčbids gʷəl ɬutabab ti bək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ x̌əɬ ti tə təɬ syəyaʔyaʔ. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Notes ^ Northern Lushootseed: dxʷləšucid Southern Lushootseed: txʷəlšucid Muckleshoot and Snoqualmie dialects: xʷəlšucid References ^ a b c Brown, Drew (2003). "History professor helps keep local Native American language alive". Scene - Life of the Mind, Pacific Lutheran University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2013-04-04. ^ a b c Gibeau, Steven; Bryant, Molly (2024-02-15). "Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed". Puyallup Tribe of Indians. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ Seattle Channel (Nov 2022). Lushootseed, Seattle's original language (Video). YouTube. ^ "About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed". Lushootseed. 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2022-11-28. ^ "What is Lushootseed?". The Lushootseed Language. 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2022-11-28. ^ a b c d "Lushootseed". Ethnologue. SIL International. ISSN 1946-9675. OCLC 43349556. ^ a b "Tulalip Lushootseed". Tualip Tribes. Retrieved 2013-04-04. ^ a b Fiege, Gale (2013-03-31). "For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past". HeraldNet.com. Everett, WA. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2013-04-04. ^ a b Gauld, Ben (June 24, 2015). "Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive". 94.9 FM - Seattle News & Information. Retrieved 2015-10-03. ^ a b "haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language". ^ a b "dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research". Retrieved 2013-04-04. ^ Zahir, Zalmai (2009). "Foreward". A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs. ^ a b Hess, Thom, "Introduction", Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I. ^ a b c Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295973234. Retrieved 15 April 2017. ^ a b Beck, David. "Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved 15 April 2017. ^ a b c d Zahir, Zalmai (December 2018). Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective (Thesis). Retrieved 15 December 2022. ^ Bates, Dawn E; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295973234. OCLC 29877333. ^ a b c Hess, Thom, 1936-2009. (1995). Lushootseed reader with introductory grammar. : Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763117. OCLC 79169469.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1995). Lushootseed Grammar Book 1. Lushootseed Press. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2019-06-03. ^ Kroeber, P. D. (1999). The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. p. 3. ^ "Lushootseed". Tulalip Tribes. Retrieved 2013-04-04. ^ Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf (PDF), retrieved 2013-04-04 ^ Anderson, Hans (2020-06-20). "Lushootseed, the endangered oral language of the coast Salish peoples, gets its own font". KNKX Public Radio. Retrieved 2023-03-07. ^ Shen, Juliet (Autumn 2010). "Aesthetic Innovation in Indigenous Typefaces: Designing a Lushootseed Font". Glimpse | the Art + Science of Seeing (7). ^ UWT to offer Lushootseed immersion program this summer Archived 2016-04-17 at the Wayback Machine, Puyallup Tribal News, April 7, 2016 (retrieved April 25, 2016) ^ "LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE". University of Washington Tacoma. ^ a b c d e f g Hess, Thom (1977). "Lushootseed Dialects". Anthropological Linguistics. 19 (9): 403–419 – via JSTOR. ^ Hollenbeck, Jan L.; Moss, Madonna (1987). A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. United States Forest Service. p. 162. OCLC 892024380. ^ Hayward, Amber (2021-05-19). Twulshootseed Advisory Notice (PDF) (Report). Tacoma, Washington: Puyallup Tribal Language Program. Retrieved 2023-04-02. ^ Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary (PDF). pp. xi. ^ a b c "sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds". Tulalip Lushootseed. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2022. ^ "The Alphabet". Puyallup Tribal Language. Retrieved 27 April 2022. ^ a b c d Kroeber, P. D. (1999). The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. p. 8. ^ a b "tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic". Lushootseed. Tulalip Tribes. 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2023-03-09. Bibliography Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763117. LCCN 95-060060. Language-learning materials Bates, D., Hess, T., & Hilbert, V. (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295973234 Beck, David. "Transitivity and causation in Lushootseed morphology." Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 13 (1996): 11–20. Browner, Tara (2009). Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36. Indiana University, Bloomington (1996). Lushootseed texts: an introduction to Puget Salish narrative aesthetics. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. ISBN 0803212623. Chamberlain, Rebecca, Lushootseed Language & Literature: Program reader. (Lushootseed language, cultural, and storytelling traditions.) Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed reader. University of Montana occasional papers in linguistics. S.l.: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763141. Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert. Lushootseed Book 1; The language of the Skagit, Nisqually, and other tribes of Puget Sound. An Introduction. Lushootseed Press 1995 Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert. Lushootseed Book 2 (Advanced Lushootseed). Lushootseed Press, 1995 Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Missoula: University of Montana. ISBN 1879763117. Hilbert, Vi. Haboo: Native American Stories from Puget Sound. Seattle: University of Washington, 1985 Hilbert, Vi, Crisca Bierwest, Thom Hess. Way of the Lushootseed People; Ceremonies & Traditions of North Puget Sound's First People. Third Edition, Lushootseed Press, 2001 dxʷlešucid xʷgʷədgʷatəd tul̓ʔal taqʷšəblu; Some Lushootseed Vocabulary from taqʷšəblu. Lushootseed Press, 1993 External links For a list of words relating to Lushootseed, see the Lushootseed category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Puyallup Tribal Language Program The Tulalip Lushootseed Department's Website Keyboards and fonts for typing in Lushootseed Interactive alphabet app through the Tulalip Lushootseed Department “History professor helps keep local Native American language alive” by Drew Brown for PLU Scene Magazine Lushootseed | Ethnologue The Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country Lushootseed Research Dr. David Beck, Salishan Language specialist Developing a corpus for Lushootseed (archived) vteLushootseed-speaking peoples of Puget SoundLushootseed languageGrammar Lushootseed grammar Dialects Northern Southern CultureReligion dukʷibəɬ Transformer/Changer Spirit Powers Ayahos PeoplesNorthern peoples Skagit peoples Skagit Swinomish Kikiallus Sauk Stillaguamish Snohomish Southern peoples Skykomish Snoqualmie Shilshole Duwamish Sammamish Suquamish Puyallup Steilacoom Nisqually Sahewamish Federally recognized tribes Upper Skagit Indian Tribe Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians Swinomish Indian Tribal Community Tulalip Tribes of Washington Suquamish Tribe Snoqualmie Indian Tribe Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Puyallup Tribe of Indians Nisqually Indian Tribe Squaxin Island Tribe Reservations Swinomish Indian Reservation Port Madison Indian Reservation Nisqually Reservation Non-recognized groups Duwamish Tribe Steilacoom Tribe vteSalishan languagesBella Coola Nuxálk Coast SalishCentral Comox Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack Northern Straits Pentlatch shíshálh Squamish Twana Tsamosan Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Upper Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Tillamook Interior SalishNorthern Lillooet Shuswap Thompson River Salish Southern Coeur d’Alene Columbia-Moses Colville-Okanagan Montana Salish Italics indicate extinct languagesvteCoast SalishPeoples Chawathil Cheam Sts'ailes (WA) Chemainus Clemclemaluts Comiaken Copalis Cowlitz Duwamish Esquimalt Halalt Hoh Homalco Humptulips Katzie Khenipsen Kilpahlas Klahoose Klallam Koksilah Kwa-kwa-a-pilt Kwantlen Kway-quit-lam Matsqui Musqueam Nanoose Nuxalk Malahat Sliammon Snuneymuxw Tsawwassen Tsleil-Waututh shíshálh Squamish Semiahmoo Sumas Sq'éwlets Sts'ailes Leq'á:mel Popkum Seabird Island Skwah Skway Shilshole Shxw'ow'hamel Skawahlook Skowkale Soowahlie Squiala Stó꞉lō Tzeachten Yakweakwioose T'souk-e Tsartlip Somena Quamichan Penelakut Lamalcha Saanich Lummi Nooksack Lower Skagit Upper Skagit Skokomish Muckleshoot Sammamish Samish Sauk-Suiattle Snohomish Snoqualmie Skykomish Nisqually Puyallup Stillaquamish Suquamish Swinomish Tulalip Quinault Sahewamish Wynoochee Satsop Nehalem (Tillamook) Siletz Quamichan Somena Governments Aitchelitz Band Chawathil First Nation Cheam First Nation Kwantlen First Nation Katzie First Nation Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation Leq'á:mel First Nation Matsqui First Nation Popkum Band Sq'éwlets First Nation Seabird Island Band Skwah First Nation Skway First Nation Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation Skawahlook First Nation Skowkale First Nation Soowahlie First Nation Squiala First Nation Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council Stó꞉lō Tribal Council Sumas First Nation Tzeachten First Nation Yakweakwioose First Nation Sts'ailes Nation Tsleil-waututh First Nation Musqueam Indian Band Katzie First Nation Kwikwetlem First Nation Semiahmoo First Nation Chemainus First Nation Halalt First Nation Homalco First Nation Klahoose First Nation Malahat First Nation Nanoose First Nation Peters First Nation Tla'amin Nation shíshálh Nation Snuneymuxw First Nation Tsawwassen First Nation Yale First Nation Yakweakwioose First Nation Tseycum First Nation Tsleil-Waututh First Nation Squamish Nation Union Bar First Nation Nuxalk Nation T'Sou-ke Nation Esquimalt First Nation Tsawout First Nation Cowichan Tribes Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon Confederated Tribes of Siletz Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Cowlitz Indian Tribe Suquamish Tribe Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe Lummi Nation Makah Tribe Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Nisqually Indian Tribe Quinault Indian Nation Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe Samish Indian Nation Skokomish Indian Tribe Snoqualmie Indian Tribe Squaxin Island Tribe Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians Suquamish Tribe Swinomish Indian Tribal Community Tulalip Tribes Organizations and institutions Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency Washington Indian Gaming Association Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs Culture and society Music Mythology Art Languages Comox Island Comox † Sliammon/Mainland Comox Pentlatch Halkomelem shíshálh Squamish Nooksack North Straits Lummi Saanich Samish Semiahmoo Songhees T'sou-ke Klallam Lushootseed Northern and Southern Twana Cowlitz Quinault vteLanguages of the United StatesLanguages in italics are extinct.EnglishDialects of American English African-American English Vernacular American Indian English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes Eastern Western New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia English Puerto Rican Englishes Southern American English Older Texan English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Utah Mormon English Western American English Western Pennsylvania English Yeshiva English Oral IndigenouslanguagesFamiliesAlgic Abenaki Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Malecite-Passamaquoddy Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Munsee Ojibwe Potawatomi Shawnee Yurok Etchemin Gros Ventre Loup Nawathinehena Mahican Miami-Illinois Mohegan-Pequot Nanticoke Narragansett Pamlico Powhatan Quiripi Unami Wiyot Austronesian Chamorro Hawaiian Refaluwasch Samoan Tokelauan Caddoan Arikara Caddo Wichita Kitsai Chinookan Kathlamet Tsinúk Upper Chinook Chumashan Barbareño Cruzeño Obispeño Purisimeño Ventureño Dené–Yeniseian Ahtna Deg Xinag Dena'ina Gwich’in Hän Hupa Jicarilla Koyukon Lower Tanana Mescalero-Chiricahua Navajo Tanacross Tolowa Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Western Apache Cahto Eyak Holikachuk Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie Lipan Mattole Plains Apache Tsetsaut Tututni Upper Umpqua Wailaki Eskaleut Inuit Inupiat Aleut Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Siberian Yupik Chevak Cup’ik Iroquoian Cayuga Cherokee Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Osage Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Erie Neutral Huron Nottoway Susquehannock Wenrohronon Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Keresan Cochiti Pueblo San Felipe–Santo Domingo Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos Western Keres Acoma Pueblo Laguna Pueblo Maiduan Konkow Maidu Nisenan Chico Muskogean Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Koasati Mikasuki Muscogee Apalachee Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi Plateau Penutian Nez Perce Sahaptin Klamath Molala Pomoan Central Pomo Eastern Pomo Kashaya Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Northeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Salishan Coeur d'Alene Columbia-Moses Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack North Straits Salish Okanagan Salish Thompson Twana Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Upper Chehalis Siouan Assiniboine Crow Dakota Hidatsa Kansa Lakota Mandan Omaha–Ponca Quapaw Stoney Winnebago Biloxi Catawba Chiwere Mitchigamea Moneton Ofo Tutelo-Saponi Woccon Tanoan Jemez Kiowa Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Piro Pueblo Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Uto-Aztecan Comanche Hopi Ivilyuat Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño Mono Northern Paiute O'odham Serrano Shoshoni Timbisha Tübatulabal Ute-Chemehuevi Yaqui Cupeño Tongva Wakashan Makah Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Wintu Yuk-Utian Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Bay Miwok Buena Vista Yokuts Coast Miwok Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Lake Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Palewyami Plains Miwok Yuman–Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai–Hualapai Ipai Kumeyaay Maricopa Mojave Quechan Tiipai Yavapai OthersIsolates Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Washo Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha Tonkawa Mixed or tradeLanguages Afro-Seminole Creole Chinook Jargon Michif Mohawk Dutch Manual IndigenouslanguagesHand Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cheyenne Sign Language Cree Sign Language Navajo Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Ktunaxa Sign Language Isolates Hawai'i Sign Language Creole Hawai'i Sign Language Inuit Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Oral settlerlanguagesFrench Louisiana Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German Pennsylvania Dutch Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Spanish Caló (Chicano) Isleño New Mexican Puerto Rican Sabine River Creole and mixed languages Gullah Louisiana Creole Spanglish Angloromani Manual settlerlanguagesFrancosign American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Protactile Puerto Rican Sign Language BANZSL Samoan Sign Language Kentish Martha's Vineyard Sign Language Isolates Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Immigrant languages(number of speakersin 2021 in millions) Spanish (41.3) Chinese (3.4) Tagalog (1.7) Vietnamese (1.5) Arabic (1.4) French (1.2) Korean (1.1) Russian (1.0) Portuguese (0.9) Haitian (0.9) Hindi (0.9) German (0.9) Polish (0.5) Italian (0.5) Urdu (0.5) Persian (0.5) Telugu (0.5) Japanese (0.5) Gujarati (0.4) Bengali (0.4) Tamil (0.3) Punjabi (0.3) Serbo-Croatian (0.3) Armenian (0.3) Greek (0.3) Hmong (0.2) Hebrew (0.2) Khmer (0.2)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples"},{"link_name":"/lʌˈʃuːtsiːd/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"luh-SHOOT-tseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Coast Salish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages"},{"link_name":"dialect continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"Northern Lushootseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Lushootseed"},{"link_name":"Southern Lushootseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed"},{"link_name":"Lushootseed test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/lut"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Incubator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Bellingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Washington"},{"link_name":"large number of Indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LutBlog-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibeau2024-2"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TulalipLut-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiege2013-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauld2015-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTLang-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LutResearch-12"}],"text":"For a list of all Lushootseed-speaking peoples, see List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples.Lushootseed (/lʌˈʃuːtsiːd/ luh-SHOOT-tseed),[3][a] historically known as Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish, or Skagit-Nisqually, is a Central Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum composed of two main dialects, Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed, which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects.Lushootseed test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia IncubatorLushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western Puget Sound roughly between modern-day Bellingham and Olympia by a large number of Indigenous peoples, numbering 12,000 at its peak.[4][5] Today, however, it is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers.[2] It is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[citation needed] and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue.[6] Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across the region.[7][8][9][10][11]","title":"Lushootseed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Salish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderIntro-14"}],"text":"Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon,[6] Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually.The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called dxʷləšucid. In most southern dialects, it is txʷəlšucid, whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it is pronounced xʷəlšucid.[citation needed] The southern pronunciation txʷəlšucid is derived from the original by de-voicing d into t and switching the position of l and ə.[12]The English name \"Lushootseed\" is derived from dxʷləšucid. The prefix dxʷ- along with the suffix -ucid means \"language.\" The meaning of the root word, ləš, has been debated. According to linguist Thom Hess, ləš is an old word for \"people,\" related to the word \"Salish.\"[13]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voicing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"labialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization"},{"link_name":"laryngealized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngealized"},{"link_name":"sonorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorants"},{"link_name":"ejective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective"}],"text":"Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants, ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phonemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"},{"link_name":"nasals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dict-15"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals. However, the nasals [m], [m̰], [n], and [n̰] may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of /b/ and /d/.[14]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agglutinating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language"},{"link_name":"verb-subject-object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessReader-19"},{"link_name":"copula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Lushootseed can be considered a relatively agglutinating language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be verb-subject-object (VSO).[17]Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only a verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in ʔuʔəy’dub '[someone] managed to find [someone/something]'.[18] Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no copula. An example of such a sentence is stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ 'What [is] that?'.[19]Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify the words themselves, but requires the particle ʔə to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate.Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, ʔal, which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in the following phrases:stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ ʔal tə stuləkʷ 'What is that in the river?'\nʔuyayus ti dbad ʔal tudiʔ 'My father is working over there.'\nšəqabac ʔal ti piit 'On top of the bed.'","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessReader-19"}],"sub_title":"Pronouns","text":"Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: čəd 'I' (first-person singular), čəɬ 'we' (first-person plural), čəxʷ 'you' (second-person singular), and čələp 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way.The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence:dxʷləbiʔ čəxʷ ʔu 'Are you Lummi?' \nxʷiʔ čəd lədxʷləbiʔ 'I am not Lummi.'Here, negation takes the first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence.[18]","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessReader-19"}],"sub_title":"Negation","text":"Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb xʷiʔ 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity, a proclitic lə- must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ 'Don't get hurt again'.[18]","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Morphology and verbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense"},{"link_name":"aspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect"},{"link_name":"telic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity"}],"sub_title":"Verb prefixes","text":"Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their tense and/or aspect. Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications.The prefix ʔəs- is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use ʔəs- if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a \"state of being\":ʔəsƛ̕ubil čəd. 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.'If a verb does involve motion, the ʔəs- prefix is replaced with lə-:ləƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal. 'I'm going home.'Completed or telic actions use the prefix ʔu-. Most verbs without ʔəs- or lə- will use ʔu-. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between lə- and ʔu-, and only one of them is correct:ʔusaxʷəb čəxʷ. 'You jump(ed).'The verb saxʷəb literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in a short burst of energy', and is correctly used with ʔu-. In contrast, the verb təlawil, which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with lə-:lətəlawil čəxʷ. 'You are jumping.'","title":"Morphology and verbs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Possession","text":"There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns:The third person singular -s is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor.","title":"Morphology and verbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twana_language"},{"link_name":"Nooksack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nooksack_language"},{"link_name":"Klallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klallam_language"},{"link_name":"North Straits Salish languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language"},{"link_name":"Salishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salishan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Duwamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Suquamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suquamish"},{"link_name":"Squaxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Muckleshoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckleshoot"},{"link_name":"Snoqualmie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoqualmie_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Nisqually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisqually_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Puyallup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyallup_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Snohomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snohomish_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Stillaguamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillaguamish_people"},{"link_name":"Upper Skagit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Swinomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinomish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-7"},{"link_name":"Marianne Mithun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Mithun"},{"link_name":"Vi Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacificlutheran-1"},{"link_name":"Puyallup Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibeau2024-2"}],"text":"Lushootseed, like its neighbors Twana, Nooksack, Klallam, and the North Straits Salish languages, are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages.[20] The language is spoken by many peoples in the Puget Sound region, including the Duwamish, Suquamish, Squaxin, Muckleshoot, Snoqualmie, Nisqually, and Puyallup in the south and the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, Upper Skagit, and Swinomish in the north.Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed: ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčəł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul̕ul̕ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapuEthnologue quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects.[6] On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on the boundary between the northern and southern varieties).[6] Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert, d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed.[1] There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published.In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by the Puyallup Tribe. By their definition, a \"speaker\" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day.[2]","title":"Related languages and current status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Tulalip Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulalip"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TulalipLut-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiege2013-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauld2015-10"},{"link_name":"Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tulaliplushootseed.com/lushootseed-2/"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wa He Lut Indian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wahelutindianschool.org/"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Seattle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LutResearch-12"},{"link_name":"Evergreen State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_State_College"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pacific Lutheran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Lutheran_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacificlutheran-1"},{"link_name":"Tribal Canoe Journeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Canoe_Journeys"},{"link_name":"Salish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTLang-11"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"University of Washington's Tacoma campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"American Indian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma"},{"link_name":"theoretical linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"As of 2013[update], the Tulalip Tribes' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed,[7][8] and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio.[21] The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children.[9] Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers also teach at the Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ, a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed a family experience.[citation needed]Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. [citation needed]As of 2013[update], an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University.[11] A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College.[22]\nLushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University.[1] It has been spoken during the annual Tribal Canoe Journeys that takes place throughout the Salish Sea.There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often.[10]To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulaip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create Unicode-compliant typefaces that met the needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad.[23][24]In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus. It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences.[25] A similar program is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma, and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon.[26]","title":"Language revitalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lushootseed_area.png"},{"link_name":"Northern Lushootseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Lushootseed"},{"link_name":"Southern Lushootseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessDialects-28"},{"link_name":"(Upper) Skagit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Lower Skagit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Skagit"},{"link_name":"Swinomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinomish_people#Language"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Snohomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snohomish_people#Language"},{"link_name":"Skykomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skykomish_people#Language"},{"link_name":"Snoqualmie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoqualmie_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Suquamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suquamish"},{"link_name":"Duwamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Muckleshoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckleshoot"},{"link_name":"Puyallup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyallup_tribe"},{"link_name":"Nisqually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisqually_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Squaxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Sahewamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahewamish"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderIntro-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessDialects-28"},{"link_name":"Skykomish dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skykomish_people#Language"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessDialects-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessDialects-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessDialects-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HessDialects-28"},{"link_name":"Determiners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Determiners"}],"text":"Historical extent of Lushootseed dialectsLushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid) and Southern Lushootseed (txʷəlšucid~xʷəlšucid). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects:[27]Northern Lushootseed\n(Upper) Skagit\nLower Skagit (Swinomish)\nSauk\nSnohomish\nSouthern Lushootseed\nSkykomish\nSnoqualmie\nSuquamish\nDuwamish\nMuckleshoot\nPuyallup\nNisqually\nSquaxin/SahewamishThe Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in the same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect.[13][27] There is no consensus on whether the Skykomish dialect should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed.[27][28]Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like čəgʷəš (\"wife\") being pronounced čəgʷas in Northern dialects.[27]Different dialects often use completely different words. For example, the word for \"raccoon\" is x̌aʔx̌əlus in Northern Lushootseed, whereas bəlups is used in Southern Lushootseed.[27]Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking \"place where\" or \"reason for,\" in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using dəxʷ- and Southern Lushootseed using sxʷ-.[27]See Determiners for more information on this dialectical variation.","title":"Dialects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphophonemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonemic"},{"link_name":"phonemic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_orthography"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"schwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/"},{"link_name":"external links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"}],"text":"According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses a morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as ⟨p'⟩ and ⟨pʼ⟩ do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed.[29]Some older works based on the Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between schwas that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript.[30]The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed alphabet, sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with.See the external links below for resources.","title":"Orthography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Lushootseed language originates from the coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies.","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"}],"text":"Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lushootseed:ʔəsdiɬdiɬgʷəs ti sdᶻəw̓il ʔi ti staltalx̌ ʔə ti sbək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ tul̕ʔal ti sgʷəcs. ʔəstalx̌ əlgʷəʔ kʷi gʷəsx̌əčbids gʷəl ɬutabab ti bək̓ʷaʔkʷbixʷ x̌əɬ ti tə təɬ syəyaʔyaʔ.Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.","title":"Example text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Southern Lushootseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed"},{"link_name":"Muckleshoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckleshoot"},{"link_name":"Snoqualmie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoqualmie_people"}],"text":"^ Northern Lushootseed: dxʷləšucid \nSouthern Lushootseed: txʷəlšucid \nMuckleshoot and Snoqualmie dialects: xʷəlšucid","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed: ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčəł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul̕ul̕ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Chief_Seattle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historical extent of Lushootseed dialects","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/330px-Lushootseed_area.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Brown, Drew (2003). \"History professor helps keep local Native American language alive\". Scene - Life of the Mind, Pacific Lutheran University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704144650/http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html","url_text":"\"History professor helps keep local Native American language alive\""},{"url":"http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibeau, Steven; Bryant, Molly (2024-02-15). \"Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed\". Puyallup Tribe of Indians. Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov/news/language-immersion-house-helps-revitalize-lushootseed/","url_text":"\"Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians","url_text":"Puyallup Tribe of Indians"}]},{"reference":"Seattle Channel (Nov 2022). Lushootseed, Seattle's original language (Video). YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmXFoVHr55M","url_text":"Lushootseed, Seattle's original language"}]},{"reference":"\"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed\". Lushootseed. 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2022-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/about-dx%ca%b7l%c9%99sucid-lushootseed/","url_text":"\"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Lushootseed?\". The Lushootseed Language. 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2022-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://lushootseedblog.wordpress.com/what-is-lushootseed/","url_text":"\"What is Lushootseed?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lushootseed\". Ethnologue. SIL International. ISSN 1946-9675. OCLC 43349556.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lut/","url_text":"\"Lushootseed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue","url_text":"Ethnologue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIL_International","url_text":"SIL International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1946-9675","url_text":"1946-9675"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43349556","url_text":"43349556"}]},{"reference":"\"Tulalip Lushootseed\". Tualip Tribes. Retrieved 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/","url_text":"\"Tulalip Lushootseed\""}]},{"reference":"Fiege, Gale (2013-03-31). \"For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past\". HeraldNet.com. Everett, WA. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130630141357/http://www.weeklyherald.com/article/20130331/NEWS01/703319930/0/TWH","url_text":"\"For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past\""},{"url":"http://www.weeklyherald.com/article/20130331/NEWS01/703319930/0/TWH","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gauld, Ben (June 24, 2015). \"Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive\". 94.9 FM - Seattle News & Information. Retrieved 2015-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://kuow.org/post/voices-youth-keep-lushootseed-language-alive","url_text":"\"Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive\""}]},{"reference":"\"haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language\".","urls":[{"url":"http://puyalluptriballanguage.org/","url_text":"\"haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language\""}]},{"reference":"\"dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research\". Retrieved 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://lushootseed.org/","url_text":"\"dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research\""}]},{"reference":"Zahir, Zalmai (2009). \"Foreward\". A Lushootseed Analysis of a 1877 Dictionary by George Gibbs.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom, \"Introduction\", Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295973234. Retrieved 15 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ekq921r1kV0C&pg=PP1","url_text":"Lushootseed Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295973234","url_text":"9780295973234"}]},{"reference":"Beck, David. \"Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*\" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved 15 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.ualberta.ca/~dbeck/wordcon.pdf","url_text":"\"Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*\""}]},{"reference":"Zahir, Zalmai (December 2018). Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective (Thesis). Retrieved 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/bf38c05a86b7204953f68954e3432081/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y","url_text":"Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective"}]},{"reference":"Bates, Dawn E; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295973234. OCLC 29877333.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lushootseeddicti00bate","url_text":"Lushootseed dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295973234","url_text":"0295973234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29877333","url_text":"29877333"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom, 1936-2009. (1995). Lushootseed reader with introductory grammar. [Place of publication not identified]: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763117. OCLC 79169469.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763117","url_text":"1879763117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79169469","url_text":"79169469"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1995). Lushootseed Grammar Book 1. Lushootseed Press. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2019-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060212/http://www.lushootseedresearch.org/books.php","url_text":"Lushootseed Grammar Book 1"},{"url":"http://www.lushootseedresearch.org/books.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kroeber, P. D. (1999). The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lushootseed\". Tulalip Tribes. Retrieved 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/phrases-main-2/","url_text":"\"Lushootseed\""}]},{"reference":"Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf (PDF), retrieved 2013-04-04","urls":[{"url":"http://academic.evergreen.edu/c/chambreb/Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf","url_text":"Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Hans (2020-06-20). \"Lushootseed, the endangered oral language of the coast Salish peoples, gets its own font\". KNKX Public Radio. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knkx.org/other-news/2020-06-20/lushootseed-the-endangered-oral-language-of-the-coast-salish-peoples-gets-its-own-font","url_text":"\"Lushootseed, the endangered oral language of the coast Salish peoples, gets its own font\""}]},{"reference":"Shen, Juliet (Autumn 2010). \"Aesthetic Innovation in Indigenous Typefaces: Designing a Lushootseed Font\". Glimpse | the Art + Science of Seeing (7).","urls":[{"url":"https://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/aesthetic-innovation-in-indigenous-typefaces-designing-a-lushootseed-font/","url_text":"\"Aesthetic Innovation in Indigenous Typefaces: Designing a Lushootseed Font\""}]},{"reference":"\"LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE\". University of Washington Tacoma.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campusce.net/uwtacoma/course/course.aspx?catId=90","url_text":"\"LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma","url_text":"University of Washington Tacoma"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom (1977). \"Lushootseed Dialects\". Anthropological Linguistics. 19 (9): 403–419 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027548","url_text":"\"Lushootseed Dialects\""}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Amber (2021-05-19). Twulshootseed Advisory Notice (PDF) (Report). Tacoma, Washington: Puyallup Tribal Language Program. Retrieved 2023-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/about/TwulshootseedAdvisoryNotice.pdf","url_text":"Twulshootseed Advisory Notice"}]},{"reference":"Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary (PDF). pp. xi.","urls":[{"url":"https://linguistics.byu.edu/icsnl/LDonline/textpronuguide.pdf","url_text":"Lushootseed Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds\". Tulalip Lushootseed. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/","url_text":"\"sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Alphabet\". Puyallup Tribal Language. Retrieved 27 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/basics/alphabet.php","url_text":"\"The Alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"Kroeber, P. D. (1999). The Salish Language Familhy Reconstructing Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic\". Lushootseed. Tulalip Tribes. 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/aquatic-3/","url_text":"\"tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes","url_text":"Tulalip Tribes"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763117. LCCN 95-060060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763117","url_text":"1879763117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/95-060060","url_text":"95-060060"}]},{"reference":"Browner, Tara (2009). Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Indiana University, Bloomington (1996). Lushootseed texts: an introduction to Puget Salish narrative aesthetics. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. ISBN 0803212623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803212623","url_text":"0803212623"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed reader. University of Montana occasional papers in linguistics. S.l.: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763141","url_text":"1879763141"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Missoula: University of Montana. ISBN 1879763117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879763117","url_text":"1879763117"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lush1251","external_links_name":"lush1251"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5396","external_links_name":"Lushootseed"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lushootseed%22","external_links_name":"\"Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lushootseed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lushootseed%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lushootseed%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lushootseed%22","external_links_name":"\"Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lushootseed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lushootseed%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lushootseed%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lushootseed%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/lushootseed-2/","external_links_name":"Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers"},{"Link":"http://www.wahelutindianschool.org/","external_links_name":"Wa He Lut Indian School"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lushootseed&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/","external_links_name":"alphabet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704144650/http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html","external_links_name":"\"History professor helps keep local Native American language alive\""},{"Link":"http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov/news/language-immersion-house-helps-revitalize-lushootseed/","external_links_name":"\"Language immersion house helps revitalize Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmXFoVHr55M","external_links_name":"Lushootseed, Seattle's original language"},{"Link":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/about-dx%ca%b7l%c9%99sucid-lushootseed/","external_links_name":"\"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"https://lushootseedblog.wordpress.com/what-is-lushootseed/","external_links_name":"\"What is Lushootseed?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lut/","external_links_name":"\"Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1946-9675","external_links_name":"1946-9675"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43349556","external_links_name":"43349556"},{"Link":"http://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/","external_links_name":"\"Tulalip Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130630141357/http://www.weeklyherald.com/article/20130331/NEWS01/703319930/0/TWH","external_links_name":"\"For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past\""},{"Link":"http://www.weeklyherald.com/article/20130331/NEWS01/703319930/0/TWH","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kuow.org/post/voices-youth-keep-lushootseed-language-alive","external_links_name":"\"Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive\""},{"Link":"http://puyalluptriballanguage.org/","external_links_name":"\"haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language\""},{"Link":"http://lushootseed.org/","external_links_name":"\"dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ekq921r1kV0C&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Lushootseed Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://sites.ualberta.ca/~dbeck/wordcon.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/bf38c05a86b7204953f68954e3432081/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y","external_links_name":"Elements of Lushootseed Grammar in Discourse Perspective"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lushootseeddicti00bate","external_links_name":"Lushootseed dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29877333","external_links_name":"29877333"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79169469","external_links_name":"79169469"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060212/http://www.lushootseedresearch.org/books.php","external_links_name":"Lushootseed Grammar Book 1"},{"Link":"http://www.lushootseedresearch.org/books.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/phrases-main-2/","external_links_name":"\"Lushootseed\""},{"Link":"http://academic.evergreen.edu/c/chambreb/Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf","external_links_name":"Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.knkx.org/other-news/2020-06-20/lushootseed-the-endangered-oral-language-of-the-coast-salish-peoples-gets-its-own-font","external_links_name":"\"Lushootseed, the endangered oral language of the coast Salish peoples, gets its own font\""},{"Link":"https://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/aesthetic-innovation-in-indigenous-typefaces-designing-a-lushootseed-font/","external_links_name":"\"Aesthetic Innovation in Indigenous Typefaces: Designing a Lushootseed Font\""},{"Link":"http://puyalluptribalnews.net/news/article/uwt-to-offer-lushootseed-immersion-program-this-summer","external_links_name":"UWT to offer Lushootseed immersion program this summer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417085624/http://puyalluptribalnews.net/news/article/uwt-to-offer-lushootseed-immersion-program-this-summer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://puyalluptribalnews.net/","external_links_name":"Puyallup Tribal News"},{"Link":"http://www.campusce.net/uwtacoma/course/course.aspx?catId=90","external_links_name":"\"LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027548","external_links_name":"\"Lushootseed Dialects\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005998596","external_links_name":"A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892024380","external_links_name":"892024380"},{"Link":"https://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/about/TwulshootseedAdvisoryNotice.pdf","external_links_name":"Twulshootseed Advisory Notice"},{"Link":"https://linguistics.byu.edu/icsnl/LDonline/textpronuguide.pdf","external_links_name":"Lushootseed Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/","external_links_name":"\"sƛ̓əladiʔ – Alphabet/Sounds\""},{"Link":"https://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/basics/alphabet.php","external_links_name":"\"The Alphabet\""},{"Link":"https://tulaliplushootseed.com/aquatic-3/","external_links_name":"\"tiʔiʔiɬ kʷi ʔišil aquatic\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/95-060060","external_links_name":"95-060060"},{"Link":"http://www.puyalluptriballanguage.org/","external_links_name":"Puyallup Tribal Language Program"},{"Link":"https://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/","external_links_name":"The Tulalip Lushootseed Department's Website"},{"Link":"https://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/software-and-fonts/","external_links_name":"Keyboards and fonts for typing in Lushootseed"},{"Link":"https://www.tulaliplushootseed.com/alphabet/","external_links_name":"Interactive alphabet app through the Tulalip Lushootseed Department"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704144650/http://www.plu.edu/scene/issue/2003/summer/lifemind.html","external_links_name":"“History professor helps keep local Native American language alive”"},{"Link":"http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/thrush.html","external_links_name":"The Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country"},{"Link":"http://lushootseed.org/","external_links_name":"Lushootseed Research"},{"Link":"https://www.ualberta.ca/~dbeck/","external_links_name":"Dr. David Beck, Salishan Language specialist"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130627045411/http://corpus.byu.edu/aacl2008/ppt/87.pdf","external_links_name":"Developing a corpus for Lushootseed"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_Jeong_A
Koo Jeong A
["1 Select exhibitions","2 Recognition","3 Public collections","4 Publications","5 See also","6 External links","7 References"]
South Korean visual artist (fl. 21st century) Koo Jeong ABornSeoul, South Korea.NationalitySouth KoreanKnown forVisual arts, installation art, Contemporary ArtWebsitehttps://www.koojeonga.com Koo Jeong AHangul구정아Revised RomanizationGu Jeong-aMcCune–ReischauerKu Chŏng'a Koo Jeong A is a South-Korean born mixed-media and installation artist. Koo studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. She worked as an artist-in-residence in the Augarten Contemporary in 2002. Her work has included still and moving images, sound and scent, found objects, the natural environment, and site-specific installation. The New York Times referred to her work as having diverse influences and themes of childhood longing. Art in America called her work "focused", "quiet", and "quirky." Select exhibitions Odorama Cities, 60th Venice Biennale, Giardini in Venice, Italy (2024) Visibilities: Intrepid Women of Artpace, Artpace, San Antonio, Texas (2020) Galerie Eva Presenhuber, New York (2020) OooOoO, La Triennale di Milano, Milano (2019) Don't look like a line, Pinksummer temporary venue, Hangar Toolbox, Via Egeo, Turin (2017) ajeongkoo, Art Sonje Center, Seoul (2017) Arrogation, 32nd São Paulo Biennial, São Paulo (2016) 'Odorama', Art Night with Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (2016) 14th Venice Biennale of Architecture, Swiss Pavilion (2014) 10th Gwangju Biennale (2014) The Oussser (2014), La Raia Fondazione do it 2013, Manchester Art Gallery (2013) Koo Jeong-A (2012), Kunsthalle Düsseldorf 20 (2012), Pinksummer Constellation Congress, Dia:Beacon (2010) 53rd Venice Biennale (2009) Your Bright Future: 12 Contemporary Artists from Korea (2009), Los Angeles County Museum of Art Koo Jeong A, Aspen Art Museum (2007) Singular Forms (Sometimes Repeated), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (2004) Recognition In 2016, she was named "2016 Artist of the Year" by the Korean Cultural Centre UK. In 2005 she was awarded the Hermès Korea Missulsang prize. In 2002, Koo was a finalist for the Hugo Boss Prize at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Public collections Koo's work may be found in several public institutions, including: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Centre Pompidou Tate Modern Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art RISD Museum Louis Vuitton Foundation for Creation Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris Frac fond régional d'art contemporain, Marseille, France FNAC (Fonds national d'art contemporain), Paris Publications Constellation Congress: Koo Jeong A. New Haven: Yale University Press (2012). ISBN 978-0-300-18880-6 Otro: Koo Jeong A. Vassiviere: Le Centre International d'Art et du Paysage (2012). ISBN 978-2-910850-55-5 9 Nove/Nine: Koo Jeong A. Lisbon: Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian (2011). ISBN 978-972-635-237-2 Oussseux Milan: Silvana Editions (2010). ISBN 8836616909 Flammariousss: Koo Jeong A & Edouard Glissant Paris: Yvon Lambert (2006). Koo Jeong-A : 315 n° 1 Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou (2004). ISBN 2-84426-239-2 Frozen With A Smile: Koo Jeong A. Kitayushu: Silvana Editions (2010). ISBN 4-901387-20-0 The Land of Ousss Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery (2002). Ireland ISBN 0907660797 Koo Jeong A. Paris: Editions des musees de la Ville de Paris (1997). ISBN 2-87900-351-2 Migrateurs: Koo Jeong A. Paris: ARC Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (1994). ISBN 2-904497-14-5 See also Installation art External links Koo Jeong A at Pilar Corrias, London Koo Jeong A at Pinksummer Gallery, Genova References ^ Berrebi, Sophie (9 September 1999). "Koo Jeong-a". Frieze. No. 48. ISSN 0962-0672. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 2020-05-23. ^ "Koo Jeong-A". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022. ^ Smith, Roberta (5 December 2003). "Art in Review; Koo Jeong-a". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ Koplos, Janet (28 March 2011). "Koo Jeong A". ARTnews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ "Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace". Artpace. Spring 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "14th International Architecture Exhibition – la Biennale di Venezia". Pro Helvetica. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2014. ^ a b c "Koo Jeong A | Biography". Pilar Corrias. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "Koo Jeong A and Rirkrit Tiravanija at Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester". Pilar Corrias. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ a b "Koo Jeong A". Yvon Lambert. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014. ^ "Koo Jeong A - 20". Pinksummer Contemporary Art. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2014. ^ "Koo Jeong A, Constellation Congress ". Dia Art. 2010–2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "La Biennale di Venezia - Artists", La Biennale di Venezia, Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "Koo Jeong-A". Aspen Art Museum (Archive). 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ a b "Koo Jeong A: Constellation Congress". Asia Art Archive in America. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "Hugo Boss Prize 2002 Shortlist". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ Dailey, Meghan. "Koo Jeong-A - Oslo". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "'Cedric', Koo Jeong-A, 2003". Tate. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2022. ^ "Koo Jeong-a - Snowy Sunny Days". Astrup Fearnley Museum. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. ^ "Koo Jeong A". Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2014. ^ "Koo Jeong-a & Édouard Glissant - Flammariousss". Yvon Lambert Bookshop. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2014. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists Museum of Modern Art RKD Artists ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Koo Jeong A is a South-Korean born mixed-media and installation artist.Koo studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris.[1] She worked as an artist-in-residence in the Augarten Contemporary in 2002.[2]Her work has included still and moving images, sound and scent, found objects, the natural environment, and site-specific installation. \nThe New York Times referred to her work as having diverse influences and themes of childhood longing.[3] Art in America called her work \"focused\", \"quiet\", and \"quirky.\"[4]","title":"Koo Jeong A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"60th Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jpg3R0n9tk"},{"link_name":"Artpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artpace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Art Sonje Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Sonje_Center"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-7"},{"link_name":"Manchester Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kunsthalle Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dia:Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia:Beacon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-9"},{"link_name":"Aspen Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-7"}],"text":"Odorama Cities, 60th Venice Biennale, Giardini in Venice, Italy (2024)\nVisibilities: Intrepid Women of Artpace, Artpace, San Antonio, Texas (2020)[5]\nGalerie Eva Presenhuber, New York (2020)\nOooOoO, La Triennale di Milano, Milano (2019)\nDon't look like a line, Pinksummer temporary venue, Hangar Toolbox, Via Egeo, Turin (2017)\najeongkoo, Art Sonje Center, Seoul (2017)\nArrogation, 32nd São Paulo Biennial, São Paulo (2016)\n'Odorama', Art Night with Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (2016)\n14th Venice Biennale of Architecture, Swiss Pavilion (2014)[6]\n10th Gwangju Biennale (2014)[7]\nThe Oussser (2014), La Raia Fondazione\ndo it 2013, Manchester Art Gallery (2013)[8]\nKoo Jeong-A (2012), Kunsthalle Düsseldorf[9]\n20 (2012), Pinksummer[10]\nConstellation Congress, Dia:Beacon (2010)[11]\n53rd Venice Biennale (2009)[12]\nYour Bright Future: 12 Contemporary Artists from Korea (2009), Los Angeles County Museum of Art[9]\nKoo Jeong A, Aspen Art Museum (2007)[13]\nSingular Forms (Sometimes Repeated), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (2004)[7]","title":"Select exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-14"},{"link_name":"Hugo Boss Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Boss_Prize"},{"link_name":"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2016, she was named \"2016 Artist of the Year\" by the Korean Cultural Centre UK.[7]In 2005 she was awarded the Hermès Korea Missulsang prize.[14]In 2002, Koo was a finalist for the Hugo Boss Prize at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.[15]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Centre Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-14"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrup_Fearnley_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"RISD Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISD_Museum"},{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton Foundation for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation_for_Creation"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fonds national d'art contemporain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds_national_d%27art_contemporain"}],"text":"Koo's work may be found in several public institutions, including:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum[16]\nCentre Pompidou[14]\nTate Modern[17]\nAstrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art[18]\nRISD Museum\nLouis Vuitton Foundation for Creation\nMusée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris[19]\nFrac fond régional d'art contemporain, Marseille, France\nFNAC (Fonds national d'art contemporain), Paris","title":"Public collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-18880-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18880-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-910850-55-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-910850-55-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-972-635-237-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-635-237-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8836616909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8836616909"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84426-239-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84426-239-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-901387-20-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-901387-20-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0907660797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907660797"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-87900-351-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87900-351-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-904497-14-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-904497-14-5"}],"text":"Constellation Congress: Koo Jeong A. New Haven: Yale University Press (2012). ISBN 978-0-300-18880-6\nOtro: Koo Jeong A. Vassiviere: Le Centre International d'Art et du Paysage (2012). ISBN 978-2-910850-55-5\n9 Nove/Nine: Koo Jeong A. Lisbon: Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian (2011). ISBN 978-972-635-237-2\nOussseux Milan: Silvana Editions (2010). ISBN 8836616909\nFlammariousss: Koo Jeong A & Edouard Glissant Paris: Yvon Lambert (2006).[20]\nKoo Jeong-A : 315 n° 1 Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou (2004). ISBN 2-84426-239-2\nFrozen With A Smile: Koo Jeong A. Kitayushu: Silvana Editions (2010). ISBN 4-901387-20-0\nThe Land of Ousss Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery (2002). Ireland ISBN 0907660797\nKoo Jeong A. Paris: Editions des musees de la Ville de Paris (1997). ISBN 2-87900-351-2\nMigrateurs: Koo Jeong A. Paris: ARC Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (1994). ISBN 2-904497-14-5","title":"Publications"}]
[]
[{"title":"Installation art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"}]
[{"reference":"Berrebi, Sophie (9 September 1999). \"Koo Jeong-a\". Frieze. No. 48. ISSN 0962-0672. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 2020-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://frieze.com/article/koo-jeong","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong-a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-0672","url_text":"0962-0672"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025013620/https://www.frieze.com/article/koo-jeong","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong-A\". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/koo-jeong-a","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong-A\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818065649/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/koo-jeong-a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Roberta (5 December 2003). \"Art in Review; Koo Jeong-a\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/05/arts/art-in-review-koo-jeong-a.html","url_text":"\"Art in Review; Koo Jeong-a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Koplos, Janet (28 March 2011). \"Koo Jeong A\". ARTnews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/koo-jeong-a-60862/","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220823023713/https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/koo-jeong-a-60862/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace\". Artpace. Spring 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace","url_text":"\"Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220127213057/https://artpace.org/exhibitions/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"14th International Architecture Exhibition – la Biennale di Venezia\". Pro Helvetica. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://biennials.ch/home/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectId=18","url_text":"\"14th International Architecture Exhibition – la Biennale di Venezia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220703230937/https://www.biennials.ch/home/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectId=18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A | Biography\". Pilar Corrias. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pilarcorrias.com/artists/43-koo-jeong-a/biography/","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A | Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918192526/https://www.pilarcorrias.com/artists/43-koo-jeong-a/biography/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A and Rirkrit Tiravanija at Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester\". Pilar Corrias. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103847/https://www.pilarcorrias.com/news/koo-jeong-a-and-rirkrit-tiravanija-at-manchester-art-gallery/","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A and Rirkrit Tiravanija at Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester\""},{"url":"http://www.pilarcorrias.com/news/koo-jeong-a-and-rirkrit-tiravanija-at-manchester-art-gallery/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A\". Yvon Lambert. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728062516/http://www.yvon-lambert.com/2012/?page_id=220&rub=cv","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A\""},{"url":"http://www.yvon-lambert.com/2012/?page_id=220&rub=cv","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A - 20\". Pinksummer Contemporary Art. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinksummer.com/en/koo-jeong-a-20/","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A - 20\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210303202339/https://www.pinksummer.com/en/koo-jeong-a-20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A, Constellation Congress [Dia:Beacon]\". Dia Art. 2010–2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diaart.org/program/past-programs/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress-diabeacon-exhibition/year/2010","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A, Constellation Congress [Dia:Beacon]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164153/https://www.diaart.org/program/past-programs/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress-diabeacon-exhibition/year/2010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong-A\". Aspen Art Museum (Archive). 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.aspenartmuseum.org/archive/archive_koo_jeong_a.html","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong-A\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928125801/http://old.aspenartmuseum.org/archive/archive_koo_jeong_a.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A: Constellation Congress\". Asia Art Archive in America. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026120055/http://www.aaa-a.org/events/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress/","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A: Constellation Congress\""},{"url":"http://www.aaa-a.org/events/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hugo Boss Prize 2002 Shortlist\". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042754/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/press-room/releases/press-release-archive/2002/673-january-10-hugo-boss-prize-2002-shortlist-","url_text":"\"Hugo Boss Prize 2002 Shortlist\""},{"url":"http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/press-room/releases/press-release-archive/2002/673-january-10-hugo-boss-prize-2002-shortlist-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dailey, Meghan. \"Koo Jeong-A - Oslo\". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/12221","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong-A - Oslo\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20221102012703/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/12221","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Cedric', Koo Jeong-A, 2003\". Tate. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/koo-cedric-t12761","url_text":"\"'Cedric', Koo Jeong-A, 2003\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211207095311/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/koo-cedric-t12761","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong-a - Snowy Sunny Days\". Astrup Fearnley Museum. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729182006/http://afmuseet.no/en/samlingen/utvalgte-kunstnere/k/koo-jeong-a/snowy-sunny-days","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong-a - Snowy Sunny Days\""},{"url":"http://afmuseet.no/en/samlingen/utvalgte-kunstnere/k/koo-jeong-a/snowy-sunny-days","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong A\". Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/collections-en-ligne#/artwork/180000000007410","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong A\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20221102020527/https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/collections-en-ligne%23/artwork/180000000007410","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Koo Jeong-a & Édouard Glissant - Flammariousss\". Yvon Lambert Bookshop. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yvon-lambert.com/products/koo-jeong-a-edouard-glissant-flammariousss","url_text":"\"Koo Jeong-a & Édouard Glissant - Flammariousss\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522012341/https://www.yvon-lambert.com/products/koo-jeong-a-edouard-glissant-flammariousss","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.koojeonga.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.koojeonga.com"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jpg3R0n9tk","external_links_name":"60th Venice Biennale"},{"Link":"https://www.pilarcorrias.com/artists/43-koo-jeong-a/biography/","external_links_name":"Koo Jeong A"},{"Link":"http://www.pinksummer.com/en/portfolio_page/koo-jeong-a/","external_links_name":"Koo Jeong A"},{"Link":"https://frieze.com/article/koo-jeong","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong-a\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-0672","external_links_name":"0962-0672"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025013620/https://www.frieze.com/article/koo-jeong","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/koo-jeong-a","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong-A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818065649/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/koo-jeong-a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/05/arts/art-in-review-koo-jeong-a.html","external_links_name":"\"Art in Review; Koo Jeong-a\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/koo-jeong-a-60862/","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220823023713/https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/koo-jeong-a-60862/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace","external_links_name":"\"Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220127213057/https://artpace.org/exhibitions/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://biennials.ch/home/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectId=18","external_links_name":"\"14th International Architecture Exhibition – la Biennale di Venezia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220703230937/https://www.biennials.ch/home/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectId=18","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pilarcorrias.com/artists/43-koo-jeong-a/biography/","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A | Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918192526/https://www.pilarcorrias.com/artists/43-koo-jeong-a/biography/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103847/https://www.pilarcorrias.com/news/koo-jeong-a-and-rirkrit-tiravanija-at-manchester-art-gallery/","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A and Rirkrit Tiravanija at Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester\""},{"Link":"http://www.pilarcorrias.com/news/koo-jeong-a-and-rirkrit-tiravanija-at-manchester-art-gallery/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728062516/http://www.yvon-lambert.com/2012/?page_id=220&rub=cv","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A\""},{"Link":"http://www.yvon-lambert.com/2012/?page_id=220&rub=cv","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pinksummer.com/en/koo-jeong-a-20/","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A - 20\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210303202339/https://www.pinksummer.com/en/koo-jeong-a-20/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.diaart.org/program/past-programs/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress-diabeacon-exhibition/year/2010","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A, Constellation Congress [Dia:Beacon]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164153/https://www.diaart.org/program/past-programs/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress-diabeacon-exhibition/year/2010","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/archive/exhibition/artists/","external_links_name":"\"La Biennale di Venezia - Artists\""},{"Link":"http://old.aspenartmuseum.org/archive/archive_koo_jeong_a.html","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong-A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928125801/http://old.aspenartmuseum.org/archive/archive_koo_jeong_a.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026120055/http://www.aaa-a.org/events/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress/","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A: Constellation Congress\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaa-a.org/events/koo-jeong-a-constellation-congress/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042754/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/press-room/releases/press-release-archive/2002/673-january-10-hugo-boss-prize-2002-shortlist-","external_links_name":"\"Hugo Boss Prize 2002 Shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/press-room/releases/press-release-archive/2002/673-january-10-hugo-boss-prize-2002-shortlist-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/12221","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong-A - Oslo\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20221102012703/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/12221","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/koo-cedric-t12761","external_links_name":"\"'Cedric', Koo Jeong-A, 2003\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211207095311/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/koo-cedric-t12761","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729182006/http://afmuseet.no/en/samlingen/utvalgte-kunstnere/k/koo-jeong-a/snowy-sunny-days","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong-a - Snowy Sunny Days\""},{"Link":"http://afmuseet.no/en/samlingen/utvalgte-kunstnere/k/koo-jeong-a/snowy-sunny-days","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/collections-en-ligne#/artwork/180000000007410","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong A\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20221102020527/https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/collections-en-ligne%23/artwork/180000000007410","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.yvon-lambert.com/products/koo-jeong-a-edouard-glissant-flammariousss","external_links_name":"\"Koo Jeong-a & Édouard Glissant - Flammariousss\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522012341/https://www.yvon-lambert.com/products/koo-jeong-a-edouard-glissant-flammariousss","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/446954/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081146415","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35292507","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGQHFDrYFh3p7G4hB773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3113614","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13617949b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13617949b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120665190","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007386348905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00008297","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p353893463","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/31312","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/254063","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500294101","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/056588607","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis
Necrosis
["1 Classification","1.1 Morphological patterns","1.2 Other clinical classifications of necrosis","2 Causes","2.1 External factors","2.2 Internal factors","3 Pathogenesis","3.1 Pathways","3.2 Histopathological changes","4 Treatment","5 In plants","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Unprogrammed cell death caused by external cell injury For other uses, see Necrosis (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Narcosis. Structural changes of cells undergoing necrosis and apoptosis Necrosis (from Ancient Greek νέκρωσης (nékrōsis) 'death') is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal. Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space. This initiates an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue, which attracts leukocytes and nearby phagocytes which eliminate the dead cells by phagocytosis. However, microbial damaging substances released by leukocytes would create collateral damage to surrounding tissues. This excess collateral damage inhibits the healing process. Thus, untreated necrosis results in a build-up of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. A classic example is gangrene. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically, a procedure known as debridement. Classification Structural signs that indicate irreversible cell injury and the progression of necrosis include dense clumping and progressive disruption of genetic material, and disruption to membranes of cells and organelles. Morphological patterns There are six distinctive morphological patterns of necrosis: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the formation of a gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained, and can be observed by light microscopy. Coagulation occurs as a result of protein denaturation, causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state. This pattern of necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low-oxygen) environments, such as infarction. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in tissues such as the kidney, heart and adrenal glands. Severe ischemia most commonly causes necrosis of this form. Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass. This is typical of bacterial, or sometimes fungal, infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory response. The necrotic liquid mass is frequently creamy yellow due to the presence of dead leukocytes and is commonly known as pus. Hypoxic infarcts in the brain presents as this type of necrosis, because the brain contains little connective tissue but high amounts of digestive enzymes and lipids, and cells therefore can be readily digested by their own enzymes. Gangrenous necrosis can be considered a type of coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue. It is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and the gastrointestinal tracts. Both dry gangrene and gas gangrene can lead to this type of necrosis. If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, then liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene). Caseous necrosis can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis), fungi and some foreign substances. The necrotic tissue appears as white and friable, like clumped cheese. Dead cells disintegrate but are not completely digested, leaving granular particles. Microscopic examination shows amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border. Some granulomas contain this pattern of necrosis. Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as the pancreas. In the pancreas it leads to acute pancreatitis, a condition where the pancreatic enzymes leak out into the peritoneal cavity, and liquefy the membrane by splitting the triglyceride esters into fatty acids through fat saponification. Calcium, magnesium or sodium may bind to these lesions to produce a chalky-white substance. The calcium deposits are microscopically distinctive and may be large enough to be visible on radiographic examinations. To the naked eye, calcium deposits appear as gritty white flecks. Fibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. It is marked by complexes of antigen and antibodies, referred to as immune complexes deposited within arterial walls together with fibrin. Other clinical classifications of necrosis There are also very specific forms of necrosis such as gangrene (term used in clinical practices for limbs which have had severe hypoxia), gummatous necrosis (due to spirochaetal infections) and hemorrhagic necrosis (due to the blockage of venous drainage of an organ or tissue). Myonecrosis is the death of individual muscle fibres due to injury, hypoxia, or infection. Common causes include spontaneous diabetic myonecrosis (a.k.a diabetic muscle infarction) and clostridial myonecrosis (a.k.a gas gangrene). Some spider bites may lead to necrosis. In the United States, only spider bites from the brown recluse spider (genus Loxosceles) reliably progress to necrosis. In other countries, spiders of the same genus, such as the Chilean recluse in South America, are also known to cause necrosis. Claims that yellow sac spiders and hobo spiders possess necrotic venom have not been substantiated. In blind mole rats (genus Spalax), the process of necrosis replaces the role of the systematic apoptosis normally used in many organisms. Low oxygen conditions, such as those common in blind mole rats' burrows, usually cause cells to undergo apoptosis. In adaptation to higher tendency of cell death, blind mole rats evolved a mutation in the tumor suppressor protein p53 (which is also used in humans) to prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis. Human cancer patients have similar mutations, and blind mole rats were thought to be more susceptible to cancer because their cells cannot undergo apoptosis. However, after a specific amount of time (within 3 days according to a study conducted at the University of Rochester), the cells in blind mole rats release interferon-beta (which the immune system normally uses to counter viruses) in response to over-proliferation of cells caused by the suppression of apoptosis. In this case, the interferon-beta triggers cells to undergo necrosis, and this mechanism also kills cancer cells in blind mole rats. Because of tumor suppression mechanisms such as this, blind mole rats and other spalacids are resistant to cancer. Causes Necrotic leg wound caused by a brown recluse spider bite Necrosis may occur due to external or internal factors. External factors External factors may involve mechanical trauma (physical damage to the body which causes cellular breakdown), electric shock, damage to blood vessels (which may disrupt blood supply to associated tissue), and ischemia. Thermal effects (extremely high or low temperature) can often result in necrosis due to the disruption of cells, especially in bone cells. In frostbite, crystals form, increasing the pressure of remaining tissue and fluid causing the cells to burst. Under extreme conditions tissues and cells may die through an unregulated process of membrane and cytosol destruction. Internal factors Internal factors causing necrosis include: trophoneurotic disorders (diseases that occur due to defective nerve action in a part of an organ which results in failure of nutrition); injury and paralysis of nerve cells. Pancreatic enzymes (lipases) are the major cause of fat necrosis. Necrosis can be activated by components of the immune system, such as the complement system; bacterial toxins; activated natural killer cells; and peritoneal macrophages. Pathogen-induced necrosis programs in cells with immunological barriers (intestinal mucosa) may alleviate invasion of pathogens through surfaces affected by inflammation. Toxins and pathogens may cause necrosis; toxins such as snake venoms may inhibit enzymes and cause cell death. Necrotic wounds have also resulted from the stings of Vespa mandarinia. Pathological conditions are characterized by inadequate secretion of cytokines. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also accompanied by intense necrotic death of cells. A classic example of a necrotic condition is ischemia which leads to a drastic depletion of oxygen, glucose, and other trophic factors and induces massive necrotic death of endothelial cells and non-proliferating cells of surrounding tissues (neurons, cardiomyocytes, renal cells, etc.). Recent cytological data indicates that necrotic death occurs not only during pathological events but it is also a component of some physiological process. Activation-induced death of primary T lymphocytes and other important constituents of the immune response are caspase-independent and necrotic by morphology; hence, current researchers have demonstrated that necrotic cell death can occur not only during pathological processes, but also during normal processes such as tissue renewal, embryogenesis, and immune response. Pathogenesis Pathways Until recently, necrosis was thought to be an unregulated process. However, there are two broad pathways in which necrosis may occur in an organism. The first of these two pathways initially involves oncosis, where swelling of the cells occurs. Affected cells then proceed to blebbing, and this is followed by pyknosis, in which nuclear shrinkage transpires. In the final step of this pathway cell nuclei are dissolved into the cytoplasm, which is referred to as karyolysis. The second pathway is a secondary form of necrosis that is shown to occur after apoptosis and budding. In these cellular changes of necrosis, the nucleus breaks into fragments (known as karyorrhexis). Histopathological changes Further information: Myocardial infarction diagnosis Karyolysis (and contraction band necrosis) in myocardial infarction (heart attack) The nucleus changes in necrosis and characteristics of this change are determined by the manner in which its DNA breaks down: Karyolysis: the chromatin of the nucleus fades due to the loss of the DNA by degradation. Karyorrhexis: the shrunken nucleus fragments to complete dispersal. Pyknosis: the nucleus shrinks, and the chromatin condenses. Other typical cellular changes in necrosis include: Cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia on samples with H&E stain. It is seen as a darker stain of the cytoplasm. The cell membrane appears discontinuous when viewed with an electron microscope. This discontinuous membrane is caused by cell blebbing and the loss of microvilli. On a larger histologic scale, pseudopalisades (false palisades) are hypercellular zones that typically surround necrotic tissue. Pseudopalisading necrosis indicates an aggressive tumor. Pyknosis in a bile infarct Cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia (seen in left half of image) Pseudopalisading seen around necrosis in glioblastoma Treatment There are many causes of necrosis, and as such treatment is based upon how the necrosis came about. Treatment of necrosis typically involves two distinct processes: Usually, the underlying cause of the necrosis must be treated before the dead tissue itself can be dealt with. Debridement, referring to the removal of dead tissue by surgical or non-surgical means, is the standard therapy for necrosis. Depending on the severity of the necrosis, this may range from removal of small patches of skin to complete amputation of affected limbs or organs. Chemical removal of necrotic tissue is another option in which enzymatic debriding agents, categorised as proteolytic, fibrinolytic or collagenases, are used to target the various components of dead tissue. In select cases, special maggot therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has been employed to remove necrotic tissue and infection. In the case of ischemia, which includes myocardial infarction, the restriction of blood supply to tissues causes hypoxia and the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that react with, and damage proteins and membranes. Antioxidant treatments can be applied to scavenge the ROS. Wounds caused by physical agents, including physical trauma and chemical burns, can be treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent bacterial infection and inflammation. Keeping the wound clean from infection also prevents necrosis. Chemical and toxic agents (e.g. pharmaceutical drugs, acids, bases) react with the skin leading to skin loss and eventually necrosis. Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the harmful agent, followed by treatment of the wound, including prevention of infection and possibly the use of immunosuppressive therapies such as anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants. In the example of a snake bite, the use of anti-venom halts the spread of toxins whilst receiving antibiotics to impede infection. Even after the initial cause of the necrosis has been halted, the necrotic tissue will remain in the body. The body's immune response to apoptosis, which involves the automatic breaking down and recycling of cellular material, is not triggered by necrotic cell death due to the apoptotic pathway being disabled. In plants If calcium is deficient, pectin cannot be synthesized, and therefore the cell walls cannot be bonded and thus an impediment of the meristems. This will lead to necrosis of stem and root tips and leaf edges. For example, necrosis of tissue can occur in Arabidopsis thaliana due to plant pathogens. Cacti such as the Saguaro and Cardon in the Sonoran Desert experience necrotic patch formation regularly; a species of Dipterans called Drosophila mettleri has developed a p450 detoxification system to enable it to use the exudates released in these patches to both nest and feed larvae. See also Avascular necrosis Frostbite Gangrene Necroptosis Necrotizing fasciitis Osteonecrosis of the jaw Toxic epidermal necrolysis References ^ a b c d e Proskuryakov SY, Konoplyannikov AG, Gabai VL (February 2003). "Necrosis: a specific form of programmed cell death?". Experimental Cell Research. 283 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00027-7. PMID 12565815. ^ Gerschenson, L.E.; Geske, F. Jon (April 2001). "Virchow and Apoptosis". The American Journal of Pathology. 158 (4): 1543. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64105-3. PMC 1891904. PMID 11290572. ^ Kasper DL, Zaleznik DF (2001). "Gas gangrene, antibiotic associated colitis, and other Clostridial infections". In Stone RM (ed.). Harrison's principles of internal medicine self-assessment and board review (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. pp. 922–927. ISBN 978-0071386784. ^ Nirmala JG, Lopus M (April 2020). "Cell death mechanisms in eukaryotes". Cell Biology and Toxicology. 36 (2): 145–164. doi:10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2. PMID 31820165. S2CID 208869679. ^ Rock KL, Kono H (2008). "The inflammatory response to cell death". Annual Review of Pathology. 3: 99–126. doi:10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456. PMC 3094097. PMID 18039143. ^ a b c d e f g Craft J, Gordon C, Tiziani A, Huether SE, McCance KL, Brashers VL (2010). Understanding pathophysiology (1st ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia. ISBN 978-0729539517. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Fausto N (2010). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 12–41. ISBN 978-1416031215. ^ a b c McConnell TH (2007). The nature of disease: pathology for the health professions. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781753173. ^ Sattar (2015). Fundamentals of Pathology (2015th ed.). Chicago, IL: Pathoma LLC. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-9832246-2-4. ^ a b Stevens A, Lowe JS, Young B, Deakin PJ (2002). Wheater's basic histopathology: a colour atlas and text (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0443070013. ^ "Medical Definition of Myonecrosis; Doctor Written". RxList. Retrieved 2023-06-09. ^ Saey TH (5 November 2012). "Cancer cells self-destruct in blind mole rats". Science News. Society for Science and the Public. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012. ^ Gorbunova V, Hine C, Tian X, Ablaeva J, Gudkov AV, Nevo E, Seluanov A (November 2012). "Cancer resistance in the blind mole rat is mediated by concerted necrotic cell death mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (47): 19392–19396. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10919392G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217211109. PMC 3511137. PMID 23129611. ^ Khalid N, Azimpouran M (2023). "Necrosis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32491559. Retrieved 2023-09-19. ^ a b c d e f Raffray M, Cohen GM (September 1997). "Apoptosis and necrosis in toxicology: a continuum or distinct modes of cell death?". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 75 (3): 153–177. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00037-5. PMID 9504137. ^ Kniha K, Heussen N, Weber E, Möhlhenrich SC, Hölzle F, Modabber A (August 2020). "Temperature Threshold Values of Bone Necrosis for Thermo-Explantation of Dental Implants-A Systematic Review on Preclinical In Vivo Research". Materials. 13 (16): 3461. Bibcode:2020Mate...13.3461K. doi:10.3390/ma13163461. PMC 7476012. PMID 32781597. ^ "Frostbite". Harvard Health. 2020-08-16. Retrieved 2023-09-19. ^ Nazarian RM, Van Cott EM, Zembowicz A, Duncan LM (August 2009). "Warfarin-induced skin necrosis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 61 (2): 325–332. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.039. PMID 19615543. ^ Yanagawa Y, Morita K, Sugiura T, Okada Y (10 October 1980). "Cutaneous hemorrhage or necrosis findings after Vespa mandarinia (wasp) stings may predict the occurrence of multiple organ injury: a case report and review of literature". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (7): 803–807. doi:10.1080/15563650701664871. PMID 17952752. S2CID 11337426. ^ "Cell death regulation: trophic factors". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. ^ a b c d e f g Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Vandenabeele P, Abrams J, Alnemri ES, Baehrecke EH, et al. (January 2009). "Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009". Cell Death and Differentiation. 16 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.150. PMC 2744427. PMID 18846107. ^ Marchevsky AM, Balzer B, Abdul-Karim FW (2014). "Frozen Section Diagnosis". Intraoperative Consultation E-Book. Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-323-32299-7. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. ^ Wippold FJ, Lämmle M, Anatelli F, Lennerz J, Perry A (2006). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: palisades and pseudopalisades". AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 27 (10): 2037–2041. PMC 7977220. PMID 17110662. ^ Singhal A, Reis ED, Kerstein MD (2001). "Options for nonsurgical debridement of necrotic wounds". Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 14 (2): 96–100, quiz 102–3. doi:10.1097/00129334-200103000-00014. PMID 11899913. ^ Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Pritchard DI (2005). "Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon the migration of human dermal fibroblasts over a fibronectin-coated surface". Wound Repair and Regeneration. 13 (4): 422–433. doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130410.x. PMID 16008732. S2CID 7861732. ^ Eum HA, Cha YN, Lee SM (June 2007). "Necrosis and apoptosis: sequence of liver damage following reperfusion after 60 min ischemia in rats". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 358 (2): 500–505. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.153. PMID 17490613. ^ Cooper KL (August 2012). "Drug reaction, skin care, skin loss". Critical Care Nurse. 32 (4): 52–59. doi:10.4037/ccn2012340. PMID 22855079. ^ Chotenimitkhun R, Rojnuckarin P (February 2008). "Systemic antivenom and skin necrosis after green pit viper bites". Clinical Toxicology. 46 (2): 122–125. doi:10.1080/15563650701266826. PMID 18259959. S2CID 6827421. ^ Edinger AL, Thompson CB (December 2004). "Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16 (6): 663–669. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011. PMID 15530778. ^ Capon B (2010). Botany for gardeners (3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-095-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Necrosis. Toxicology Conundrum #018—Life in the Fast Lane Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. "Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008. Secondary necrosis of a neutrophil vtePathologyPrinciples of pathology Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Myocytolysis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome/Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross processing Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Necrosis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Narcosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcosis_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Structural_changes_of_cells_undergoing_necrosis_or_apoptosis.png"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"νέκρωσης","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"cell injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_injury"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_death"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"autolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proskuryakov-1"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Virchow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kasper-3"},{"link_name":"cell membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"extracellular space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_space"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proskuryakov-1"},{"link_name":"inflammatory response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"phagocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte"},{"link_name":"phagocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"decomposing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"surgically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_procedure"},{"link_name":"debridement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debridement"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For other uses, see Necrosis (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Narcosis.Structural changes of cells undergoing necrosis and apoptosisNecrosis (from Ancient Greek νέκρωσης (nékrōsis) 'death') is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.[1] The term \"necrosis\" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology.[2] Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal.[3]Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity[4] and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space.[1] This initiates an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue, which attracts leukocytes and nearby phagocytes which eliminate the dead cells by phagocytosis. However, microbial damaging substances released by leukocytes would create collateral damage to surrounding tissues.[5] This excess collateral damage inhibits the healing process. Thus, untreated necrosis results in a build-up of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. A classic example is gangrene. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically, a procedure known as debridement.[citation needed]","title":"Necrosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"}],"text":"Structural signs that indicate irreversible cell injury and the progression of necrosis include dense clumping and progressive disruption of genetic material, and disruption to membranes of cells and organelles.[6]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"Coagulative necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"denaturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"albumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"},{"link_name":"hypoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McConnell-8"},{"link_name":"Liquefactive necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocyte"},{"link_name":"pus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"Hypoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"infarcts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infarction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"},{"link_name":"Gangrenous necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrenous_necrosis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Caseous necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseous_necrosis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"},{"link_name":"mycobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteria"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"friable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"},{"link_name":"amorphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"granulomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-10"},{"link_name":"Fat necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_necrosis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-10"},{"link_name":"lipases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase"},{"link_name":"pancreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"pancreatic enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_enzymes"},{"link_name":"peritoneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"},{"link_name":"triglyceride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride"},{"link_name":"fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acids"},{"link_name":"saponification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craft-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McConnell-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McConnell-8"},{"link_name":"Fibrinoid necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis"},{"link_name":"antigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies"},{"link_name":"immune complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_complex"},{"link_name":"arterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"fibrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"}],"sub_title":"Morphological patterns","text":"There are six distinctive morphological patterns of necrosis:[7]Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the formation of a gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained,[7] and can be observed by light microscopy. Coagulation occurs as a result of protein denaturation, causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state.[6] This pattern of necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low-oxygen) environments, such as infarction. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in tissues such as the kidney, heart and adrenal glands.[6] Severe ischemia most commonly causes necrosis of this form.[8]\nLiquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass.[7] This is typical of bacterial, or sometimes fungal, infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory response. The necrotic liquid mass is frequently creamy yellow due to the presence of dead leukocytes and is commonly known as pus.[7] Hypoxic infarcts in the brain presents as this type of necrosis, because the brain contains little connective tissue but high amounts of digestive enzymes and lipids, and cells therefore can be readily digested by their own enzymes.[6]\nGangrenous necrosis can be considered a type of coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue. It is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and the gastrointestinal tracts. Both dry gangrene and gas gangrene can lead to this type of necrosis. If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, then liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene).[9]\nCaseous necrosis can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,[6] typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis), fungi and some foreign substances. The necrotic tissue appears as white and friable, like clumped cheese. Dead cells disintegrate but are not completely digested, leaving granular particles.[6] Microscopic examination shows amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border.[7] Some granulomas contain this pattern of necrosis.[10]\nFat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue,[10] resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as the pancreas. In the pancreas it leads to acute pancreatitis, a condition where the pancreatic enzymes leak out into the peritoneal cavity, and liquefy the membrane by splitting the triglyceride esters into fatty acids through fat saponification.[7] Calcium, magnesium or sodium may bind to these lesions to produce a chalky-white substance.[6] The calcium deposits are microscopically distinctive and may be large enough to be visible on radiographic examinations.[8] To the naked eye, calcium deposits appear as gritty white flecks.[8]\nFibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. It is marked by complexes of antigen and antibodies, referred to as immune complexes deposited within arterial walls[7] together with fibrin.[7]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"gummatous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummatous"},{"link_name":"spirochaetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaete"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gas gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"spider bites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite"},{"link_name":"brown recluse spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_recluse_spider"},{"link_name":"Loxosceles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxosceles"},{"link_name":"Chilean recluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_recluse"},{"link_name":"yellow sac spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_sac_spider"},{"link_name":"hobo spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo_spider"},{"link_name":"venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spalax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalax"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"tumor suppressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor"},{"link_name":"p53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53"},{"link_name":"interferon-beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-beta"},{"link_name":"spalacids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalacid"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23129611-13"}],"sub_title":"Other clinical classifications of necrosis","text":"There are also very specific forms of necrosis such as gangrene (term used in clinical practices for limbs which have had severe hypoxia), gummatous necrosis (due to spirochaetal infections) and hemorrhagic necrosis (due to the blockage of venous drainage of an organ or tissue).[citation needed]\nMyonecrosis is the death of individual muscle fibres due to injury, hypoxia, or infection. Common causes include spontaneous diabetic myonecrosis (a.k.a diabetic muscle infarction) and clostridial myonecrosis (a.k.a gas gangrene).[11]\nSome spider bites may lead to necrosis. In the United States, only spider bites from the brown recluse spider (genus Loxosceles) reliably progress to necrosis. In other countries, spiders of the same genus, such as the Chilean recluse in South America, are also known to cause necrosis. Claims that yellow sac spiders and hobo spiders possess necrotic venom have not been substantiated.[citation needed]\nIn blind mole rats (genus Spalax), the process of necrosis replaces the role of the systematic apoptosis normally used in many organisms. Low oxygen conditions, such as those common in blind mole rats' burrows, usually cause cells to undergo apoptosis. In adaptation to higher tendency of cell death, blind mole rats evolved a mutation in the tumor suppressor protein p53 (which is also used in humans) to prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis. Human cancer patients have similar mutations, and blind mole rats were thought to be more susceptible to cancer because their cells cannot undergo apoptosis. However, after a specific amount of time (within 3 days according to a study conducted at the University of Rochester), the cells in blind mole rats release interferon-beta (which the immune system normally uses to counter viruses) in response to over-proliferation of cells caused by the suppression of apoptosis. In this case, the interferon-beta triggers cells to undergo necrosis, and this mechanism also kills cancer cells in blind mole rats. Because of tumor suppression mechanisms such as this, blind mole rats and other spalacids are resistant to cancer.[12][13]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necrotic_leg_wound.png"},{"link_name":"brown recluse spider bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_recluse_spider_bite"}],"text":"Necrotic leg wound caused by a brown recluse spider biteNecrosis may occur due to external or internal factors.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffray-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nzarian-18"}],"sub_title":"External factors","text":"External factors may involve mechanical trauma (physical damage to the body which causes cellular breakdown), electric shock,[14] damage to blood vessels (which may disrupt blood supply to associated tissue), and ischemia.[15] Thermal effects (extremely high or low temperature) can often result in necrosis due to the disruption of cells, especially in bone cells.[16]In frostbite, crystals form, increasing the pressure of remaining tissue and fluid causing the cells to burst.[17] Under extreme conditions tissues and cells may die through an unregulated process of membrane and cytosol destruction.[18]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffray-15"},{"link_name":"complement system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system"},{"link_name":"bacterial toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_toxin"},{"link_name":"natural killer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cells"},{"link_name":"peritoneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proskuryakov-1"},{"link_name":"intestinal mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_mucosa"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proskuryakov-1"},{"link_name":"snake venoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_venom"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffray-15"},{"link_name":"Vespa mandarinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_mandarinia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokines"},{"link_name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"reactive oxygen species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffray-15"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"trophic factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trophic_factors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proskuryakov-1"},{"link_name":"cytological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"physiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffray-15"},{"link_name":"T lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_lymphocyte"},{"link_name":"caspase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase"},{"link_name":"embryogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffray-15"}],"sub_title":"Internal factors","text":"Internal factors causing necrosis include: trophoneurotic disorders (diseases that occur due to defective nerve action in a part of an organ which results in failure of nutrition); injury and paralysis of nerve cells. Pancreatic enzymes (lipases) are the major cause of fat necrosis.[15]Necrosis can be activated by components of the immune system, such as the complement system; bacterial toxins; activated natural killer cells; and peritoneal macrophages.[1] Pathogen-induced necrosis programs in cells with immunological barriers (intestinal mucosa) may alleviate invasion of pathogens through surfaces affected by inflammation.[1] Toxins and pathogens may cause necrosis; toxins such as snake venoms may inhibit enzymes and cause cell death.[15] Necrotic wounds have also resulted from the stings of Vespa mandarinia.[19]Pathological conditions are characterized by inadequate secretion of cytokines. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also accompanied by intense necrotic death of cells.[15] A classic example of a necrotic condition is ischemia which leads to a drastic depletion of oxygen, glucose, and other trophic factors[20] and induces massive necrotic death of endothelial cells and non-proliferating cells of surrounding tissues (neurons, cardiomyocytes, renal cells, etc.).[1] Recent cytological data indicates that necrotic death occurs not only during pathological events but it is also a component of some physiological process.[15]Activation-induced death of primary T lymphocytes and other important constituents of the immune response are caspase-independent and necrotic by morphology; hence, current researchers have demonstrated that necrotic cell death can occur not only during pathological processes, but also during normal processes such as tissue renewal, embryogenesis, and immune response.[15]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pathogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"},{"link_name":"oncosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncosis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"},{"link_name":"blebbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blebbing"},{"link_name":"pyknosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyknosis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"},{"link_name":"karyolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyolysis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"},{"link_name":"karyorrhexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyorrhexis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroemer-21"}],"sub_title":"Pathways","text":"Until recently, necrosis was thought to be an unregulated process.[21] However, there are two broad pathways in which necrosis may occur in an organism.[21]The first of these two pathways initially involves oncosis, where swelling of the cells occurs.[21] Affected cells then proceed to blebbing, and this is followed by pyknosis, in which nuclear shrinkage transpires.[21] In the final step of this pathway cell nuclei are dissolved into the cytoplasm, which is referred to as karyolysis.[21]The second pathway is a secondary form of necrosis that is shown to occur after apoptosis and budding.[21] In these cellular changes of necrosis, the nucleus breaks into fragments (known as karyorrhexis).[21]","title":"Pathogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myocardial infarction diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction_diagnosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MI_with_contraction_bands_very_high_mag.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karyolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyolysis"},{"link_name":"contraction band necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_band_necrosis"},{"link_name":"myocardial infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Karyolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyolysis"},{"link_name":"chromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"Karyorrhexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyorrhexis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"Pyknosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyknosis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"H&E stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26E_stain"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"cell membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane"},{"link_name":"electron microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"microvilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvilli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumar-7"},{"link_name":"palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade_(pathology)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_Bd_obs_4_680x512px.tif"},{"link_name":"Pyknosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyknosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_cytoplasmic_hypereosinophilia_in_a_pituitary_adenoma.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GBM_pseudopalisading_necrosis.jpg"},{"link_name":"glioblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma"}],"sub_title":"Histopathological changes","text":"Further information: Myocardial infarction diagnosisKaryolysis (and contraction band necrosis) in myocardial infarction (heart attack)The nucleus changes in necrosis and characteristics of this change are determined by the manner in which its DNA breaks down:Karyolysis: the chromatin of the nucleus fades due to the loss of the DNA by degradation.[7]\nKaryorrhexis: the shrunken nucleus fragments to complete dispersal.[7]\nPyknosis: the nucleus shrinks, and the chromatin condenses.[7]Other typical cellular changes in necrosis include:Cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia on samples with H&E stain.[22] It is seen as a darker stain of the cytoplasm.\nThe cell membrane appears discontinuous when viewed with an electron microscope. This discontinuous membrane is caused by cell blebbing and the loss of microvilli.[7]On a larger histologic scale, pseudopalisades (false palisades) are hypercellular zones that typically surround necrotic tissue. Pseudopalisading necrosis indicates an aggressive tumor.[23]Pyknosis in a bile infarct\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCytoplasmic hypereosinophilia (seen in left half of image)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPseudopalisading seen around necrosis in glioblastoma","title":"Pathogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Debridement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debridement"},{"link_name":"amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation"},{"link_name":"proteolytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic"},{"link_name":"fibrinolytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolytic"},{"link_name":"collagenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenase"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anu-24"},{"link_name":"maggot therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot_therapy"},{"link_name":"Lucilia sericata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucilia_sericata"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horobin-25"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"myocardial infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"reactive oxygen species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"},{"link_name":"Antioxidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eum-26"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"chemical burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_burns"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory_drugs"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-27"},{"link_name":"snake bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_bite"},{"link_name":"anti-venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-venom"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrotenimitkhum-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edinger-29"}],"text":"There are many causes of necrosis, and as such treatment is based upon how the necrosis came about. Treatment of necrosis typically involves two distinct processes: Usually, the underlying cause of the necrosis must be treated before the dead tissue itself can be dealt with.[citation needed]Debridement, referring to the removal of dead tissue by surgical or non-surgical means, is the standard therapy for necrosis. Depending on the severity of the necrosis, this may range from removal of small patches of skin to complete amputation of affected limbs or organs. Chemical removal of necrotic tissue is another option in which enzymatic debriding agents, categorised as proteolytic, fibrinolytic or collagenases, are used to target the various components of dead tissue.[24] In select cases, special maggot therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has been employed to remove necrotic tissue and infection.[25]\nIn the case of ischemia, which includes myocardial infarction, the restriction of blood supply to tissues causes hypoxia and the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that react with, and damage proteins and membranes. Antioxidant treatments can be applied to scavenge the ROS.[26]\nWounds caused by physical agents, including physical trauma and chemical burns, can be treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent bacterial infection and inflammation. Keeping the wound clean from infection also prevents necrosis.\nChemical and toxic agents (e.g. pharmaceutical drugs, acids, bases) react with the skin leading to skin loss and eventually necrosis. Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the harmful agent, followed by treatment of the wound, including prevention of infection and possibly the use of immunosuppressive therapies such as anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants.[27] In the example of a snake bite, the use of anti-venom halts the spread of toxins whilst receiving antibiotics to impede infection.[28]Even after the initial cause of the necrosis has been halted, the necrotic tissue will remain in the body. The body's immune response to apoptosis, which involves the automatic breaking down and recycling of cellular material, is not triggered by necrotic cell death due to the apoptotic pathway being disabled.[29]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capon_2010-30"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana#Evolutionary_aspect_of_plant-pathogen_resistance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Drosophila mettleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_mettleri"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"If calcium is deficient, pectin cannot be synthesized, and therefore the cell walls cannot be bonded and thus an impediment of the meristems. This will lead to necrosis of stem and root tips and leaf edges.[30] For example, necrosis of tissue can occur in Arabidopsis thaliana due to plant pathogens.[citation needed]Cacti such as the Saguaro and Cardon in the Sonoran Desert experience necrotic patch formation regularly; a species of Dipterans called Drosophila mettleri has developed a p450 detoxification system to enable it to use the exudates released in these patches to both nest and feed larvae.[citation needed]","title":"In plants"}]
[{"image_text":"Structural changes of cells undergoing necrosis and apoptosis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Structural_changes_of_cells_undergoing_necrosis_or_apoptosis.png/350px-Structural_changes_of_cells_undergoing_necrosis_or_apoptosis.png"},{"image_text":"Necrotic leg wound caused by a brown recluse spider bite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Necrotic_leg_wound.png/220px-Necrotic_leg_wound.png"},{"image_text":"Karyolysis (and contraction band necrosis) in myocardial infarction (heart attack)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MI_with_contraction_bands_very_high_mag.jpg/220px-MI_with_contraction_bands_very_high_mag.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Avascular necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avascular_necrosis"},{"title":"Frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"title":"Gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"title":"Necroptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necroptosis"},{"title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis"},{"title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteonecrosis_of_the_jaw"},{"title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis"}]
[{"reference":"Proskuryakov SY, Konoplyannikov AG, Gabai VL (February 2003). \"Necrosis: a specific form of programmed cell death?\". Experimental Cell Research. 283 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00027-7. PMID 12565815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4827%2802%2900027-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00027-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12565815","url_text":"12565815"}]},{"reference":"Gerschenson, L.E.; Geske, F. Jon (April 2001). \"Virchow and Apoptosis\". The American Journal of Pathology. 158 (4): 1543. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64105-3. PMC 1891904. PMID 11290572.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891904","url_text":"\"Virchow and Apoptosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9440%2810%2964105-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64105-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891904","url_text":"1891904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11290572","url_text":"11290572"}]},{"reference":"Kasper DL, Zaleznik DF (2001). \"Gas gangrene, antibiotic associated colitis, and other Clostridial infections\". In Stone RM (ed.). Harrison's principles of internal medicine self-assessment and board review (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. pp. 922–927. ISBN 978-0071386784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071386784","url_text":"978-0071386784"}]},{"reference":"Nirmala JG, Lopus M (April 2020). \"Cell death mechanisms in eukaryotes\". Cell Biology and Toxicology. 36 (2): 145–164. doi:10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2. PMID 31820165. S2CID 208869679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10565-019-09496-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31820165","url_text":"31820165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208869679","url_text":"208869679"}]},{"reference":"Rock KL, Kono H (2008). \"The inflammatory response to cell death\". Annual Review of Pathology. 3: 99–126. doi:10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456. PMC 3094097. PMID 18039143.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3094097","url_text":"\"The inflammatory response to cell death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3094097","url_text":"3094097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039143","url_text":"18039143"}]},{"reference":"Craft J, Gordon C, Tiziani A, Huether SE, McCance KL, Brashers VL (2010). Understanding pathophysiology (1st ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia. ISBN 978-0729539517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0729539517","url_text":"978-0729539517"}]},{"reference":"Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Fausto N (2010). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 12–41. ISBN 978-1416031215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416031215","url_text":"978-1416031215"}]},{"reference":"McConnell TH (2007). The nature of disease: pathology for the health professions. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781753173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781753173","url_text":"978-0781753173"}]},{"reference":"Sattar (2015). Fundamentals of Pathology (2015th ed.). Chicago, IL: Pathoma LLC. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-9832246-2-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9832246-2-4","url_text":"978-0-9832246-2-4"}]},{"reference":"Stevens A, Lowe JS, Young B, Deakin PJ (2002). Wheater's basic histopathology: a colour atlas and text (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0443070013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0443070013","url_text":"978-0443070013"}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Definition of Myonecrosis; Doctor Written\". RxList. Retrieved 2023-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rxlist.com/myonecrosis/definition.htm","url_text":"\"Medical Definition of Myonecrosis; Doctor Written\""}]},{"reference":"Saey TH (5 November 2012). \"Cancer cells self-destruct in blind mole rats\". Science News. Society for Science and the Public. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/346267/description/Cancer_cells_self-destruct_in_blind_mole_rats","url_text":"\"Cancer cells self-destruct in blind mole rats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_News","url_text":"Science News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science_and_the_Public","url_text":"Society for Science and the Public"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619171046/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/346267/description/Cancer_cells_self-destruct_in_blind_mole_rats","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gorbunova V, Hine C, Tian X, Ablaeva J, Gudkov AV, Nevo E, Seluanov A (November 2012). \"Cancer resistance in the blind mole rat is mediated by concerted necrotic cell death mechanism\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (47): 19392–19396. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10919392G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217211109. PMC 3511137. PMID 23129611.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511137","url_text":"\"Cancer resistance in the blind mole rat is mediated by concerted necrotic cell death mechanism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10919392G","url_text":"2012PNAS..10919392G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1217211109","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1217211109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511137","url_text":"3511137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23129611","url_text":"23129611"}]},{"reference":"Khalid N, Azimpouran M (2023). \"Necrosis\". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32491559. Retrieved 2023-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557627/","url_text":"\"Necrosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491559","url_text":"32491559"}]},{"reference":"Raffray M, Cohen GM (September 1997). \"Apoptosis and necrosis in toxicology: a continuum or distinct modes of cell death?\". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 75 (3): 153–177. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00037-5. PMID 9504137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0163-7258%2897%2900037-5","url_text":"10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00037-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9504137","url_text":"9504137"}]},{"reference":"Kniha K, Heussen N, Weber E, Möhlhenrich SC, Hölzle F, Modabber A (August 2020). \"Temperature Threshold Values of Bone Necrosis for Thermo-Explantation of Dental Implants-A Systematic Review on Preclinical In Vivo Research\". Materials. 13 (16): 3461. Bibcode:2020Mate...13.3461K. doi:10.3390/ma13163461. PMC 7476012. PMID 32781597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476012","url_text":"\"Temperature Threshold Values of Bone Necrosis for Thermo-Explantation of Dental Implants-A Systematic Review on Preclinical In Vivo Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Mate...13.3461K","url_text":"2020Mate...13.3461K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma13163461","url_text":"10.3390/ma13163461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476012","url_text":"7476012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32781597","url_text":"32781597"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbite\". Harvard Health. 2020-08-16. Retrieved 2023-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/frostbite-a-to-z","url_text":"\"Frostbite\""}]},{"reference":"Nazarian RM, Van Cott EM, Zembowicz A, Duncan LM (August 2009). \"Warfarin-induced skin necrosis\". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 61 (2): 325–332. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.039. PMID 19615543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2008.12.039","url_text":"10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615543","url_text":"19615543"}]},{"reference":"Yanagawa Y, Morita K, Sugiura T, Okada Y (10 October 1980). \"Cutaneous hemorrhage or necrosis findings after Vespa mandarinia (wasp) stings may predict the occurrence of multiple organ injury: a case report and review of literature\". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (7): 803–807. doi:10.1080/15563650701664871. PMID 17952752. S2CID 11337426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650701664871","url_text":"10.1080/15563650701664871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17952752","url_text":"17952752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11337426","url_text":"11337426"}]},{"reference":"\"Cell death regulation: trophic factors\". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010132549/http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/project2004/Celldeathregulation.htm","url_text":"\"Cell death regulation: trophic factors\""},{"url":"http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/project2004/Celldeathregulation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Vandenabeele P, Abrams J, Alnemri ES, Baehrecke EH, et al. (January 2009). \"Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009\". Cell Death and Differentiation. 16 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.150. PMC 2744427. PMID 18846107.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744427","url_text":"\"Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fcdd.2008.150","url_text":"10.1038/cdd.2008.150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744427","url_text":"2744427"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18846107","url_text":"18846107"}]},{"reference":"Marchevsky AM, Balzer B, Abdul-Karim FW (2014). \"Frozen Section Diagnosis\". Intraoperative Consultation E-Book. Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-323-32299-7. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105603/https://books.google.se/books?id=n8AtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA320","url_text":"\"Frozen Section Diagnosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32299-7","url_text":"978-0-323-32299-7"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n8AtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA320","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wippold FJ, Lämmle M, Anatelli F, Lennerz J, Perry A (2006). \"Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: palisades and pseudopalisades\". AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 27 (10): 2037–2041. PMC 7977220. PMID 17110662.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7977220","url_text":"\"Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: palisades and pseudopalisades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7977220","url_text":"7977220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17110662","url_text":"17110662"}]},{"reference":"Singhal A, Reis ED, Kerstein MD (2001). \"Options for nonsurgical debridement of necrotic wounds\". Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 14 (2): 96–100, quiz 102–3. doi:10.1097/00129334-200103000-00014. PMID 11899913.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00129334-200103000-00014","url_text":"10.1097/00129334-200103000-00014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11899913","url_text":"11899913"}]},{"reference":"Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Pritchard DI (2005). \"Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon the migration of human dermal fibroblasts over a fibronectin-coated surface\". Wound Repair and Regeneration. 13 (4): 422–433. doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130410.x. PMID 16008732. S2CID 7861732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1067-1927.2005.130410.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130410.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16008732","url_text":"16008732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7861732","url_text":"7861732"}]},{"reference":"Eum HA, Cha YN, Lee SM (June 2007). \"Necrosis and apoptosis: sequence of liver damage following reperfusion after 60 min ischemia in rats\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 358 (2): 500–505. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.153. PMID 17490613.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2007.04.153","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490613","url_text":"17490613"}]},{"reference":"Cooper KL (August 2012). \"Drug reaction, skin care, skin loss\". Critical Care Nurse. 32 (4): 52–59. doi:10.4037/ccn2012340. PMID 22855079.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4037%2Fccn2012340","url_text":"\"Drug reaction, skin care, skin loss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4037%2Fccn2012340","url_text":"10.4037/ccn2012340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22855079","url_text":"22855079"}]},{"reference":"Chotenimitkhun R, Rojnuckarin P (February 2008). \"Systemic antivenom and skin necrosis after green pit viper bites\". Clinical Toxicology. 46 (2): 122–125. doi:10.1080/15563650701266826. PMID 18259959. S2CID 6827421.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650701266826","url_text":"10.1080/15563650701266826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18259959","url_text":"18259959"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6827421","url_text":"6827421"}]},{"reference":"Edinger AL, Thompson CB (December 2004). \"Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy\". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16 (6): 663–669. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011. PMID 15530778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2004.09.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15530778","url_text":"15530778"}]},{"reference":"Capon B (2010). Botany for gardeners (3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-095-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-095-8","url_text":"978-1-60469-095-8"}]},{"reference":"Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. \"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections\". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705205656/http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/NecrotizingSoftTissueInfections/tabid/279/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections\""},{"url":"http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/NecrotizingSoftTissueInfections/tabid/279/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4827%2802%2900027-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00027-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12565815","external_links_name":"12565815"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891904","external_links_name":"\"Virchow and Apoptosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9440%2810%2964105-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64105-3"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891904","external_links_name":"1891904"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11290572","external_links_name":"11290572"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10565-019-09496-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31820165","external_links_name":"31820165"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208869679","external_links_name":"208869679"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3094097","external_links_name":"\"The inflammatory response to cell death\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3094097","external_links_name":"3094097"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039143","external_links_name":"18039143"},{"Link":"https://www.rxlist.com/myonecrosis/definition.htm","external_links_name":"\"Medical Definition of Myonecrosis; Doctor Written\""},{"Link":"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/346267/description/Cancer_cells_self-destruct_in_blind_mole_rats","external_links_name":"\"Cancer cells self-destruct in blind mole rats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619171046/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/346267/description/Cancer_cells_self-destruct_in_blind_mole_rats","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511137","external_links_name":"\"Cancer resistance in the blind mole rat is mediated by concerted necrotic cell death mechanism\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10919392G","external_links_name":"2012PNAS..10919392G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1217211109","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1217211109"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511137","external_links_name":"3511137"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23129611","external_links_name":"23129611"},{"Link":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557627/","external_links_name":"\"Necrosis\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491559","external_links_name":"32491559"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0163-7258%2897%2900037-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00037-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9504137","external_links_name":"9504137"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476012","external_links_name":"\"Temperature Threshold Values of Bone Necrosis for Thermo-Explantation of Dental Implants-A Systematic Review on Preclinical In Vivo Research\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Mate...13.3461K","external_links_name":"2020Mate...13.3461K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma13163461","external_links_name":"10.3390/ma13163461"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7476012","external_links_name":"7476012"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32781597","external_links_name":"32781597"},{"Link":"https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/frostbite-a-to-z","external_links_name":"\"Frostbite\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2008.12.039","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.039"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615543","external_links_name":"19615543"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650701664871","external_links_name":"10.1080/15563650701664871"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17952752","external_links_name":"17952752"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11337426","external_links_name":"11337426"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010132549/http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/project2004/Celldeathregulation.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cell death regulation: trophic factors\""},{"Link":"http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/project2004/Celldeathregulation.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744427","external_links_name":"\"Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fcdd.2008.150","external_links_name":"10.1038/cdd.2008.150"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744427","external_links_name":"2744427"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18846107","external_links_name":"18846107"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105603/https://books.google.se/books?id=n8AtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA320","external_links_name":"\"Frozen Section Diagnosis\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n8AtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA320","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7977220","external_links_name":"\"Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: palisades and pseudopalisades\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7977220","external_links_name":"7977220"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17110662","external_links_name":"17110662"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00129334-200103000-00014","external_links_name":"10.1097/00129334-200103000-00014"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11899913","external_links_name":"11899913"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1067-1927.2005.130410.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130410.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16008732","external_links_name":"16008732"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7861732","external_links_name":"7861732"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2007.04.153","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.153"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490613","external_links_name":"17490613"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4037%2Fccn2012340","external_links_name":"\"Drug reaction, skin care, skin loss\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4037%2Fccn2012340","external_links_name":"10.4037/ccn2012340"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22855079","external_links_name":"22855079"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650701266826","external_links_name":"10.1080/15563650701266826"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18259959","external_links_name":"18259959"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6827421","external_links_name":"6827421"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2004.09.011","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15530778","external_links_name":"15530778"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091124192117/http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2009/09/toxicology-conundrum-018/","external_links_name":"Toxicology Conundrum #018"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705205656/http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/NecrotizingSoftTissueInfections/tabid/279/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections\""},{"Link":"http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/NecrotizingSoftTissueInfections/tabid/279/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyHnXEgNL7Q","external_links_name":"Secondary necrosis of a neutrophil"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119508421","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119508421","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171420-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563285605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090575","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph858656&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholf
Sholf
["1 Gameplay","1.1 Singles or doubles","1.2 Stonebridge","2 References","3 External links"]
Sholf at a tailgate party Sholf is a lawn game that is a cross between table shuffleboard and golf. Players take turns putting golf balls into scoring zones printed on a putting green. Gameplay Players take turns putting golf balls, trying to score points, bump opposing golf balls off the green, and/or protect their own golf ball from bump-offs. Each player or team of two players is assigned a golf ball color. After all eight golf balls have been played, each player re-putts their furthest ball from the scoring end. This is called the mulligan ball. The player who is not in scoring position putts their mulligan ball first. Only the team with the closest ball(s) to the scoring end receive points. Balls must completely cross the line to get the higher point value. Play then continues in the opposite direction. The winner of a match is the first to score thirteen points. Singles or doubles Sholf can be played as doubles or singles. In doubles play two contestants are partners against another team of two contestants; in singles play a contestant competes against another contestant. In doubles play, one member from each team putts from one end of the Sholf putting green and the other member putts from the other end. In singles play, both contestants putt from the same end of the putting green. Stonebridge In Stonebridge play the mulligan ball rule is eliminated and matches are played as a best of three series. The winner of each game is the first to score fifteen points and the winner of the match is the first to win two games. References ^ Sholf featured and explained on the news External links Official website This game-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lawn game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_game"},{"link_name":"table shuffleboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_shuffleboard"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_(game)"}],"text":"Sholf is a lawn game that is a cross between table shuffleboard and golf. Players take turns putting golf balls into scoring zones printed on a putting green.","title":"Sholf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan_(games)"}],"text":"Players take turns putting golf balls, trying to score points, bump opposing golf balls off the green, and/or protect their own golf ball from bump-offs. Each player or team of two players is assigned a golf ball color.After all eight golf balls have been played, each player re-putts their furthest ball from the scoring end. This is called the mulligan ball. The player who is not in scoring position putts their mulligan ball first. Only the team with the closest ball(s) to the scoring end receive points. Balls must completely cross the line to get the higher point value. Play then continues in the opposite direction. The winner of a match is the first to score thirteen points.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Singles or doubles","text":"Sholf can be played as doubles or singles.[1] In doubles play two contestants are partners against another team of two contestants; in singles play a contestant competes against another contestant.In doubles play, one member from each team putts from one end of the Sholf putting green and the other member putts from the other end. In singles play, both contestants putt from the same end of the putting green.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stonebridge","text":"In Stonebridge play the mulligan ball rule is eliminated and matches are played as a best of three series. The winner of each game is the first to score fifteen points and the winner of the match is the first to win two games.","title":"Gameplay"}]
[{"image_text":"Sholf at a tailgate party","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/SholfTailgate2.jpg/220px-SholfTailgate2.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6070408409583024744&hl=en","external_links_name":"Sholf featured and explained on the news"},{"Link":"http://www.sholf.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sholf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_knock-on_atom
PKA (irradiation)
["1 Collision Models","2 Damage Models","3 Cascade Damage","4 References","5 See also"]
Atom displaced from its lattice site by an incident particle In condensed-matter physics, a primary knock-on atom (PKA) is an atom that is displaced from its lattice site by irradiation; it is, by definition, the first atom that an incident particle encounters in the target. After it is displaced from its initial lattice site, the PKA can induce the subsequent lattice site displacements of other atoms if it possesses sufficient energy (threshold displacement energy), or come to rest in the lattice at an interstitial site if it does not (interstitial defect). Most of the displaced atoms resulting from electron irradiation and some other types of irradiation are PKAs, since these are usually below the threshold displacement energy and therefore do not have sufficient energy to displace more atoms. In other cases like fast neutron irradiation, most of the displacements result from higher-energy PKAs colliding with other atoms as they slow down to rest. Collision Models Atoms can only be displaced if, upon bombardment, the energy they receive exceeds a threshold energy Ed. Likewise, when a moving atom collides with a stationary atom, both atoms will have energy greater than Ed after the collision only if the original moving atom had an energy exceeding 2Ed. Thus, only PKAs with an energy greater than 2Ed can continue to displace more atoms and increase the total number of displaced atoms. In cases where the PKA does have sufficient energy to displace further atoms, the same truth holds for any subsequently displaced atom. In any scenario, the majority of displaced atoms leave their lattice sites with energies no more than two or three times Ed. Such an atom will collide with another atom approximately every mean interatomic distance traveled, losing half of its energy during the average collision. Assuming that an atom that has slowed down to a kinetic energy of 1 eV becomes trapped in an interstitial site, displaced atoms will typically be trapped no more than a few interatomic distances away from the vacancies they leave behind. There are several possible scenarios for the energy of PKAs, and these lead to different forms of damage. In the case of electron or gamma ray bombardment, the PKA usually does not have sufficient energy to displace more atoms. The resulting damage consists of a random distribution of Frenkel defects, usually with a distance no more than four or five interatomic distances between the interstitial and vacancy. When PKAs receive energy greater than Ed from bombarding electrons, they are able to displace more atoms, and some of the Frenkel defects become groups of interstitial atoms with corresponding vacancies, within a few interatomic distances of each other. In the case of bombardment by fast-moving atoms or ions, groups of vacancies and interstitial atoms widely separated along the track of the atom or ion are produced. As the atom slows down, the cross section for producing PKAs increases, resulting in groups of vacancies and interstitials concentrated at the end of the track. Damage Models A thermal spike is a region in which a moving particle heats up the material surrounding its track through the solid for times of the order of 10−12 s. In its path, a PKA can produce effects similar to those of heating and rapidly quenching a metal, resulting in Frenkel defects. A thermal spike does not last long enough to permit annealing of the Frenkel defects. A different model called the displacement spike was proposed for fast neutron bombardment of heavy elements. With high energy PKAs, the region affected is heated to temperatures above the material's melting point, and instead of considering individual collisions, the entire volume affected could be considered to “melt” for a short period of time. The words “melt” and “liquid” are used loosely here because it is not clear whether the material at such high temperatures and pressures would be a liquid or a dense gas. Upon melting, former interstitials and vacancies become “density fluctuations,” since the surrounding lattice points no longer exist in liquid. In the case of a thermal spike, the temperature is not high enough to maintain the liquid state long enough for density fluctuations to relax and interatomic exchange to occur. A rapid “quenching” effect results in vacancy-interstitial pairs that persist throughout melting and resolidification. Towards the end of the path of a PKA, the rate of energy loss becomes high enough to heat up the material well above its melting point. While the material is melted, atomic interchange occurs as a result of random motion of the atoms initiated by the relaxation of local strains from the density fluctuations. This releases stored energy from these strains that raises the temperature even higher, maintaining the liquid state briefly after most of the density fluctuations disappear. During this time, the turbulent motions continue so that upon resolidification, most of the atoms will occupy new lattice sites. Such regions are called displacement spikes, which, unlike thermal spikes, do not retain Frenkel defects. Based on these theories, there should be two different regions, each retaining a different form of damage, along the path of a PKA. A thermal spike should occur in the earlier part of the path, and this high-energy region retains vacancy-interstitial pairs. There should be a displacement spike towards the end of the path, a low-energy region where atoms have been moved to new lattice sites but no vacancy-interstitial pairs are retained. Cascade Damage The structure of cascade damage is strongly dependent on PKA energy, so the PKA energy spectrum should be used as the basis of evaluating microstructural changes under cascade damage. In thin gold foil, at lower bombardment doses, the interactions of cascades are insignificant, and both visible vacancy clusters and invisible vacancy-rich regions are formed by cascade collision sequences. The interaction of cascades at higher doses was found to produce new clusters near existing groups of vacancy clusters, apparently converting invisible vacancy-rich regions to visible vacancy clusters. These processes are dependent on PKA energy, and from three PKA spectra obtained from fission neutrons, 21 MeV self-ions, and fusion neutrons, the minimum PKA energy required to produce new visible clusters by interaction was estimated to be 165 keV. References ^ a b c d e f "The Displacement of Atoms in Solids by Radiation". Reports on Progress in Physics. 18: 1–51. Bibcode:1955RPPh...18....1K. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/18/1/301. ^ a b c "On the Nature of Radiation Damage in Metals". Journal of Applied Physics. 25: 961. Bibcode:1954JAP....25..961B. doi:10.1063/1.1721810. hdl:2027/mdp.39015095100270. ^ "Primary knock-on atom energy dependence of cascade damage formation and interaction". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 233–237: 1080–1084. Bibcode:1996JNuM..233.1080S. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00446-1. See also Vacancy defect Interstitial defect
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"condensed-matter physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed-matter_physics"},{"link_name":"atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice"},{"link_name":"irradiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiation"},{"link_name":"threshold displacement energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_displacement_energy"},{"link_name":"interstitial site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_site"},{"link_name":"interstitial defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_defect"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"slow down to rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_power"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinchin-1"}],"text":"In condensed-matter physics, a primary knock-on atom (PKA) is an atom that is displaced from its lattice site by irradiation; it is, by definition, the first atom that an incident particle encounters in the target. After it is displaced from its initial lattice site, the PKA can induce the subsequent lattice site displacements of other atoms if it possesses sufficient energy (threshold displacement energy), or come to rest in the lattice at an interstitial site if it does not (interstitial defect).Most of the displaced atoms resulting from electron irradiation and some other types of irradiation are PKAs, since these are usually below the threshold displacement energy and therefore do not have sufficient energy to displace more atoms. In other cases like fast neutron irradiation, most of the displacements result from higher-energy PKAs colliding with other atoms as they slow down to rest.[1]","title":"PKA (irradiation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"threshold energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_displacement_energy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinchin-1"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"eV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinchin-1"},{"link_name":"gamma ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"Frenkel defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel_defect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinchin-1"}],"text":"Atoms can only be displaced if, upon bombardment, the energy they receive exceeds a threshold energy Ed. Likewise, when a moving atom collides with a stationary atom, both atoms will have energy greater than Ed after the collision only if the original moving atom had an energy exceeding 2Ed. Thus, only PKAs with an energy greater than 2Ed can continue to displace more atoms and increase the total number of displaced atoms.[1] In cases where the PKA does have sufficient energy to displace further atoms, the same truth holds for any subsequently displaced atom.In any scenario, the majority of displaced atoms leave their lattice sites with energies no more than two or three times Ed. Such an atom will collide with another atom approximately every mean interatomic distance traveled, losing half of its energy during the average collision. Assuming that an atom that has slowed down to a kinetic energy of 1 eV becomes trapped in an interstitial site, displaced atoms will typically be trapped no more than a few interatomic distances away from the vacancies they leave behind.[1]There are several possible scenarios for the energy of PKAs, and these lead to different forms of damage. In the case of electron or gamma ray bombardment, the PKA usually does not have sufficient energy to displace more atoms. The resulting damage consists of a random distribution of Frenkel defects, usually with a distance no more than four or five interatomic distances between the interstitial and vacancy. When PKAs receive energy greater than Ed from bombarding electrons, they are able to displace more atoms, and some of the Frenkel defects become groups of interstitial atoms with corresponding vacancies, within a few interatomic distances of each other. In the case of bombardment by fast-moving atoms or ions, groups of vacancies and interstitial atoms widely separated along the track of the atom or ion are produced. As the atom slows down, the cross section for producing PKAs increases, resulting in groups of vacancies and interstitials concentrated at the end of the track.[1]","title":"Collision Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinchin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinkman-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinchin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinkman-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinkman-2"}],"text":"A thermal spike is a region in which a moving particle heats up the material surrounding its track through the solid for times of the order of 10−12 s. In its path, a PKA can produce effects similar to those of heating and rapidly quenching a metal, resulting in Frenkel defects. A thermal spike does not last long enough to permit annealing of the Frenkel defects.[1][2]A different model called the displacement spike was proposed for fast neutron bombardment of heavy elements. With high energy PKAs, the region affected is heated to temperatures above the material's melting point, and instead of considering individual collisions, the entire volume affected could be considered to “melt” for a short period of time. The words “melt” and “liquid” are used loosely here because it is not clear whether the material at such high temperatures and pressures would be a liquid or a dense gas. Upon melting, former interstitials and vacancies become “density fluctuations,” since the surrounding lattice points no longer exist in liquid. In the case of a thermal spike, the temperature is not high enough to maintain the liquid state long enough for density fluctuations to relax and interatomic exchange to occur. A rapid “quenching” effect results in vacancy-interstitial pairs that persist throughout melting and resolidification. Towards the end of the path of a PKA, the rate of energy loss becomes high enough to heat up the material well above its melting point. While the material is melted, atomic interchange occurs as a result of random motion of the atoms initiated by the relaxation of local strains from the density fluctuations. This releases stored energy from these strains that raises the temperature even higher, maintaining the liquid state briefly after most of the density fluctuations disappear. During this time, the turbulent motions continue so that upon resolidification, most of the atoms will occupy new lattice sites. Such regions are called displacement spikes, which, unlike thermal spikes, do not retain Frenkel defects.[1][2]Based on these theories, there should be two different regions, each retaining a different form of damage, along the path of a PKA. A thermal spike should occur in the earlier part of the path, and this high-energy region retains vacancy-interstitial pairs. There should be a displacement spike towards the end of the path, a low-energy region where atoms have been moved to new lattice sites but no vacancy-interstitial pairs are retained.[2]","title":"Damage Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The structure of cascade damage is strongly dependent on PKA energy, so the PKA energy spectrum should be used as the basis of evaluating microstructural changes under cascade damage. In thin gold foil, at lower bombardment doses, the interactions of cascades are insignificant, and both visible vacancy clusters and invisible vacancy-rich regions are formed by cascade collision sequences. The interaction of cascades at higher doses was found to produce new clusters near existing groups of vacancy clusters, apparently converting invisible vacancy-rich regions to visible vacancy clusters. These processes are dependent on PKA energy, and from three PKA spectra obtained from fission neutrons, 21 MeV self-ions, and fusion neutrons, the minimum PKA energy required to produce new visible clusters by interaction was estimated to be 165 keV.[3]","title":"Cascade Damage"}]
[]
[{"title":"Vacancy defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacancy_defect"},{"title":"Interstitial defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_defect"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Displacement of Atoms in Solids by Radiation\". Reports on Progress in Physics. 18: 1–51. Bibcode:1955RPPh...18....1K. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/18/1/301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955RPPh...18....1K","url_text":"1955RPPh...18....1K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F18%2F1%2F301","url_text":"10.1088/0034-4885/18/1/301"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Nature of Radiation Damage in Metals\". Journal of Applied Physics. 25: 961. Bibcode:1954JAP....25..961B. doi:10.1063/1.1721810. hdl:2027/mdp.39015095100270.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954JAP....25..961B","url_text":"1954JAP....25..961B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1721810","url_text":"10.1063/1.1721810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015095100270","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015095100270"}]},{"reference":"\"Primary knock-on atom energy dependence of cascade damage formation and interaction\". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 233–237: 1080–1084. Bibcode:1996JNuM..233.1080S. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00446-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JNuM..233.1080S","url_text":"1996JNuM..233.1080S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2896%2900446-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00446-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955RPPh...18....1K","external_links_name":"1955RPPh...18....1K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F18%2F1%2F301","external_links_name":"10.1088/0034-4885/18/1/301"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954JAP....25..961B","external_links_name":"1954JAP....25..961B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1721810","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.1721810"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015095100270","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.39015095100270"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JNuM..233.1080S","external_links_name":"1996JNuM..233.1080S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2896%2900446-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00446-1"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millis_Jefferis
Millis Jefferis
["1 Early career","2 Second World War","2.1 Norway","2.2 MD1","3 Later career","4 Ocean racing","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
British Army general This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (April 2017) Millis Rowland JefferisBorn(1899-01-09)9 January 1899Merstham, SurreyDied5 September 1963(1963-09-05) (aged 64)Porthgwarra, CornwallAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British Army British Indian Army Years of service1918–1953RankMajor-GeneralService number15844UnitRoyal EngineersBattles/warsWorld War IWaziristan CampaignSecond World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireCommander of the Order of the British EmpireMilitary CrossMentioned in dispatchesNorwegian War Cross with swordOther workDeputy Engineer-Chief IndiaEngineer-in-Chief PakistanChief superintendent of the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment Major-General Sir Millis Rowland Jefferis KBE MC (9 January 1899 – 5 September 1963) was a British military officer who founded a special unit of the British Ministry of Supply which developed unusual weapons during the Second World War. Early career Born at Merstham, Surrey on 9 January 1899, Jefferis was educated at Tonbridge School and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. From Woolwich he was commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 6 June 1918, during the final months of World War I, and after passing through the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, he was posted to the First Field Squadron RE in the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). In 1920 he went to India and served with the Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners in the Third Field Troop at Sialkot. In 1922 he went into the Works Services in India as garrison engineer at Kohat and then at Khaisora which is today in Pakistan. He saw active service in the Waziristan Campaign where his main responsibility was the construction of roads. On 12 June 1923 he was awarded the Military Cross, the citation read: The War Office, 12th June, 1923. His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the undermentioned rewards for distinguished service in the Field with the Razmak Force: — Awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Maj. Leslie Charles Bertram Deed, R.E. Awarded the Military Cross. Lt. Millis Rowland Jefferis, R.E. For gallantry and devotion to duty whilst reconnoitring ahead of the road construction parties on the Isha-Razmak road between May and December 1922, and in the supervision of the work. The satisfactory progress of the road was due in great measure to their efforts and disregard of danger. He then returned to Chatham and went to Cambridge University. In 1925, he returned to India and was placed on special duty at Kabul in the foreign and political department. In 1926 he returned to Nowshera as garrison engineer and spent several years in Works Services at Peshawar where he made full use of this engineering genius designing bridges. Also in 1925, he married Ruth Carolyne, daughter of G. E. Wakefield. They had three sons, two of whom went on to serve in the Royal Engineers. On 1 June 1929, Jefferis was promoted to captain. In 1934 he was posted to the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners at Kirkee as a company commander in the training battalion. He returned to Britain in 1936 and joined the Twenty-third Field Company at Aldershot. Moving to the First Field Squadron, he stayed at Aldershot while the unit was being mechanised. While at Aldershot, Jefferis successfully raced horses and played squash competitively. He was promoted major on 6 June 1938, and on 4 April 1939 he was appointed a General Staff Officer, Grade 2 (GSO2). Second World War Norway In 1940, after World War II had begun, Jefferis was sent to Norway. He returned to give a personal account of his activities to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who used his report to brief the War Cabinet: The Prime Minister gave the War Cabinet an account of the report which had been made personally to him by Major Jefferis. Major Jefferis had been sent out to Andalsnes with instructions to blow up the Western railway in Central Norway. He had accordingly gone down the railway line and joined Brigadier Morgan’s Brigade; but the Norwegians had categorically refused to allow him to carry out any demolitions. He had been present when Morgan’s Brigade had been engaged by the enemy. The Germans had attacked with artillery, tanks and armoured cars, which our troops had been without. Far more destructive of morale, however, had been the low-flying attacks with bombs and machine guns. Although the casualties had not been so great as from shell fire, the moral effect of seeing the aircraft coming, of being unable to take cover, of being able to observe the bomb dropping, and of the terrific explosion, had been overwhelming. Jefferis had eventually found himself with the Germans behind him. Picking up a sergeant and two privates, he had succeeded in making his way back to Andalsnes; and on the way he had managed to blow up the girders of two bridges on the German side. He estimated that it would take some three weeks to repair these. At Andalsenes the conditions of air attack had been such as to make it quite impossible to walk down to the jetty during daylight hours. He had spent a day in a sloop in the harbour at which thirty bombs had been aimed. None had hit, but the immunity of a ship under such conditions could only be, in Major Jefferis’s opinion, a matter of time, and he calculated that his life would probably not be more than three days. The general conclusion which he (the Prime Minister) drew from Major Jefferis’s account was that it was quite impossible for land forces to withstand complete air superiority of the kind which the Germans had enjoyed in Norway. This made it all the more imperative to the success of our operations at Narvik that we should establish air bases in that area, not only for fighters, but also for bombers. For his service in Norway, Jefferis was awarded the Norwegian War Cross with sword, and mentioned in dispatches for his efforts in the withdrawal from Lillehammer. MD1 Jefferis started working on sabotage devices for the "Military Intelligence Research" (MIR). When MIR was combined with other hush-hush elements to form the SOE, Jefferis' unit was not included and it instead became a department in the Ministry of Defence; the only unit of the Minister of Defence (The Prime Minister, Winston Churchill) and was known as "MD1", ultimately based in a house called "The Firs" in Whitchurch near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire England. The unit was responsible for the design, development and production of a number of unique special forces and regular munitions during the Second World War. It gained the nickname "Winston Churchill's toyshop". Jefferis was an explosives expert and engineer, but lacked the ability to manage men well. He was assisted in the management of MD1 by a wily assistant – Major Stuart Macrae, whose book Winston Churchill's Toyshop, is still one of the few published works on this unique unit. Over the period of the Second World War, MD1 was responsible for the introduction into service of a total of 26 different devices. Their designs include the PIAT, the Sticky bomb and one of the first magnetic Limpet naval mines. Through the application of the Squash head and HEAT technology they had a role in the development and production of Lt-Col Stewart Blacker's Blacker Bombard, the PIAT (Blacker's smaller version of the bombard) matched to a hollow charge warhead, Hedgehog (effectively an adaption of the Bombard spigot mortar principle working with the Navy's Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development) and tank variants including the AVRE with its "Flying Dustbin" 230mm Petard spigot mortar, and a bridge-laying tank. Jefferis developed the idea of the squash head further. His most ambitious project was a bomb designed to sink capital ships, his ideas were put forward by himself and Lord Cherwell in 1944 and coincided with the Admiralty's interest in developing a homing bomb for use against the Japanese. The development of this weapon was supported by the Air Staff and MAP who allocated it a higher priority that any other anti-capital ship weapon. When the war ended, development of the 'Cherwell-Jefferis' bomb was continued under the code names Journey's End and Blue Boar. Prime Minister Churchill became acquainted with then Jefferis in 1940 and regarded him as a "singularly capable and forceful man." He recommended a promotion to lieutenant colonel so that Jefferis would have more authority. Jefferis received substantive promotion to this rank on 10 February 1944. Jefferis' development of the hollow charge led ultimately to the same design being used, after refinement by James Chadwick, in the core of the plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki. Jefferis was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Churchill in the 1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, having previously been appointed a Commander of the Order (CBE). He was promoted to acting major general on 15 May 1945, and substantive colonel on 14 July 1945. He left the Ministry of Supply on 20 November 1945, reverting to the temporary rank of brigadier. Later career In 1945, Jefferis became deputy Engineer-in-Chief in India and 1947 he became Engineer-in-Chief in Pakistan, holding the temporary rank of major general. He was promoted to substantive brigadier on 1 November 1947, and returned to England on 2 January 1950 to become Chief Superintendent of the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment, reverting to the rank of brigadier on 8 March 1950. He was made ADC to the King on 24 May 1951 and held that appointment until he retired on 18 August 1953, on his retirement he was granted the honorary rank of major-general. As an ADC, Jefferis took part in ]'s funeral, and Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation Procession. He died on 5 September 1963. Ocean racing Jefferis had a passion for ocean racing. In 1938, he built a 7-ton yacht at Aldershot called Prelude with another Royal Engineer officer and they sailed successfully both before and after the war. References ^ General Register Office entry of birth, Jan–Mar 1899, Croydon registration district, Volume 2a Page 278 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sir Millis Jefferis New Weapons of War (Obituary). The Times, 7 September 1963 p10 column E. ^ "No. 32833". The London Gazette. 12 June 1923. pp. 4133–4134. ^ "No. 33500". The London Gazette. 31 May 1929. p. 3587. ^ Point-To-Point Meetings – The Whaddon Chase. The Times newspaper, 14 March 1938 p4 column E. ^ Squash Rackets – Army Championship . The Times newspaper, 9 November 1937 p8 column G. ^ "No. 34517". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 May 1939. p. 3638. ^ "No. 34624". The London Gazette. 9 May 1939. p. 3106. ^ The National Archives, CAB 65/7/1, Conclusion of a Meeting of the War Cabinet held at 10 Downing Street, SW1, on Wednesday, May 1, 1940 at 10:30 am, pp. 5–6. (Free download available.) ^ "No. 35660". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1942. p. 3493. ^ "No. 35020". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 December 1940. pp. 7200–7201. ^ Recommendations for honours and awards, Army—Image details—Jefferis, Millis Rowland—Mention in Despatches, DocumentsOnline, The National Archives (fee usually required to view full original recommendation). Retrieved on 6 November 2008 ^ Thomson, 1958, p63 ^ Royal Engineers Museum Archived 25 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Twigge 1996. pp. 104–105. ^ "No. 36576". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 June 1944. p. 2977. ^ "No. 37227". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1945. pp. 4183–4184. ^ "No. 37236". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 August 1945. p. 4274. ^ "No. 37245". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 August 1945. p. 4377. ^ "No. 37419". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1946. p. 233. ^ "No. 38242". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 March 1948. p. 2007. ^ "No. 38922". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1950. p. 2617. ^ "No. 38854". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 March 1950. p. 1151. ^ "No. 39268". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1951. p. 3479. ^ "No. 39939". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1953. p. 4467. ^ Processions. The Times newspaper, 1 June 1953 p19. ^ "No. 39575". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 1952. pp. 3345–3351. ^ "No. 40020". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 November 1953. pp. 6223–6227. ^ Yacht Racing – The New Lloyd's. The Times newspaper, 25 May 1948 p6 column B. ^ Sports in Brief – Ocean Racing. The Times newspaper, 9 May 1953 p3 column C. Bibliography Thomson, George; William Farren (1958). "Fredrick Alexander Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Volume 4. London: Royal Society. "Stuart Macrae's "Toy Box"". The Mills Grenade Collectors site. Retrieved 6 November 2008. Macrae, Stuart (1971). Winston Churchill's Toyshop. Roundwood Press. ISBN 0-900093-22-6. Twigge, Stephen Robert (1992). The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940–1960. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-3-7186-5297-6. Milton, Giles (2017). Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79898-2. "Sir Millis Jefferis (obituary)". The Times. 7 September 1963. p. 10 column E. Further reading Cornwall portal Delaforce, Patrick (2007). Churchill's Secret Weapons: The Story of Hobart's Funnies. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-464-7. Milton, Giles (2016). The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79895-1. External links Generals of World War II Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"Major-General Sir Millis Rowland Jefferis KBE MC (9 January 1899 – 5 September 1963) was a British military officer who founded a special unit of the British Ministry of Supply which developed unusual weapons during the Second World War.","title":"Millis Jefferis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"School of Military Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Military_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"British Army of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Engineer_Group"},{"link_name":"Kohat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohat"},{"link_name":"Khaisora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spina_Khaisora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Waziristan Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Nowshera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot"},{"link_name":"mechanised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"General Staff Officer, Grade 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born at Merstham, Surrey on 9 January 1899,[1] Jefferis was educated at Tonbridge School and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. From Woolwich he was commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 6 June 1918, during the final months of World War I, and after passing through the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, he was posted to the First Field Squadron RE in the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR).[2]In 1920 he went to India and served with the Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners in the Third Field Troop at Sialkot. In 1922 he went into the Works Services in India as garrison engineer at Kohat and then at Khaisora which is today in Pakistan. He saw active service in the Waziristan Campaign where his main responsibility was the construction of roads.[2] On 12 June 1923 he was awarded the Military Cross, the citation read:The War Office, 12th June, 1923.\nHis Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the undermentioned rewards for distinguished service in the Field with the Razmak Force: —\nAwarded the Distinguished Service Order.\nMaj. Leslie Charles Bertram Deed, R.E.\nAwarded the Military Cross.\nLt. Millis Rowland Jefferis, R.E.\n\nFor gallantry and devotion to duty whilst reconnoitring ahead of the road construction parties on the Isha-Razmak road between May and December 1922, and in the supervision of the work. The satisfactory progress of the road was due in great measure to their efforts and disregard of danger.[3]He then returned to Chatham and went to Cambridge University.[2] In 1925, he returned to India and was placed on special duty at Kabul in the foreign and political department. In 1926 he returned to Nowshera as garrison engineer and spent several years in Works Services at Peshawar where he made full use of this engineering genius designing bridges.[2] Also in 1925, he married Ruth Carolyne, daughter of G. E. Wakefield. They had three sons, two of whom went on to serve in the Royal Engineers.[2] On 1 June 1929, Jefferis was promoted to captain.[4]In 1934 he was posted to the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners at Kirkee as a company commander in the training battalion. He returned to Britain in 1936 and joined the Twenty-third Field Company at Aldershot. Moving to the First Field Squadron, he stayed at Aldershot while the unit was being mechanised.[2] While at Aldershot, Jefferis successfully raced horses and played squash competitively.[5][6] He was promoted major on 6 June 1938,[7] and on 4 April 1939 he was appointed a General Staff Officer, Grade 2 (GSO2).[8]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"War Cross with sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Cross_with_sword"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"mentioned in dispatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches"},{"link_name":"Lillehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Norway","text":"In 1940, after World War II had begun, Jefferis was sent to Norway. He returned to give a personal account of his activities to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who used his report to brief the War Cabinet:The Prime Minister gave the War Cabinet an account of the report which had been made personally to him by Major Jefferis. Major Jefferis had been sent out to Andalsnes with instructions to blow up the Western railway in Central Norway. He had accordingly gone down the railway line and joined Brigadier Morgan’s Brigade; but the Norwegians had categorically refused to allow him to carry out any demolitions. He had been present when Morgan’s Brigade had been engaged by the enemy. The Germans had attacked with artillery, tanks and armoured cars, which our troops had been without. Far more destructive of morale, however, had been the low-flying attacks with bombs and machine guns. Although the casualties had not been so great as from shell fire, the moral effect of seeing the aircraft coming, of being unable to take cover, of being able to observe the bomb dropping, and of the terrific explosion, had been overwhelming.\nJefferis had eventually found himself with the Germans behind him. Picking up a sergeant and two privates, he had succeeded in making his way back to Andalsnes; and on the way he had managed to blow up the girders of two bridges on the German side. He estimated that it would take some three weeks to repair these. At Andalsenes the conditions of air attack had been such as to make it quite impossible to walk down to the jetty during daylight hours. He had spent a day in a sloop in the harbour at which thirty bombs had been aimed. None had hit, but the immunity of a ship under such conditions could only be, in Major Jefferis’s opinion, a matter of time, and he calculated that his life would probably not be more than three days.\n\nThe general conclusion which he (the Prime Minister) drew from Major Jefferis’s account was that it was quite impossible for land forces to withstand complete air superiority of the kind which the Germans had enjoyed in Norway. This made it all the more imperative to the success of our operations at Narvik that we should establish air bases in that area, not only for fighters, but also for bombers.[9]For his service in Norway, Jefferis was awarded the Norwegian War Cross with sword,[10] and mentioned in dispatches for his efforts in the withdrawal from Lillehammer.[11][12]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"MD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD1"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stuart Macrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Macrae_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"PIAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAT"},{"link_name":"Sticky bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_bomb"},{"link_name":"naval mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mines"},{"link_name":"Stewart Blacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Blacker"},{"link_name":"Blacker Bombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacker_Bombard"},{"link_name":"Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Miscellaneous_Weapons_Development"},{"link_name":"AVRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"spigot mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spigot_mortar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"capital ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship"},{"link_name":"Lord Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Blue Boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Boar_(bomb)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"MD1","text":"Jefferis started working on sabotage devices for the \"Military Intelligence Research\" (MIR). When MIR was combined with other hush-hush elements to form the SOE, Jefferis' unit was not included and it instead became a department in the Ministry of Defence; the only unit of the Minister of Defence (The Prime Minister, Winston Churchill) and was known as \"MD1\", ultimately based in a house called \"The Firs\" in Whitchurch near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire England.[13]The unit was responsible for the design, development and production of a number of unique special forces and regular munitions during the Second World War. It gained the nickname \"Winston Churchill's toyshop\".Jefferis was an explosives expert and engineer, but lacked the ability to manage men well. He was assisted in the management of MD1 by a wily assistant – Major Stuart Macrae, whose book Winston Churchill's Toyshop, is still one of the few published works on this unique unit.Over the period of the Second World War, MD1 was responsible for the introduction into service of a total of 26 different devices.Their designs include the PIAT, the Sticky bomb and one of the first magnetic Limpet naval mines.Through the application of the Squash head and HEAT technology they had a role in the development and production of Lt-Col Stewart Blacker's Blacker Bombard, the PIAT (Blacker's smaller version of the bombard) matched to a hollow charge warhead, Hedgehog (effectively an adaption of the Bombard spigot mortar principle working with the Navy's Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development) and tank variants including the AVRE with its \"Flying Dustbin\" 230mm Petard spigot mortar,[14] and a bridge-laying tank.Jefferis developed the idea of the squash head further. His most ambitious project was a bomb designed to sink capital ships, his ideas were put forward by himself and Lord Cherwell in 1944 and coincided with the Admiralty's interest in developing a homing bomb for use against the Japanese. The development of this weapon was supported by the Air Staff and MAP who allocated it a higher priority that any other anti-capital ship weapon. When the war ended, development of the 'Cherwell-Jefferis' bomb was continued under the code names Journey's End and Blue Boar.[15]Prime Minister Churchill became acquainted with then Jefferis in 1940 and regarded him as a \"singularly capable and forceful man.\" He recommended a promotion to lieutenant colonel so that Jefferis would have more authority. Jefferis received substantive promotion to this rank on 10 February 1944.[16]Jefferis' development of the hollow charge led ultimately to the same design being used, after refinement by James Chadwick, in the core of the plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki.Jefferis was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Churchill in the 1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, having previously been appointed a Commander of the Order (CBE).[17] He was promoted to acting major general on 15 May 1945,[18] and substantive colonel on 14 July 1945.[19] He left the Ministry of Supply on 20 November 1945, reverting to the temporary rank of brigadier.[20]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ADC to the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Coronation Procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"}],"text":"In 1945, Jefferis became deputy Engineer-in-Chief in India and 1947 he became Engineer-in-Chief in Pakistan, holding the temporary rank of major general.[2] He was promoted to substantive brigadier on 1 November 1947,[21] and returned to England on 2 January 1950[22] to become Chief Superintendent of the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment,[2] reverting to the rank of brigadier on 8 March 1950.[23] He was made ADC to the King on 24 May 1951 and held that appointment until he retired on 18 August 1953, on his retirement he was granted the honorary rank of major-general.[2][24][25] As an ADC, Jefferis took part in [George VI]]'s funeral, and Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation Procession.[26][27][28] He died on 5 September 1963.[2]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_Yacht_Racing-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Jefferis had a passion for ocean racing. In 1938, he built a 7-ton yacht at Aldershot called Prelude with another Royal Engineer officer and they sailed successfully both before and after the war.[2][29][30]","title":"Ocean racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Stuart Macrae's \"Toy Box\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.millsgrenades.co.uk/box.htm"},{"link_name":"Macrae, Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Macrae_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-900093-22-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900093-22-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7186-5297-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5297-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-444-79898-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-79898-2"}],"text":"Thomson, George; William Farren (1958). \"Fredrick Alexander Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Volume 4. London: Royal Society.\n\"Stuart Macrae's \"Toy Box\"\". The Mills Grenade Collectors site. Retrieved 6 November 2008.\nMacrae, Stuart (1971). Winston Churchill's Toyshop. Roundwood Press. ISBN 0-900093-22-6.\nTwigge, Stephen Robert (1992). The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940–1960. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-3-7186-5297-6.\nMilton, Giles (2017). Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79898-2.\n\"Sir Millis Jefferis (obituary)\". The Times. 7 September 1963. p. 10 column E.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornwall portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Pen & Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84415-464-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-464-7"},{"link_name":"Milton, Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Milton"},{"link_name":"John Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-444-79895-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-79895-1"}],"text":"Cornwall portalDelaforce, Patrick (2007). Churchill's Secret Weapons: The Story of Hobart's Funnies. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-464-7.\nMilton, Giles (2016). The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79895-1.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"No. 32833\". The London Gazette. 12 June 1923. pp. 4133–4134.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32833/page/4133","url_text":"\"No. 32833\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33500\". The London Gazette. 31 May 1929. p. 3587.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33500/page/3587","url_text":"\"No. 33500\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34517\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 May 1939. p. 3638.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34517/supplement/3638","url_text":"\"No. 34517\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34624\". The London Gazette. 9 May 1939. p. 3106.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34624/page/3106","url_text":"\"No. 34624\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35660\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1942. p. 3493.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35660/supplement/3493","url_text":"\"No. 35660\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35020\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 December 1940. pp. 7200–7201.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35020/supplement/7200","url_text":"\"No. 35020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36576\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 June 1944. p. 2977.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36576/supplement/2977","url_text":"\"No. 36576\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37227\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1945. pp. 4183–4184.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37227/supplement/4183","url_text":"\"No. 37227\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37236\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 August 1945. p. 4274.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37236/supplement/4274","url_text":"\"No. 37236\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37245\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 August 1945. p. 4377.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37245/supplement/4377","url_text":"\"No. 37245\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37419\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1946. p. 233.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37419/supplement/233","url_text":"\"No. 37419\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38242\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 March 1948. p. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38242/supplement/2007","url_text":"\"No. 38242\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38922\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1950. p. 2617.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38922/supplement/2617","url_text":"\"No. 38922\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38854\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 March 1950. p. 1151.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38854/supplement/1151","url_text":"\"No. 38854\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39268\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1951. p. 3479.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39268/supplement/3479","url_text":"\"No. 39268\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39939\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1953. p. 4467.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39939/supplement/4467","url_text":"\"No. 39939\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39575\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 1952. pp. 3345–3351.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39575/supplement/3345","url_text":"\"No. 39575\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40020\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 November 1953. pp. 6223–6227.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40020/supplement/6223","url_text":"\"No. 40020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Thomson, George; William Farren (1958). \"Fredrick Alexander Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Volume 4. London: Royal Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stuart Macrae's \"Toy Box\"\". The Mills Grenade Collectors site. Retrieved 6 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.millsgrenades.co.uk/box.htm","url_text":"\"Stuart Macrae's \"Toy Box\"\""}]},{"reference":"Macrae, Stuart (1971). Winston Churchill's Toyshop. Roundwood Press. ISBN 0-900093-22-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Macrae_(inventor)","url_text":"Macrae, Stuart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900093-22-6","url_text":"0-900093-22-6"}]},{"reference":"Twigge, Stephen Robert (1992). The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940–1960. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-3-7186-5297-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5297-6","url_text":"978-3-7186-5297-6"}]},{"reference":"Milton, Giles (2017). Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79898-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-79898-2","url_text":"978-1-444-79898-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Millis Jefferis (obituary)\". The Times. 7 September 1963. p. 10 column E.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Delaforce, Patrick (2007). Churchill's Secret Weapons: The Story of Hobart's Funnies. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-464-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books","url_text":"Pen & Sword"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-464-7","url_text":"978-1-84415-464-7"}]},{"reference":"Milton, Giles (2016). The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. John Murray. ISBN 978-1-444-79895-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Milton","url_text":"Milton, Giles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-79895-1","url_text":"978-1-444-79895-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32833/page/4133","external_links_name":"\"No. 32833\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33500/page/3587","external_links_name":"\"No. 33500\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34517/supplement/3638","external_links_name":"\"No. 34517\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34624/page/3106","external_links_name":"\"No. 34624\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=7&CATID=-4279405","external_links_name":"CAB 65/7/1"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7965566","external_links_name":"Conclusion of a Meeting of the War Cabinet held at 10 Downing Street, SW1, on Wednesday, May 1, 1940 at 10:30 am"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35660/supplement/3493","external_links_name":"\"No. 35660\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35020/supplement/7200","external_links_name":"\"No. 35020\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7688597","external_links_name":"Recommendations for honours and awards, Army—Image details—Jefferis, Millis Rowland—Mention in Despatches"},{"Link":"http://www.remuseum.org.uk/articles/rem_article_assaultbridge.htm","external_links_name":"Royal Engineers Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100625161850/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/articles/rem_article_assaultbridge.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36576/supplement/2977","external_links_name":"\"No. 36576\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37227/supplement/4183","external_links_name":"\"No. 37227\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37236/supplement/4274","external_links_name":"\"No. 37236\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37245/supplement/4377","external_links_name":"\"No. 37245\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37419/supplement/233","external_links_name":"\"No. 37419\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38242/supplement/2007","external_links_name":"\"No. 38242\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38922/supplement/2617","external_links_name":"\"No. 38922\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38854/supplement/1151","external_links_name":"\"No. 38854\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39268/supplement/3479","external_links_name":"\"No. 39268\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39939/supplement/4467","external_links_name":"\"No. 39939\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39575/supplement/3345","external_links_name":"\"No. 39575\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40020/supplement/6223","external_links_name":"\"No. 40020\""},{"Link":"http://www.millsgrenades.co.uk/box.htm","external_links_name":"\"Stuart Macrae's \"Toy Box\"\""},{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Jefferis/Millis_Rowland/Great_Britain.html","external_links_name":"Generals of World War II"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/427784/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000038736014","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/53642325","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4rcGcxKtkbMrbwYkCcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb98039850","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_Two
Half-Life 2: Episode Two
["1 Gameplay","1.1 Enemies","1.2 Weapons","1.3 Vehicles","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 Sequels","6 References","7 External links"]
2007 video game 2007 video gameHalf-Life 2: Episode TwoCover art featuring (from left) Gordon Freeman, the Combine Hunters and Alyx VanceDeveloper(s)ValvePublisher(s)ValveWriter(s)Marc LaidlawErik WolpawChet FaliszekComposer(s)Kelly BaileySeriesHalf-LifeEngineSourcePlatform(s)WindowsPlayStation 3Xbox 360Mac OS XLinuxRelease October 10, 2007 Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 NA: October 10, 2007EU: October 18, 2007AU: October 25, 2007 PlayStation 3 AU: December 20, 2007EU: December 14, 2007NA: December 14, 2007 Mac OS X WW: May 26, 2010 Linux WW: May 10, 2013 Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-player Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed and published by Valve. Following Episode One (2006), it is the second of two shorter episodic games that continue the story of Half-Life 2 (2004). Players control Gordon Freeman, who travels through the mountains surrounding City 17 to a resistance base with his ally Alyx Vance. Like previous games in the series, Episode Two combines shooting, puzzle-solving and narrative elements, but adds expansive environments and less linear sequences. Episode Two was released on 10 October 2007, for Windows on Valve's distribution service Steam, and as a part of The Orange Box, a compilation of Valve games for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The PlayStation version was produced by Electronic Arts. Episode Two received positive reviews. Half-Life 2: Episode Three was announced for Christmas 2007, but was canceled as Valve abandoned episodic development. In 2020, after canceling several further Half-Life projects, Valve released Half-Life: Alyx. Gameplay As with previous Half-Life games, Episode Two is played in the first person as Gordon Freeman against transhuman troops, known as the Combine, and other hostile alien creatures. Levels are linear but add a more open environment, consisting of puzzles and first-person shooter game-play. Sequences involving vehicles are interspersed throughout the game, breaking up moments of combat. One of the focal points of Episode Two was meant to be increased use of vehicles in open areas. However, the game retains its original linear style until the final battle. Episode Two has more puzzles than Episode One, including the biggest physics puzzle yet in the series—a damaged bridge. As in the previous two games, Episode Two features numerous "achievements" (similar to PlayStation 3's Trophies and Xbox Live's Achievements) for carrying out certain tasks. Some are essential to game progress, such as helping fight off an antlion invasion, or defeating the first Hunters. Others are optional tricks or feats the player can perform, such as killing a Combine soldier with their own grenade or running down a certain number of enemies with the car. Enemies Episode Two featured a new Hunter enemy, which had just been seen briefly in a recorded message in Episode One. The Hunter serves as one of the most dangerous enemies within the game and as means of emotional development for Alyx Vance. The Hunter is a powerful and resilient enemy which players must often run from while seeking a means to fight back; Episode Two's environments are designed with this in mind. An interview in the August 2006 issue of PC Gamer magazine revealed that the Hunter stands 8 feet (2.4 m) tall. Erik Johnson, the game's project lead, states that the Hunters are "big and impressive, but they can go anywhere the player can go", as the player can encounter them both indoors and outdoors. Ted Backman, senior artist for Valve, talks about how the Hunter can express emotions, being a somewhat non-human character. "We want the Hunter to be able to express nervousness or aggression, whether it's aggressive, hurt, or mad." Hunters are very aggressive and they tend to operate in packs, but can also be found supporting other Combine troops. Late in the game, they can be found escorting Striders, using their flechette guns to protect the Striders that the player is trying to attack. Hunters primarily attack the player by bracing themselves and firing bursts from their flechette cannon. Four flechettes can vaporize an ordinary human soldier. If they do not strike a living target, the flechettes charge up for several seconds and then explode, dealing minor damage to everything nearby. Hunters may also conduct a charging attack or strike with their legs if the player gets too close. Hunters are vulnerable to all weapons, but to compensate, are still quite resilient, making explosives and the pulse rifle's charged energy ball the most attractive options. Objects thrown with the gravity gun are also effective, especially if the player catches some of their flechettes with the object before hurling it. In outdoor environments, they can be run over with a vehicle. Weapons An in-game white-board depicting how the Magnusson Device functions Episode Two features no additions to Gordon Freeman's weapons inventory. Instead, Valve chose to further explore uses for the gravity gun, with which the player can pick up and throw large objects. They introduced more varied Gravity Gun "ammunition", such as logs, flares, and half-height butane tanks, which are easier to aim than full-size fuel drums. Near the end of the game, the player uses "Magnusson Devices", which designer Dario Casali described as a "sticky bomb that you fire at a Strider's underbelly that will draw power from the Strider's internal power source". The player uses the gravity gun to attach the bombs to tripodal enemy Striders; the bombs detonate when fired upon with any other of the player's weapons, instantly destroying the target. The Hunter escorts prioritize them as targets, either destroying them in the player's grasp or shooting already-attached ones off. Vehicles Large sections of the game feature a car which resembles a gutted-and-rebuilt 1969 Dodge Charger. It appears to have been tuned for performance. A radar system is installed later in the game, allowing the player to locate Rebel supply caches. In the final battle, a rear-mounted storage rack for Magnusson Devices is added and the radar is adjusted to track enemies and Magnusson Device dispensers. A homing unit is also installed so the player can quickly locate the car in the chaos of the final battle via a readout in the Hazardous Environment suit. Plot The Combine responds to the destruction of the Citadel by attempting to open an interdimensional portal, which would allow them to summon reinforcements and defeat the Resistance. Outside City 17, Gordon Freeman and Alyx Vance (Merle Dandridge) escape the wreckage of a train they used to flee the city. The two proceed to a transmission station, where they make contact with Isaac Kleiner (Harry S. Robins) and Eli Vance (Robert Guillaume), who have arrived at the White Forest rocket facility. Kleiner and Eli inform them that a copied Combine transmission Alyx is carrying may be able to close the portal. The pair make their way to an abandoned mine, where Alyx is critically wounded by Combine forces. A vortigaunt (Tony Todd) arrives and leads the two to an underground Resistance outpost, where Freeman is instructed to help gather larvae from a nearby antlion colony to heal Alyx. After the larvae are gathered, vortigaunts begin to heal Alyx, and the G-Man (Michael Shapiro) takes the opportunity to contact Freeman, revealing that he rescued Alyx from the Black Mesa Research Facility despite objections from an unspecified third party. The G-Man instructs an unconscious Alyx to tell Eli to "prepare for unforeseen consequences". After Alyx recovers, she and Freeman travel to White Forest, where they reunite with Eli, Kleiner and Dog and are introduced to Arne Magnusson (John Aylward). The facility's scientists are preparing a rocket which they plan to use with the code to close the portal. After Freeman repulses a Combine attack on the facility, Alyx gives Kleiner a message recorded by Judith Mossman (Michelle Forbes), which contains the location of the Borealis, an Aperture Science research ship which vanished years ago. Kleiner and Eli argue on whether to use or destroy it, but both agree that Alyx and Freeman will travel to the ship and locate Mossman. Alyx unconsciously delivers the G-Man's message to her father, troubling him. Eli reveals to Freeman that the G-Man provided the test sample which caused the Black Mesa incident, and that he whispered the same warning to Eli as Freeman entered the test chamber. He promises to explain more after the portal is closed. While the scientists prepare the rocket, White Forest comes under another Combine attack. Freeman defeats the attackers using experimental explosive weaponry created by Magnusson. The scientists launch the rocket and close the portal, trapping all remaining Combine forces on Earth. As Alyx and Freeman prepare to leave for the Borealis, Eli delivers a warning about the ship's "cargo". The trio head to a hangar, intending to board a helicopter, but two Combine Advisors suddenly appear and restrain them. Eli is killed by an Advisor before Dog bursts in and chases the Advisors away. Alyx, sobbing, clutches her father's body. Development Episode Two was the second in a planned trilogy of shorter episodic games that would continue the story of Half-Life 2 (2004). It was developed simultaneously with Episode One (2006) by a team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release. The team originally planned the ending to feature a comical sequence with Lamarr, Kleiner's pet headcrab, floating in space outside the rocket Gordon launches into space; however, Valve president Gabe Newell requested killing off a major character to create a cliffhanger for Episode Three. An announcement was made on July 13, 2006, stating that Episode Two would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of the series separated. Valve handled the development for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts (EA) worked on the PlayStation 3 version. It was announced on September 7, 2007, that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the EA studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development team, and therefore lagged behind in its schedule. According to Valve's marketing director, Doug Lombardi, the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC versions would be identical in functionality and performance. An audio commentary is also featured, as in Episode One and Lost Coast. Tony Todd replaced Louis Gossett Jr. as the voice of the Vortigaunts. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings90.68%Metacritic90/100Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comA+Computer and Video Games9/10Eurogamer9/10GameSpyIGN9.4/10PC Gamer (UK)93%New York Times86% Half-Life 2: Episode Two received an average score of 90.68% based on 22 reviews on the review aggregator GameRankings. On Metacritic, it has an average score of 90 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". As part of The Orange Box compilation, Episode Two shared with Portal and Team Fortress 2 in winning "Computer Game of the Year" at the 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback. He said: "Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and leave us wanting more." Bit-tech.net awarded the game a 10 out of 10 score, citing approval of how the story turns and the introduction of side stories and new characters. 1UP.com said it was "vivid, emotionally engaging, and virtually unsurpassed". PC Gamer UK felt Episode Two was "the most sumptuous chapter of the Half-Life saga, and by a country mile". The New York Times enjoyed the gameplay, saying that battles "often require as much ingenuity as they do fast reflexes". Computer and Video Games said that although the Source engine was dated, the "wonderful art design and the odd bit of technical spit-shine ensure that Episode Two doesn't lose any of its wow factor". They also noticed that the game "goes about fixing a lot of the niggling complaints we had about Episode One," applauding the open forests and rocky hills. The New York Times wrote that "while it sows a few seeds for the final episode of the trilogy, the game lacks the driving force of the previous episode". GameSpy felt it was less consistent than its predecessors, and that the opening segments were "arguably the weakest". Sequels Half-Life 2: Episode Three was scheduled for release by Christmas 2007. It was canceled after Valve abandoned episodic development and began developing a new game engine, Source 2. After canceling several further Half-Life games, Valve released Half-Life: Alyx in 2020. References ^ a b c "Half-Life 2: Episode One Interview 1". GameSpot. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ Simmons, Alex (August 24, 2006). "GC 2006: New Half-Life 2 Trailer Dissected". IGN. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ a b "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". PC Gamer. August 2006. ^ Goldstein, Hilary (October 9, 2007). "The Orange Box Review". IGN. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ a b c Martin, Joe (October 11, 2007). "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". bit-tech.net. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Steam Update". Steam. February 16, 2007. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ Dobson, Jason. "Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2019. ^ Bramwell, Tom (June 6, 2006). "Opening the Valve". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ Keighley, Geoff (2020). The Final Hours of Half-Life Alyx. Steam. ^ Ocampo, Jason (July 13, 2006). "Half-Life 2: Episode Two - The Return of Team Fortress 2 and Other Surprises". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2016. ^ Remo, Chris (June 15, 2007). "Valve confirms Episode Two, Team Fortress 2 launch date". Shacknews. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2007. ^ Bramwell, Tom (September 7, 2007). "Valve explains PS3 Orange Box delay". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ Cashon, Jonathan (November 5, 2007). "'Half Life 2: Episode Two' entertains as strong sequel". University of South Alabama. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Half-Life 2: The Orange Box". Yahoo! Games. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ a b "Half-Life 2: Episode Two — PC". GameRankings. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ a b "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". Metacritic. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ a b Elliott, Shawn (October 10, 2007). "Half-Life 2: Episode 2 (PC)". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2008. ^ a b c Adams, Dan (October 9, 2007). "IGN: Half-Life 2: Episode Two Review". IGN. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007. ^ a b "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". PC Gamer UK. October 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ Reed, Kristan (October 10, 2007). "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ a b "Review: Half-Life 2: Episode Two". Computer and Video Games. October 10, 2007. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ a b c Herold, Charles (October 25, 2007). "In 1 Box, 3 New Games Filled With Puzzles and Fights". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ a b Accardo, Sal (October 10, 2007). "Half-Life 2: Episode Two (PC)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ "D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details The Orange Box". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023. ^ Dobson, Jason (May 25, 2006). "Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed". Game Developer. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022. ^ Marks, Tom (March 23, 2020). "Valve Explains Why Half-Life 2: Episode 3 Was Never Made". IGN. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020. ^ McWhertor, Michael (November 21, 2019). "Half-Life: Alyx is Valve's VR-exclusive, full-length prequel to Half-Life 2". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019. External links Video games portal Wikiquote has quotations related to Half-Life 2: Episode Two (2007). Official Half-Life 2: Episode Two website Half-Life 2: Episode Two at MobyGames vteHalf-LifeGames Half-Life Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half-Life 2 Deathmatch Lost Coast Episode One Episode Two Half-Life: Alyx UniverseCharacters Gordon Freeman Alyx Vance Other Combine Gravity gun Locations Black Mesa Ravenholm Development GoldSrc Source Source 2 Unreleased games Half-Life 2: Episode Three Fan contentWeb series Concerned Freeman's Mind Half-Life: Full Life Consequences Half-Life: Escape from City 17 Half-Life VR but the AI Is Self-Aware ModsGoldSrc Action Half-Life C.A.G.E.D. Delta Echoes Sven Co-op Source Black Mesa Capture the Flag Entropy : Zero 2 Hunt Down the Freeman Minerva Research and Development Related Portal series The Orange Box Vlogger Category vteValveGamesHalf-Life Half-Life Black Mesa Research Facility Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half-Life 2 Deathmatch Lost Coast Episode One Episode Two Half-Life: Alyx Portal Portal Portal 2 The Lab Aperture Hand Lab Aperture Desk Job Counter-Strike Counter-Strike "Dust II" "Inferno" "Mirage" "Nuke" Source Condition Zero Global Offensive Counter-Strike 2 Team Fortress Team Fortress Classic Team Fortress 2 "2Fort" Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead 2 Dota Dota 2 Artifact Dota Underlords Other games Day of Defeat Source Garry's Mod Alien Swarm The Crossing TechnologyHardware Steam Controller Steam Deck Steam Link Steam Machine Valve Index Software GoldSrc OpenVR Proton Source Source 2 Source Filmmaker Steam SteamOS Valve Anti-Cheat World Opponent Network PeopleCurrent Sam Lantinga Mike Morasky Olly Moss Brad Muir Gabe Newell Jay Pinkerton Jake Rodkin Sean Vanaman Robin Walker Erik Wolpaw Former Michael Abrash Mike Ambinder Kelly Bailey Doug Church Jess Cliffe Jeri Ellsworth Chet Faliszek Mike Harrington Marc Laidlaw Minh Le Jane Ng Bay Raitt Chris Remo Kim Swift Yanis Varoufakis Related Campo Santo Steam Trading Cards The Orange Box The Steam Awards Unreleased Half-Life games Category Portals: Horror Science fiction Video gamesHalf-Life 2: Episode Two at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Episode One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_One"},{"link_name":"episodic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_games"},{"link_name":"Half-Life 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2"},{"link_name":"Gordon Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Freeman"},{"link_name":"City 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_17"},{"link_name":"Alyx Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyx_Vance"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"The Orange Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_Box"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Half-Life 2: Episode Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_Three"},{"link_name":"canceling several further Half-Life projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_Half-Life_games"},{"link_name":"Half-Life: Alyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life:_Alyx"}],"text":"2007 video game2007 video gameHalf-Life 2: Episode Two is a 2007 first-person shooter game developed and published by Valve. Following Episode One (2006), it is the second of two shorter episodic games that continue the story of Half-Life 2 (2004). Players control Gordon Freeman, who travels through the mountains surrounding City 17 to a resistance base with his ally Alyx Vance. Like previous games in the series, Episode Two combines shooting, puzzle-solving and narrative elements, but adds expansive environments and less linear sequences.Episode Two was released on 10 October 2007, for Windows on Valve's distribution service Steam, and as a part of The Orange Box, a compilation of Valve games for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The PlayStation version was produced by Electronic Arts. Episode Two received positive reviews.Half-Life 2: Episode Three was announced for Christmas 2007, but was canceled as Valve abandoned episodic development. In 2020, after canceling several further Half-Life projects, Valve released Half-Life: Alyx.","title":"Half-Life 2: Episode Two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Half-Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_(series)"},{"link_name":"first person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Freeman"},{"link_name":"transhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhuman"},{"link_name":"Combine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_(Half-Life)"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_one_interview-1"},{"link_name":"Episode One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_One"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_one_interview-1"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live"},{"link_name":"Achievements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-episode_one_interview-1"}],"text":"As with previous Half-Life games, Episode Two is played in the first person as Gordon Freeman against transhuman troops, known as the Combine, and other hostile alien creatures. Levels are linear but add a more open environment, consisting of puzzles and first-person shooter game-play. Sequences involving vehicles are interspersed throughout the game, breaking up moments of combat.One of the focal points of Episode Two was meant to be increased use of vehicles in open areas. However, the game retains its original linear style until the final battle.[1] Episode Two has more puzzles than Episode One, including the biggest physics puzzle yet in the series—a damaged bridge.[1] As in the previous two games, Episode Two features numerous \"achievements\" (similar to PlayStation 3's Trophies and Xbox Live's Achievements) for carrying out certain tasks. Some are essential to game progress, such as helping fight off an antlion invasion, or defeating the first Hunters. Others are optional tricks or feats the player can perform, such as killing a Combine soldier with their own grenade or running down a certain number of enemies with the car.[1]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alyx Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyx_Vance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dissected-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamer-3"},{"link_name":"flechette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flechette"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamer-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Enemies","text":"Episode Two featured a new Hunter enemy, which had just been seen briefly in a recorded message in Episode One. The Hunter serves as one of the most dangerous enemies within the game and as means of emotional development for Alyx Vance. The Hunter is a powerful and resilient enemy which players must often run from while seeking a means to fight back; Episode Two's environments are designed with this in mind.[2]An interview in the August 2006 issue of PC Gamer magazine revealed that the Hunter stands 8 feet (2.4 m) tall. Erik Johnson, the game's project lead, states that the Hunters are \"big and impressive, but they can go anywhere the player can go\", as the player can encounter them both indoors and outdoors.[3] Ted Backman, senior artist for Valve, talks about how the Hunter can express emotions, being a somewhat non-human character. \"We want the Hunter to be able to express nervousness or aggression, [to show you] whether it's aggressive, hurt, or mad.\" Hunters are very aggressive and they tend to operate in packs, but can also be found supporting other Combine troops. Late in the game, they can be found escorting Striders, using their flechette guns to protect the Striders that the player is trying to attack.[3]Hunters primarily attack the player by bracing themselves and firing bursts from their flechette cannon. Four flechettes can vaporize an ordinary human soldier. If they do not strike a living target, the flechettes charge up for several seconds and then explode, dealing minor damage to everything nearby. Hunters may also conduct a charging attack or strike with their legs if the player gets too close. Hunters are vulnerable to all weapons, but to compensate, are still quite resilient, making explosives and the pulse rifle's charged energy ball the most attractive options. Objects thrown with the gravity gun are also effective, especially if the player catches some of their flechettes with the object before hurling it. In outdoor environments, they can be run over with a vehicle.[4]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnusson_Device_Explanation.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bittech-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bittech-5"}],"sub_title":"Weapons","text":"An in-game white-board depicting how the Magnusson Device functionsEpisode Two features no additions to Gordon Freeman's weapons inventory. Instead, Valve chose to further explore uses for the gravity gun, with which the player can pick up and throw large objects. They introduced more varied Gravity Gun \"ammunition\", such as logs, flares, and half-height butane tanks, which are easier to aim than full-size fuel drums.[5]Near the end of the game, the player uses \"Magnusson Devices\", which designer Dario Casali described as a \"sticky bomb that you fire at a Strider's underbelly that will draw power from the Strider's internal power source\". The player uses the gravity gun to attach the bombs to tripodal enemy Striders; the bombs detonate when fired upon with any other of the player's weapons, instantly destroying the target. The Hunter escorts prioritize them as targets, either destroying them in the player's grasp or shooting already-attached ones off.[5]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1969 Dodge Charger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Charger_(1966)#1969"},{"link_name":"Hazardous Environment suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Freeman#Character_design"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steam-update-6"}],"sub_title":"Vehicles","text":"Large sections of the game feature a car which resembles a gutted-and-rebuilt 1969 Dodge Charger. It appears to have been tuned for performance. A radar system is installed later in the game, allowing the player to locate Rebel supply caches. In the final battle, a rear-mounted storage rack for Magnusson Devices is added and the radar is adjusted to track enemies and Magnusson Device dispensers. A homing unit is also installed so the player can quickly locate the car in the chaos of the final battle via a readout in the Hazardous Environment suit.[6]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_(Half-Life)"},{"link_name":"City 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locations_of_Half-Life#City_17"},{"link_name":"Gordon Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Alyx Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyx_Vance"},{"link_name":"Merle Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"transmission station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication_station"},{"link_name":"Isaac Kleiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#Isaac_Kleiner"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Robins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Robins"},{"link_name":"Eli Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#Eli_Vance"},{"link_name":"Robert Guillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guillaume"},{"link_name":"White Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locations_of_Half-Life#White_Forest"},{"link_name":"vortigaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortigaunt"},{"link_name":"Tony Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Todd"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"G-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#G-Man"},{"link_name":"Michael Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shapiro_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Black Mesa Research Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mesa_Research_Facility"},{"link_name":"Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#Dog"},{"link_name":"Arne Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#Arne_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"John Aylward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aylward"},{"link_name":"Judith Mossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Half-Life#Judith_Mossman"},{"link_name":"Michelle Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Aperture Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locations_of_Half-Life#Aperture_Science_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Advisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_(Half-Life)#Advisors"}],"text":"The Combine responds to the destruction of the Citadel by attempting to open an interdimensional portal, which would allow them to summon reinforcements and defeat the Resistance. Outside City 17, Gordon Freeman and Alyx Vance (Merle Dandridge) escape the wreckage of a train they used to flee the city. The two proceed to a transmission station, where they make contact with Isaac Kleiner (Harry S. Robins) and Eli Vance (Robert Guillaume), who have arrived at the White Forest rocket facility. Kleiner and Eli inform them that a copied Combine transmission Alyx is carrying may be able to close the portal. The pair make their way to an abandoned mine, where Alyx is critically wounded by Combine forces. A vortigaunt (Tony Todd) arrives and leads the two to an underground Resistance outpost, where Freeman is instructed to help gather larvae from a nearby antlion colony to heal Alyx. After the larvae are gathered, vortigaunts begin to heal Alyx, and the G-Man (Michael Shapiro) takes the opportunity to contact Freeman, revealing that he rescued Alyx from the Black Mesa Research Facility despite objections from an unspecified third party. The G-Man instructs an unconscious Alyx to tell Eli to \"prepare for unforeseen consequences\".After Alyx recovers, she and Freeman travel to White Forest, where they reunite with Eli, Kleiner and Dog and are introduced to Arne Magnusson (John Aylward). The facility's scientists are preparing a rocket which they plan to use with the code to close the portal. After Freeman repulses a Combine attack on the facility, Alyx gives Kleiner a message recorded by Judith Mossman (Michelle Forbes), which contains the location of the Borealis, an Aperture Science research ship which vanished years ago. Kleiner and Eli argue on whether to use or destroy it, but both agree that Alyx and Freeman will travel to the ship and locate Mossman. Alyx unconsciously delivers the G-Man's message to her father, troubling him. Eli reveals to Freeman that the G-Man provided the test sample which caused the Black Mesa incident, and that he whispered the same warning to Eli as Freeman entered the test chamber. He promises to explain more after the portal is closed.While the scientists prepare the rocket, White Forest comes under another Combine attack. Freeman defeats the attackers using experimental explosive weaponry created by Magnusson. The scientists launch the rocket and close the portal, trapping all remaining Combine forces on Earth. As Alyx and Freeman prepare to leave for the Borealis, Eli delivers a warning about the ship's \"cargo\". The trio head to a hangar, intending to board a helicopter, but two Combine Advisors suddenly appear and restrain them. Eli is killed by an Advisor before Dog bursts in and chases the Advisors away. Alyx, sobbing, clutches her father's body.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episodic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_games"},{"link_name":"Half-Life 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"Episode One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_One"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer-8"},{"link_name":"Gabe Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Newell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confirms-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delay-12"},{"link_name":"audio commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_commentary#Video_games"},{"link_name":"Lost Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Lost_Coast"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tony Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Todd"},{"link_name":"Louis Gossett Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gossett_Jr."},{"link_name":"Vortigaunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortigaunts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e2data-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Episode Two was the second in a planned trilogy of shorter episodic games that would continue the story of Half-Life 2 (2004).[7] It was developed simultaneously with Episode One (2006) by a team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release.[8] The team originally planned the ending to feature a comical sequence with Lamarr, Kleiner's pet headcrab, floating in space outside the rocket Gordon launches into space; however, Valve president Gabe Newell requested killing off a major character to create a cliffhanger for Episode Three.[9]An announcement was made on July 13, 2006, stating that Episode Two would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of the series separated.[10] Valve handled the development for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts (EA) worked on the PlayStation 3 version.[11] It was announced on September 7, 2007, that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the EA studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development team, and therefore lagged behind in its schedule. According to Valve's marketing director, Doug Lombardi, the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC versions would be identical in functionality and performance.[12]An audio commentary is also featured, as in Episode One and Lost Coast.[13] Tony Todd replaced Louis Gossett Jr. as the voice of the Vortigaunts.[14][15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamerankings-16"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-17"},{"link_name":"1Up.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Up.com"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up-18"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvg-22"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-21"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspy_review-24"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-19"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcguk-20"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_review-23"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamerankings-16"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-17"},{"link_name":"The Orange Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_Box"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Team Fortress 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Fortress_2"},{"link_name":"11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Annual_Interactive_Achievement_Awards"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-19"},{"link_name":"Bit-tech.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-tech.net"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bittech-5"},{"link_name":"1UP.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up-18"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcguk-20"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_review-23"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvg-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_review-23"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspy_review-24"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings90.68%[16]Metacritic90/100[17]Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comA+[18]Computer and Video Games9/10[22]Eurogamer9/10[21]GameSpy[24]IGN9.4/10[19]PC Gamer (UK)93%[20]New York Times86%[23]Half-Life 2: Episode Two received an average score of 90.68% based on 22 reviews on the review aggregator GameRankings.[16] On Metacritic, it has an average score of 90 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[17] As part of The Orange Box compilation, Episode Two shared with Portal and Team Fortress 2 in winning \"Computer Game of the Year\" at the 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards.[25]Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback.[19] He said: \"Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and leave us wanting more.\"[19] Bit-tech.net awarded the game a 10 out of 10 score, citing approval of how the story turns and the introduction of side stories and new characters.[5] 1UP.com said it was \"vivid, emotionally engaging, and virtually unsurpassed\".[18] PC Gamer UK felt Episode Two was \"the most sumptuous chapter of the Half-Life saga, and by a country mile\".[20] The New York Times enjoyed the gameplay, saying that battles \"often require as much ingenuity as they do fast reflexes\".[23]Computer and Video Games said that although the Source engine was dated, the \"wonderful art design and the odd bit of technical spit-shine ensure that Episode Two [...] doesn't lose any of its wow factor\". They also noticed that the game \"goes about fixing a lot of the niggling complaints we had about Episode One,\" applauding the open forests and rocky hills.[22]The New York Times wrote that \"while it sows a few seeds for the final episode of the trilogy, the game lacks the driving force of the previous episode\".[23] GameSpy felt it was less consistent than its predecessors, and that the opening segments were \"arguably the weakest\".[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Half-Life 2: Episode Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_Three"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"Source 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_ep3_2020-27"},{"link_name":"canceling several further Half-Life games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_Half-Life_games"},{"link_name":"Half-Life: Alyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life:_Alyx"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Half-Life 2: Episode Three was scheduled for release by Christmas 2007.[26] It was canceled after Valve abandoned episodic development and began developing a new game engine, Source 2.[27] After canceling several further Half-Life games, Valve released Half-Life: Alyx in 2020.[28]","title":"Sequels"}]
[{"image_text":"An in-game white-board depicting how the Magnusson Device functions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Magnusson_Device_Explanation.jpg/220px-Magnusson_Device_Explanation.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Interview 1\". GameSpot. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929225320/http://uk.gamespot.com/pages/video_player/popup.php?sid=6152046&pid=","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Interview 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://uk.gamespot.com/pages/video_player/popup.php?sid=6152046&pid=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Alex (August 24, 2006). \"GC 2006: New Half-Life 2 Trailer Dissected\". IGN. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907102926/http://pc.ign.com/articles/728/728031p1.html","url_text":"\"GC 2006: New Half-Life 2 Trailer Dissected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/728/728031p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". PC Gamer. August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Hilary (October 9, 2007). \"The Orange Box Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/826/826062p1.html","url_text":"\"The Orange Box Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100418163632/http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/826/826062p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Joe (October 11, 2007). \"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". bit-tech.net. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/2007/10/11/half-life_2_episode_two/1","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-tech.net","url_text":"bit-tech.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705142702/http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/2007/10/11/half-life_2_episode_two/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Steam Update\". Steam. February 16, 2007. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://storefront.steampowered.com/Steam/Marketing/message/958/","url_text":"\"Steam Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)","url_text":"Steam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515191517/http://storefront.steampowered.com/Steam/Marketing/message/958/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dobson, Jason. \"Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed\". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200617144053/https://www.gamasutra.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bramwell, Tom (June 6, 2006). \"Opening the Valve\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070408134834/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=65345","url_text":"\"Opening the Valve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=65345","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keighley, Geoff (2020). The Final Hours of Half-Life Alyx. Steam.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (July 13, 2006). \"Half-Life 2: Episode Two - The Return of Team Fortress 2 and Other Surprises\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719102847/http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/halflife2episode2/news.html?sid=6154006","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two - The Return of Team Fortress 2 and Other Surprises\""},{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/halflife2episode2/news.html?sid=6154006","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Remo, Chris (June 15, 2007). \"Valve confirms Episode Two, Team Fortress 2 launch date\". Shacknews. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/47435","url_text":"\"Valve confirms Episode Two, Team Fortress 2 launch date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705151645/http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/47435","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bramwell, Tom (September 7, 2007). \"Valve explains PS3 Orange Box delay\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030012920/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=82891","url_text":"\"Valve explains PS3 Orange Box delay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=82891","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cashon, Jonathan (November 5, 2007). \"'Half Life 2: Episode Two' entertains as strong sequel\". University of South Alabama. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081227063105/http://media.www.usavanguard.com/media/storage/paper973/news/2007/11/05/Entertainment/half-Life.2.Episode.Two.Entertains.As.Strong.Sequel-3089662.shtml","url_text":"\"'Half Life 2: Episode Two' entertains as strong sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama","url_text":"University of South Alabama"},{"url":"http://media.www.usavanguard.com/media/storage/paper973/news/2007/11/05/Entertainment/half-Life.2.Episode.Two.Entertains.As.Strong.Sequel-3089662.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/942003-half-life-2-episode-two/credit","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFAQs","url_text":"GameFAQs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111126122236/http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/942003-half-life-2-episode-two/credit","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: The Orange Box\". Yahoo! Games. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104113/http://uk.videogames.games.yahoo.com/x360/previews/half-life-2--the-orange-box-cb463b.html","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: The Orange Box\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Games","url_text":"Yahoo! Games"},{"url":"http://uk.videogames.games.yahoo.com/x360/previews/half-life-2--the-orange-box-cb463b.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two — PC\". GameRankings. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/942003.asp","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two — PC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120221154256/http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/942003-half-life-2-episode-two/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/halflife2episode2","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182251/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/halflife2episode2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Shawn (October 10, 2007). \"Half-Life 2: Episode 2 (PC)\". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028184805/http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3163574","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode 2 (PC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com","url_text":"1UP.com"},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3163574","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Dan (October 9, 2007). \"IGN: Half-Life 2: Episode Two Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012013811/http://pc.ign.com/articles/826/826067p1.html","url_text":"\"IGN: Half-Life 2: Episode Two Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/826/826067p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". PC Gamer UK. October 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=173006","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK","url_text":"PC Gamer UK"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113201/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=173006","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Kristan (October 10, 2007). \"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026012936/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=84997","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=84997","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Half-Life 2: Episode Two\". Computer and Video Games. October 10, 2007. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427015233/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/173331/reviews/half-life-2-episode-two-review/","url_text":"\"Review: Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=173331","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herold, Charles (October 25, 2007). \"In 1 Box, 3 New Games Filled With Puzzles and Fights\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/technology/circuits/25game.html","url_text":"\"In 1 Box, 3 New Games Filled With Puzzles and Fights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202062007/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/technology/circuits/25game.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Accardo, Sal (October 10, 2007). \"Half-Life 2: Episode Two (PC)\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/half-life-2-episode-two/826498p1.html","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two (PC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515135846/http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/half-life-2-episode-two/826498p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details The Orange Box\". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interactive.org/games/video_game_details.asp?idAward=2008&idGame=964","url_text":"\"D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details The Orange Box\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171252/https://www.interactive.org/games/video_game_details.asp?idAward=2008&idGame=964","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dobson, Jason (May 25, 2006). \"Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed\". Game Developer. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamedeveloper.com/pc/-i-half-life-2-episode-one-i-dated-trilogy-confirmed","url_text":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516145404/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/pc/-i-half-life-2-episode-one-i-dated-trilogy-confirmed","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Tom (March 23, 2020). \"Valve Explains Why Half-Life 2: Episode 3 Was Never Made\". IGN. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/valve-explains-why-half-life-2-episode-3-was-never-made","url_text":"\"Valve Explains Why Half-Life 2: Episode 3 Was Never Made\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323171744/https://www.ign.com/articles/valve-explains-why-half-life-2-episode-3-was-never-made","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (November 21, 2019). \"Half-Life: Alyx is Valve's VR-exclusive, full-length prequel to Half-Life 2\". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/21/20975860/valve-half-life-alyx-release-date-vr-announcement-first-screens-trailer","url_text":"\"Half-Life: Alyx is Valve's VR-exclusive, full-length prequel to Half-Life 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191122091724/https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/21/20975860/valve-half-life-alyx-release-date-vr-announcement-first-screens-trailer","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929225320/http://uk.gamespot.com/pages/video_player/popup.php?sid=6152046&pid=","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Interview 1\""},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/pages/video_player/popup.php?sid=6152046&pid=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060907102926/http://pc.ign.com/articles/728/728031p1.html","external_links_name":"\"GC 2006: New Half-Life 2 Trailer Dissected\""},{"Link":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/728/728031p1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/826/826062p1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Orange Box Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100418163632/http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/826/826062p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/2007/10/11/half-life_2_episode_two/1","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705142702/http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/2007/10/11/half-life_2_episode_two/1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://storefront.steampowered.com/Steam/Marketing/message/958/","external_links_name":"\"Steam Update\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515191517/http://storefront.steampowered.com/Steam/Marketing/message/958/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamasutra.com/","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200617144053/https://www.gamasutra.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070408134834/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=65345","external_links_name":"\"Opening the Valve\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=65345","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719102847/http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/halflife2episode2/news.html?sid=6154006","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two - The Return of Team Fortress 2 and Other Surprises\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/halflife2episode2/news.html?sid=6154006","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/47435","external_links_name":"\"Valve confirms Episode Two, Team Fortress 2 launch date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705151645/http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/47435","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030012920/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=82891","external_links_name":"\"Valve explains PS3 Orange Box delay\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=82891","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081227063105/http://media.www.usavanguard.com/media/storage/paper973/news/2007/11/05/Entertainment/half-Life.2.Episode.Two.Entertains.As.Strong.Sequel-3089662.shtml","external_links_name":"\"'Half Life 2: Episode Two' entertains as strong sequel\""},{"Link":"http://media.www.usavanguard.com/media/storage/paper973/news/2007/11/05/Entertainment/half-Life.2.Episode.Two.Entertains.As.Strong.Sequel-3089662.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/942003-half-life-2-episode-two/credit","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111126122236/http://www.gamefaqs.com/pc/942003-half-life-2-episode-two/credit","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104113/http://uk.videogames.games.yahoo.com/x360/previews/half-life-2--the-orange-box-cb463b.html","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: The Orange Box\""},{"Link":"http://uk.videogames.games.yahoo.com/x360/previews/half-life-2--the-orange-box-cb463b.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/942003.asp","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two — PC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120221154256/http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/942003-half-life-2-episode-two/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/halflife2episode2","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182251/http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/halflife2episode2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028184805/http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3163574","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode 2 (PC)\""},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3163574","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012013811/http://pc.ign.com/articles/826/826067p1.html","external_links_name":"\"IGN: Half-Life 2: Episode Two Review\""},{"Link":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/826/826067p1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=173006","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113201/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=173006","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026012936/http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=84997","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=84997","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427015233/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/173331/reviews/half-life-2-episode-two-review/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Half-Life 2: Episode Two\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=173331","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/technology/circuits/25game.html","external_links_name":"\"In 1 Box, 3 New Games Filled With Puzzles and Fights\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202062007/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/technology/circuits/25game.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/half-life-2-episode-two/826498p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode Two (PC)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515135846/http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/half-life-2-episode-two/826498p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.interactive.org/games/video_game_details.asp?idAward=2008&idGame=964","external_links_name":"\"D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details The Orange Box\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171252/https://www.interactive.org/games/video_game_details.asp?idAward=2008&idGame=964","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamedeveloper.com/pc/-i-half-life-2-episode-one-i-dated-trilogy-confirmed","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life 2: Episode One Dated, Trilogy Confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516145404/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/pc/-i-half-life-2-episode-one-i-dated-trilogy-confirmed","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/valve-explains-why-half-life-2-episode-3-was-never-made","external_links_name":"\"Valve Explains Why Half-Life 2: Episode 3 Was Never Made\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323171744/https://www.ign.com/articles/valve-explains-why-half-life-2-episode-3-was-never-made","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/21/20975860/valve-half-life-alyx-release-date-vr-announcement-first-screens-trailer","external_links_name":"\"Half-Life: Alyx is Valve's VR-exclusive, full-length prequel to Half-Life 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191122091724/https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/21/20975860/valve-half-life-alyx-release-date-vr-announcement-first-screens-trailer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://orange.half-life2.com/hl2ep2.html","external_links_name":"Official Half-Life 2: Episode Two website"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/half-life-2-episode-two","external_links_name":"Half-Life 2: Episode Two"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/294471171","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16631200f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16631200f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/68b2b9d8-6d4f-4943-8fb5-6ca3e342cfd4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement_of_hyperplanes
Arrangement of hyperplanes
["1 General theory","1.1 The intersection semilattice and the matroid","1.2 Polynomials","1.3 The Orlik–Solomon algebra","2 Real arrangements","3 Complex arrangements","4 Technicalities","5 See also","6 References"]
Partition of space by a hyperplanes In geometry and combinatorics, an arrangement of hyperplanes is an arrangement of a finite set A of hyperplanes in a linear, affine, or projective space S. Questions about a hyperplane arrangement A generally concern geometrical, topological, or other properties of the complement, M(A), which is the set that remains when the hyperplanes are removed from the whole space. One may ask how these properties are related to the arrangement and its intersection semilattice. The intersection semilattice of A, written L(A), is the set of all subspaces that are obtained by intersecting some of the hyperplanes; among these subspaces are S itself, all the individual hyperplanes, all intersections of pairs of hyperplanes, etc. (excluding, in the affine case, the empty set). These intersection subspaces of A are also called the flats of A. The intersection semilattice L(A) is partially ordered by reverse inclusion. If the whole space S is 2-dimensional, the hyperplanes are lines; such an arrangement is often called an arrangement of lines. Historically, real arrangements of lines were the first arrangements investigated. If S is 3-dimensional one has an arrangement of planes. A hyperplane arrangement in space General theory The intersection semilattice and the matroid The intersection semilattice L(A) is a meet semilattice and more specifically is a geometric semilattice. If the arrangement is linear or projective, or if the intersection of all hyperplanes is nonempty, the intersection lattice is a geometric lattice. (This is why the semilattice must be ordered by reverse inclusion—rather than by inclusion, which might seem more natural but would not yield a geometric (semi)lattice.) When L(A) is a lattice, the matroid of A, written M(A), has A for its ground set and has rank function r(S) := codim(I), where S is any subset of A and I is the intersection of the hyperplanes in S. In general, when L(A) is a semilattice, there is an analogous matroid-like structure called a semimatroid, which is a generalization of a matroid (and has the same relationship to the intersection semilattice as does the matroid to the lattice in the lattice case), but is not a matroid if L(A) is not a lattice. Polynomials For a subset B of A, let us define f(B) := the intersection of the hyperplanes in B; this is S if B is empty. The characteristic polynomial of A, written pA(y), can be defined by p A ( y ) := ∑ B ( − 1 ) | B | y dim ⁡ f ( B ) , {\displaystyle p_{A}(y):=\sum _{B}(-1)^{|B|}y^{\dim f(B)},} summed over all subsets B of A except, in the affine case, subsets whose intersection is empty. (The dimension of the empty set is defined to be −1.) This polynomial helps to solve some basic questions; see below. Another polynomial associated with A is the Whitney-number polynomial wA(x, y), defined by w A ( x , y ) := ∑ B x n − dim ⁡ f ( B ) ∑ C ( − 1 ) | C − B | y dim ⁡ f ( C ) , {\displaystyle w_{A}(x,y):=\sum _{B}x^{n-\dim f(B)}\sum _{C}(-1)^{|C-B|}y^{\dim f(C)},} summed over B ⊆ C ⊆ A such that f(B) is nonempty. Being a geometric lattice or semilattice, L(A) has a characteristic polynomial, pL(A)(y), which has an extensive theory (see matroid). Thus it is good to know that pA(y) = yi pL(A)(y), where i is the smallest dimension of any flat, except that in the projective case it equals yi + 1pL(A)(y). The Whitney-number polynomial of A is similarly related to that of L(A). (The empty set is excluded from the semilattice in the affine case specifically so that these relationships will be valid.) The Orlik–Solomon algebra The intersection semilattice determines another combinatorial invariant of the arrangement, the Orlik–Solomon algebra. To define it, fix a commutative subring K of the base field and form the exterior algebra E of the vector space ⨁ H ∈ A K e H {\displaystyle \bigoplus _{H\in A}Ke_{H}} generated by the hyperplanes. A chain complex structure is defined on E with the usual boundary operator ∂ {\displaystyle \partial } . The Orlik–Solomon algebra is then the quotient of E by the ideal generated by elements of the form e H 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ e H p {\displaystyle e_{H_{1}}\wedge \cdots \wedge e_{H_{p}}} for which H 1 , … , H p {\displaystyle H_{1},\dots ,H_{p}} have empty intersection, and by boundaries of elements of the same form for which H 1 ∩ ⋯ ∩ H p {\displaystyle H_{1}\cap \cdots \cap H_{p}} has codimension less than p. Real arrangements In real affine space, the complement is disconnected: it is made up of separate pieces called cells or regions or chambers, each of which is either a bounded region that is a convex polytope, or an unbounded region that is a convex polyhedral region which goes off to infinity. Each flat of A is also divided into pieces by the hyperplanes that do not contain the flat; these pieces are called the faces of A. The regions are faces because the whole space is a flat. The faces of codimension 1 may be called the facets of A. The face semilattice of an arrangement is the set of all faces, ordered by inclusion. Adding an extra top element to the face semilattice gives the face lattice. In two dimensions (i.e., in the real affine plane) each region is a convex polygon (if it is bounded) or a convex polygonal region which goes off to infinity. As an example, if the arrangement consists of three parallel lines, the intersection semilattice consists of the plane and the three lines, but not the empty set. There are four regions, none of them bounded. If we add a line crossing the three parallels, then the intersection semilattice consists of the plane, the four lines, and the three points of intersection. There are eight regions, still none of them bounded. If we add one more line, parallel to the last, then there are 12 regions, of which two are bounded parallelograms. Typical problems about an arrangement in n-dimensional real space are to say how many regions there are, or how many faces of dimension 4, or how many bounded regions. These questions can be answered just from the intersection semilattice. For instance, two basic theorems, from Zaslavsky (1975), are that the number of regions of an affine arrangement equals (−1)npA(−1) and the number of bounded regions equals (−1)npA(1). Similarly, the number of k-dimensional faces or bounded faces can be read off as the coefficient of xn−k in (−1)n wA (−x, −1) or (−1)nwA(−x, 1). Meiser (1993) designed a fast algorithm to determine the face of an arrangement of hyperplanes containing an input point. Another question about an arrangement in real space is to decide how many regions are simplices (the n-dimensional generalization of triangles and tetrahedra). This cannot be answered based solely on the intersection semilattice. The McMullen problem asks for the smallest arrangement of a given dimension in general position in real projective space for which there does not exist a cell touched by all hyperplanes. A real linear arrangement has, besides its face semilattice, a poset of regions, a different one for each region. This poset is formed by choosing an arbitrary base region, B0, and associating with each region R the set S(R) consisting of the hyperplanes that separate R from B. The regions are partially ordered so that R1 ≥ R2 if S(R1, R) contains S(R2, R). In the special case when the hyperplanes arise from a root system, the resulting poset is the corresponding Weyl group with the weak order. In general, the poset of regions is ranked by the number of separating hyperplanes and its Möbius function has been computed (Edelman 1984). Vadim Schechtman and Alexander Varchenko introduced a matrix indexed by the regions. The matrix element for the region R i {\displaystyle R_{i}} and R j {\displaystyle R_{j}} is given by the product of indeterminate variables a H {\displaystyle a_{H}} for every hyperplane H that separates these two regions. If these variables are specialized to be all value q, then this is called the q-matrix (over the Euclidean domain Q [ q ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } ) for the arrangement and much information is contained in its Smith normal form. Complex arrangements In complex affine space (which is hard to visualize because even the complex affine plane has four real dimensions), the complement is connected (all one piece) with holes where the hyperplanes were removed. A typical problem about an arrangement in complex space is to describe the holes. The basic theorem about complex arrangements is that the cohomology of the complement M(A) is completely determined by the intersection semilattice. To be precise, the cohomology ring of M(A) (with integer coefficients) is isomorphic to the Orlik–Solomon algebra on Z. The isomorphism can be described explicitly and gives a presentation of the cohomology in terms of generators and relations, where generators are represented (in the de Rham cohomology) as logarithmic differential forms 1 2 π i d α α . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\pi i}}{\frac {d\alpha }{\alpha }}.} with α {\displaystyle \alpha } any linear form defining the generic hyperplane of the arrangement. Technicalities Sometimes it is convenient to allow the degenerate hyperplane, which is the whole space S, to belong to an arrangement. If A contains the degenerate hyperplane, then it has no regions because the complement is empty. However, it still has flats, an intersection semilattice, and faces. The preceding discussion assumes the degenerate hyperplane is not in the arrangement. Sometimes one wants to allow repeated hyperplanes in the arrangement. We did not consider this possibility in the preceding discussion, but it makes no material difference. See also Supersolvable arrangement Oriented matroid References "Arrangement of hyperplanes", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 Edelman, Paul H. (1984), "A partial order on the regions of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} dissected by hyperplanes", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 283 (2): 617–631, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.820, doi:10.2307/1999150, JSTOR 1999150, MR 0737888. Meiser, Stefan (1993), "Point location in arrangements of hyperplanes", Information and Computation, 106 (2): 286–303, doi:10.1006/inco.1993.1057, MR 1241314. Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki (1992), Arrangements of Hyperplanes, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften , vol. 300, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02772-1, ISBN 978-3-642-08137-8, MR 1217488. Stanley, Richard (2011). "3.11 Hyperplane Arrangements". Enumerative Combinatorics. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107602625. Zaslavsky, Thomas (1975), "Facing up to arrangements: face-count formulas for partitions of space by hyperplanes", Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 1 (154), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/memo/0154, MR 0357135.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement_(space_partition)"},{"link_name":"hyperplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_space"},{"link_name":"affine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_geometry"},{"link_name":"projective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry"},{"link_name":"semilattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilattice"},{"link_name":"subspaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_subspace"},{"link_name":"lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"arrangement of lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement_of_lines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrangement_hyperplans.png"}],"text":"In geometry and combinatorics, an arrangement of hyperplanes is an arrangement of a finite set A of hyperplanes in a linear, affine, or projective space S. \nQuestions about a hyperplane arrangement A generally concern geometrical, topological, or other properties of the complement, M(A), which is the set that remains when the hyperplanes are removed from the whole space. One may ask how these properties are related to the arrangement and its intersection semilattice.\nThe intersection semilattice of A, written L(A), is the set of all subspaces that are obtained by intersecting some of the hyperplanes; among these subspaces are S itself, all the individual hyperplanes, all intersections of pairs of hyperplanes, etc. (excluding, in the affine case, the empty set). These intersection subspaces of A are also called the flats of A. The intersection semilattice L(A) is partially ordered by reverse inclusion.If the whole space S is 2-dimensional, the hyperplanes are lines; such an arrangement is often called an arrangement of lines. Historically, real arrangements of lines were the first arrangements investigated. If S is 3-dimensional one has an arrangement of planes.A hyperplane arrangement in space","title":"Arrangement of hyperplanes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometric semilattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometric_semilattice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"geometric lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_lattice"},{"link_name":"matroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid"},{"link_name":"semimatroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semimatroid&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"The intersection semilattice and the matroid","text":"The intersection semilattice L(A) is a meet semilattice and more specifically is a geometric semilattice. If the arrangement is linear or projective, or if the intersection of all hyperplanes is nonempty, the intersection lattice is a geometric lattice.\n(This is why the semilattice must be ordered by reverse inclusion—rather than by inclusion, which might seem more natural but would not yield a geometric (semi)lattice.)When L(A) is a lattice, the matroid of A, written M(A), has A for its ground set and has rank function r(S) := codim(I), where S is any subset of A and I is the intersection of the hyperplanes in S. In general, when L(A) is a semilattice, there is an analogous matroid-like structure called a semimatroid, which is a generalization of a matroid (and has the same relationship to the intersection semilattice as does the matroid to the lattice in the lattice case), but is not a matroid if L(A) is not a lattice.","title":"General theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid#Characteristic_polynomial"}],"sub_title":"Polynomials","text":"For a subset B of A, let us define f(B) := the intersection of the hyperplanes in B; this is S if B is empty. \nThe characteristic polynomial of A, written pA(y), can be defined byp\n \n A\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n B\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n B\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n dim\n ⁡\n f\n (\n B\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{A}(y):=\\sum _{B}(-1)^{|B|}y^{\\dim f(B)},}summed over all subsets B of A except, in the affine case, subsets whose intersection is empty. (The dimension of the empty set is defined to be −1.) This polynomial helps to solve some basic questions; see below.\nAnother polynomial associated with A is the Whitney-number polynomial wA(x, y), defined byw\n \n A\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n B\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n dim\n ⁡\n f\n (\n B\n )\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n C\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n C\n −\n B\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n dim\n ⁡\n f\n (\n C\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{A}(x,y):=\\sum _{B}x^{n-\\dim f(B)}\\sum _{C}(-1)^{|C-B|}y^{\\dim f(C)},}summed over B ⊆ C ⊆ A such that f(B) is nonempty.Being a geometric lattice or semilattice, L(A) has a characteristic polynomial, pL(A)(y), which has an extensive theory (see matroid). Thus it is good to know that pA(y) = yi pL(A)(y), where i is the smallest dimension of any flat, except that in the projective case it equals yi + 1pL(A)(y). \nThe Whitney-number polynomial of A is similarly related to that of L(A). \n(The empty set is excluded from the semilattice in the affine case specifically so that these relationships will be valid.)","title":"General theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlik–Solomon algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlik%E2%80%93Solomon_algebra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"exterior algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_algebra"},{"link_name":"chain complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_complex"},{"link_name":"ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"codimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codimension"}],"sub_title":"The Orlik–Solomon algebra","text":"The intersection semilattice determines another combinatorial invariant of the arrangement, the Orlik–Solomon algebra. To define it, fix a commutative subring K of the base field and form the exterior algebra E of the vector space⨁\n \n H\n ∈\n A\n \n \n K\n \n e\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\bigoplus _{H\\in A}Ke_{H}}generated by the hyperplanes.\nA chain complex structure is defined on E with the usual boundary operator \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial }\n \n.\nThe Orlik–Solomon algebra is then the quotient of E by the ideal generated by elements of the form \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∧\n ⋯\n ∧\n \n e\n \n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{H_{1}}\\wedge \\cdots \\wedge e_{H_{p}}}\n \n for which \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1},\\dots ,H_{p}}\n \n have empty intersection, and by boundaries of elements of the same form for which \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n ∩\n ⋯\n ∩\n \n H\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}\\cap \\cdots \\cap H_{p}}\n \n has codimension less than p.","title":"General theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"affine space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_polygon"},{"link_name":"polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"link_name":"polyhedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron#General"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon"},{"link_name":"parallelograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelogram"},{"link_name":"Meiser (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeiser1993"},{"link_name":"simplices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"tetrahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"McMullen problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMullen_problem"},{"link_name":"real projective space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_space"},{"link_name":"poset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poset"},{"link_name":"root system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system"},{"link_name":"Weyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group"},{"link_name":"ranked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_poset"},{"link_name":"Möbius function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_algebra"},{"link_name":"Edelman 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEdelman1984"},{"link_name":"Alexander Varchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Varchenko"},{"link_name":"Smith normal form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_normal_form"}],"text":"In real affine space, the complement is disconnected: it is made up of separate pieces called cells or regions or chambers, each of which is either a bounded region that is a convex polytope, or an unbounded region that is a convex polyhedral region which goes off to infinity. \nEach flat of A is also divided into pieces by the hyperplanes that do not contain the flat; these pieces are called the faces of A. \nThe regions are faces because the whole space is a flat. \nThe faces of codimension 1 may be called the facets of A. \nThe face semilattice of an arrangement is the set of all faces, ordered by inclusion. Adding an extra top element to the face semilattice gives the face lattice.In two dimensions (i.e., in the real affine plane) each region is a convex polygon (if it is bounded) or a convex polygonal region which goes off to infinity.As an example, if the arrangement consists of three parallel lines, the intersection semilattice consists of the plane and the three lines, but not the empty set. There are four regions, none of them bounded.\nIf we add a line crossing the three parallels, then the intersection semilattice consists of the plane, the four lines, and the three points of intersection. There are eight regions, still none of them bounded.\nIf we add one more line, parallel to the last, then there are 12 regions, of which two are bounded parallelograms.Typical problems about an arrangement in n-dimensional real space are to say how many regions there are, or how many faces of dimension 4, or how many bounded regions. These questions can be answered just from the intersection semilattice. For instance, two basic theorems, from Zaslavsky (1975), are that the number of regions of an affine arrangement equals (−1)npA(−1) and the number of bounded regions equals (−1)npA(1). Similarly, the number of k-dimensional faces or bounded faces can be read off as the coefficient of xn−k in (−1)n wA (−x, −1) or (−1)nwA(−x, 1).Meiser (1993) designed a fast algorithm to determine the face of an arrangement of hyperplanes containing an input point.Another question about an arrangement in real space is to decide how many regions are simplices (the n-dimensional generalization of triangles and tetrahedra). This cannot be answered based solely on the intersection semilattice. The McMullen problem asks for the smallest arrangement of a given dimension in general position in real projective space for which there does not exist a cell touched by all hyperplanes.A real linear arrangement has, besides its face semilattice, a poset of regions, a different one for each region. This poset is formed by choosing an arbitrary base region, B0, and associating with each region R the set S(R) consisting of the hyperplanes that separate R from B. The regions are partially ordered so that R1 ≥ R2 if S(R1, R) contains S(R2, R). In the special case when the hyperplanes arise from a root system, the resulting poset is the corresponding Weyl group with the weak order. In general, the poset of regions is ranked by the number of separating hyperplanes and its Möbius function has been computed (Edelman 1984).Vadim Schechtman and Alexander Varchenko introduced a matrix indexed by the regions. The matrix element for the region \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{i}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{j}}\n \n is given by the product of indeterminate variables \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{H}}\n \n for every hyperplane H that separates these two regions. If these variables are specialized to be all value q, then this is called the q-matrix (over the Euclidean domain \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n [\n q\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} [q]}\n \n) for the arrangement and much information is contained in its Smith normal form.","title":"Real arrangements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic"},{"link_name":"de Rham cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"link_name":"differential forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_form"}],"text":"In complex affine space (which is hard to visualize because even the complex affine plane has four real dimensions), the complement is connected (all one piece) with holes where the hyperplanes were removed.A typical problem about an arrangement in complex space is to describe the holes.The basic theorem about complex arrangements is that the cohomology of the complement M(A) is completely determined by the intersection semilattice. To be precise, the cohomology ring of M(A) (with integer coefficients) is isomorphic to the Orlik–Solomon algebra on Z.The isomorphism can be described explicitly and gives a presentation of the cohomology in terms of generators and relations, where generators are represented (in the de Rham cohomology) as logarithmic differential forms1\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n α\n \n α\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2\\pi i}}{\\frac {d\\alpha }{\\alpha }}.}with \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n any linear form defining the generic hyperplane of the arrangement.","title":"Complex arrangements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sometimes it is convenient to allow the degenerate hyperplane, which is the whole space S, to belong to an arrangement. If A contains the degenerate hyperplane, then it has no regions because the complement is empty. However, it still has flats, an intersection semilattice, and faces. The preceding discussion assumes the degenerate hyperplane is not in the arrangement.Sometimes one wants to allow repeated hyperplanes in the arrangement. We did not consider this possibility in the preceding discussion, but it makes no material difference.","title":"Technicalities"}]
[{"image_text":"A hyperplane arrangement in space","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arrangement_hyperplans.png/220px-Arrangement_hyperplans.png"}]
[{"title":"Supersolvable arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolvable_arrangement"},{"title":"Oriented matroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriented_matroid"}]
[{"reference":"\"Arrangement of hyperplanes\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Arrangement_of_hyperplanes","url_text":"\"Arrangement of hyperplanes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"Edelman, Paul H. (1984), \"A partial order on the regions of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n dissected by hyperplanes\", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 283 (2): 617–631, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.820, doi:10.2307/1999150, JSTOR 1999150, MR 0737888","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.308.820","url_text":"10.1.1.308.820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1999150","url_text":"10.2307/1999150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1999150","url_text":"1999150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0737888","url_text":"0737888"}]},{"reference":"Meiser, Stefan (1993), \"Point location in arrangements of hyperplanes\", Information and Computation, 106 (2): 286–303, doi:10.1006/inco.1993.1057, MR 1241314","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Finco.1993.1057","url_text":"10.1006/inco.1993.1057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1241314","url_text":"1241314"}]},{"reference":"Orlik, Peter; Terao, Hiroaki (1992), Arrangements of Hyperplanes, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], vol. 300, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02772-1, ISBN 978-3-642-08137-8, MR 1217488","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Orlik","url_text":"Orlik, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroaki_Terao","url_text":"Terao, Hiroaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-02772-1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-02772-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08137-8","url_text":"978-3-642-08137-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1217488","url_text":"1217488"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Richard (2011). \"3.11 Hyperplane Arrangements\". Enumerative Combinatorics. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107602625.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Stanley","url_text":"Stanley, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107602625","url_text":"978-1107602625"}]},{"reference":"Zaslavsky, Thomas (1975), \"Facing up to arrangements: face-count formulas for partitions of space by hyperplanes\", Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 1 (154), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/memo/0154, MR 0357135","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Zaslavsky","url_text":"Zaslavsky, Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fmemo%2F0154","url_text":"10.1090/memo/0154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0357135","url_text":"0357135"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Arrangement_of_hyperplanes","external_links_name":"\"Arrangement of hyperplanes\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.308.820","external_links_name":"10.1.1.308.820"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1999150","external_links_name":"10.2307/1999150"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1999150","external_links_name":"1999150"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0737888","external_links_name":"0737888"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Finco.1993.1057","external_links_name":"10.1006/inco.1993.1057"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1241314","external_links_name":"1241314"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-02772-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-662-02772-1"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1217488","external_links_name":"1217488"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fmemo%2F0154","external_links_name":"10.1090/memo/0154"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0357135","external_links_name":"0357135"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_nineteenth_problem
Hilbert's nineteenth problem
["1 History","1.1 The origins of the problem","1.2 The path to the complete solution","1.3 Counterexamples to various generalizations of the problem","2 De Giorgi's theorem","3 Application of De Giorgi's theorem to Hilbert's problem","4 Nash's theorem","5 Notes","6 References"]
When are solutions in the calculus of variations analytic Hilbert's nineteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems, set out in a list compiled by David Hilbert in 1900. It asks whether the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations are always analytic. Informally, and perhaps less directly, since Hilbert's concept of a "regular variational problem" identifies this precisely as a variational problem whose Euler–Lagrange equation is an elliptic partial differential equation with analytic coefficients, Hilbert's nineteenth problem, despite its seemingly technical statement, simply asks whether, in this class of partial differential equations, any solution inherits the relatively simple and well understood property of being an analytic function from the equation it satisfies. Hilbert's nineteenth problem was solved independently in the late 1950s by Ennio De Giorgi and John Forbes Nash, Jr. History The origins of the problem Eine der begrifflich merkwürdigsten Thatsachen in den Elementen der Theorie der analytischen Funktionen erblicke ich darin, daß es Partielle Differentialgleichungen giebt, deren Integrale sämtlich notwendig analytische Funktionen der unabhängigen Variabeln sind, die also, kurz gesagt, nur analytischer Lösungen fähig sind.— David Hilbert, (Hilbert 1900, p. 288). David Hilbert presented what is now called his nineteenth problem in his speech at the second International Congress of Mathematicians. In (Hilbert 1900, p. 288) he states that, in his opinion, one of the most remarkable facts of the theory of analytic functions is that there exist classes of partial differential equations which admit only analytic functions as solutions, listing Laplace's equation, Liouville's equation, the minimal surface equation and a class of linear partial differential equations studied by Émile Picard as examples. He then notes that most partial differential equations sharing this property are Euler–Lagrange equations of a well defined kind of variational problem, satisfying the following three properties: (1)      ∬ F ( p , q , z ; x , y ) d x d y = Minimum [ ∂ z ∂ x = p ; ∂ z ∂ y = q ] {\displaystyle {\iint F(p,q,z;x,y)dxdy}={\text{Minimum}}\qquad \left} , (2)      ∂ 2 F ∂ 2 p ⋅ ∂ 2 F ∂ 2 q − ( ∂ 2 F ∂ p ∂ q ) 2 > 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}F}{\partial ^{2}p}}\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}F}{\partial ^{2}q}}-\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}F}{{\partial p}{\partial q}}}\right)^{2}>0} , (3)      F is an analytic function of all its arguments p, q, z, x and y. Hilbert calls this a "regular variational problem". Property (1) means that these are minimum problems. Property (2) is the ellipticity condition on the Euler–Lagrange equations associated to the given functional, while property (3) is a simple regularity assumption about the function F. Having identified the class of problems considered, he poses the following question: "... does every Lagrangian partial differential equation of a regular variation problem have the property of admitting analytic integrals exclusively?" He asks further if this is the case even when the function is required to assume boundary values that are continuous, but not analytic, as happens for Dirichlet's problem for the potential function . The path to the complete solution Hilbert stated his nineteenth problem as a regularity problem for a class of elliptic partial differential equation with analytic coefficients. Therefore the first efforts of researchers who sought to solve it were aimed at studying the regularity of classical solutions for equations belonging to this class. For C 3  solutions, Hilbert's problem was answered positively by Sergei Bernstein (1904) in his thesis. He showed that C 3  solutions of nonlinear elliptic analytic equations in 2 variables are analytic. Bernstein's result was improved over the years by several authors, such as Petrowsky (1939), who reduced the differentiability requirements on the solution needed to prove that it is analytic. On the other hand, direct methods in the calculus of variations showed the existence of solutions with very weak differentiability properties. For many years there was a gap between these results. The solutions that could be constructed were known to have square integrable second derivatives, but this was not quite strong enough to feed into the machinery that could prove they were analytic, which needed continuity of first derivatives. This gap was filled independently by Ennio De Giorgi (1956, 1957), and John Forbes Nash (1957, 1958), who were able to show the solutions had first derivatives that were Hölder continuous. By previous results this implied that the solutions are analytic whenever the differential equation has analytic coefficients, thus completing the solution of Hilbert's nineteenth problem. Subsequently, Jürgen Moser gave an alternate proof of the results obtained by Ennio De Giorgi (1956, 1957), and John Forbes Nash (1957, 1958). Counterexamples to various generalizations of the problem The affirmative answer to Hilbert's nineteenth problem given by Ennio De Giorgi and John Forbes Nash raised the question if the same conclusion holds also for Euler–Lagrange equations of more general functionals. At the end of the 1960s, Maz'ya (1968), De Giorgi (1968) and Giusti & Miranda (1968) independently constructed several counterexamples, showing that in general there is no hope of proving such regularity results without adding further hypotheses. Precisely, Maz'ya (1968) gave several counterexamples involving a single elliptic equation of order greater than two with analytic coefficients. For experts, the fact that such equations could have nonanalytic and even nonsmooth solutions created a sensation. De Giorgi (1968) and Giusti & Miranda (1968) gave counterexamples showing that in the case when the solution is vector-valued rather than scalar-valued, it need not be analytic; the example of De Giorgi consists of an elliptic system with bounded coefficients, while the one of Giusti and Miranda has analytic coefficients. Later, Nečas (1977) provided other, more refined, examples for the vector valued problem. De Giorgi's theorem The key theorem proved by De Giorgi is an a priori estimate stating that if u is a solution of a suitable linear second order strictly elliptic PDE of the form D i ( a i j ( x ) D j u ) = 0 {\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)\,D_{j}u)=0} and u {\displaystyle u} has square integrable first derivatives, then u {\displaystyle u} is Hölder continuous. Application of De Giorgi's theorem to Hilbert's problem Hilbert's problem asks whether the minimizers w {\displaystyle w} of an energy functional such as ∫ U L ( D w ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{U}L(Dw)\,\mathrm {d} x} are analytic. Here w {\displaystyle w} is a function on some compact set U {\displaystyle U} of Rn, D w {\displaystyle Dw} is its gradient vector, and L {\displaystyle L} is the Lagrangian, a function of the derivatives of w {\displaystyle w} that satisfies certain growth, smoothness, and convexity conditions. The smoothness of w {\displaystyle w} can be shown using De Giorgi's theorem as follows. The Euler–Lagrange equation for this variational problem is the non-linear equation ∑ i = 1 n ( L p i ( D w ) ) x i = 0 {\displaystyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}(L_{p_{i}}(Dw))_{x_{i}}=0} and differentiating this with respect to x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} gives ∑ i = 1 n ( L p i p j ( D w ) w x j x k ) x i = 0 {\displaystyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}(L_{p_{i}p_{j}}(Dw)w_{x_{j}x_{k}})_{x_{i}}=0} This means that u = w x k {\displaystyle u=w_{x_{k}}} satisfies the linear equation D i ( a i j ( x ) D j u ) = 0 {\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)D_{j}u)=0} with a i j = L p i p j ( D w ) {\displaystyle a^{ij}=L_{p_{i}p_{j}}(Dw)} so by De Giorgi's result the solution w has Hölder continuous first derivatives, provided the matrix L p i p j {\displaystyle L_{p_{i}p_{j}}} is bounded. When this is not the case, a further step is needed: one must prove that the solution w {\displaystyle w} is Lipschitz continuous, i.e. the gradient D w {\displaystyle Dw} is an L ∞ {\displaystyle L^{\infty }} function. Once w is known to have Hölder continuous (n+1)st derivatives for some n ≥ 1, then the coefficients aij have Hölder continuous nth derivatives, so a theorem of Schauder implies that the (n+2)nd derivatives are also Hölder continuous, so repeating this infinitely often shows that the solution w is smooth. Nash's theorem Nash gave a continuity estimate for solutions of the parabolic equation D i ( a i j ( x ) D j u ) = D t ( u ) {\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)D_{j}u)=D_{t}(u)} where u is a bounded function of x1,...,xn, t defined for t ≥ 0. From his estimate Nash was able to deduce a continuity estimate for solutions of the elliptic equation D i ( a i j ( x ) D j u ) = 0 {\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)D_{j}u)=0} by considering the special case when u does not depend on t. Notes ^ See (Hilbert 1900) or, equivalently, one of its translations. ^ "Sind die Lösungen regulärer Variationsprobleme stets notwendig analytisch?" (English translation by Mary Frances Winston Newson:-"Are the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations always necessarily analytic?"), formulating the problem with the same words of Hilbert (1900, p. 288). ^ See (Hilbert 1900, pp. 288–289), or the corresponding section on the nineteenth problem in any of its translations or reprints, or the subsection "The origins of the problem" in the historical section of this entry. ^ English translation by Mary Frances Winston Newson:-"One of the most remarkable facts in the elements of the theory of analytic functions appears to me to be this: that there exist partial differential equations whose integrals are all of necessity analytic functions of the independent variables, that is, in short, equations susceptible of none but analytic solutions". ^ For a detailed historical analysis, see the relevant entry "Hilbert's problems". ^ Hilbert does not cite explicitly Joseph Liouville and considers the constant Gaussian curvature K as equal to -1/2: compare the relevant entry with (Hilbert 1900, p. 288). ^ Unlike Liouville's work, Picard's work is explicitly cited by Hilbert (1900, p. 288 and footnote 1 in the same page). ^ a b c See (Hilbert 1900, p. 288). ^ In his exact words: "Reguläres Variationsproblem". Hilbert's definition of a regular variational problem is stronger than the one currently used, for example, in (Gilbarg & Trudinger 2001, p. 289). ^ Since Hilbert considers all derivatives in the "classical", i.e. not in the weak but in the strong, sense, even before the statement of its analyticity in (3), the function F is assumed to be at least C 2 , as the use of the Hessian determinant in (2) implies. ^ English translation by Mary Frances Winston Newson: Hilbert's (1900, p. 288) precise words are:-"... d. h. ob jede Lagrangesche partielle Differentialgleichung eines reguläres Variationsproblem die Eigenschaft at, daß sie nur analytische Integrale zuläßt" (Italics emphasis by Hilbert himself). ^ See (Giaquinta 1983, p. 59), (Giusti 1994, p. 7 footnote 7 and p. 353), (Gohberg 1999, p. 1), (Hedberg 1999, pp. 10–11), (Kristensen & Mingione 2011, p. 5 and p. 8), and (Mingione 2006, p. 368). ^ See (Giaquinta 1983, pp. 54–59), (Giusti 1994, p. 7 and pp. 353). ^ See (Hedberg 1999, pp. 10–11), (Kristensen & Mingione 2011, p. 5 and p. 8) and (Mingione 2006, p. 368). ^ According to (Gohberg 1999, p. 1). ^ See (Giaquinta 1983, pp. 54–59) and (Giusti 1994, p. 7, pp. 202–203 and pp. 317–318). ^ For more information about the work of Jindřich Nečas see the work of Kristensen & Mingione (2011, §3.3, pp. 9–12) and (Mingione 2006, §3.3, pp. 369–370). References Bernstein, S. (1904), "Sur la nature analytique des solutions des équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre", Mathematische Annalen (in French), 59 (1–2): 20–76, doi:10.1007/BF01444746, ISSN 0025-5831, JFM 35.0354.01, S2CID 121487650. Bombieri, Enrico (1975), "Variational problems and elliptic equations", Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vancouver, B.C., 1974, Vol. 1, ICM Proceedings, Montreal: Canadian Mathematical Congress, pp. 53–63, MR 0509259, Zbl 0344.49002, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-31, retrieved 2011-01-29. Reprinted in Bombieri, Enrico (1976), "Variational problems and elliptic equations", in Browder, Felix E. (ed.), Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. XXVIII, Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, pp. 525–535, ISBN 978-0-8218-1428-4, MR 0425740, Zbl 0347.35032. De Giorgi, Ennio (1956), "Sull'analiticità delle estremali degli integrali multipli", Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Serie VIII (in Italian), 20: 438–441, MR 0082045, Zbl 0074.31503. "On the analyticity of extremals of multiple integrals" (English translation of the title) is a short research announcement disclosing the results detailed later in (De Giorgi 1957). While, according to the Complete list of De Giorgi's scientific publication (De Giorgi 2006, p. 6), an English translation should be included in (De Giorgi 2006), it is unfortunately missing. De Giorgi, Ennio (1957), "Sulla differenziabilità e l'analiticità delle estremali degli integrali multipli regolari", Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematicahe e Naturali, Serie III (in Italian), 3: 25–43, MR 0093649, Zbl 0084.31901. Translated in English as "On the differentiability and the analyticity of extremals of regular multiple integrals" in (De Giorgi 2006, pp. 149–166). De Giorgi, Ennio (1968), "Un esempio di estremali discontinue per un problema variazionale di tipo ellittico", Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana, Serie IV (in Italian), 1: 135–137, MR 0227827, Zbl 0084.31901. Translated in English as "An example of discontinuous extremals for a variational problem of elliptic type" in (De Giorgi 2006, pp. 285–287). De Giorgi, Ennio (2006), Ambrosio, Luigi; Dal Maso, Gianni; Forti, Marco; Miranda, Mario; Spagnolo, Sergio (eds.), Selected papers, Springer Collected Works in Mathematics, Berlin–New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. x+889, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41496-1, ISBN 978-3-540-26169-8, MR 2229237, Zbl 1096.01015. Giaquinta, Mariano (1983), Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations and nonlinear elliptic systems, Annals of Mathematics Studies, vol. 105, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. vii+297, ISBN 978-0-691-08330-8, MR 0717034, Zbl 0516.49003. Gilbarg, David; Trudinger, Neil S. (2001) , Elliptic partial differential equations of second order, Classics in Mathematics (Revised 3rd printing of 2nd ed.), Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer Verlag, pp. xiv+517, ISBN 978-3-540-41160-4, MR 1814364, Zbl 1042.35002. Giusti, Enrico (1994), Metodi diretti nel calcolo delle variazioni, Monografie Matematiche (in Italian), Bologna: Unione Matematica Italiana, pp. VI+422, MR 1707291, Zbl 0942.49002, translated in English as Giusti, Enrico (2003), Direct Methods in the Calculus of Variations, River Edge, New Jersey – London – Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, pp. viii+403, doi:10.1142/9789812795557, ISBN 978-981-238-043-2, MR 1962933, Zbl 1028.49001. Giusti, Enrico; Miranda, Mario (1968), "Un esempio di soluzioni discontinue per un problema di minimo relativo ad un integrale regolare del calcolo delle variazioni", Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana, Serie IV (in Italian), 2: 1–8, MR 0232265, Zbl 0155.44501. Gohberg, Israel (1999), "Vladimir Maz'ya: Friend and Mathematician. Recollections", in Rossman, Jürgen; Takáč, Peter; Wildenhain, Günther (eds.), The Maz'ya anniversary collection. Vol. 1: On Maz'ya's work in functional analysis, partial differential equations and applications. Based on talks given at the conference, Rostock, Germany, August 31 – September 4, 1998, Operator Theory. Advances and Applications, vol. 109, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 1–5, ISBN 978-3-7643-6201-0, MR 1747861, Zbl 0939.01018. Hedberg, Lars Inge (1999), "On Maz'ya's work in potential theory and the theory of function spaces", in Rossmann, Jürgen; Takáč, Peter; Wildenhain, Günther (eds.), The Maz'ya Anniversary Collection, Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, vol. 109, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 7–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8675-8_2, ISBN 978-3-0348-9726-6, MR 1747862, Zbl 0939.31001 Hilbert, David (1900), "Mathematische Probleme", Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse (in German) (3): 253–297, JFM 31.0068.03.– Reprinted as "Mathematische Probleme", Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, dritte reihe (in German), 1: 44–63 and 253–297, 1900, JFM 32.0084.05.– Translated to English by Mary Frances Winston Newson as Hilbert, David (1902), "Mathematical Problems", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 8 (10): 437–479, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1902-00923-3, JFM 33.0976.07, MR 1557926.– Reprinted as Hilbert, David (2000), "Mathematical Problems", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, New Series, 37 (4): 407–436, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-00-00881-8, MR 1779412, S2CID 12695502, Zbl 0979.01028.– Translated to French by M. L. Laugel (with additions of Hilbert himself) as Hilbert, David (1902), "Sur les problèmes futurs des Mathématiques", in Duporcq, E. (ed.), Compte Rendu du Deuxième Congrès International des Mathématiciens, tenu à Paris du 6 au 12 août 1900. Procès-Verbaux et Communications, ICM Proceedings, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, pp. 58–114, JFM 32.0084.06, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-31, retrieved 2013-12-28.– There exists also an earlier (and shorter) resume of Hilbert's original talk, translated in French and published as Hilbert, D. (1900), "Problèmes mathématiques", L'Enseignement Mathématique (in French), 2: 349–355, doi:10.5169/seals-3575, JFM 31.0905.03. Kristensen, Jan; Mingione, Giuseppe (October 2011). Sketches of Regularity Theory from The 20th Century and the Work of Jindřich Nečas (PDF) (Report). Oxford: Oxford Centre for Nonlinear PDE. pp. 1–30. OxPDE-11/17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-07.. Maz'ya, V. G. (1968), Примеры нерегулярных решений квазилинейных эллиптических уравнений с аналитическими коэффициентами, Funktsional'nyĭ Analiz I Ego Prilozheniya (in Russian), 2 (3): 53–57, MR 0237946.– Translated in English as Maz'ya, V. G. (1968), "Examples of nonregular solutions of quasilinear elliptic equations with analytic coefficients", Functional Analysis and Its Applications, 2 (3): 230–234, doi:10.1007/BF01076124, S2CID 121038871, Zbl 0179.43601. Mingione, Giuseppe (2006), "Regularity of minima: an invitation to the Dark Side of the Calculus of Variations.", Applications of Mathematics, 51 (4): 355–426, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.9183, doi:10.1007/s10778-006-0110-3, hdl:10338.dmlcz/134645, MR 2291779, S2CID 16385131, Zbl 1164.49324. Morrey, Charles B. (1966), Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 130, Berlin–Heidelberg–New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. xii+506, ISBN 978-3-540-69915-6, MR 0202511, Zbl 0142.38701. Nash, John (1957), "Parabolic equations", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 43 (8): 754–758, Bibcode:1957PNAS...43..754N, doi:10.1073/pnas.43.8.754, ISSN 0027-8424, JSTOR 89599, MR 0089986, PMC 528534, PMID 16590082, Zbl 0078.08704. Nash, John (1958), "Continuity of solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations" (PDF), American Journal of Mathematics, 80 (4): 931–954, Bibcode:1958AmJM...80..931N, doi:10.2307/2372841, hdl:10338.dmlcz/101876, ISSN 0002-9327, JSTOR 2372841, MR 0100158, Zbl 0096.06902. Nečas, Jindřich (1977), "Example of an irregular solution to a nonlinear elliptic system with analytic coefficients and conditions for regularity", in Kluge, Reinhard; Müller, Wolfdietrich (eds.), Theory of nonlinear operators: constructive aspects. Proceedings of the fourth international summer school, held at Berlin, GDR, from September 22 to 26, 1975, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, vol. 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, pp. 197–206, MR 0509483, Zbl 0372.35031. Petrowsky, I. G. (1939), "Sur l'analyticité des solutions des systèmes d'équations différentielles", Recueil Mathématique (Matematicheskii Sbornik) (in French), 5 (47): 3–70, JFM 65.0405.02, MR 0001425, Zbl 0022.22601. vteHilbert's problems 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 (24)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilbert problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_problems"},{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"calculus of variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_variations"},{"link_name":"analytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"variational problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_variation"},{"link_name":"Euler–Lagrange equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Lagrange_equation"},{"link_name":"elliptic partial differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"partial differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"analytic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"Ennio De Giorgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Nash, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr"}],"text":"Hilbert's nineteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems, set out in a list compiled by David Hilbert in 1900.[1] It asks whether the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations are always analytic.[2] Informally, and perhaps less directly, since Hilbert's concept of a \"regular variational problem\" identifies this precisely as a variational problem whose Euler–Lagrange equation is an elliptic partial differential equation with analytic coefficients,[3] Hilbert's nineteenth problem, despite its seemingly technical statement, simply asks whether, in this class of partial differential equations, any solution inherits the relatively simple and well understood property of being an analytic function from the equation it satisfies. Hilbert's nineteenth problem was solved independently in the late 1950s by Ennio De Giorgi and John Forbes Nash, Jr.","title":"Hilbert's nineteenth problem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"Hilbert 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"International Congress of Mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hilbert 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"Laplace's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"Liouville's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"minimal surface equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface_equation"},{"link_name":"Émile Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilbertp288-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_(1)"},{"link_name":"minimum problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum"},{"link_name":"(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_(2)"},{"link_name":"ellipticity condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"functional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_(3)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"potential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_theory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilbertp288-8"}],"sub_title":"The origins of the problem","text":"Eine der begrifflich merkwürdigsten Thatsachen in den Elementen der Theorie der analytischen Funktionen erblicke ich darin, daß es Partielle Differentialgleichungen giebt, deren Integrale sämtlich notwendig analytische Funktionen der unabhängigen Variabeln sind, die also, kurz gesagt, nur analytischer Lösungen fähig sind.[4]— David Hilbert, (Hilbert 1900, p. 288).David Hilbert presented what is now called his nineteenth problem in his speech at the second International Congress of Mathematicians.[5] In (Hilbert 1900, p. 288) he states that, in his opinion, one of the most remarkable facts of the theory of analytic functions is that there exist classes of partial differential equations which admit only analytic functions as solutions, listing Laplace's equation, Liouville's equation,[6] the minimal surface equation and a class of linear partial differential equations studied by Émile Picard as examples.[7] He then notes that most partial differential equations sharing this property are Euler–Lagrange equations of a well defined kind of variational problem, satisfying the following three properties:[8](1)     \n \n \n \n \n ∬\n F\n (\n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n z\n ;\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n d\n x\n d\n y\n \n =\n \n Minimum\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n =\n p\n \n ;\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n =\n q\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\iint F(p,q,z;x,y)dxdy}={\\text{Minimum}}\\qquad \\left[{\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial x}}=p\\quad ;\\quad {\\frac {\\partial z}{\\partial y}}=q\\right]}\n \n,\n(2)     \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n F\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n F\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n F\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n q\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial ^{2}F}{\\partial ^{2}p}}\\cdot {\\frac {\\partial ^{2}F}{\\partial ^{2}q}}-\\left({\\frac {\\partial ^{2}F}{{\\partial p}{\\partial q}}}\\right)^{2}>0}\n \n,\n(3)      F is an analytic function of all its arguments p, q, z, x and y.Hilbert calls this a \"regular variational problem\".[9] Property (1) means that these are minimum problems. Property (2) is the ellipticity condition on the Euler–Lagrange equations associated to the given functional, while property (3) is a simple regularity assumption about the function F.[10] Having identified the class of problems considered, he poses the following question: \"... does every Lagrangian partial differential equation of a regular variation problem have the property of admitting analytic integrals exclusively?\"[11] He asks further if this is the case even when the function is required to assume boundary values that are continuous, but not analytic, as happens for Dirichlet's problem for the potential function .[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regularity problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularity_problem"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hilbertp288-8"},{"link_name":"classical solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_solution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_differentiable_function"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Natanovich_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBernstein1904"},{"link_name":"Petrowsky (1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPetrowsky1939"},{"link_name":"Ennio De Giorgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Giorgi1956"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Giorgi1957"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNash1957"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNash1958"},{"link_name":"Hölder continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder_continuous"},{"link_name":"Ennio De Giorgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Giorgi1956"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Giorgi1957"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNash1957"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNash1958"}],"sub_title":"The path to the complete solution","text":"Hilbert stated his nineteenth problem as a regularity problem for a class of elliptic partial differential equation with analytic coefficients.[8] Therefore the first efforts of researchers who sought to solve it were aimed at studying the regularity of classical solutions for equations belonging to this class. For C 3  solutions, Hilbert's problem was answered positively by Sergei Bernstein (1904) in his thesis. He showed that C 3  solutions of nonlinear elliptic analytic equations in 2 variables are analytic. Bernstein's result was improved over the years by several authors, such as Petrowsky (1939), who reduced the differentiability requirements on the solution needed to prove that it is analytic. On the other hand, direct methods in the calculus of variations showed the existence of solutions with very weak differentiability properties. For many years there was a gap between these results. The solutions that could be constructed were known to have square integrable second derivatives, but this was not quite strong enough to feed into the machinery that could prove they were analytic, which needed continuity of first derivatives. This gap was filled independently by Ennio De Giorgi (1956, 1957), and John Forbes Nash (1957, 1958), who were able to show the solutions had first derivatives that were Hölder continuous. By previous results this implied that the solutions are analytic whenever the differential equation has analytic coefficients, thus completing the solution of Hilbert's nineteenth problem. Subsequently, Jürgen Moser gave an alternate proof of the results obtained by Ennio De Giorgi (1956, 1957), and John Forbes Nash (1957, 1958).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Maz'ya (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaz'ya1968"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"De Giorgi (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Giorgi1968"},{"link_name":"Giusti & Miranda (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiustiMiranda1968"},{"link_name":"counterexamples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterexample"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Maz'ya (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaz'ya1968"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"De Giorgi (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Giorgi1968"},{"link_name":"Giusti & Miranda (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiustiMiranda1968"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nečas (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNe%C4%8Das1977"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Counterexamples to various generalizations of the problem","text":"The affirmative answer to Hilbert's nineteenth problem given by Ennio De Giorgi and John Forbes Nash raised the question if the same conclusion holds also for Euler–Lagrange equations of more general functionals. At the end of the 1960s, Maz'ya (1968),[12] De Giorgi (1968) and Giusti & Miranda (1968) independently constructed several counterexamples,[13] showing that in general there is no hope of proving such regularity results without adding further hypotheses.Precisely, Maz'ya (1968) gave several counterexamples involving a single elliptic equation of order greater than two with analytic coefficients.[14] For experts, the fact that such equations could have nonanalytic and even nonsmooth solutions created a sensation.[15]De Giorgi (1968) and Giusti & Miranda (1968) gave counterexamples showing that in the case when the solution is vector-valued rather than scalar-valued, it need not be analytic; the example of De Giorgi consists of an elliptic system with bounded coefficients, while the one of Giusti and Miranda has analytic coefficients.[16] Later, Nečas (1977) provided other, more refined, examples for the vector valued problem.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a priori estimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_estimate"}],"text":"The key theorem proved by De Giorgi is an a priori estimate stating that if u is a solution of a suitable linear second order strictly elliptic PDE of the formD\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n D\n \n j\n \n \n u\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)\\,D_{j}u)=0}and \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n has square integrable first derivatives, then \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n is Hölder continuous.","title":"De Giorgi's theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"Euler–Lagrange equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Lagrange_equation"},{"link_name":"Lipschitz continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipschitz_continuity"}],"text":"Hilbert's problem asks whether the minimizers \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n of an energy functional such as∫\n \n U\n \n \n L\n (\n D\n w\n )\n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{U}L(Dw)\\,\\mathrm {d} x}are analytic. Here \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n is a function on some compact set \n \n \n \n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U}\n \n of Rn, \n \n \n \n D\n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Dw}\n \n is its gradient vector, and \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the Lagrangian, a function of the derivatives of \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n that satisfies certain growth, smoothness, and convexity conditions. The smoothness of \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n can be shown using De Giorgi's theorem\nas follows. The Euler–Lagrange equation for this variational problem is the non-linear equation∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n L\n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n D\n w\n )\n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{n}(L_{p_{i}}(Dw))_{x_{i}}=0}and differentiating this with respect to \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{k}}\n \n gives∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n L\n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n p\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n (\n D\n w\n )\n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{n}(L_{p_{i}p_{j}}(Dw)w_{x_{j}x_{k}})_{x_{i}}=0}This means that \n \n \n \n u\n =\n \n w\n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=w_{x_{k}}}\n \n satisfies the linear equationD\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n D\n \n j\n \n \n u\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)D_{j}u)=0}witha\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n \n L\n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n p\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n (\n D\n w\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{ij}=L_{p_{i}p_{j}}(Dw)}so by De Giorgi's result the solution w has Hölder continuous first derivatives, provided the matrix \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n p\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L_{p_{i}p_{j}}}\n \n is bounded. When this is not the case, a further step is needed: one must prove that the solution \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n is Lipschitz continuous, i.e. the gradient \n \n \n \n D\n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Dw}\n \n is an \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{\\infty }}\n \n function.Once w is known to have Hölder continuous (n+1)st derivatives for some n ≥ 1, then the coefficients aij have Hölder continuous nth derivatives, so a theorem of Schauder implies that the (n+2)nd derivatives are also Hölder continuous, so repeating this infinitely often shows that the solution w is smooth.","title":"Application of De Giorgi's theorem to Hilbert's problem"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nash gave a continuity estimate for solutions of the parabolic equationD\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n D\n \n j\n \n \n u\n )\n =\n \n D\n \n t\n \n \n (\n u\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)D_{j}u)=D_{t}(u)}where u is a bounded function of x1,...,xn, t defined for t ≥ 0. From his estimate Nash was able to deduce a continuity estimate for solutions of the elliptic equationD\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n D\n \n j\n \n \n u\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{i}(a^{ij}(x)D_{j}u)=0}\n \n by considering the special case when u does not depend on t.","title":"Nash's theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hilbert 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Mary Frances Winston Newson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Frances_Winston_Newson"},{"link_name":"Hilbert (1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Hilbert 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"The origins of the problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_origins_of_the_problem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Hilbert's problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_problems"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Joseph Liouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Liouville"},{"link_name":"Gaussian curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_curvature"},{"link_name":"Hilbert 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Hilbert (1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hilbertp288_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hilbertp288_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hilbertp288_8-2"},{"link_name":"Hilbert 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Gilbarg & Trudinger 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGilbargTrudinger2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_derivative"},{"link_name":"strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_derivative"},{"link_name":"(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_(3)"},{"link_name":"Hessian determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_determinant"},{"link_name":"(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_(2)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Hilbert's (1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHilbert1900"},{"link_name":"Italics emphasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Giaquinta 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiaquinta1983"},{"link_name":"Giusti 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiusti1994"},{"link_name":"Gohberg 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGohberg1999"},{"link_name":"Hedberg 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHedberg1999"},{"link_name":"Kristensen & Mingione 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKristensenMingione2011"},{"link_name":"Mingione 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMingione2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Giaquinta 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiaquinta1983"},{"link_name":"Giusti 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiusti1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Hedberg 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHedberg1999"},{"link_name":"Kristensen & Mingione 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKristensenMingione2011"},{"link_name":"Mingione 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMingione2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Gohberg 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGohberg1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Giaquinta 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiaquinta1983"},{"link_name":"Giusti 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiusti1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Jindřich Nečas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jind%C5%99ich_Ne%C4%8Das&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristensen & Mingione (2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKristensenMingione2011"},{"link_name":"Mingione 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMingione2006"}],"text":"^ See (Hilbert 1900) or, equivalently, one of its translations.\n\n^ \"Sind die Lösungen regulärer Variationsprobleme stets notwendig analytisch?\" (English translation by Mary Frances Winston Newson:-\"Are the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations always necessarily analytic?\"), formulating the problem with the same words of Hilbert (1900, p. 288).\n\n^ See (Hilbert 1900, pp. 288–289), or the corresponding section on the nineteenth problem in any of its translations or reprints, or the subsection \"The origins of the problem\" in the historical section of this entry.\n\n^ English translation by Mary Frances Winston Newson:-\"One of the most remarkable facts in the elements of the theory of analytic functions appears to me to be this: that there exist partial differential equations whose integrals are all of necessity analytic functions of the independent variables, that is, in short, equations susceptible of none but analytic solutions\".\n\n^ For a detailed historical analysis, see the relevant entry \"Hilbert's problems\".\n\n^ Hilbert does not cite explicitly Joseph Liouville and considers the constant Gaussian curvature K as equal to -1/2: compare the relevant entry with (Hilbert 1900, p. 288).\n\n^ Unlike Liouville's work, Picard's work is explicitly cited by Hilbert (1900, p. 288 and footnote 1 in the same page).\n\n^ a b c See (Hilbert 1900, p. 288).\n\n^ In his exact words: \"Reguläres Variationsproblem\". Hilbert's definition of a regular variational problem is stronger than the one currently used, for example, in (Gilbarg & Trudinger 2001, p. 289).\n\n^ Since Hilbert considers all derivatives in the \"classical\", i.e. not in the weak but in the strong, sense, even before the statement of its analyticity in (3), the function F is assumed to be at least C 2 , as the use of the Hessian determinant in (2) implies.\n\n^ English translation by Mary Frances Winston Newson: Hilbert's (1900, p. 288) precise words are:-\"... d. h. ob jede Lagrangesche partielle Differentialgleichung eines reguläres Variationsproblem die Eigenschaft at, daß sie nur analytische Integrale zuläßt\" (Italics emphasis by Hilbert himself).\n\n^ See (Giaquinta 1983, p. 59), (Giusti 1994, p. 7 footnote 7 and p. 353), (Gohberg 1999, p. 1), (Hedberg 1999, pp. 10–11), (Kristensen & Mingione 2011, p. 5 and p. 8), and (Mingione 2006, p. 368).\n\n^ See (Giaquinta 1983, pp. 54–59), (Giusti 1994, p. 7 and pp. 353).\n\n^ See (Hedberg 1999, pp. 10–11), (Kristensen & Mingione 2011, p. 5 and p. 8) and (Mingione 2006, p. 368).\n\n^ According to (Gohberg 1999, p. 1).\n\n^ See (Giaquinta 1983, pp. 54–59) and (Giusti 1994, p. 7, pp. 202–203 and pp. 317–318).\n\n^ For more information about the work of Jindřich Nečas see the work of Kristensen & Mingione (2011, §3.3, pp. 9–12) and (Mingione 2006, §3.3, pp. 369–370).","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bernstein, S. (1904), \"Sur la nature analytique des solutions des équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre\", Mathematische Annalen (in French), 59 (1–2): 20–76, doi:10.1007/BF01444746, ISSN 0025-5831, JFM 35.0354.01, S2CID 121487650","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Natanovich_Bernstein","url_text":"Bernstein, S."},{"url":"http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PPN=GDZPPN00225977X","url_text":"\"Sur la nature analytique des solutions des équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematische_Annalen","url_text":"Mathematische Annalen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01444746","url_text":"10.1007/BF01444746"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5831","url_text":"0025-5831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:35.0354.01","url_text":"35.0354.01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121487650","url_text":"121487650"}]},{"reference":"Bombieri, Enrico (1975), \"Variational problems and elliptic equations\", Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vancouver, B.C., 1974, Vol. 1, ICM Proceedings, Montreal: Canadian Mathematical Congress, pp. 53–63, MR 0509259, Zbl 0344.49002, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-31, retrieved 2011-01-29","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Bombieri","url_text":"Bombieri, Enrico"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000521/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1974.1/","url_text":"\"Variational problems and elliptic equations\""},{"url":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1974.1/","url_text":"Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vancouver, B.C., 1974, Vol. 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0509259","url_text":"0509259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0344.49002","url_text":"0344.49002"},{"url":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1974.1/Main/icm1974.1.0053.0064.ocr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bombieri, Enrico (1976), \"Variational problems and elliptic equations\", in Browder, Felix E. (ed.), Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. XXVIII, Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, pp. 525–535, ISBN 978-0-8218-1428-4, MR 0425740, Zbl 0347.35032","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Bombieri","url_text":"Bombieri, Enrico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Browder","url_text":"Browder, Felix E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0821814281","url_text":"Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_Symposia_in_Pure_Mathematics","url_text":"Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1428-4","url_text":"978-0-8218-1428-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0425740","url_text":"0425740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0347.35032","url_text":"0347.35032"}]},{"reference":"De Giorgi, Ennio (1956), \"Sull'analiticità delle estremali degli integrali multipli\", Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Serie VIII (in Italian), 20: 438–441, MR 0082045, Zbl 0074.31503","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi","url_text":"De Giorgi, Ennio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0082045","url_text":"0082045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0074.31503","url_text":"0074.31503"}]},{"reference":"De Giorgi, Ennio (1957), \"Sulla differenziabilità e l'analiticità delle estremali degli integrali multipli regolari\", Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematicahe e Naturali, Serie III (in Italian), 3: 25–43, MR 0093649, Zbl 0084.31901","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0093649","url_text":"0093649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0084.31901","url_text":"0084.31901"}]},{"reference":"De Giorgi, Ennio (1968), \"Un esempio di estremali discontinue per un problema variazionale di tipo ellittico\", Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana, Serie IV (in Italian), 1: 135–137, MR 0227827, Zbl 0084.31901","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0227827","url_text":"0227827"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0084.31901","url_text":"0084.31901"}]},{"reference":"De Giorgi, Ennio (2006), Ambrosio, Luigi; Dal Maso, Gianni; Forti, Marco; Miranda, Mario; Spagnolo, Sergio (eds.), Selected papers, Springer Collected Works in Mathematics, Berlin–New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. x+889, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41496-1, ISBN 978-3-540-26169-8, MR 2229237, Zbl 1096.01015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Ambrosio","url_text":"Ambrosio, Luigi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Dal_Maso","url_text":"Dal Maso, Gianni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Miranda_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Miranda, Mario"},{"url":"https://www.springer.com/mathematics/analysis/book/978-3-540-26169-8","url_text":"Selected papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-41496-1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-41496-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26169-8","url_text":"978-3-540-26169-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2229237","url_text":"2229237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1096.01015","url_text":"1096.01015"}]},{"reference":"Giaquinta, Mariano (1983), Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations and nonlinear elliptic systems, Annals of Mathematics Studies, vol. 105, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. vii+297, ISBN 978-0-691-08330-8, MR 0717034, Zbl 0516.49003","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Giaquinta","url_text":"Giaquinta, Mariano"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JwSAewaYsdMC","url_text":"Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations and nonlinear elliptic systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Mathematics_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Annals of Mathematics Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08330-8","url_text":"978-0-691-08330-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0717034","url_text":"0717034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0516.49003","url_text":"0516.49003"}]},{"reference":"Gilbarg, David; Trudinger, Neil S. (2001) [1998], Elliptic partial differential equations of second order, Classics in Mathematics (Revised 3rd printing of 2nd ed.), Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer Verlag, pp. xiv+517, ISBN 978-3-540-41160-4, MR 1814364, Zbl 1042.35002","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilbarg","url_text":"Gilbarg, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Trudinger","url_text":"Trudinger, Neil S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eoiGTf4cmhwC","url_text":"Elliptic partial differential equations of second order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-41160-4","url_text":"978-3-540-41160-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1814364","url_text":"1814364"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1042.35002","url_text":"1042.35002"}]},{"reference":"Giusti, Enrico (1994), Metodi diretti nel calcolo delle variazioni, Monografie Matematiche (in Italian), Bologna: Unione Matematica Italiana, pp. VI+422, MR 1707291, Zbl 0942.49002","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Giusti","url_text":"Giusti, Enrico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna","url_text":"Bologna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Matematica_Italiana","url_text":"Unione Matematica Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1707291","url_text":"1707291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0942.49002","url_text":"0942.49002"}]},{"reference":"Giusti, Enrico (2003), Direct Methods in the Calculus of Variations, River Edge, New Jersey – London – Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, pp. viii+403, doi:10.1142/9789812795557, ISBN 978-981-238-043-2, MR 1962933, Zbl 1028.49001","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FofhcvUZo9YC","url_text":"Direct Methods in the Calculus of Variations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Edge,_New_Jersey","url_text":"River Edge, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812795557","url_text":"10.1142/9789812795557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-238-043-2","url_text":"978-981-238-043-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1962933","url_text":"1962933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1028.49001","url_text":"1028.49001"}]},{"reference":"Giusti, Enrico; Miranda, Mario (1968), \"Un esempio di soluzioni discontinue per un problema di minimo relativo ad un integrale regolare del calcolo delle variazioni\", Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana, Serie IV (in Italian), 2: 1–8, MR 0232265, Zbl 0155.44501","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Giusti","url_text":"Giusti, Enrico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Miranda_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Miranda, Mario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollettino_dell%27Unione_Matematica_Italiana&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0232265","url_text":"0232265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0155.44501","url_text":"0155.44501"}]},{"reference":"Gohberg, Israel (1999), \"Vladimir Maz'ya: Friend and Mathematician. Recollections\", in Rossman, Jürgen; Takáč, Peter; Wildenhain, Günther (eds.), The Maz'ya anniversary collection. Vol. 1: On Maz'ya's work in functional analysis, partial differential equations and applications. Based on talks given at the conference, Rostock, Germany, August 31 – September 4, 1998, Operator Theory. Advances and Applications, vol. 109, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 1–5, ISBN 978-3-7643-6201-0, MR 1747861, Zbl 0939.01018","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Gohberg","url_text":"Gohberg, Israel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xPz9Mg2c_EC","url_text":"The Maz'ya anniversary collection. Vol. 1: On Maz'ya's work in functional analysis, partial differential equations and applications. Based on talks given at the conference, Rostock, Germany, August 31 – September 4, 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6201-0","url_text":"978-3-7643-6201-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1747861","url_text":"1747861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0939.01018","url_text":"0939.01018"}]},{"reference":"Hedberg, Lars Inge (1999), \"On Maz'ya's work in potential theory and the theory of function spaces\", in Rossmann, Jürgen; Takáč, Peter; Wildenhain, Günther (eds.), The Maz'ya Anniversary Collection, Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, vol. 109, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 7–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8675-8_2, ISBN 978-3-0348-9726-6, MR 1747862, Zbl 0939.31001","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel","url_text":"Basel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8675-8_2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-0348-8675-8_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-9726-6","url_text":"978-3-0348-9726-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1747862","url_text":"1747862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0939.31001","url_text":"0939.31001"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, David (1900), \"Mathematische Probleme\", Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse (in German) (3): 253–297, JFM 31.0068.03","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, David"},{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN252457811_1900&DMDID=DMDLOG_0037","url_text":"\"Mathematische Probleme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nachrichten_von_der_K%C3%B6niglichen_Gesellschaft_der_Wissenschaften_zu_G%C3%B6ttingen,_Mathematisch-Physikalische_Klasse&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:31.0068.03","url_text":"31.0068.03"}]},{"reference":"\"Mathematische Probleme\", Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, dritte reihe (in German), 1: 44–63 and 253–297, 1900, JFM 32.0084.05","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/archivdermathem02unkngoog#page/n61/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Mathematische Probleme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archiv_der_Mathematik_und_Physik&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Archiv der Mathematik und Physik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:32.0084.05","url_text":"32.0084.05"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, David (1902), \"Mathematical Problems\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 8 (10): 437–479, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1902-00923-3, JFM 33.0976.07, MR 1557926","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1902-00923-3","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1902-00923-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:33.0976.07","url_text":"33.0976.07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1557926","url_text":"1557926"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, David (2000), \"Mathematical Problems\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, New Series, 37 (4): 407–436, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-00-00881-8, MR 1779412, S2CID 12695502, Zbl 0979.01028","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-00-00881-8","url_text":"10.1090/S0273-0979-00-00881-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1779412","url_text":"1779412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12695502","url_text":"12695502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0979.01028","url_text":"0979.01028"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, David (1902), \"Sur les problèmes futurs des Mathématiques\", in Duporcq, E. (ed.), Compte Rendu du Deuxième Congrès International des Mathématiciens, tenu à Paris du 6 au 12 août 1900. Procès-Verbaux et Communications, ICM Proceedings, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, pp. 58–114, JFM 32.0084.06, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-31, retrieved 2013-12-28","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, David"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002929/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1900/","url_text":"\"Sur les problèmes futurs des Mathématiques\""},{"url":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1900/","url_text":"Compte Rendu du Deuxième Congrès International des Mathématiciens, tenu à Paris du 6 au 12 août 1900. Procès-Verbaux et Communications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:32.0084.06","url_text":"32.0084.06"},{"url":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1900/Main/icm1900.0058.0114.ocr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, D. (1900), \"Problèmes mathématiques\", L'Enseignement Mathématique (in French), 2: 349–355, doi:10.5169/seals-3575, JFM 31.0905.03","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert","url_text":"Hilbert, D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enseignement_Math%C3%A9matique","url_text":"L'Enseignement Mathématique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5169%2Fseals-3575","url_text":"10.5169/seals-3575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:31.0905.03","url_text":"31.0905.03"}]},{"reference":"Kristensen, Jan; Mingione, Giuseppe (October 2011). Sketches of Regularity Theory from The 20th Century and the Work of Jindřich Nečas (PDF) (Report). Oxford: Oxford Centre for Nonlinear PDE. pp. 1–30. OxPDE-11/17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mingione","url_text":"Mingione, Giuseppe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107114055/http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/OxPDE_11-17.pdf","url_text":"Sketches of Regularity Theory from The 20th Century and the Work of Jindřich Nečas"},{"url":"http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/OxPDE_11-17.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maz'ya, V. G. (1968), Примеры нерегулярных решений квазилинейных эллиптических уравнений с аналитическими коэффициентами, Funktsional'nyĭ Analiz I Ego Prilozheniya (in Russian), 2 (3): 53–57, MR 0237946","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Gilelevich_Maz%27ya","url_text":"Maz'ya, V. G."},{"url":"https://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/faa/v2/i3/p53","url_text":"Примеры нерегулярных решений квазилинейных эллиптических уравнений с аналитическими коэффициентами"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funktsional%27ny%C4%AD_Analiz_I_Ego_Prilozheniya&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Funktsional'nyĭ Analiz I Ego Prilozheniya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0237946","url_text":"0237946"}]},{"reference":"Maz'ya, V. G. (1968), \"Examples of nonregular solutions of quasilinear elliptic equations with analytic coefficients\", Functional Analysis and Its Applications, 2 (3): 230–234, doi:10.1007/BF01076124, S2CID 121038871, Zbl 0179.43601","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Gilelevich_Maz%27ya","url_text":"Maz'ya, V. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Functional_Analysis_and_Its_Applications&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Functional Analysis and Its Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01076124","url_text":"10.1007/BF01076124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121038871","url_text":"121038871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0179.43601","url_text":"0179.43601"}]},{"reference":"Mingione, Giuseppe (2006), \"Regularity of minima: an invitation to the Dark Side of the Calculus of Variations.\", Applications of Mathematics, 51 (4): 355–426, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.9183, doi:10.1007/s10778-006-0110-3, hdl:10338.dmlcz/134645, MR 2291779, S2CID 16385131, Zbl 1164.49324","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mingione","url_text":"Mingione, Giuseppe"},{"url":"http://dml.cz/dmlcz/134645","url_text":"\"Regularity of minima: an invitation to the Dark Side of the Calculus of Variations.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Applications of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.9183","url_text":"10.1.1.214.9183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10778-006-0110-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10778-006-0110-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10338.dmlcz%2F134645","url_text":"10338.dmlcz/134645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2291779","url_text":"2291779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16385131","url_text":"16385131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1164.49324","url_text":"1164.49324"}]},{"reference":"Morrey, Charles B. (1966), Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 130, Berlin–Heidelberg–New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. xii+506, ISBN 978-3-540-69915-6, MR 0202511, Zbl 0142.38701","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Morrey,_Jr.","url_text":"Morrey, Charles B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-QNKm1PBohsC","url_text":"Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-69915-6","url_text":"978-3-540-69915-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0202511","url_text":"0202511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0142.38701","url_text":"0142.38701"}]},{"reference":"Nash, John (1957), \"Parabolic equations\", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 43 (8): 754–758, Bibcode:1957PNAS...43..754N, doi:10.1073/pnas.43.8.754, ISSN 0027-8424, JSTOR 89599, MR 0089986, PMC 528534, PMID 16590082, Zbl 0078.08704","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash","url_text":"Nash, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America","url_text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957PNAS...43..754N","url_text":"1957PNAS...43..754N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.43.8.754","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.43.8.754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/89599","url_text":"89599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0089986","url_text":"0089986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528534","url_text":"528534"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16590082","url_text":"16590082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0078.08704","url_text":"0078.08704"}]},{"reference":"Nash, John (1958), \"Continuity of solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations\" (PDF), American Journal of Mathematics, 80 (4): 931–954, Bibcode:1958AmJM...80..931N, doi:10.2307/2372841, hdl:10338.dmlcz/101876, ISSN 0002-9327, JSTOR 2372841, MR 0100158, Zbl 0096.06902","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash","url_text":"Nash, John"},{"url":"http://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/101876/CzechMathJ_33-1983-2_7.pdf","url_text":"\"Continuity of solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Mathematics","url_text":"American Journal of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958AmJM...80..931N","url_text":"1958AmJM...80..931N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2372841","url_text":"10.2307/2372841"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10338.dmlcz%2F101876","url_text":"10338.dmlcz/101876"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9327","url_text":"0002-9327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2372841","url_text":"2372841"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0100158","url_text":"0100158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0096.06902","url_text":"0096.06902"}]},{"reference":"Nečas, Jindřich (1977), \"Example of an irregular solution to a nonlinear elliptic system with analytic coefficients and conditions for regularity\", in Kluge, Reinhard; Müller, Wolfdietrich (eds.), Theory of nonlinear operators: constructive aspects. Proceedings of the fourth international summer school, held at Berlin, GDR, from September 22 to 26, 1975, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, vol. 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, pp. 197–206, MR 0509483, Zbl 0372.35031","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jind%C5%99ich_Ne%C4%8Das&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Nečas, Jindřich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0509483","url_text":"0509483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0372.35031","url_text":"0372.35031"}]},{"reference":"Petrowsky, I. G. (1939), \"Sur l'analyticité des solutions des systèmes d'équations différentielles\", Recueil Mathématique (Matematicheskii Sbornik) (in French), 5 (47): 3–70, JFM 65.0405.02, MR 0001425, Zbl 0022.22601","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Georgievich_Petrovsky","url_text":"Petrowsky, I. G."},{"url":"https://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/msb5769","url_text":"\"Sur l'analyticité des solutions des systèmes d'équations différentielles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicheskii_Sbornik","url_text":"Recueil Mathématique (Matematicheskii Sbornik)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:65.0405.02","url_text":"65.0405.02"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0001425","url_text":"0001425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0022.22601","url_text":"0022.22601"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PPN=GDZPPN00225977X","external_links_name":"\"Sur la nature analytique des solutions des équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01444746","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF01444746"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5831","external_links_name":"0025-5831"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:35.0354.01","external_links_name":"35.0354.01"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121487650","external_links_name":"121487650"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000521/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1974.1/","external_links_name":"\"Variational problems and elliptic equations\""},{"Link":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1974.1/","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vancouver, B.C., 1974, Vol. 1"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0509259","external_links_name":"0509259"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0344.49002","external_links_name":"0344.49002"},{"Link":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1974.1/Main/icm1974.1.0053.0064.ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0821814281","external_links_name":"Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0425740","external_links_name":"0425740"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0347.35032","external_links_name":"0347.35032"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0082045","external_links_name":"0082045"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0074.31503","external_links_name":"0074.31503"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0093649","external_links_name":"0093649"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0084.31901","external_links_name":"0084.31901"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0227827","external_links_name":"0227827"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0084.31901","external_links_name":"0084.31901"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/mathematics/analysis/book/978-3-540-26169-8","external_links_name":"Selected papers"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-41496-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-41496-1"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2229237","external_links_name":"2229237"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1096.01015","external_links_name":"1096.01015"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JwSAewaYsdMC","external_links_name":"Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations and nonlinear elliptic systems"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0717034","external_links_name":"0717034"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0516.49003","external_links_name":"0516.49003"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eoiGTf4cmhwC","external_links_name":"Elliptic partial differential equations of second order"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1814364","external_links_name":"1814364"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1042.35002","external_links_name":"1042.35002"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1707291","external_links_name":"1707291"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0942.49002","external_links_name":"0942.49002"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FofhcvUZo9YC","external_links_name":"Direct Methods in the Calculus of Variations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812795557","external_links_name":"10.1142/9789812795557"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1962933","external_links_name":"1962933"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1028.49001","external_links_name":"1028.49001"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0232265","external_links_name":"0232265"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0155.44501","external_links_name":"0155.44501"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xPz9Mg2c_EC","external_links_name":"The Maz'ya anniversary collection. Vol. 1: On Maz'ya's work in functional analysis, partial differential equations and applications. Based on talks given at the conference, Rostock, Germany, August 31 – September 4, 1998"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1747861","external_links_name":"1747861"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0939.01018","external_links_name":"0939.01018"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8675-8_2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-0348-8675-8_2"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1747862","external_links_name":"1747862"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0939.31001","external_links_name":"0939.31001"},{"Link":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN252457811_1900&DMDID=DMDLOG_0037","external_links_name":"\"Mathematische Probleme\""},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:31.0068.03","external_links_name":"31.0068.03"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/archivdermathem02unkngoog#page/n61/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Mathematische Probleme\""},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:32.0084.05","external_links_name":"32.0084.05"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1902-00923-3","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1902-00923-3"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:33.0976.07","external_links_name":"33.0976.07"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1557926","external_links_name":"1557926"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-00-00881-8","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0273-0979-00-00881-8"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1779412","external_links_name":"1779412"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12695502","external_links_name":"12695502"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0979.01028","external_links_name":"0979.01028"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002929/http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1900/","external_links_name":"\"Sur les problèmes futurs des Mathématiques\""},{"Link":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1900/","external_links_name":"Compte Rendu du Deuxième Congrès International des Mathématiciens, tenu à Paris du 6 au 12 août 1900. Procès-Verbaux et Communications"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:32.0084.06","external_links_name":"32.0084.06"},{"Link":"http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1900/Main/icm1900.0058.0114.ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5169%2Fseals-3575","external_links_name":"10.5169/seals-3575"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:31.0905.03","external_links_name":"31.0905.03"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107114055/http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/OxPDE_11-17.pdf","external_links_name":"Sketches of Regularity Theory from The 20th Century and the Work of Jindřich Nečas"},{"Link":"http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/OxPDE_11-17.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/faa/v2/i3/p53","external_links_name":"Примеры нерегулярных решений квазилинейных эллиптических уравнений с аналитическими коэффициентами"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0237946","external_links_name":"0237946"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01076124","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF01076124"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121038871","external_links_name":"121038871"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0179.43601","external_links_name":"0179.43601"},{"Link":"http://dml.cz/dmlcz/134645","external_links_name":"\"Regularity of minima: an invitation to the Dark Side of the Calculus of Variations.\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.9183","external_links_name":"10.1.1.214.9183"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10778-006-0110-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10778-006-0110-3"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10338.dmlcz%2F134645","external_links_name":"10338.dmlcz/134645"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2291779","external_links_name":"2291779"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16385131","external_links_name":"16385131"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1164.49324","external_links_name":"1164.49324"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-QNKm1PBohsC","external_links_name":"Multiple integrals in the calculus of variations"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0202511","external_links_name":"0202511"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0142.38701","external_links_name":"0142.38701"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957PNAS...43..754N","external_links_name":"1957PNAS...43..754N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.43.8.754","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.43.8.754"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","external_links_name":"0027-8424"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/89599","external_links_name":"89599"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0089986","external_links_name":"0089986"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528534","external_links_name":"528534"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16590082","external_links_name":"16590082"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0078.08704","external_links_name":"0078.08704"},{"Link":"http://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/101876/CzechMathJ_33-1983-2_7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Continuity of solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958AmJM...80..931N","external_links_name":"1958AmJM...80..931N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2372841","external_links_name":"10.2307/2372841"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10338.dmlcz%2F101876","external_links_name":"10338.dmlcz/101876"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9327","external_links_name":"0002-9327"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2372841","external_links_name":"2372841"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0100158","external_links_name":"0100158"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0096.06902","external_links_name":"0096.06902"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0509483","external_links_name":"0509483"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0372.35031","external_links_name":"0372.35031"},{"Link":"https://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/msb5769","external_links_name":"\"Sur l'analyticité des solutions des systèmes d'équations différentielles\""},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:65.0405.02","external_links_name":"65.0405.02"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0001425","external_links_name":"0001425"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0022.22601","external_links_name":"0022.22601"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_(company)
Fig (company)
["1 History","2 Approach","3 Games funded","4 References","5 External links"]
Crowdfunding platform for video games This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Fig is defunct, now merged with Republic. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022) FigType of siteCrowdfundingDissolvedMay 29, 2023; 12 months ago (2023-05-29)HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.Founder(s)Justin BaileyBob IppolitoFreeman WhiteKey peopleAaron IsaksenBrian FargoFeargus UrquhartTim SchaferAlex RigopulosCliff BleszinskiRandy PitchfordParentRepublicURLfig.coLaunchedAugust 18, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-08-18)Current statusLiquidated into Republic Fig was a crowdfunding platform for video games. It launched in August 2015. Unlike traditional crowdfunding approaches like Kickstarter, where individuals can back a project to receive rewards, Fig used a mixed model that includes individual backing and the opportunity for uncredited investors to invest as to obtain a share of future revenues for successful projects. At the end of 2017, four projects had begun generating returns, returning 245% to Fig investors. Fig was acquired by Republic in 2022, and later liquided into the parent company in May 2023. History Fig was founded in August 2015 by Justin Bailey (formerly, COO of Double Fine Productions),, Bob Ippolito, and Freeman White. The advisory board was composed of executives from across the video game industry with previous experience in crowdfunding and investing in video game projects: Aaron Isaksen of the Indie Fund, Brian Fargo of inXile Entertainment, Feargus Urquhart of Obsidian Entertainment, and Tim Schafer of Double Fine Productions. The platform is backed by funding from Spark Capital. Alex Rigopulos, from Harmonix, and Cliff Bleszinski, formerly of Epic Games and Boss Key Productions, and Randy Pitchford of Gearbox Software have since joined the advisory board of Fig. The company was initially backed by seed funding from Spark Capital. In January 2017, it obtained another $7.84 million in funding from Spark and Greycroft Partners, among other smaller investors. In February 2017, Fig announced it has established a "Fig Finishing Fund" available to those projects that have been successfully backed on Fig as to help complete any late-stage development hurdles or final publishing and marketing pushes. Should projects qualify, they will be able to obtain at $20,000 from the Finishing Fund. In 2017, Fig set aside $500,000 of its own funds available for the Finishing Fund pool. The name "Fig" derives from Hotel Figueroa, located along Figueroa Street, a short distance from the Los Angeles Convention Center where the annual Electronic Entertainment Expo is traditionally held; Hotel Figueroa became a common social hub during these E3 events. Fig was acquired by Republic, a larger crowdfunding investment company, in April 2020. Fig will continue to operate as it has under Republic, though there will be opportunities to access more investors for projects through Republic's investment capital as a result. This allowed Fig to open up to more expansive campaigns including those related to hardware; with the announcement of the Republic acquisition, for example, Fig launched the campaign to allow crowdfunding or investment into the Intellivision Amico microconsole. After acquisition, Justin Bailey remained as a board member at Republic to help the post-merger integration. Republic said it had intended to close Fig after they acquired the company, which came about on May 28, 2023. Rewards and similar benefits to backers will still be upheld after this date. Approach Fig is offered as an alternative means for funding video game development from traditional crowdfunding sites like Kickstarter. The goal of Fig is to allow not only the traditional backing of a video game as with normal crowdfunding, but to also enable those that can invest in a game's development to receive a portion of the game's profits once it is released, in addition to other typical rewards that crowdfunded projects allow. During their initial growth period, Fig limited investors in such projects to those that have accredited assets of over $1 million, with plans that once off the ground, anyone will be able to contribute and invest in their offered projects. Due to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act which changed how the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) treated crowdfunding, Fig will allow anyone to invest at a minimum of $1,000 into future campaigns starting in December 2015. However, there were initially some issues with gaining SEC approval to collect funds from unaccredited investors, holding up the funding for some of the campaigns after this point such as Psychonauts 2, and Fig has been supplying the requested funds to developers through internal support and investment. In September 2016, the SEC approved Fig's plan allowing unaccredited investors to purchase Fig Game Shares once campaigns have succeeded. While future campaigns will also require their SEC review for unaccredited investors, work for establishing the mechanism for the Psychonauts 2 campaign by Fig and its legal firm should streamline these subsequent reviews. Fig had adapted a plan to account for unaccredited investors that may opt to not providing the funding during the course of a SEC review; Fig will still provide the full amount of money committed at the time of the campaign to the developers, and will hold any unpaid unaccredited share for sale that others can subsequently purchase as to otherwise keep the same percentages of equity between accredited and unaccredited shareholders. The concept for allowing investments of this nature resulted from the advisory board members' previous experience with Kickstarter campaigns, in which those that backed at the largest amounts typically were the least disruptive of the development process as they likely had the most trust in the game developer to complete the title as offered, according to Bailey. They also took inspiration from the success of Oculus VR, the company formed to develop their Oculus Rift virtual reality hardware through a $2.5 million Kickstarter campaign and eventually was sold to Facebook for $2 billion. Bailey believes that the most invested fans of such projects should be able to have a portion of those profits for a highly successful title. Because Fig uses both traditional backing as well as investment support, potential investors will be able to judge on a project's viability based on how many backers the project has accrued, which can help derisk their investment. According to Schafer, he hopes that this will create a reputation for games that would fall somewhere between AAA titles and indie games, allowing for smaller teams to develop games with larger budgets (on the order of millions of dollars) that normally require large publication deals. Schafer also felt that with average crowd-funding projects typically seeking funds via Kickstarter, there is a growing fatigue in the area, where only certain niche projects, such as "Exploding Kittens", gain attention, and considered Fig a means to counter that fatigue for games that did not fit those niches. Fig's approach is designed to support only one or two campaigns at a time, in contrast to the volume that are offered by Kickstarter or other crowdfunding services. Projects will be curated by Fig for viability and interest before they are supported, and will allow them to customize the website's project page for the game title to enhance its appeal. Fig may expand to have more concurrent projects if the platform proves successful. Fig will not require projects to accept investment support as long they offer typical backing options. As part of their support, Fargo, Urquhart, and Schafer have said that all future games developed by their respective studios will use Fig-based funding. Fig created a secondary monetization approach "Open Access" in May 2019 that is based on the early access release approach. After a game's initial funding is complete, users are still able to contribute to the game's funding under this Open Access period, running from as short as 30 days after the initial Fig investment period up to as late as the game's full release, gaining access to early builds of the game and other backer features. Games funded Title Developer Period Funding sought Completed funding (completed investment) Number of backers Status Description Outer Wilds Mobius Digital August 18, 2015 - September 17, 2015 $125,000 $126,480 ($75,000) 968 Success The first game to be funded on Fig. Developed by Masi Oka's studio Mobius Digital. The campaign sought $125,000 of total funding with $50,000 of that being from investors, but within the first few days of its launch, it was oversubscribed. Mobius increased the offering to $75,000, but still had to turn away nearly $800,000 of potential investment. Fig investors sold their interest in the game to Annapurna Interactive before the game was released, earning a 220% return. Anchors in the Drift 5th Cell October 21, 2015 - November 20, 2015 $500,000 $107,233 ($101,000) 133 Failure 5th Cell had committed to using Fig for their next project, Anchors in the Drift, a free-to-play role-playing game; 5th Cell was seeking $500,000 in investment and funding to finish off the game. The funding drive failed to meet its goal, only obtaining just above $100,000 of funding. Bailey stated that while they had anticipated a larger response based on the success of the Outer Wilds campaign, the failure demonstrates the nature of the crowdfunding where developers have a better gauge of player interest based on the success or failures of such campaigns. Psychonauts 2 Double Fine Productions December 3, 2015 - January 12, 2016 $3,300,000 $3,829,024 ($1,870,000) 24,109 Success In December 2015, Schafer announced Psychonauts 2, the sequel to Double Fine's Psychonauts, would be the next game to be funded through Fig, with a goal of $3.3 million of funding and investment. The campaign successfully completed with over $3.8 million raised from over 24,000 backers, with nearly half coming from investment-type funding as opposed to traditional reward-based backers. Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch Interabang Entertainment February 23, 2016 - March 31, 2016 $400,000 $445,467 ($327,000) 2,600 Success Funding for Interabang's Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch, a Castle Crashers-style brawler game based on the characters created by Kevin Smith, was announced in February 2016. The developers sought $400k in funding for the title. The campaign was successfully funded with over $435,000 from backers. Rock Band 4 for PC Harmonix Music Systems, Inc. March 1, 2016 - April 5, 2016 $1,500,000 $792,817 ($591,000) 1,674 Failure On Alex Rigopolis's joining of Fig's advisory board, he stated that he planned to use Fig to finance a future Harmonix product. Harmonix launched a campaign on Fig in March 2016 to port Rock Band 4 to the personal computer, seeking $1.5 million in funding to complete the port. The campaign only met about 50% of its funding goal, though Harmonix did not rule out other means to bring Rock Band 4 to the PC. Consortium: The Tower Interdimensional Games Inc April 7, 2016 - May 11, 2016 $300,000 $348,538 ($249,000) 3,046 Success Interdimensional Games used Fig to fund a sequel to Consortium, entitled Consortium: The Tower. Interdimensional Games had first tried to fund the project through Kickstarter in early 2016, but only raised about CAD $182,000 of the $450,000 they targeted. The developers saw that the Kickstarter would likely fail early on, and starting planning on using Fig as a backup plan. The Fig campaign launched in April 2016, seeking to raise US$300,000 (about the same as the Kickstarter), and has surpassed this amount. Make Sail Popcannibal September 29, 2016 - November 2, 2016 $50,000 $58,990 ($32,000) 911 Success Make Sail is a survival game set aboard a primarily ocean world, allowing the player to craft and improve a seaworthy vessel to explore the world. The game is being developed by Popcannibal, who previously created Girls Like Robots and Elegy for a Dead World. The Fig campaign sought $50,000 in funding. Wasteland 3 inXile Entertainment October 5, 2016 - November 3, 2016 $2,750,000 $3,121,716 ($2,250,000) 17,707 Success inXile Entertainment will use Fig to launch crowdfunding for Wasteland 3, the sequel to its 2014 Wasteland 2. The campaign, to start in October 2016, seeks $2.75 million in funding and investment, an amount comparable to what Wasteland 2 had obtained through Kickstarter. Trackless 12 East Games LLC October 11, 2016 - November 17, 2016 $20,000 $21,790 ($12,000) 465 Success Released on September 12, 2017. Generated a 12% return as of December 31, 2017. Jazon and the Dead 2nd Studio October 31, 2016 - December 1, 2016 $65,000 $30,250 ($18,000) 319 Failure Kingdoms and Castles Lion Shield December 3, 2016 - January 5, 2017 $15,000 $108,767 ($83,000) 1,382 Success First game to generate a positive return for Fig investors. Generated a 300% return. Little Bug Buddy System January 4, 2017 - February 9, 2017 $35,000 $35,317 ($28,000) 315 Success Solo Team Gotham January 18, 2017 - February 23, 2017 $64,500 $68,735 ($50,000) 543 Success Pillars of Eternity II: Deadfire Obsidian Entertainment January 25, 2017 - February 24, 2017 $1,100,000 $4,705,524 ($2,250,000) 33,614 Success Solstice Chronicles: MIA Ironward February 23, 2017 - March 23, 2017 $30,000 $30,900 ($16,000) 512 Success Released July 26, 2017. Generated a 104% return as of December 31, 2017. Phoenix Point Snapshot Games April 25, 2017 - June 8, 2017 $500,000 $765,948 ($320,000) 10,314 Success Phoenix Point is a single-player, strategy, turn-based tactics, "sci-fi horror" video game being developed by Snapshot Games, an independent video game developer in Sofia, Bulgaria. The creative lead for the game, Julian Gollop, is known as the "man who gave birth to the X-COM franchise." Phoenix Point is described as a spiritual successor to X-COM. Flash Point: Fire Rescue RetroEpic Software May 30, 2017 - June 28, 2017 $30,000 $38,354 ($15,000) 767 Success KnightOut 2nd Studio June 27, 2017 - July 27, 2017 $15,000 $30,713 ($25,000) 323 Success Bounty Battle Dark Screen Games Jul. 2017 - August 22, 2017 $30,000 $39,575 ($26,000) 334 Success Homeworld 3 Blackbird Interactive September 1, 2019 - September 30, 2019 $1 Ongoing ($1,505,840) 8,414 Success References ^ a b Charlie Hall (March 19, 2018). "Fig investors see 245 percent returns, including a profitable buy-out (update)". Polygon. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ a b c d Bobby Hopper (March 16, 2018). "Fig Investment Returns Announced!". Fig Blog. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ a b Sinclair, Brendan (December 14, 2015). "A peek under Tim Schafer's Fig leaf". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved December 15, 2015. ^ Hall, Charlie (September 3, 2015). "Harmonix partners with crowdfunding site Fig, takes seat on advisory board". Polygon. Retrieved September 3, 2015. ^ Grubb, Jeff (May 10, 2016). "Star developer Cliff Bleszinski invests in crowdfunding game site Fig". VentureBeat. Retrieved August 23, 2017. ^ Sinclair, Brendan (March 8, 2018). "Randy Pitchford joins Fig advisory board". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved March 8, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hall, Charlie (August 18, 2015). "What if Kickstarter let you profit from a game's success? Fig found a way, launches today". Polygon. Retrieved September 3, 2015. ^ Takahashi, Dean (January 19, 2017). "Fig raises $7.8 million to expand game crowdfunding platform". Venture Beat. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ McAloon, Alissa (February 16, 2017). "Fig kicks off $500k funding initiative aimed at late-stage game dev woes". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 17, 2017. ^ Batchelor, James (April 17, 2020). "Republic acquires Fig". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved April 17, 2020. ^ Coldewey, Devin (April 18, 2022). "Republic acquires Fig, adding games to its startup crowdfunding platform". TechCrunch. TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022. ^ Smith, Graham (May 27, 2023). "Psychonauts 2 and Homeworld 3 crowdfunding platform Fig goes offline tomorrow". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Kerr, Chris (November 24, 2015). "Fig will allow fans to invest in games and share profits". Gamasutra. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Hall, Charlie (May 11, 2016). "Fig still can't collect from some investors, four months after Psychonauts 2's campaign". Polygon. Retrieved May 11, 2016. ^ Hall, Charlie (July 1, 2016). "Fig still unable to collect millions in offered investment, including money for Psychonauts 2". Polygon. Retrieved July 1, 2016. ^ Francis, Bryant (September 29, 2016). "With SEC approval, anyone can now invest in Psychonauts 2's Fig campaign". Gamasutra. Retrieved September 29, 2016. ^ Hall, Charlie (October 6, 2016). "Psychonauts 2 will get all the money its investors pledged". Polygon. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ a b c d e Kohler, Chris (August 18, 2015). "Kickstarter Superstars Launch a Crowdfunding Site for Games". Wired. Retrieved August 18, 2015. ^ Hall, Charlie (May 8, 2019). "Fig is trying a new funding model, indie game to be the first guinea pig". Polygon. Retrieved May 8, 2019. ^ Hall, Charlie (October 13, 2015). "Fig turned away $925,000 of investment on its first crowdfunding campaign". Polygon. Retrieved October 13, 2015. ^ Hall, Charlie (October 8, 2015). "Scribblenauts team launching crowdfunding, investment campaign through Fig". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 9, 2015. ^ Kerr, Chris (October 21, 2015). "Scribblenauts developer turns to Fig to fund new free-to-play RPG". Gamasutra. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ Hall, Charlie (November 20, 2015). "Fig's second crowdfunding campaign has failed". Polygon. Retrieved November 23, 2015. ^ MacDonald, Keza (December 3, 2015). "How Psychonauts 2 Came to Be". Kotaku. Retrieved December 3, 2015. ^ Paget, Mat (January 12, 2016). "Psychonauts 2 Successful Funding Campaign Has Ended". GameSpot. Retrieved January 12, 2016. ^ Matulef, Jeffrey (February 23, 2016). "Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch launches Fig campaign". Eurogamer. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Perez, Daniel (March 31, 2016). "Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch successfully funded". Shacknews. Retrieved March 31, 2016. ^ Webster, Andrew (March 1, 2016). "Harmonix is crowdfunding a PC version of Rock Band 4". The Verge. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ Sarkar, Samit (April 5, 2016). "Crowdfunding campaign for Rock Band 4 PC version fails, reaching half the goal". Polygon. Retrieved May 10, 2016. ^ Prescott, Shaun (April 7, 2016). "Consortium: The Tower has a new crowdfunding home on Fig". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 10, 2016. ^ Matulef, Jeffery (September 29, 2016). "Make Sail looks like a physics-based Wind Waker". Eurogamer. Retrieved September 29, 2016. ^ Pereira, Chris (September 28, 2016). "Wasteland 3 Announced, Features Co-op and Vehicles". GameSpot. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ Charlie Hall (August 10, 2017). "Crowdfunding platform Fig finally turned a profit for investors". Polygon. Retrieved February 22, 2018. ^ "Phoenix Point is now crowdfunding: we spoke to Julian Gollop about standing out in a post-XCOM world". rockpapershotgun.com. April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "Inspired by X-COM, Snapshot Games is creating Phoenix Point for fall 2018". VentureBeat. April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017. ^ a b "X-COM spiritual successor Phoenix Point hits $500K crowdfunding goal". polygon.com. May 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ "Phoenix Point has hit its funding target". gamereactor.eu. May 3, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ "Phoenix Point, the Spiritual Successor to X-COM, Can Be Backed on Fig". geekreply.com. April 29, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017. External links Official website vteCrowdfunding platformsAfrica & West Asia Bir Silgi Bir Kalem Eureeca Headstart OurCrowd Americas AngelList Article One Partners ArtistShare The Audience Engine Bountysource Change.org CircleUp Classy CommonBond Community Funded CrowdJustice Crowd Supply Crowdpac Crowdrise DonorBox DonorSee EnergyFunders EquityNet Experiment Fig Fundly FundRazr GiveSendGo GlobalGiving GoFundMe GoyFundMe Groundfloor Indiegogo InvestedIn Ioby Kickstarter Kiva LaunchGood MicroVentures Patch of Land Patreon Pear Piggybackr Prizeo Republic The School Fund Seed&Spark SeedInvest Watsi Wedidit Wefunder Asia-Pacific Asiola Birchal Impact Guru MusicBee PledgeMe Pozible VentureCrowd Wishberry Europe Beesfund Bergfürst Companisto Crowdcube DigVentures EdAid FundedByMe Innovestment Invesdor Liberapay MyMajorCompany Planeta.ru Seedrs Seedups ShareTheMeal Spacehive Symbid Zinsland Defunct Beacon Reader Blackstartup Citizinvestor Confidentcrowd CrowdFundEDU Fondomat Fundageek Funding4Learning @HopeMob I-Bankers Direct Junction Lone Signal Mobcaster Neighborly Offbeatr PieShell PledgeMusic Return on Change Rock the Post RocketHub Sellaband Social Teeth Sponsume TenPages.com Tilt.com Trillion Fund TrustLeaf YouCaring Category Comparison
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyReturn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FigReturn-2"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(fintech)"}],"text":"Crowdfunding platform for video gamesFig was a crowdfunding platform for video games. It launched in August 2015. Unlike traditional crowdfunding approaches like Kickstarter, where individuals can back a project to receive rewards, Fig used a mixed model that includes individual backing and the opportunity for uncredited investors to invest as to obtain a share of future revenues for successful projects. At the end of 2017, four projects had begun generating returns, returning 245% to Fig investors.[1][2]Fig was acquired by Republic in 2022, and later liquided into the parent company in May 2023.","title":"Fig (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"Double Fine Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibiz_interview-3"},{"link_name":"Indie Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_Fund"},{"link_name":"Brian Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Fargo"},{"link_name":"inXile Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InXile_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Feargus Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargus_Urquhart"},{"link_name":"Obsidian Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Tim Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Schafer"},{"link_name":"Spark Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_Capital"},{"link_name":"Alex Rigopulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rigopulos"},{"link_name":"Harmonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonix"},{"link_name":"Cliff Bleszinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Bleszinski"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"},{"link_name":"Boss Key Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Key_Productions"},{"link_name":"Randy Pitchford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Pitchford"},{"link_name":"Gearbox Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbox_Software"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon_harmonix-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchford_fig-6"},{"link_name":"Spark Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_Capital"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"Greycroft Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greycroft_Partners"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hotel Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"Figueroa Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueroa_Street"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Electronic Entertainment Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"Intellivision Amico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellivision_Amico"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Fig was founded in August 2015 by Justin Bailey (formerly, COO of Double Fine Productions),[3], Bob Ippolito, and Freeman White. The advisory board was composed of executives from across the video game industry with previous experience in crowdfunding and investing in video game projects: Aaron Isaksen of the Indie Fund, Brian Fargo of inXile Entertainment, Feargus Urquhart of Obsidian Entertainment, and Tim Schafer of Double Fine Productions. The platform is backed by funding from Spark Capital. Alex Rigopulos, from Harmonix, and Cliff Bleszinski, formerly of Epic Games and Boss Key Productions, and Randy Pitchford of Gearbox Software have since joined the advisory board of Fig.[4][5][6]The company was initially backed by seed funding from Spark Capital.[7] In January 2017, it obtained another $7.84 million in funding from Spark and Greycroft Partners, among other smaller investors.[8]In February 2017, Fig announced it has established a \"Fig Finishing Fund\" available to those projects that have been successfully backed on Fig as to help complete any late-stage development hurdles or final publishing and marketing pushes. Should projects qualify, they will be able to obtain at $20,000 from the Finishing Fund.In 2017, Fig set aside $500,000 of its own funds available for the Finishing Fund pool.[9]The name \"Fig\" derives from Hotel Figueroa, located along Figueroa Street, a short distance from the Los Angeles Convention Center where the annual Electronic Entertainment Expo is traditionally held; Hotel Figueroa became a common social hub during these E3 events.[7]Fig was acquired by Republic, a larger crowdfunding investment company, in April 2020. Fig will continue to operate as it has under Republic, though there will be opportunities to access more investors for projects through Republic's investment capital as a result. This allowed Fig to open up to more expansive campaigns including those related to hardware; with the announcement of the Republic acquisition, for example, Fig launched the campaign to allow crowdfunding or investment into the Intellivision Amico microconsole.[10] After acquisition, Justin Bailey remained as a board member at Republic to help the post-merger integration.[11]Republic said it had intended to close Fig after they acquired the company, which came about on May 28, 2023. Rewards and similar benefits to backers will still be upheld after this date.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpstart_Our_Business_Startups_Act"},{"link_name":"the Security and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"Oculus VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_VR"},{"link_name":"Oculus Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_Rift"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-18"},{"link_name":"AAA titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)"},{"link_name":"indie games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_video_game_development"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"Exploding Kittens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploding_Kittens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibiz_interview-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-7"},{"link_name":"early access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_access"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Fig is offered as an alternative means for funding video game development from traditional crowdfunding sites like Kickstarter. The goal of Fig is to allow not only the traditional backing of a video game as with normal crowdfunding, but to also enable those that can invest in a game's development to receive a portion of the game's profits once it is released, in addition to other typical rewards that crowdfunded projects allow.[7] During their initial growth period, Fig limited investors in such projects to those that have accredited assets of over $1 million, with plans that once off the ground, anyone will be able to contribute and invest in their offered projects.[7]Due to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act which changed how the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) treated crowdfunding, Fig will allow anyone to invest at a minimum of $1,000 into future campaigns starting in December 2015.[13] However, there were initially some issues with gaining SEC approval to collect funds from unaccredited investors, holding up the funding for some of the campaigns after this point such as Psychonauts 2, and Fig has been supplying the requested funds to developers through internal support and investment.[14][15] In September 2016, the SEC approved Fig's plan allowing unaccredited investors to purchase Fig Game Shares once campaigns have succeeded.[16] While future campaigns will also require their SEC review for unaccredited investors, work for establishing the mechanism for the Psychonauts 2 campaign by Fig and its legal firm should streamline these subsequent reviews. Fig had adapted a plan to account for unaccredited investors that may opt to not providing the funding during the course of a SEC review; Fig will still provide the full amount of money committed at the time of the campaign to the developers, and will hold any unpaid unaccredited share for sale that others can subsequently purchase as to otherwise keep the same percentages of equity between accredited and unaccredited shareholders.[17]The concept for allowing investments of this nature resulted from the advisory board members' previous experience with Kickstarter campaigns, in which those that backed at the largest amounts typically were the least disruptive of the development process as they likely had the most trust in the game developer to complete the title as offered, according to Bailey.[7] They also took inspiration from the success of Oculus VR, the company formed to develop their Oculus Rift virtual reality hardware through a $2.5 million Kickstarter campaign and eventually was sold to Facebook for $2 billion. Bailey believes that the most invested fans of such projects should be able to have a portion of those profits for a highly successful title.[18]Because Fig uses both traditional backing as well as investment support, potential investors will be able to judge on a project's viability based on how many backers the project has accrued, which can help derisk their investment.[18] According to Schafer, he hopes that this will create a reputation for games that would fall somewhere between AAA titles and indie games, allowing for smaller teams to develop games with larger budgets (on the order of millions of dollars) that normally require large publication deals.[7] Schafer also felt that with average crowd-funding projects typically seeking funds via Kickstarter, there is a growing fatigue in the area, where only certain niche projects, such as \"Exploding Kittens\", gain attention, and considered Fig a means to counter that fatigue for games that did not fit those niches.[3]Fig's approach is designed to support only one or two campaigns at a time, in contrast to the volume that are offered by Kickstarter or other crowdfunding services. Projects will be curated by Fig for viability and interest before they are supported,[7] and will allow them to customize the website's project page for the game title to enhance its appeal.[18] Fig may expand to have more concurrent projects if the platform proves successful.[18] Fig will not require projects to accept investment support as long they offer typical backing options.[18] As part of their support, Fargo, Urquhart, and Schafer have said that all future games developed by their respective studios will use Fig-based funding.[7]Fig created a secondary monetization approach \"Open Access\" in May 2019 that is based on the early access release approach. After a game's initial funding is complete, users are still able to contribute to the game's funding under this Open Access period, running from as short as 30 days after the initial Fig investment period up to as late as the game's full release, gaining access to early builds of the game and other backer features.[19]","title":"Approach"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games funded"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Charlie Hall (March 19, 2018). \"Fig investors see 245 percent returns, including a profitable buy-out (update)\". Polygon. Retrieved March 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/16/17129146/fig-first-returns-245-percent-successful-outer-wilds-annapurna","url_text":"\"Fig investors see 245 percent returns, including a profitable buy-out (update)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Bobby Hopper (March 16, 2018). \"Fig Investment Returns Announced!\". Fig Blog. Retrieved March 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.fig.co/returns/","url_text":"\"Fig Investment Returns Announced!\""}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Brendan (December 14, 2015). \"A peek under Tim Schafer's Fig leaf\". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved December 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-12-14-a-peek-under-tim-schafers-fig-leaf","url_text":"\"A peek under Tim Schafer's Fig leaf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz","url_text":"GamesIndustry.biz"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (September 3, 2015). \"Harmonix partners with crowdfunding site Fig, takes seat on advisory board\". Polygon. Retrieved September 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/9/3/9255295/harmonix-crowdfunding-fig-rock-band-4","url_text":"\"Harmonix partners with crowdfunding site Fig, takes seat on advisory board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Grubb, Jeff (May 10, 2016). \"Star developer Cliff Bleszinski invests in crowdfunding game site Fig\". VentureBeat. Retrieved August 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/10/star-developer-cliff-bleszinski-invests-in-crowdfunding-game-site-fig/","url_text":"\"Star developer Cliff Bleszinski invests in crowdfunding game site Fig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Brendan (March 8, 2018). \"Randy Pitchford joins Fig advisory board\". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-03-08-randy-pitchford-joins-fig-advisory-board","url_text":"\"Randy Pitchford joins Fig advisory board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz","url_text":"GamesIndustry.biz"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (August 18, 2015). \"What if Kickstarter let you profit from a game's success? Fig found a way, launches today\". Polygon. Retrieved September 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/8/18/9169697/fig-kickstarter-equity-investment-games-outer-wilds-masi-oka","url_text":"\"What if Kickstarter let you profit from a game's success? Fig found a way, launches today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (January 19, 2017). \"Fig raises $7.8 million to expand game crowdfunding platform\". Venture Beat. Retrieved January 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/19/fig-raises-7-8-million-to-expand-game-crowdfunding-platform/","url_text":"\"Fig raises $7.8 million to expand game crowdfunding platform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_Beat","url_text":"Venture Beat"}]},{"reference":"McAloon, Alissa (February 16, 2017). \"Fig kicks off $500k funding initiative aimed at late-stage game dev woes\". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/291813/Fig_kicks_off_500k_funding_initiative_aimed_at_latestage_game_dev_woes.php","url_text":"\"Fig kicks off $500k funding initiative aimed at late-stage game dev woes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, James (April 17, 2020). \"Republic acquires Fig\". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-04-17-republic-acquires-fig","url_text":"\"Republic acquires Fig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz","url_text":"GamesIndustry.biz"}]},{"reference":"Coldewey, Devin (April 18, 2022). \"Republic acquires Fig, adding games to its startup crowdfunding platform\". TechCrunch. TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221115065404/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/17/republic-acquires-fig-adding-games-to-its-startup-crowdfunding-platform/","url_text":"\"Republic acquires Fig, adding games to its startup crowdfunding platform\""},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/17/republic-acquires-fig-adding-games-to-its-startup-crowdfunding-platform/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Graham (May 27, 2023). \"Psychonauts 2 and Homeworld 3 crowdfunding platform Fig goes offline tomorrow\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/psychonauts-2-and-homeworld-3-crowdfunding-platform-fig-goes-offline-tomorrow","url_text":"\"Psychonauts 2 and Homeworld 3 crowdfunding platform Fig goes offline tomorrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Chris (November 24, 2015). \"Fig will allow fans to invest in games and share profits\". Gamasutra. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/260205/Fig_will_allow_fans_to_invest_in_games_and_share_profits.php","url_text":"\"Fig will allow fans to invest in games and share profits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (May 11, 2016). \"Fig still can't collect from some investors, four months after Psychonauts 2's campaign\". Polygon. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/5/11/11657448/fig-consortium-psychonauts-2-equity-crowdfunding-sec-delay-update","url_text":"\"Fig still can't collect from some investors, four months after Psychonauts 2's campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (July 1, 2016). \"Fig still unable to collect millions in offered investment, including money for Psychonauts 2\". Polygon. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/1/12083376/fig-still-unable-to-collect-millions-in-offered-investment-including","url_text":"\"Fig still unable to collect millions in offered investment, including money for Psychonauts 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Francis, Bryant (September 29, 2016). \"With SEC approval, anyone can now invest in Psychonauts 2's Fig campaign\". Gamasutra. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/282393/With_SEC_approval_anyone_can_now_invest_in_Psychonauts_2s_Fig_campaign.php","url_text":"\"With SEC approval, anyone can now invest in Psychonauts 2's Fig campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (October 6, 2016). \"Psychonauts 2 will get all the money its investors pledged\". Polygon. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/6/13177158/psychonauts-2-fully-funded-investors-fig-sec","url_text":"\"Psychonauts 2 will get all the money its investors pledged\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Kohler, Chris (August 18, 2015). \"Kickstarter Superstars Launch a Crowdfunding Site for Games\". Wired. Retrieved August 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/08/fig-crowdfunding-outer-wilds/","url_text":"\"Kickstarter Superstars Launch a Crowdfunding Site for Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (May 8, 2019). \"Fig is trying a new funding model, indie game to be the first guinea pig\". Polygon. Retrieved May 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2019/5/8/18536775/vagrus-the-riven-realms-fig-open-access-beta","url_text":"\"Fig is trying a new funding model, indie game to be the first guinea pig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (October 13, 2015). \"Fig turned away $925,000 of investment on its first crowdfunding campaign\". Polygon. Retrieved October 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/10/13/9522551/fig-first-equity-crowdfunding-campaign-outer-wilds-sec","url_text":"\"Fig turned away $925,000 of investment on its first crowdfunding campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (October 8, 2015). \"Scribblenauts team launching crowdfunding, investment campaign through Fig\". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/10/8/9474385/scribblenauts-launch-crowdfunding-investment-fig","url_text":"\"Scribblenauts team launching crowdfunding, investment campaign through Fig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Chris (October 21, 2015). \"Scribblenauts developer turns to Fig to fund new free-to-play RPG\". Gamasutra. Retrieved October 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/256947/Scribblenauts_developer_turns_to_Fig_to_fund_new_freetoplay_RPG.php","url_text":"\"Scribblenauts developer turns to Fig to fund new free-to-play RPG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (November 20, 2015). \"Fig's second crowdfunding campaign has failed\". Polygon. Retrieved November 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/11/20/9772626/figs-second-crowdfunding-campaign-has-failed","url_text":"\"Fig's second crowdfunding campaign has failed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Keza (December 3, 2015). \"How Psychonauts 2 Came to Be\". Kotaku. Retrieved December 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/how-psychonauts-2-came-to-be-1746079926","url_text":"\"How Psychonauts 2 Came to Be\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"}]},{"reference":"Paget, Mat (January 12, 2016). \"Psychonauts 2 Successful Funding Campaign Has Ended\". GameSpot. Retrieved January 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/psychonauts-2-successful-funding-campaign-has-ende/1100-6433741/","url_text":"\"Psychonauts 2 Successful Funding Campaign Has Ended\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Matulef, Jeffrey (February 23, 2016). \"Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch launches Fig campaign\". Eurogamer. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-02-23-jay-and-silent-bob-chronic-blunt-punch-launches-fig-campaign","url_text":"\"Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch launches Fig campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Daniel (March 31, 2016). \"Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch successfully funded\". Shacknews. Retrieved March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shacknews.com/article/93896/jay-and-silent-bob-chronic-blunt-punch-successfully-funded","url_text":"\"Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch successfully funded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"}]},{"reference":"Webster, Andrew (March 1, 2016). \"Harmonix is crowdfunding a PC version of Rock Band 4\". The Verge. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/1/11139986/rock-band-4-pc-crowdfunding","url_text":"\"Harmonix is crowdfunding a PC version of Rock Band 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Samit (April 5, 2016). \"Crowdfunding campaign for Rock Band 4 PC version fails, reaching half the goal\". Polygon. Retrieved May 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/4/5/11364352/rock-band-4-pc-crowdfunding-campaign-fails-fig","url_text":"\"Crowdfunding campaign for Rock Band 4 PC version fails, reaching half the goal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Prescott, Shaun (April 7, 2016). \"Consortium: The Tower has a new crowdfunding home on Fig\". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/consortium-the-tower-has-a-new-crowdfunding-home-on-fig/","url_text":"\"Consortium: The Tower has a new crowdfunding home on Fig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Matulef, Jeffery (September 29, 2016). \"Make Sail looks like a physics-based Wind Waker\". Eurogamer. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-09-29-make-sail-looks-like-a-physics-based-wind-waker","url_text":"\"Make Sail looks like a physics-based Wind Waker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Pereira, Chris (September 28, 2016). \"Wasteland 3 Announced, Features Co-op and Vehicles\". GameSpot. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/wasteland-3-announced-features-co-op-and-vehicles/1100-6443998/","url_text":"\"Wasteland 3 Announced, Features Co-op and Vehicles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Charlie Hall (August 10, 2017). \"Crowdfunding platform Fig finally turned a profit for investors\". Polygon. Retrieved February 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/8/10/16125828/fig-first-profitable-game-equity-investment-kingdoms-and-castles","url_text":"\"Crowdfunding platform Fig finally turned a profit for investors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Point is now crowdfunding: we spoke to Julian Gollop about standing out in a post-XCOM world\". rockpapershotgun.com. April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/04/25/phoenix-point-crowdfunding-interview/","url_text":"\"Phoenix Point is now crowdfunding: we spoke to Julian Gollop about standing out in a post-XCOM world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inspired by X-COM, Snapshot Games is creating Phoenix Point for fall 2018\". VentureBeat. April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/25/inspired-by-x-com-snapshot-games-creates-phoenix-point-for-the-fall-2018/","url_text":"\"Inspired by X-COM, Snapshot Games is creating Phoenix Point for fall 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-COM spiritual successor Phoenix Point hits $500K crowdfunding goal\". polygon.com. May 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/5/2/15516198/phoenix-point-fully-funded-stretch-goals-xcom-spiritual-successor-julian-gollop","url_text":"\"X-COM spiritual successor Phoenix Point hits $500K crowdfunding goal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Point has hit its funding target\". gamereactor.eu. May 3, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/532373/Phoenix+Point+has+hit+its+funding+target/","url_text":"\"Phoenix Point has hit its funding target\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Point, the Spiritual Successor to X-COM, Can Be Backed on Fig\". geekreply.com. April 29, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://geekreply.com/geek-culture/2017/04/29/phoenix-point-spiritual-successor-x-com-can-backed-fig","url_text":"\"Phoenix Point, the Spiritual Successor to X-COM, Can Be Backed on Fig\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://fig.co/","external_links_name":"fig.co"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/16/17129146/fig-first-returns-245-percent-successful-outer-wilds-annapurna","external_links_name":"\"Fig investors see 245 percent returns, including a profitable buy-out (update)\""},{"Link":"https://blog.fig.co/returns/","external_links_name":"\"Fig Investment Returns Announced!\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-12-14-a-peek-under-tim-schafers-fig-leaf","external_links_name":"\"A peek under Tim Schafer's Fig leaf\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/9/3/9255295/harmonix-crowdfunding-fig-rock-band-4","external_links_name":"\"Harmonix partners with crowdfunding site Fig, takes seat on advisory board\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/10/star-developer-cliff-bleszinski-invests-in-crowdfunding-game-site-fig/","external_links_name":"\"Star developer Cliff Bleszinski invests in crowdfunding game site Fig\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-03-08-randy-pitchford-joins-fig-advisory-board","external_links_name":"\"Randy Pitchford joins Fig advisory board\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/8/18/9169697/fig-kickstarter-equity-investment-games-outer-wilds-masi-oka","external_links_name":"\"What if Kickstarter let you profit from a game's success? Fig found a way, launches today\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/19/fig-raises-7-8-million-to-expand-game-crowdfunding-platform/","external_links_name":"\"Fig raises $7.8 million to expand game crowdfunding platform\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/291813/Fig_kicks_off_500k_funding_initiative_aimed_at_latestage_game_dev_woes.php","external_links_name":"\"Fig kicks off $500k funding initiative aimed at late-stage game dev woes\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-04-17-republic-acquires-fig","external_links_name":"\"Republic acquires Fig\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20221115065404/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/17/republic-acquires-fig-adding-games-to-its-startup-crowdfunding-platform/","external_links_name":"\"Republic acquires Fig, adding games to its startup crowdfunding platform\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/17/republic-acquires-fig-adding-games-to-its-startup-crowdfunding-platform/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/psychonauts-2-and-homeworld-3-crowdfunding-platform-fig-goes-offline-tomorrow","external_links_name":"\"Psychonauts 2 and Homeworld 3 crowdfunding platform Fig goes offline tomorrow\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/260205/Fig_will_allow_fans_to_invest_in_games_and_share_profits.php","external_links_name":"\"Fig will allow fans to invest in games and share profits\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/5/11/11657448/fig-consortium-psychonauts-2-equity-crowdfunding-sec-delay-update","external_links_name":"\"Fig still can't collect from some investors, four months after Psychonauts 2's campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/1/12083376/fig-still-unable-to-collect-millions-in-offered-investment-including","external_links_name":"\"Fig still unable to collect millions in offered investment, including money for Psychonauts 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/282393/With_SEC_approval_anyone_can_now_invest_in_Psychonauts_2s_Fig_campaign.php","external_links_name":"\"With SEC approval, anyone can now invest in Psychonauts 2's Fig campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/6/13177158/psychonauts-2-fully-funded-investors-fig-sec","external_links_name":"\"Psychonauts 2 will get all the money its investors pledged\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2015/08/fig-crowdfunding-outer-wilds/","external_links_name":"\"Kickstarter Superstars Launch a Crowdfunding Site for Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2019/5/8/18536775/vagrus-the-riven-realms-fig-open-access-beta","external_links_name":"\"Fig is trying a new funding model, indie game to be the first guinea pig\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/10/13/9522551/fig-first-equity-crowdfunding-campaign-outer-wilds-sec","external_links_name":"\"Fig turned away $925,000 of investment on its first crowdfunding campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/10/8/9474385/scribblenauts-launch-crowdfunding-investment-fig","external_links_name":"\"Scribblenauts team launching crowdfunding, investment campaign through Fig\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/256947/Scribblenauts_developer_turns_to_Fig_to_fund_new_freetoplay_RPG.php","external_links_name":"\"Scribblenauts developer turns to Fig to fund new free-to-play RPG\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/11/20/9772626/figs-second-crowdfunding-campaign-has-failed","external_links_name":"\"Fig's second crowdfunding campaign has failed\""},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/how-psychonauts-2-came-to-be-1746079926","external_links_name":"\"How Psychonauts 2 Came to Be\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/psychonauts-2-successful-funding-campaign-has-ende/1100-6433741/","external_links_name":"\"Psychonauts 2 Successful Funding Campaign Has Ended\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-02-23-jay-and-silent-bob-chronic-blunt-punch-launches-fig-campaign","external_links_name":"\"Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch launches Fig campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.shacknews.com/article/93896/jay-and-silent-bob-chronic-blunt-punch-successfully-funded","external_links_name":"\"Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch successfully funded\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/1/11139986/rock-band-4-pc-crowdfunding","external_links_name":"\"Harmonix is crowdfunding a PC version of Rock Band 4\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/4/5/11364352/rock-band-4-pc-crowdfunding-campaign-fails-fig","external_links_name":"\"Crowdfunding campaign for Rock Band 4 PC version fails, reaching half the goal\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamer.com/consortium-the-tower-has-a-new-crowdfunding-home-on-fig/","external_links_name":"\"Consortium: The Tower has a new crowdfunding home on Fig\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-09-29-make-sail-looks-like-a-physics-based-wind-waker","external_links_name":"\"Make Sail looks like a physics-based Wind Waker\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/wasteland-3-announced-features-co-op-and-vehicles/1100-6443998/","external_links_name":"\"Wasteland 3 Announced, Features Co-op and Vehicles\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/8/10/16125828/fig-first-profitable-game-equity-investment-kingdoms-and-castles","external_links_name":"\"Crowdfunding platform Fig finally turned a profit for investors\""},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/04/25/phoenix-point-crowdfunding-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix Point is now crowdfunding: we spoke to Julian Gollop about standing out in a post-XCOM world\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/25/inspired-by-x-com-snapshot-games-creates-phoenix-point-for-the-fall-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Inspired by X-COM, Snapshot Games is creating Phoenix Point for fall 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/5/2/15516198/phoenix-point-fully-funded-stretch-goals-xcom-spiritual-successor-julian-gollop","external_links_name":"\"X-COM spiritual successor Phoenix Point hits $500K crowdfunding goal\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/532373/Phoenix+Point+has+hit+its+funding+target/","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix Point has hit its funding target\""},{"Link":"https://geekreply.com/geek-culture/2017/04/29/phoenix-point-spiritual-successor-x-com-can-backed-fig","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix Point, the Spiritual Successor to X-COM, Can Be Backed on Fig\""},{"Link":"http://www.fig.co/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos
Qaboos bin Said
["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Rise to power","2.2 Reign as Sultan","2.3 2011 Omani protests","2.4 Foreign policy","3 Philanthropy","4 Personal life","5 Illness and death","6 Succession","7 Awards and decorations","7.1 National honours","7.2 Foreign honours","8 Ancestry","9 Legacy","10 Palace","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
Sultan of Oman from 1970 to 2020 "Qaboos" redirects here. For other uses, see Qabus. Qaboos bin SaidSultan Qaboos in 2013Sultan of OmanMinister of Finance, Defence and Foreign AffairsReign23 July 1970 – 10 January 2020 Prime MinisterTariq bin Taimur (1970–72)Himself (1972–2020) PredecessorSaid bin TaimurSuccessorHaitham bin TariqPrime Minister of Oman In office1972 – 10 January 2020DeputyFahd bin Mahmoud al Said (1972–2020)Fahr bin Taimur al Said (1976–96)Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi (1982–95)Thuwaini bin Shihab al Said (?–1984–2010)Asa'ad bin Tariq (2017–20) PredecessorTariq bin TaimurSuccessorHaitham bin TariqBorn(1940-11-18)18 November 1940Salalah, Muscat and Oman(present day Dhofar Governorate, Oman)Died10 January 2020(2020-01-10) (aged 79)Seeb, Muscat Governorate, Oman Buried11 January 2020 Royal Cemetery, Muscat Spouse Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq ​ ​(m. 1976; div. 1979)​NamesQaboos bin Said bin Taimur bin Faisal bin Turki bin Said Al SaidHouseAl SaidFatherSaid bin TaimurMotherMazoon al-MashaniReligionIbadi IslamSignature Qaboos bin Said Al Said (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد, IPA: ; 18 November 1940 – 10 January 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 until his death in 2020. A fifteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the House of Al Said, he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world at the time of his death, having ruled for almost half a century. The only son of Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in Suffolk, England. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he served briefly in the British Army. He returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject of considerable restrictions from his father. In 1970, Qaboos ascended to the Omani throne after overthrowing his father in a coup d'état, with British support. The country was subsequently renamed the Sultanate of Oman. As sultan, Qaboos implemented a policy of modernization and ended Oman's international isolation. His reign saw a rise in living standards and development in the country, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution. Suffering from poor health in later life, Qaboos died in 2020. He had no children, so he entailed the royal court to reach consensus on a successor upon his death. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named his successor in case an agreement was not achieved. After his death the royal court decided to view Qaboos's letter and named his intended successor, his cousin Haitham bin Tariq, as sultan. Early life and education Sultan Said bin Taimur, the father of Qaboos bin Said Sayyid Qaboos bin Said was born in the southern city of Salalah in Dhofar on 18 November 1940 as the only son of Sultan Said bin Taimur and Mazoon al-Mashani. He received his primary and secondary education at Salalah, and was sent to a private educational establishment at Bury St Edmunds in England at age 16. At 20, he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Army and was posted to the 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them in Germany for one year. He also held a staff appointment with the British Army. After his military service, Qaboos studied local government subjects in England and then completed his education with a world tour chaperoned by Leslie Chauncy. Upon his return in 1966, he was placed under virtual house arrest in Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father. Here he was kept isolated from government affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and the history of his country. His personal relationships were limited to a handpicked group of palace officials who were sons of his father's advisors and a few expatriate friends such as Tim Landon. Sultan Said said that he would not allow his son to be involved with the developing planning process, and Qaboos began to make known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by his expatriate visitors. Political career Rise to power Main article: 1970 Omani coup d'état Ronald Reagan with Sultan Qaboos bin Said during a state visit in 1983 Qaboos acceded to the throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup against his father, with the aim of ending the country's isolation and using its oil revenue for modernization and development. He declared that the country would no longer be known as Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in order to better reflect its political unity. The coup was supported by the British, with Ian Cobain writing that it was "planned in London by MI6 and by civil servants at the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office" and sanctioned by the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson. The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as sultan was an armed communist insurgency from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976). The sultanate eventually defeated the incursion with help from the Shah of Iran, Jordanian troops sent by his friend King Hussein of Jordan, British Special Forces and the Royal Air Force. Reign as Sultan There were few rudiments of a modern state when Qaboos took power. Oman was a poorly developed country, severely lacking in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, with only 10 km (6 mi) of paved roads and a population dependent on subsistence farming and fishing. Qaboos modernized the country using oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a modern infrastructure was laid down, with hundreds of kilometres of new roads paved, a telecommunications network established, projects for a port and airport that had begun prior to his reign were completed and a second port was built, and electrification was achieved. The government also began to search for new water resources and built a desalination plant, and the government encouraged the growth of private enterprise, especially in development projects. Banks, hotels, insurance companies, and print media began to appear as the country developed economically. The Omani riyal was established as the national currency, replacing the Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler. Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened. In his first year in power, Qaboos also abolished slavery in Oman. The political system which Qaboos established was an absolute monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday. The first day of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day. Oman has no system of checks and balances, and thus no separation of powers. All power was concentrated in the Sultan during his reign, and he served as chief of staff of the armed forces, minister of defence, minister of foreign affairs and chairman of the board of the Central Bank of Oman. All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law. The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable. Qaboos' closest advisors were reportedly security and intelligence professionals within the Palace Office, headed by General Sultan bin Mohammed al Numani. 2011 Omani protests Sultan Qaboos meets with United States Vice President Dick Cheney during Cheney's visit to the Middle East in 2002. The 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring". The protesters demanded salary increases, lower living costs, the creation of more jobs and a reduction in corruption. Protests in Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centered on the Globe Roundabout. The Sultan's responses included the dismissal of a third of the governing cabinet. According to CBS News, 19 June 2011, Several protest leaders have been detained and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Arab Spring, and dissatisfaction with the state of affairs in the country is high. While disgruntlement amongst the populace is obvious, the extreme dearth of foreign press coverage and lack of general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to whether the protesters want the sultan to leave, or simply want their government to function better. Beyond the recent protests, there is concern about succession in the country, as there is no heir apparent or any clear legislation on who may be the next Sultan. The Sultan did give token concession to protesters yet detained social media activists. In August 2014, The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after going to the police station in the Al-Qurum district of Muscat, only to be pardoned some time later. Foreign policy Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'd welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates to Muscat, Oman, April 5, 2008. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Qaboos, 2018 Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Iran than other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral and maintain a balance between the West and Iran. As a result, Oman often acted as an intermediary between the United States and Iran. Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks in 2013 that led two years later to the international nuclear pact, from which the United States withdrew in 2018. In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release of American hikers who were held by Iran, paying $1 million for their freedom. Oman did not join the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did not take sides in a Persian Gulf dispute that saw Saudi Arabia and its allies impose an embargo on Qatar in 2017. In October 2018, Qaboos invited Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite his country not having official diplomatic ties with Israel. Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime minister to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996. Philanthropy Qaboos financed the construction or maintenance of a number of mosques, notably the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, as well as the holy places of other religions. Through a donation to UNESCO in the early 1990s, Qaboos funded the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation, to afford recognition to outstanding contributions in the management or preservation of the environment. The prize has been awarded biannually since 1991. Personal life Qaboos was a Muslim of the Ibadi denomination, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Muslim, the Sultan granted freedom of religion in the country and financed the construction of four Catholic and Protestant churches in the country as well as several Hindu temples. The Sultan was an avid fan and promoter of classical music. His 120-member orchestra consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition as children and grow up as members of the symphonic ensemble. They play locally and traveled abroad with the Sultan. Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned to compose a work entitled Symphonic Impressions of Oman. Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about the pipe organ. The Royal Opera House Muscat features the second largest mobile pipe organ in the world, which has three specially made organ stops, named the "Royal Solo" in his honour. He was also a patron of local folk musician Salim Rashid Suri, whom he made a cultural consultant. On 22 March 1976, Qaboos married his first cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), the daughter of his uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur and Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Al Busaidiyah. Nawwal was renamed Kamila at the time of her marriage and is the half-sister of Qaboos' successor, Haitham bin Tariq. The marriage ended in divorce in 1979 and produced no children. In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a car accident in Salalah just outside his palace, which killed one of his most prominent and influential ministers, the deputy prime minister for finance and economy, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi. Qaboos owned several yachts administered by the Oman Royal Yacht Squadron, including Al Said and Fulk Al Salamah, two of the world's largest yachts. Qaboos was widely believed by Omanis and Gulf Arabs to be homosexual. This belief was supported by Tony Molesworth, Oman's former second-most-senior intelligence officer. Qaboos' obituary in The Times described rumours throughout his life of "liaisons with elegant young European men". Illness and death From 2014, Qaboos suffered from colon cancer, for which he received treatment. On 14 December 2019, he was reported to be terminally ill with a short time to live after his stay for medical treatment in UZ Leuven in Belgium and returned home because he wanted to die in his own country. He died on 10 January 2020 at the age of 79 at his personal residence, Al Baraka Palace, just outside Muscat. The following day, the government declared three days of national mourning and said the country's flag would be flown at half-staff for a period of 40 days and declared the halt of official work in the public and private sectors for three days. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Lebanon, and Egypt all declared three days of mourning; India and Bangladesh declared one day of mourning. The United Kingdom lowered flags to half-mast as a sign of respect. Succession Unlike the heads of other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Qaboos did not publicly name an heir. Article 6 of the constitution says the Royal Family Council has three days to choose a new sultan from the date the position falls vacant. If the Royal Family Council fails to agree, a letter containing a name penned by Sultan Qaboos should be opened in the presence of the Defence Council of military and security officials, supreme court chiefs, and heads of the upper and lower houses of the consultative assemblies. Analysts saw the rules as an elaborate means of Qaboos securing his choice for successor without causing controversy by making it public during his lifetime, since it was considered unlikely that the royal family would be able to agree on a successor on its own. Qaboos had no children, and only one sister, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but no male siblings; there are other male members of the Omani royal family including paternal uncles and their families. Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be the children of his late uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's first prime minister and the Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers believed the top contenders to succeed Qaboos were three of Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Deputy Prime Minister for International Relations and Cooperation and the Sultan's special representative; Shihab bin Tariq, a retired commander of the Royal Navy of Oman; and Haitham bin Tariq, Minister of Heritage and National Culture. On 11 January 2020, Oman state TV said the Royal Family Council, in a letter to the Defense Council, had decided to defer to the choice that Qaboos named in his will, and thus had opened the letter by Qaboos naming his successor, announcing shortly that Haitham bin Tariq is the country's ruling sultan. Haitham has two sons and two daughters. Awards and decorations This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Styles ofSultan of OmanReference styleHis MajestySpoken styleYour Majesty National honours  Oman: Grand Master of the Order of Al-Said Grand Master of the Order of Oman Grand Master of the Order of the Renaissance of Oman Grand Master of the Order of Merit of Sultan Qaboos Grand Master of the Order of N'Oman Grand Master of the Order of Merit Grand Master of the Order of Sultan Qaboos Grand Master of the Sultan Qaboos Order for Culture, Science and Art Grand Master of the Order of Appreciation Grand Master of the Order of Achievement Foreign honours  Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (31 March 2001)  Bahrain: Member 1st Class of the Order of Al Khalifa  Brunei: Member of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (15 December 1984)  Egypt: Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (1976)  France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (31 May 1989)  Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany  India: Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (2004 – award yet to be presented) Gandhi Peace Prize (03/2021), Delhi  Indonesia: Recipient of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class or Adipurna Iran: Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi (3 March 1974) Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971)  Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (22 April 1974)  Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum  Jordan: Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali  Kuwait: Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great (28 December 2009)  Lebanon: Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit  Malaysia: Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (1991)  Morocco: Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite Collar of the Order of the Throne  Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (2012)  Pakistan: Recipient of the Nishan-e-Pakistan, 1st Class  Qatar: Collar of the Order of the Independence  Saudi Arabia: Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (23 December 2006) Decoration 1st Class of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (23 December 2006) Recipient of the Badr Chain  Singapore: Member 1st Class of the Order of Temasek (12 March 2009)  South Africa: Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (1999)  Spain: Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (13 December 1985) Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit  Syria: Collar of the Order of Umayyad  Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic Collar of the Order of Independence  United Arab Emirates: Collar of the Order of the Federation  United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) (18 March 1982) Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) (8 July 1976) Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain (27 November 2010) Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) (28 February 1979) Associate Bailiff Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of Saint John (GCStJ) (19 March 1984) Associate Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of Saint John (KStJ) (8 November 1976) Ancestry Ancestors of Qaboos bin Said 8. Faisal bin Turki 4. Taimur bin Feisal 9. Aliya bint Thuwaini Al Said 2. Said bin Taimur 10. Ali bin Salim Al Said 5. Fatima bint Ali Al Said 11. Aliya bint Barghash Al Said 1. Qaboos bin Said 12. Ali Al Mashani 6. Ahmed bin Ali Al Mashani 13. NN 3. Mazoon bint Ahmed Al Mashani Legacy In June 2022, his Service Medal of the Order of St John was ceremonially consecrated in London. Palace Name City Area Coordinates Features Al Alam Palace Muscat 2.0 km2 (0.77 sq mi) 23°36′52.86″N 58°35′43.90″E / 23.6146833°N 58.5955278°E / 23.6146833; 58.5955278 See also Biography portalRoyalty portalOman portal List of longest-reigning monarchs Royal Guard of Oman Notes ^ In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Said. References ^ Zacharias, Anna (11 January 2020). "Oman's long night: from rumour to reality as a nation learns of Sultan Qaboos' death". The National. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ Liz, Sly (11 January 2020). "Oman's Sultan Qaboos is buried as his successor is named". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "Qaboos bin Said". Webster's New World Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Inc. 1994. p. 694. ISBN 0-671-85017-2. ^ "Can Oman's Stability Outlive Sultan Qaboos?". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 March 2017. ^ Message of condolence from The Queen on the passing of Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, Retrieved on 15 January 2020. "He will be remembered for his wise leadership and his commitment to peace and understanding between nations and between faiths" ^ European Union. Joint Statement on passing of Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said. Retrieved on 22 March 2022. "Under His Majesty's leadership, Oman embarked on an unprecedented era of reforms that improved the living standards for the Omani people. His vision steered a foreign policy that placed Oman among the European Union's closest partners, in a region mired in conflict and gripped by tensions." ^ Tony Blair (11 January 2020). "I heard the news about His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman with great sadness. He was a leader of vision and purpose who took over the leadership of his country at a difficult time and raised it to an entirely new level of development and prosperity..." (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos". Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos. Retrieved 1 September 2022. ^ Serim (16 October 2014). "The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur". qdl.qa. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ Medhat, Gehad (26 September 2017). "These Mosques in Oman Are an Architectural Wonder". Culture Trip. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ Tribute to His MajestyArchived 18 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Hubbard, Ben (10 January 2020). "Sultan Qaboos, Quiet Peacemaker Who Built Oman, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2020. ^ "Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 307. Archived from the original (Country Readers Series) on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021. ^ a b c Allen, Calvin H.; Rigsbee, W. Lynn (1 January 2000). Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996. Psychology Press. pp. 28–29, 34. ISBN 9780714650012. ^ "Prayers pour in for ill Oman Ruler Sultan Qaboos". gulftoday.ae. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ PROFILE-Oman's Sultan Qaboos bin Said Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Forexyard.com (25 March 2011). Retrieved on 14 July 2011. ^ "A History of Oman". rafmuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ Cobain, Ian (2016). The History Thieves. London: Portobello Books. p. 87. ISBN 9781846275838. ^ "The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ Dickinson, Elizabeth. "A Test for Oman and Its Sultan". The New Yorker. ^ Oman: the Modernization of the Sultanate, Calvin H. Allen, Jr ^ Oman: The Bradt Travel Guide, Diana Darke ^ Suzanne Miers (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 347. ISBN 0-7591-0340-2. ^ "Rouhani felicitates Oman on National Day". Tehran Times. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ Wam. "UAE leaders greet Sultan of Oman on Renaissance Day". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ "Country Report: Oman". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. ^ Henderson, Simon (3 April 2017). "The Omani Succession Envelope, Please". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 April 2017. His closest advisors are security and intelligence professionals in the so-called Royal Office, headed by Gen. Sultan bin Mohammed al-Numani. ^ Oman budget gap rises to $658mn in Q1, spending up Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Business Recorder. (10 July 2011). Retrieved 15 January 2012. ^ Globe Roundabout – Sohar, Oman | The Middle East Channel Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Mideast.foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ Nath, Ravindra. "Qaboos fires 10 ministers". Khaleej Times. ^ "The world's enduring dictators: Qaboos bin Said, Oman". ^ "Oman: Activist's Family Barred from Traveling Abroad". Human Rights Watch. 14 February 2017. ^ "Oman – Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed al Fazari | Front Line". Disappearances in Oman. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2020. ^ Slackman, Michael (16 May 2009). "Oman Navigates Between Iran and Arab Nations". The New York Times. ^ Gladstone, Rick (4 September 2013). "Iran's President to Speak at the U.N." NYT. Retrieved 31 August 2016. ^ "A visit from the sultan". The Economist. 27 August 2013. ^ "Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies, cousin Haitham named successor". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. ^ Neuman, Scott (21 September 2011). "Oman Played Pivotal Role In Americans' Release". NPR.org. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ HillaryClinton (13 January 2020). "My thoughts are with the people of Oman as they mourn the passing of Sultan Qaboos. He led his country with wisdom and provided safe harbor for diplomacy. I'll always be grateful for all he did to help secure the release from Iran of three American hikers in 2011" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Netanyahu makes historic visit to Oman". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. ^ "Prominent figures in Muslim philanthropy". Alliance magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Modi in Oman LIVE Updates: PM prays at Shiva temple in Muscat, visits Grand Mosque". 12 February 2018. ^ Trofimov, Yaroslavth (14 December 2001). "Oman has oil, but it had no orchestra". Wall Street Journal: A6. ^ "The Official Store of Lalo Schifrin: Symphonic Impressions of OMAN". schifrin.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2005. ^ "Carlo Curly & Mathis Music". Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Times of Oman | News :: In the Eye of Beauty - an Ode to the Organ". Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.. Times of Oman; "In the Eye of Beauty – An Ode to the Organ" 11 December 2014; retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ Margaret Makepeace (26 November 2013). "The Singing Sailor – Salim Rashid Suri". Untold Lives Blog. British Library. Retrieved 30 November 2014. ^ a b Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa & the Middle East. p. 107. ISBN 0850110297. ^ Joseph A. Kechichian (17 December 2010). "Sultan Qaboos Bin Saeed: A democrat visionary". Weekend Review. Gulf News. Retrieved 4 October 2012. ^ Tennent, James (28 November 2015). "Who will take over from Sultan Qaboos, the Arab world's longest serving ruler?". ^ "Sultan Escapes Unhurt, Top Aide Killed In Car Accident". AP NEWS. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ Christopher Ling (18 March 2011). "6 (Salacious Scandals)". Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life. Random House. ISBN 9781845968311. Indeed, virtually since his accession to the throne of Oman, the assumption of homosexuality has pursued Sultan Qaboos relentlessly... ^ Brian Whitaker (2006). Unspeakable Love: Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East. University of California Press. pp. 76–78. ISBN 9780520250178. ...only three Omanis have discussed this subject with me openly...All three agreed that the sultan is generally believed to be homosexual by Omanis... ^ John Newsinger (2016). British Counterinsurgency (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Springer. p. 154. ISBN 9781137316868. The successful dressing up of the counterinsurgency campaign in Islamic garb is all the more impressive given that Qaboos was generally believed to be gay, consorting with long-haired youths 'of exquisite countenance'... ^ Abdel Razzaq Takriti (2013). Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965–1976 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9780199674435. ^ "Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman obituary". The Times. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022. There were no other known relationships with women and despite rumours of liaisons with elegant young European men, the sultan's private life remained firmly private. ^ "The sultanate of Oman is taking a kicking". The Economist. 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017. ^ Wintour, Patrick (22 December 2019). "Oman readies baroque succession process as sultan's health worsens". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ "Sultan wou terug naar zijn land om te sterven, maar groot deel van zijn gevolg blijft in Leuven". www.nieuwsblad.be. ^ WAM. "Oman's Sultan Qaboos in stable condition". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79". BBC News. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. ^ "Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies: state media". Al Jazeera. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. ^ "Kuwaiti Sultan Qaboos Mourning Public Sector Holidays January 11-12-13 - Public Holidays News Update". ^ "Kuwait issues three days off to mourn Oman's Sultan Qaboos". 12 January 2020. ^ "Why did Saudi Arabia not fly its flag at half-mast following the death of Oman's Sultan Qaboos?". ^ "Qatar declares three days of mourning for HM Sultan Qaboos". ^ "UAE leaders mourn death of Sultan Qaboos, 3 days of mourning declared". ^ "Bahrain News Agency". ^ "الوكالة الوطنية للإعلامالموقع الرسمي أخبار لبنان على مدار الساعة". ^ "Egypt announces 3-day mourning for death of Sultan Qaboos". 11 January 2020. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "India announces national mourning for its close friend Sultan Qaboos of Oman". The Economic Times. ^ "Bangladesh announces state mourning on Monday for Sultan Qaboos of Oman". ^ "Nation to observe mourning day on Monday to honour Omani Sultan Qaboos". 12 January 2020. ^ Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. UK flags to fly at half mast for the death of Sultan Qaboos of Oman. Retrieved on 22 March 2022. ^ a b c Dokoupil, Martin (24 May 2012). "Succession Question Fuels Uncertainty in Oman". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ "In Oman, a train-of-succession mystery: Who follows Qaboos?". Christian Science Monitor. 17 April 2017. ^ "Here is why Social Development Ministry honoured 32 private firms". Times of Oman. Retrieved 1 December 2018. ^ "Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79". 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ "Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos". AP NEWS. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ "Oman's new ruler chosen to provide continuity". Reuters. 11 January 2020 – via www.reuters.com. ^ "Who is the new Sultan of Oman?". Tehran Times. 13 January 2020. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour" (PDF) (in German). p. 1441. Retrieved 28 November 2012. ^ HM deserves much more than awards and medals Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Times of Oman (28 January 2007). Retrieved on 14 July 2011. ^ "Gandhi Peace Prize conferred on late His Majesty Sultan Qaboos". Times of Oman. ^ "Grand State Banquet". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ Italian Presidency Website, S.M. Qaboos bin Said Sultano dell'Oman – decorato di Gran Cordone ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1991" (PDF). ^ "1999 National Orders awards". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. ^ Memorial tribute paid to Late Sultan Qaboos in London. Oman News Agency. Retrieved on 27, June 2022. ^ Thomas, Gavin (17 October 2013). The Rough Guide to Oman. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 978-1-4093-5065-1. External links General Assembly Pays Tribute to Qaboos bin Said, Late Sultan of Oman(Archived version) Statement by President George W. Bush on the Sultan of Oman(Archived version) Official account of the Sultan's reign Oman Net Oman-Qaboos Archived 26 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qaboos bin Said al Said. Qaboos bin Said House of Al SaidBorn: 18 November 1940 Died: 10 January 2020 Regnal titles Preceded bySaid bin Taimur Sultan of Oman 1970–2020 Succeeded byHaitham bin Tariq vteSultans of Oman since 1749 Ahmad bin Said Said bin Ahmad Hamad bin Said Sultan bin Ahmad Salim bin Sultan Said bin Sultan Thuwaini bin Said Salim bin Thuwaini Azzan bin Qais Turki bin Said Faisal bin Turki Taimur bin Feisal Said bin Taimur Qaboos bin Said Haitham bin Tariq Oman portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabus"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[qaː.buːs bin sa.ʕiːd ʔaːl sa.ʕiːd]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"House of Al Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Al_Said"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hIaea-4"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArEOG-5"},{"link_name":"Said bin Taimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Muscat and Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Omani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dhofar Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Oman's constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Statute_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Haitham bin Tariq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"Qaboos\" redirects here. For other uses, see Qabus.Qaboos bin Said Al Said[a] (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد, IPA: [qaː.buːs bin sa.ʕiːd ʔaːl sa.ʕiːd]; 18 November 1940 – 10 January 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 until his death in 2020. A fifteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the House of Al Said,[3] he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world at the time of his death,[4] having ruled for almost half a century.The only son of Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in Suffolk, England. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he served briefly in the British Army. He returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject of considerable restrictions from his father. In 1970, Qaboos ascended to the Omani throne after overthrowing his father in a coup d'état, with British support. The country was subsequently renamed the Sultanate of Oman.As sultan, Qaboos implemented a policy of modernization and ended Oman's international isolation.[5][6] His reign saw a rise in living standards and development in the country,[7] the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution. Suffering from poor health in later life, Qaboos died in 2020. He had no children, so he entailed the royal court to reach consensus on a successor upon his death. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named his successor in case an agreement was not achieved. After his death the royal court decided to view Qaboos's letter and named his intended successor, his cousin Haitham bin Tariq, as sultan.[8]","title":"Qaboos bin Said"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Said_bin_Taimur_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"Said bin Taimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur"},{"link_name":"Sayyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid"},{"link_name":"Salalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salalah"},{"link_name":"Dhofar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Said bin Taimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur"},{"link_name":"Mazoon al-Mashani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazoon_al-Mashani"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aulH1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmctg-11"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FJSwe-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-13"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adst-14"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameronians_(Scottish_Rifles)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6YRCI-16"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Al Hosn Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Hosn_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Landon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-15"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sultan Said bin Taimur, the father of Qaboos bin SaidSayyid Qaboos bin Said was born in the southern city of Salalah in Dhofar on 18 November 1940[citation needed] as the only son of Sultan Said bin Taimur and Mazoon al-Mashani.[9][10] He received his primary and secondary education at Salalah, and was sent to a private educational establishment at Bury St Edmunds in England at age 16.[11][12] At 20, he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.[13] After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Army and was posted to the 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them in Germany for one year. He also held a staff appointment with the British Army.[14][15]After his military service, Qaboos studied local government subjects in England and then completed his education with a world tour chaperoned by Leslie Chauncy. Upon his return in 1966, he was placed under virtual house arrest in Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father. Here he was kept isolated from government affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and the history of his country. His personal relationships were limited to a handpicked group of palace officials who were sons of his father's advisors and a few expatriate friends such as Tim Landon. Sultan Said said that he would not allow his son to be involved with the developing planning process, and Qaboos began to make known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by his expatriate visitors.[14][additional citation(s) needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_during_the_arrival_Ceremony_for_Sultan_Qaboos_bin_Said_of_the_Sultanate_of_Oman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"a successful coup against his father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Omani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mXC7W-17"},{"link_name":"Muscat and Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZR8pf-18"},{"link_name":"Ian Cobain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Cobain"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edZnL-19"},{"link_name":"South Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Dhofar Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Shah of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Hussein of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BecR6-20"}],"sub_title":"Rise to power","text":"Ronald Reagan with Sultan Qaboos bin Said during a state visit in 1983Qaboos acceded to the throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup against his father, with the aim of ending the country's isolation and using its oil revenue for modernization and development.[16] He declared that the country would no longer be known as Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to \"the Sultanate of Oman\" in order to better reflect its political unity.[17]The coup was supported by the British, with Ian Cobain writing that it was \"planned in London by MI6 and by civil servants at the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office\" and sanctioned by the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson.[18]The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as sultan was an armed communist insurgency from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976). The sultanate eventually defeated the incursion with help from the Shah of Iran, Jordanian troops sent by his friend King Hussein of Jordan, British Special Forces and the Royal Air Force.[19]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-15"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification"},{"link_name":"Omani riyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_riyal"},{"link_name":"Indian rupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjBID-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ld48c-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u978h-23"},{"link_name":"slavery in Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz8JL-24"},{"link_name":"absolute monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3vLCH-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f2D5y-26"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bti-project-27"},{"link_name":"Palace Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x4TLv-28"}],"sub_title":"Reign as Sultan","text":"There were few rudiments of a modern state when Qaboos took power.[14] Oman was a poorly developed country, severely lacking in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, with only 10 km (6 mi) of paved roads and a population dependent on subsistence farming and fishing. Qaboos modernized the country using oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a modern infrastructure was laid down, with hundreds of kilometres of new roads paved, a telecommunications network established, projects for a port and airport that had begun prior to his reign were completed and a second port was built, and electrification was achieved. The government also began to search for new water resources and built a desalination plant, and the government encouraged the growth of private enterprise, especially in development projects. Banks, hotels, insurance companies, and print media began to appear as the country developed economically. The Omani riyal was established as the national currency, replacing the Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler. Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.[20][21][22] In his first year in power, Qaboos also abolished slavery in Oman.[23]The political system which Qaboos established was an absolute monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.[24] The first day of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.[25]Oman has no system of checks and balances, and thus no separation of powers. All power was concentrated in the Sultan during his reign, and he served as chief of staff of the armed forces, minister of defence, minister of foreign affairs and chairman of the board of the Central Bank of Oman. All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law. The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable.[26]Qaboos' closest advisors were reportedly security and intelligence professionals within the Palace Office, headed by General Sultan bin Mohammed al Numani.[27]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VP_Cheney_Sultan_Qaboos_Salah_Oman_2002.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Vice_President"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"2011 Omani protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Omani_protests"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"revolutionary wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_wave"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHwlP-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohar"},{"link_name":"Globe Roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Roundabout"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bGJcv-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-09ILI-31"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsnews.com-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaXlf-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgRR7-34"}],"sub_title":"2011 Omani protests","text":"Sultan Qaboos meets with United States Vice President Dick Cheney during Cheney's visit to the Middle East in 2002.The 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the \"Arab Spring\".[28] The protesters demanded salary increases, lower living costs, the creation of more jobs and a reduction in corruption.[citation needed] Protests in Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centered on the Globe Roundabout.[29] The Sultan's responses included the dismissal of a third of the governing cabinet.[30]According to CBS News, 19 June 2011,Several protest leaders have been detained and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Arab Spring, and dissatisfaction with the state of affairs in the country is high. While disgruntlement amongst the populace is obvious, the extreme dearth of foreign press coverage and lack of general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to whether the protesters want the sultan to leave, or simply want their government to function better. Beyond the recent protests, there is concern about succession in the country, as there is no heir apparent or any clear legislation on who may be the next Sultan.[31]The Sultan did give token concession to protesters yet detained social media activists. In August 2014, The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin \"Citizen\", disappeared after going to the police station in the Al-Qurum district of Muscat, only to be pardoned some time later.[32][33]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gates_%26_Qaboos_of_Oman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Gates"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Sultan_of_Oman,_Sultan_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said,_at_Bait_Al_Baraka,_in_Muscat,_Oman_on_February_11,_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Arab states of the Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnORV-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aWbk0-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v0mwq-37"},{"link_name":"international nuclear pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PtFqR-38"},{"link_name":"American hikers who were held by Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9311_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smLgf-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Houthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement"},{"link_name":"embargo on Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-13"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Shimon Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsrVisit-41"}],"sub_title":"Foreign policy","text":"Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'd welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates to Muscat, Oman, April 5, 2008.Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Qaboos, 2018Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Iran than other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral and maintain a balance between the West and Iran.[34] As a result, Oman often acted as an intermediary between the United States and Iran.[35][36] Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks in 2013 that led two years later to the international nuclear pact, from which the United States withdrew in 2018.[37]In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release of American hikers who were held by Iran, paying $1 million for their freedom.[38][39]Oman did not join the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did not take sides in a Persian Gulf dispute that saw Saudi Arabia and its allies impose an embargo on Qatar in 2017.[12]In October 2018, Qaboos invited Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite his country not having official diplomatic ties with Israel. Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime minister to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.[40]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jnfc9-42"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Prize_for_Environmental_Preservation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4hzO-43"}],"text":"Qaboos financed the construction or maintenance of a number of mosques, notably the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, as well as the holy places of other religions.[41]Through a donation to UNESCO in the early 1990s, Qaboos funded the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation, to afford recognition to outstanding contributions in the management or preservation of the environment. The prize has been awarded biannually since 1991.[42]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A83Sh-44"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trofimov2001-45"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Lalo Schifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qARKr-46"},{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvzSp-47"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House_Muscat"},{"link_name":"organ stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_stop"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaVUB-48"},{"link_name":"Salim Rashid Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Rashid_Suri"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BritLib-49"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_bin_Taimur"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-50"},{"link_name":"Haitham bin Tariq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkSct-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YzMid-52"},{"link_name":"Salalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salalah"},{"link_name":"deputy prime minister for finance and economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qais_Bin_Abdul_Munim_Al_Zawawi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaIt2-53"},{"link_name":"Oman Royal Yacht Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Royal_Yacht_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Al Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Said_(yacht)"},{"link_name":"Fulk Al Salamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulk_Al_Salamah_(2016_yacht)"},{"link_name":"largest yachts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motor_yachts_by_length"},{"link_name":"Gulf Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Arabs"},{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_obituary-58"}],"text":"Qaboos was a Muslim of the Ibadi denomination, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Muslim, the Sultan granted freedom of religion in the country and financed the construction of four Catholic and Protestant churches in the country as well as several Hindu temples.[43]The Sultan was an avid fan and promoter of classical music. His 120-member orchestra consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition as children and grow up as members of the symphonic ensemble. They play locally and traveled abroad with the Sultan.[44] Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned to compose a work entitled Symphonic Impressions of Oman.[45] Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about the pipe organ.[46] The Royal Opera House Muscat features the second largest mobile pipe organ in the world, which has three specially made organ stops, named the \"Royal Solo\" in his honour.[47] He was also a patron of local folk musician Salim Rashid Suri, whom he made a cultural consultant.[48]On 22 March 1976, Qaboos married his first cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), the daughter of his uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur and Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Al Busaidiyah.[49] Nawwal was renamed Kamila at the time of her marriage and is the half-sister of Qaboos' successor, Haitham bin Tariq.[49] The marriage ended in divorce in 1979[50] and produced no children.[51]In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a car accident in Salalah just outside his palace, which killed one of his most prominent and influential ministers, the deputy prime minister for finance and economy, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi.[52]Qaboos owned several yachts administered by the Oman Royal Yacht Squadron, including Al Said and Fulk Al Salamah, two of the world's largest yachts.Qaboos was widely believed by Omanis and Gulf Arabs to be homosexual.[53][54][55] This belief was supported by Tony Molesworth, Oman's former second-most-senior intelligence officer.[56] Qaboos' obituary in The Times described rumours throughout his life of \"liaisons with elegant young European men\".[57]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colon cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w9PID-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTr1f-60"},{"link_name":"UZ Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UZ_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emzY2-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hVOFJ-62"},{"link_name":"Al Baraka Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Baraka_Palace"},{"link_name":"days of national mourning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_day_of_mourning"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera-64"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"From 2014, Qaboos suffered from colon cancer, for which he received treatment.[58][59] On 14 December 2019, he was reported to be terminally ill with a short time to live after his stay for medical treatment in UZ Leuven in Belgium and returned home because he wanted to die in his own country.[60][61] He died on 10 January 2020 at the age of 79 at his personal residence, Al Baraka Palace, just outside Muscat. The following day, the government declared three days of national mourning and said the country's flag would be flown at half-staff for a period of 40 days and declared the halt of official work in the public and private sectors for three days.[62][63] Kuwait,[64][65] Saudi Arabia,[66] Qatar,[67] United Arab Emirates,[68] Bahrain,[69] Lebanon,[70] and Egypt[71] all declared three days of mourning; India[72] and Bangladesh[73][74] declared one day of mourning. The United Kingdom[75] lowered flags to half-mast as a sign of respect.","title":"Illness and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab states of the Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Statute_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dokoupil-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dokoupil-77"},{"link_name":"primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"link_name":"Tariq bin Taimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_bin_Taimur"},{"link_name":"Asa'ad bin Tariq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa%27ad_bin_Tariq"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LfL9Y-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtukv-79"},{"link_name":"Shihab bin Tariq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_bin_Tariq"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dokoupil-77"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dugyF-80"},{"link_name":"Haitham bin Tariq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v6fty-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oXnU3-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KfGIN-83"}],"text":"Unlike the heads of other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Qaboos did not publicly name an heir. Article 6 of the constitution says the Royal Family Council has three days to choose a new sultan from the date the position falls vacant. If the Royal Family Council fails to agree, a letter containing a name penned by Sultan Qaboos should be opened in the presence of the Defence Council of military and security officials, supreme court chiefs, and heads of the upper and lower houses of the consultative assemblies.[76] Analysts saw the rules as an elaborate means of Qaboos securing his choice for successor without causing controversy by making it public during his lifetime, since it was considered unlikely that the royal family would be able to agree on a successor on its own.[76]Qaboos had no children, and only one sister, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but no male siblings; there are other male members of the Omani royal family including paternal uncles and their families. Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be the children of his late uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's first prime minister and the Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers believed the top contenders to succeed Qaboos were three of Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Deputy Prime Minister[77] for International Relations and Cooperation[78] and the Sultan's special representative; Shihab bin Tariq, a retired commander of the Royal Navy of Oman; and Haitham bin Tariq, Minister of Heritage and National Culture.[76][79]On 11 January 2020, Oman state TV said the Royal Family Council, in a letter to the Defense Council, had decided to defer to the choice that Qaboos named in his will, and thus had opened the letter by Qaboos naming his successor, announcing shortly that Haitham bin Tariq is the country's ruling sultan.[80] Haitham has two sons and two daughters.[81][82]","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Order_of_Al_Said.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Al-Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Al-Said"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_order_Oman_GC_GO_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Order_of_the_Renaissance_of_Oman_(1982).png"},{"link_name":"Order of the Renaissance of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Renaissance_of_Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Order_of_Merit_of_Sultan_Qaboos.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Order_of_N%C2%B4Oman.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Merit_(Oman).gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Cross.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Sultan Qaboos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Sultan_Qaboos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sultan_Qaboos_Order_for_Culture,_Science_and_Art.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Order_of_Appreciation_(Oman).gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Order_of_Achievement_(Oman).gif"}],"sub_title":"National honours","text":"Oman:\n Grand Master of the Order of Al-Said\n Grand Master of the Order of Oman\n Grand Master of the Order of the Renaissance of Oman\n Grand Master of the Order of Merit of Sultan Qaboos\n Grand Master of the Order of N'Oman\n Grand Master of the Order of Merit\n Grand Master of the Order of Sultan Qaboos\n Grand Master of the Sultan Qaboos Order for Culture, Science and Art\n Grand Master of the Order of Appreciation\n Grand Master of the Order of Achievement","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JLUl9-84"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BRU_Royal_Family_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Brunei.svg"},{"link_name":"Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EGY_Order_of_the_Nile_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dEmU0-85"},{"link_name":"Gandhi Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg"},{"link_name":"Star of the Republic of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_Dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Pahlavi_(Iran).gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Pahlavi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25th_Centennial_Anniversary_Medal_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg"},{"link_name":"2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rNM7c-87"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7rtPh-88"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of al-Hussein bin Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_al-Hussein_bin_Ali"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_(Kuwait)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Mubarak the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lebanese_Order_of_Merit_Extraordinary_Grade.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_(Crown_of_the_Realm)_-_DMN.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pw0lE-89"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_(Maroc).svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Ouissam Alaouite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAR_Order_of_the_Throne_-_Special_Class_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of the Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Throne"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.Nishan-i-Pakistan.ribbon.gif"},{"link_name":"Nishan-e-Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Independence_(Qatar)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SA_Order_of_King_Abdulaziz_1kl_rib.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Abdulaziz al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Abdulaziz_al_Saud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SA_Order_of_King_Abdulaziz_1kl_rib.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Abdulaziz al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Abdulaziz_al_Saud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjah_Utama_Temasek_ribbon_(from_1996).svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Temasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Temasek"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nat1999-90"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Isabella the Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Civil_Merit_(Spain)_GC.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Civil Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_Of_Ummayad_(Syria)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"Order of Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Republic_(Tunisia)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"Grand Cordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cordon"},{"link_name":"Order of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Tunisia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Independence_v._1959_(Tunisia)_-_ribbon_bar.gif"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Union_Sash.gif"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Victorian_Chain_Ribbon.gif"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_honorary_member_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_St_John_(UK)_ribbon_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"Most Venerable Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_St_John_(UK)_ribbon_-vector.svg"},{"link_name":"Most Venerable Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Austria:\n Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (31 March 2001) [83]\n Bahrain:\n Member 1st Class of the Order of Al Khalifa\n Brunei:\n Member of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (15 December 1984)\n Egypt:\n Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (1976)\n France:\n Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (31 May 1989)\n Germany:\n Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\n India:\n Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (2004 – award yet to be presented)[84]\nGandhi Peace Prize (03/2021), Delhi[85]\n Indonesia:\n Recipient of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class or Adipurna\n Iran:\n Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi (3 March 1974)\n Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971)[86]\n Italy:\n Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (22 April 1974)[87]\n Japan:\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum\n Jordan:\n Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali\n Kuwait:\n Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great (28 December 2009)\n Lebanon:\n Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit\n Malaysia:\n Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (1991)[88]\n Morocco:\n Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite\n Collar of the Order of the Throne\n Netherlands:\n Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (2012)\n Pakistan:\n Recipient of the Nishan-e-Pakistan, 1st Class\n Qatar:\n Collar of the Order of the Independence\n Saudi Arabia:\n Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (23 December 2006)\n Decoration 1st Class of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (23 December 2006)\n Recipient of the Badr Chain\n Singapore:\n Member 1st Class of the Order of Temasek (12 March 2009)\n South Africa:\n Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (1999)[89]\n Spain:\n Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (13 December 1985)\n Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit\n Syria:\n Collar of the Order of Umayyad\n Tunisia:\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic\n Collar of the Order of Independence\n United Arab Emirates:\n Collar of the Order of the Federation\n United Kingdom:\n Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) (18 March 1982)\n Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) (8 July 1976)\n Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain (27 November 2010)\n Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) (28 February 1979)\n Associate Bailiff Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of Saint John (GCStJ) (19 March 1984)\n Associate Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of Saint John (KStJ) (8 November 1976)","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faisal bin Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Turki,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman"},{"link_name":"Taimur bin Feisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimur_bin_Feisal"},{"link_name":"Thuwaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuwaini_bin_Said"},{"link_name":"Said bin Taimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur"},{"link_name":"Salim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_bin_Thuwaini"},{"link_name":"Barghash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghash_bin_Said_of_Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Mazoon bint Ahmed Al Mashani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazoon_al-Mashani"}],"text":"Ancestors of Qaboos bin Said 8. Faisal bin Turki 4. Taimur bin Feisal 9. Aliya bint Thuwaini Al Said 2. Said bin Taimur 10. Ali bin Salim Al Said 5. Fatima bint Ali Al Said 11. Aliya bint Barghash Al Said 1. Qaboos bin Said 12. Ali Al Mashani 6. Ahmed bin Ali Al Mashani 13. NN 3. Mazoon bint Ahmed Al Mashani","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"In June 2022, his Service Medal of the Order of St John was ceremonially consecrated in London.[90]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Palace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Arabic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Al Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Said"}],"text":"^ In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Said.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Sultan Said bin Taimur, the father of Qaboos bin Said","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Said_bin_Taimur_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Said_bin_Taimur_%28cropped%29.png"},{"image_text":"Ronald Reagan with Sultan Qaboos bin Said during a state visit in 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/President_Ronald_Reagan_during_the_arrival_Ceremony_for_Sultan_Qaboos_bin_Said_of_the_Sultanate_of_Oman.jpg/224px-President_Ronald_Reagan_during_the_arrival_Ceremony_for_Sultan_Qaboos_bin_Said_of_the_Sultanate_of_Oman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sultan Qaboos meets with United States Vice President Dick Cheney during Cheney's visit to the Middle East in 2002.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VP_Cheney_Sultan_Qaboos_Salah_Oman_2002.jpg/250px-VP_Cheney_Sultan_Qaboos_Salah_Oman_2002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'd welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates to Muscat, Oman, April 5, 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gates_%26_Qaboos_of_Oman.jpg/227px-Gates_%26_Qaboos_of_Oman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Qaboos, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Sultan_of_Oman%2C_Sultan_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said%2C_at_Bait_Al_Baraka%2C_in_Muscat%2C_Oman_on_February_11%2C_2018.jpg/227px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Sultan_of_Oman%2C_Sultan_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said%2C_at_Bait_Al_Baraka%2C_in_Muscat%2C_Oman_on_February_11%2C_2018.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Royalty portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Royalty"},{"title":"Oman portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oman"},{"title":"List of longest-reigning monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs"},{"title":"Royal Guard of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Guard_of_Oman"}]
[{"reference":"Zacharias, Anna (11 January 2020). \"Oman's long night: from rumour to reality as a nation learns of Sultan Qaboos' death\". The National. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/gcc/oman-s-long-night-from-rumour-to-reality-as-a-nation-learns-of-sultan-qaboos-death-1.962954","url_text":"\"Oman's long night: from rumour to reality as a nation learns of Sultan Qaboos' death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National"}]},{"reference":"Liz, Sly (11 January 2020). \"Oman's Sultan Qaboos is buried as his successor is named\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/omans-sultan-qaboos-is-buried-as-his-successor-is-named/2020/01/11/f09e3186-3475-11ea-9313-6cba89b1b9fb_story.html","url_text":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos is buried as his successor is named\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qaboos bin Said\". Webster's New World Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Inc. 1994. p. 694. ISBN 0-671-85017-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/webstersnewworl000newy/page/694/mode/2up?view=theater&q=%22Qaboos+bin+Said%22","url_text":"\"Qaboos bin Said\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Inc.","url_text":"Macmillan Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-85017-2","url_text":"0-671-85017-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Can Oman's Stability Outlive Sultan Qaboos?\". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mei.edu/content/can-oman%E2%80%99s-stability-outlive-sultan-qaboos","url_text":"\"Can Oman's Stability Outlive Sultan Qaboos?\""}]},{"reference":"Tony Blair [@TonyBlair] (11 January 2020). \"I heard the news about His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman with great sadness. He was a leader of vision and purpose who took over the leadership of his country at a difficult time and raised it to an entirely new level of development and prosperity...\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/TonyBlair/status/1215920898966020096","url_text":"\"I heard the news about His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman with great sadness. He was a leader of vision and purpose who took over the leadership of his country at a difficult time and raised it to an entirely new level of development and prosperity...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos\". Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos. Retrieved 1 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/oman-names-culture-minister-as-successor-to-sultan-qaboos-32861","url_text":"\"Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"Serim (16 October 2014). \"The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur\". qdl.qa. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qdl.qa/en/financial-troubles-said-bin-taimur","url_text":"\"The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur\""}]},{"reference":"Medhat, Gehad (26 September 2017). \"These Mosques in Oman Are an Architectural Wonder\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/oman/articles/these-mosques-in-oman-are-an-architectural-wonder/","url_text":"\"These Mosques in Oman Are an Architectural Wonder\""}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Ben (10 January 2020). \"Sultan Qaboos, Quiet Peacemaker Who Built Oman, Dies at 79\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/middleeast/sultan-qaboos-quiet-peacemaker-who-built-oman-dies-at-79.html","url_text":"\"Sultan Qaboos, Quiet Peacemaker Who Built Oman, Dies at 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia\" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 307. Archived from the original (Country Readers Series) on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210110033355/https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia\""},{"url":"https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Calvin H.; Rigsbee, W. Lynn (1 January 2000). Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996. Psychology Press. pp. 28–29, 34. ISBN 9780714650012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f3pV457NIE4C","url_text":"Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714650012","url_text":"9780714650012"}]},{"reference":"\"Prayers pour in for ill Oman Ruler Sultan Qaboos\". gulftoday.ae. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2019/12/25/prayers-pour-in-for-ill-oman-ruler-sultan-qaboos","url_text":"\"Prayers pour in for ill Oman Ruler Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of Oman\". rafmuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009072134/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history-of-frienship-between-the-royal-air-force-and-the-royal-air-force-of-oman/a-history-of-oman.aspx","url_text":"\"A History of Oman\""},{"url":"https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history-of-frienship-between-the-royal-air-force-and-the-royal-air-force-of-oman/a-history-of-oman.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cobain, Ian (2016). The History Thieves. London: Portobello Books. p. 87. ISBN 9781846275838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846275838","url_text":"9781846275838"}]},{"reference":"\"The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976\". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CSA.htm","url_text":"\"The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976\""}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, Elizabeth. \"A Test for Oman and Its Sultan\". The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/will-oman-survive-sultan","url_text":"\"A Test for Oman and Its Sultan\""}]},{"reference":"Suzanne Miers (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 347. ISBN 0-7591-0340-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=oman+slavery+1970&pg=PA347","url_text":"Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0340-2","url_text":"0-7591-0340-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Rouhani felicitates Oman on National Day\". Tehran Times. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/442164/Rouhani-felicitates-Oman-on-National-Day","url_text":"\"Rouhani felicitates Oman on National Day\""}]},{"reference":"Wam. \"UAE leaders greet Sultan of Oman on Renaissance Day\". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/uae-leaders-greet-sultan-of-oman-on-renaissance-day","url_text":"\"UAE leaders greet Sultan of Oman on Renaissance Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country Report: Oman\". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228234844/http://www.bti-project.org/reports/country-reports/mena/omn/index.nc#chap3","url_text":"\"Country Report: Oman\""},{"url":"http://www.bti-project.org/reports/country-reports/mena/omn/index.nc#chap3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Simon (3 April 2017). \"The Omani Succession Envelope, Please\". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 April 2017. His closest advisors are security and intelligence professionals in the so-called Royal Office, headed by Gen. Sultan bin Mohammed al-Numani.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/03/the-omani-succession-envelope-please/","url_text":"\"The Omani Succession Envelope, Please\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy","url_text":"Foreign Policy"}]},{"reference":"Nath, Ravindra. \"Qaboos fires 10 ministers\". Khaleej Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/qaboos-fires-10-ministers","url_text":"\"Qaboos fires 10 ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"The world's enduring dictators: Qaboos bin Said, Oman\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20064069-503543.html","url_text":"\"The world's enduring dictators: Qaboos bin Said, Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oman: Activist's Family Barred from Traveling Abroad\". Human Rights Watch. 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/14/oman-activists-family-barred-traveling-abroad","url_text":"\"Oman: Activist's Family Barred from Traveling Abroad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oman – Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed al Fazari | Front Line\". Disappearances in Oman. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228173444/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/27072","url_text":"\"Oman – Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed al Fazari | Front Line\""},{"url":"http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/27072","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Slackman, Michael (16 May 2009). \"Oman Navigates Between Iran and Arab Nations\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/world/middleeast/16oman.html","url_text":"\"Oman Navigates Between Iran and Arab Nations\""}]},{"reference":"Gladstone, Rick (4 September 2013). \"Iran's President to Speak at the U.N.\" NYT. Retrieved 31 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/world/middleeast/irans-president-to-speak-at-the-un.html","url_text":"\"Iran's President to Speak at the U.N.\""}]},{"reference":"\"A visit from the sultan\". The Economist. 27 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/pomegranate/2013/08/27/a-visit-from-the-sultan","url_text":"\"A visit from the sultan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies, cousin Haitham named successor\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Sultan-of-Oman-dies-aged-79-years-old-613815","url_text":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies, cousin Haitham named successor\""}]},{"reference":"Neuman, Scott (21 September 2011). \"Oman Played Pivotal Role In Americans' Release\". NPR.org. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2011/09/21/140674880/tiny-nation-behind-the-scenes-of-americans-release","url_text":"\"Oman Played Pivotal Role In Americans' Release\""}]},{"reference":"HillaryClinton [@HillaryClinton] (13 January 2020). \"My thoughts are with the people of Oman as they mourn the passing of Sultan Qaboos. He led his country with wisdom and provided safe harbor for diplomacy. I'll always be grateful for all he did to help secure the release from Iran of three American hikers in 2011\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/HillaryClinton/status/1216788363778383873","url_text":"\"My thoughts are with the people of Oman as they mourn the passing of Sultan Qaboos. He led his country with wisdom and provided safe harbor for diplomacy. I'll always be grateful for all he did to help secure the release from Iran of three American hikers in 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Netanyahu makes historic visit to Oman\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Netanyahu-makes-historic-visit-to-Oman-570388","url_text":"\"Netanyahu makes historic visit to Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prominent figures in Muslim philanthropy\". Alliance magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alliancemagazine.org/feature/prominent-figures-in-muslim-philanthropy/","url_text":"\"Prominent figures in Muslim philanthropy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081901/http://un-qaboos-prize.net/en/home.html#","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://un-qaboos-prize.net/en/home.html#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Modi in Oman LIVE Updates: PM prays at Shiva temple in Muscat, visits Grand Mosque\". 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-in-oman-live-updates-visit-to-shiva-temple-interact-with-ceos-sultan-qaboos-grand-mosque-5060235/?#liveblogstart","url_text":"\"Modi in Oman LIVE Updates: PM prays at Shiva temple in Muscat, visits Grand Mosque\""}]},{"reference":"Trofimov, Yaroslavth (14 December 2001). \"Oman has oil, but it had no orchestra\". Wall Street Journal: A6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Official Store of Lalo Schifrin: Symphonic Impressions of OMAN\". schifrin.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051217195951/http://schifrin.com/miva/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=LS&Product_Code=CD-ALEPH+028","url_text":"\"The Official Store of Lalo Schifrin: Symphonic Impressions of OMAN\""},{"url":"http://schifrin.com/miva/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=LS&Product_Code=CD-ALEPH+028","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlo Curly & Mathis Music\". Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141726/http://www.mathismusic.com/organs/carlo_curly.htm","url_text":"\"Carlo Curly & Mathis Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times of Oman | News :: In the Eye of Beauty - an Ode to the Organ\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223003609/http://www.timesofoman.com/News/44105/Article-In-the-Eye-of-Beauty--An-Ode-to-the-Organ","url_text":"\"Times of Oman | News :: In the Eye of Beauty - an Ode to the Organ\""},{"url":"http://www.timesofoman.com/News/44105/Article-In-the-Eye-of-Beauty--An-Ode-to-the-Organ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Margaret Makepeace (26 November 2013). \"The Singing Sailor – Salim Rashid Suri\". Untold Lives Blog. British Library. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/11/the-singing-sailor-salim-rashid-suri.html","url_text":"\"The Singing Sailor – Salim Rashid Suri\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa & the Middle East. p. 107. ISBN 0850110297.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850110297","url_text":"0850110297"}]},{"reference":"Joseph A. Kechichian (17 December 2010). \"Sultan Qaboos Bin Saeed: A democrat visionary\". Weekend Review. Gulf News. Retrieved 4 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/sultan-qaboos-bin-saeed-a-democrat-visionary-1.729811","url_text":"\"Sultan Qaboos Bin Saeed: A democrat visionary\""}]},{"reference":"Tennent, James (28 November 2015). \"Who will take over from Sultan Qaboos, the Arab world's longest serving ruler?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/who-will-take-over-sultan-qaboos-arab-worlds-longest-serving-ruler-1530757","url_text":"\"Who will take over from Sultan Qaboos, the Arab world's longest serving ruler?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan Escapes Unhurt, Top Aide Killed In Car Accident\". AP NEWS. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/01bbe118f4da71aacadf28ff50c2944a","url_text":"\"Sultan Escapes Unhurt, Top Aide Killed In Car Accident\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher Ling (18 March 2011). \"6 (Salacious Scandals)\". Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life. Random House. ISBN 9781845968311. Indeed, virtually since his accession to the throne of Oman, the assumption of homosexuality has pursued Sultan Qaboos relentlessly...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PCm45OHcDSoC","url_text":"Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845968311","url_text":"9781845968311"}]},{"reference":"Brian Whitaker (2006). Unspeakable Love: Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East. University of California Press. pp. 76–78. ISBN 9780520250178. ...only three Omanis have discussed this subject with me openly...All three agreed that the sultan is generally believed to be homosexual by Omanis...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e0YhBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Unspeakable Love: Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520250178","url_text":"9780520250178"}]},{"reference":"John Newsinger (2016). British Counterinsurgency (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Springer. p. 154. ISBN 9781137316868. The successful dressing up of the counterinsurgency campaign in Islamic garb is all the more impressive given that Qaboos was generally believed to be gay, consorting with long-haired youths 'of exquisite countenance'...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newsinger","url_text":"John Newsinger"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H3oYDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"British Counterinsurgency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137316868","url_text":"9781137316868"}]},{"reference":"Abdel Razzaq Takriti (2013). Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965–1976 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9780199674435.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AwbnDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965–1976"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199674435","url_text":"9780199674435"}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman obituary\". The Times. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022. There were no other known relationships with women and despite rumours of liaisons with elegant young European men, the sultan's private life remained firmly private.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sultan-qaboos-bin-said-of-oman-obituary-nw33q0tg8","url_text":"\"Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"The sultanate of Oman is taking a kicking\". The Economist. 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724842-muscatcheap-oil-makes-it-hard-buy-dissent-sultanate-oman-taking","url_text":"\"The sultanate of Oman is taking a kicking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"Wintour, Patrick (22 December 2019). \"Oman readies baroque succession process as sultan's health worsens\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/man-readies-baroque-succession-process-as-sultans-health-worsens","url_text":"\"Oman readies baroque succession process as sultan's health worsens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan wou terug naar zijn land om te sterven, maar groot deel van zijn gevolg blijft in Leuven\". www.nieuwsblad.be.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20191213_04766433","url_text":"\"Sultan wou terug naar zijn land om te sterven, maar groot deel van zijn gevolg blijft in Leuven\""}]},{"reference":"WAM. \"Oman's Sultan Qaboos in stable condition\". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/oman/omans-sultan-qaboos-in-stable-condition-","url_text":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos in stable condition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79\". BBC News. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50902476","url_text":"\"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies: state media\". Al Jazeera. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2020/01/oman-sultan-qaboos-dies-oman-state-media-200111000944539.html","url_text":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies: state media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Kuwaiti Sultan Qaboos Mourning Public Sector Holidays January 11-12-13 - Public Holidays News Update\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qppstudio.net/public-holidays-news/2020/kuwaiti-sultan-qaboos-mourning-public-sector-holidays-january-11-12-13-012514.htm","url_text":"\"Kuwaiti Sultan Qaboos Mourning Public Sector Holidays January 11-12-13 - Public Holidays News Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuwait issues three days off to mourn Oman's Sultan Qaboos\". 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2020/01/12/Kuwait-issues-three-days-off-for-mourning-over-death-of-Oman-s-Sultan-Qaboos","url_text":"\"Kuwait issues three days off to mourn Oman's Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why did Saudi Arabia not fly its flag at half-mast following the death of Oman's Sultan Qaboos?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/why-did-saudi-arabia-not-fly-its-flag-at-half-mast-following-the-death-of-omans-sultan-qaboos-1.1578911754812","url_text":"\"Why did Saudi Arabia not fly its flag at half-mast following the death of Oman's Sultan Qaboos?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qatar declares three days of mourning for HM Sultan Qaboos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofoman.com/article/2546764/Oman/Government/Qatar-declares-three-days-of-mourning-for-HM-Sultan-Qaboos","url_text":"\"Qatar declares three days of mourning for HM Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"\"UAE leaders mourn death of Sultan Qaboos, 3 days of mourning declared\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-leaders-mourn-death-of-sultan-qaboos-3-days-of-mourning-declared-1.1578729626522","url_text":"\"UAE leaders mourn death of Sultan Qaboos, 3 days of mourning declared\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahrain News Agency\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDoCu6CI24pCqdL1RNAFVb1U%3D","url_text":"\"Bahrain News Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"الوكالة الوطنية للإعلامالموقع الرسمي أخبار لبنان على مدار الساعة\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/","url_text":"\"الوكالة الوطنية للإعلامالموقع الرسمي أخبار لبنان على مدار الساعة\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt announces 3-day mourning for death of Sultan Qaboos\". 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-announces-3-day-mourning-for-death-of-sultan-qaboos/","url_text":"\"Egypt announces 3-day mourning for death of Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. \"India announces national mourning for its close friend Sultan Qaboos of Oman\". The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-national-mourning-for-its-close-friend-sultan-qaboos-of-oman/articleshow/73217979.cms","url_text":"\"India announces national mourning for its close friend Sultan Qaboos of Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh announces state mourning on Monday for Sultan Qaboos of Oman\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/01/12/bangladesh-announces-state-mourning-on-monday-for-sultan-qaboos-of-oman","url_text":"\"Bangladesh announces state mourning on Monday for Sultan Qaboos of Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nation to observe mourning day on Monday to honour Omani Sultan Qaboos\". 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2020/01/12/nation-to-observe-mourning-day-on-monday-to-honour-omani-sultan-qaboos","url_text":"\"Nation to observe mourning day on Monday to honour Omani Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"Dokoupil, Martin (24 May 2012). \"Succession Question Fuels Uncertainty in Oman\". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-succession/succession-question-fuels-uncertainty-in-oman-idUSBRE84N0K420120524","url_text":"\"Succession Question Fuels Uncertainty in Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Oman, a train-of-succession mystery: Who follows Qaboos?\". Christian Science Monitor. 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2017/0417/In-Oman-a-train-of-succession-mystery-Who-follows-Qaboos","url_text":"\"In Oman, a train-of-succession mystery: Who follows Qaboos?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here is why Social Development Ministry honoured 32 private firms\". Times of Oman. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofoman.com/article/130858","url_text":"\"Here is why Social Development Ministry honoured 32 private firms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79\". 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50902476","url_text":"\"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos\". AP NEWS. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/9ca4a9910ede3e11b2fbf085189e628b","url_text":"\"Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oman's new ruler chosen to provide continuity\". Reuters. 11 January 2020 – via www.reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-sultan-newsmaker-idUSKBN1ZA0KV","url_text":"\"Oman's new ruler chosen to provide continuity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is the new Sultan of Oman?\". Tehran Times. 13 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/444092/Who-is-the-new-Sultan-of-Oman","url_text":"\"Who is the new Sultan of Oman?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour\" (PDF) (in German). p. 1441. Retrieved 28 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","url_text":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gandhi Peace Prize conferred on late His Majesty Sultan Qaboos\". Times of Oman.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofoman.com/article/gandhi-peace-prize-conferred-on-late-his-majesty-sultan-qaboos","url_text":"\"Gandhi Peace Prize conferred on late His Majesty Sultan Qaboos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand State Banquet\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043732/http://badraie.com/guests.htm","url_text":"\"Grand State Banquet\""},{"url":"http://badraie.com/guests.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1991\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1991.pdf","url_text":"\"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"1999 National Orders awards\". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112553/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/orders/recipients/1999.htm","url_text":"\"1999 National Orders awards\""},{"url":"http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/orders/recipients/1999.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Gavin (17 October 2013). The Rough Guide to Oman. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 978-1-4093-5065-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2U4AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT78","url_text":"The Rough Guide to Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-5065-1","url_text":"978-1-4093-5065-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qaboos_bin_Said&params=23_36_52.86_N_58_35_43.90_E_","external_links_name":"23°36′52.86″N 58°35′43.90″E / 23.6146833°N 58.5955278°E / 23.6146833; 58.5955278"},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/gcc/oman-s-long-night-from-rumour-to-reality-as-a-nation-learns-of-sultan-qaboos-death-1.962954","external_links_name":"\"Oman's long night: from rumour to reality as a nation learns of Sultan Qaboos' death\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/omans-sultan-qaboos-is-buried-as-his-successor-is-named/2020/01/11/f09e3186-3475-11ea-9313-6cba89b1b9fb_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos is buried as his successor is named\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/webstersnewworl000newy/page/694/mode/2up?view=theater&q=%22Qaboos+bin+Said%22","external_links_name":"\"Qaboos bin Said\""},{"Link":"http://www.mei.edu/content/can-oman%E2%80%99s-stability-outlive-sultan-qaboos","external_links_name":"\"Can Oman's Stability Outlive Sultan Qaboos?\""},{"Link":"https://www.royal.uk/message-condolence-queen-passing-sultan-qaboos-bin-said-al-said","external_links_name":"Message of condolence from The Queen on the passing of Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_34","external_links_name":"Joint Statement on passing of Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said"},{"Link":"https://x.com/TonyBlair/status/1215920898966020096","external_links_name":"\"I heard the news about His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman with great sadness. He was a leader of vision and purpose who took over the leadership of his country at a difficult time and raised it to an entirely new level of development and prosperity...\""},{"Link":"https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/oman-names-culture-minister-as-successor-to-sultan-qaboos-32861","external_links_name":"\"Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://www.qdl.qa/en/financial-troubles-said-bin-taimur","external_links_name":"\"The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/oman/articles/these-mosques-in-oman-are-an-architectural-wonder/","external_links_name":"\"These Mosques in Oman Are an Architectural Wonder\""},{"Link":"http://www.omanet.om/english/government/hmspage/tribute.asp","external_links_name":"Tribute to His Majesty"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060118072515/http://www.omanet.om/english/government/hmspage/tribute.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/middleeast/sultan-qaboos-quiet-peacemaker-who-built-oman-dies-at-79.html","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Qaboos, Quiet Peacemaker Who Built Oman, Dies at 79\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210110033355/https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f3pV457NIE4C","external_links_name":"Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996"},{"Link":"https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2019/12/25/prayers-pour-in-for-ill-oman-ruler-sultan-qaboos","external_links_name":"\"Prayers pour in for ill Oman Ruler Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/PROFILE-Omans-Sultan-Qaboos-bin-Said-2011-03-24T110027Z","external_links_name":"PROFILE-Oman's Sultan Qaboos bin Said"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006092934/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/PROFILE-Omans-Sultan-Qaboos-bin-Said-2011-03-24T110027Z","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009072134/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history-of-frienship-between-the-royal-air-force-and-the-royal-air-force-of-oman/a-history-of-oman.aspx","external_links_name":"\"A History of Oman\""},{"Link":"https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history-of-frienship-between-the-royal-air-force-and-the-royal-air-force-of-oman/a-history-of-oman.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CSA.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/will-oman-survive-sultan","external_links_name":"\"A Test for Oman and Its Sultan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=oman+slavery+1970&pg=PA347","external_links_name":"Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem"},{"Link":"http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/442164/Rouhani-felicitates-Oman-on-National-Day","external_links_name":"\"Rouhani felicitates Oman on National Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/uae-leaders-greet-sultan-of-oman-on-renaissance-day","external_links_name":"\"UAE leaders greet Sultan of Oman on Renaissance Day\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228234844/http://www.bti-project.org/reports/country-reports/mena/omn/index.nc#chap3","external_links_name":"\"Country Report: Oman\""},{"Link":"http://www.bti-project.org/reports/country-reports/mena/omn/index.nc#chap3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/03/the-omani-succession-envelope-please/","external_links_name":"\"The Omani Succession Envelope, Please\""},{"Link":"http://www.brecorder.com/world/global-business-a-economy/19759-oman-budget-gap-rises-to-658mn-in-q1-spending-up.html","external_links_name":"Oman budget gap rises to $658mn in Q1, spending up"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201181718/http://www.brecorder.com/world/global-business-a-economy/19759-oman-budget-gap-rises-to-658mn-in-q1-spending-up.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/photos/2011/03/02/globe_roundabout_sohar_oman","external_links_name":"Globe Roundabout – Sohar, Oman | The Middle East Channel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711015914/http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/photos/2011/03/02/globe_roundabout_sohar_oman","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/qaboos-fires-10-ministers","external_links_name":"\"Qaboos fires 10 ministers\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20064069-503543.html","external_links_name":"\"The world's enduring dictators: Qaboos bin Said, Oman\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/14/oman-activists-family-barred-traveling-abroad","external_links_name":"\"Oman: Activist's Family Barred from Traveling Abroad\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228173444/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/27072","external_links_name":"\"Oman – Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed al Fazari | Front Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/27072","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/world/middleeast/16oman.html","external_links_name":"\"Oman Navigates Between Iran and Arab Nations\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/world/middleeast/irans-president-to-speak-at-the-un.html","external_links_name":"\"Iran's President to Speak at the U.N.\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/pomegranate/2013/08/27/a-visit-from-the-sultan","external_links_name":"\"A visit from the sultan\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Sultan-of-Oman-dies-aged-79-years-old-613815","external_links_name":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies, cousin Haitham named successor\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2011/09/21/140674880/tiny-nation-behind-the-scenes-of-americans-release","external_links_name":"\"Oman Played Pivotal Role In Americans' Release\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/HillaryClinton/status/1216788363778383873","external_links_name":"\"My thoughts are with the people of Oman as they mourn the passing of Sultan Qaboos. He led his country with wisdom and provided safe harbor for diplomacy. I'll always be grateful for all he did to help secure the release from Iran of three American hikers in 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Netanyahu-makes-historic-visit-to-Oman-570388","external_links_name":"\"Netanyahu makes historic visit to Oman\""},{"Link":"https://www.alliancemagazine.org/feature/prominent-figures-in-muslim-philanthropy/","external_links_name":"\"Prominent figures in Muslim philanthropy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081901/http://un-qaboos-prize.net/en/home.html#","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://un-qaboos-prize.net/en/home.html#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-in-oman-live-updates-visit-to-shiva-temple-interact-with-ceos-sultan-qaboos-grand-mosque-5060235/?#liveblogstart","external_links_name":"\"Modi in Oman LIVE Updates: PM prays at Shiva temple in Muscat, visits Grand Mosque\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051217195951/http://schifrin.com/miva/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=LS&Product_Code=CD-ALEPH+028","external_links_name":"\"The Official Store of Lalo Schifrin: Symphonic Impressions of OMAN\""},{"Link":"http://schifrin.com/miva/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=LS&Product_Code=CD-ALEPH+028","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141726/http://www.mathismusic.com/organs/carlo_curly.htm","external_links_name":"\"Carlo Curly & Mathis Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223003609/http://www.timesofoman.com/News/44105/Article-In-the-Eye-of-Beauty--An-Ode-to-the-Organ","external_links_name":"\"Times of Oman | News :: In the Eye of Beauty - an Ode to the Organ\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesofoman.com/News/44105/Article-In-the-Eye-of-Beauty--An-Ode-to-the-Organ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/11/the-singing-sailor-salim-rashid-suri.html","external_links_name":"\"The Singing Sailor – Salim Rashid Suri\""},{"Link":"http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/sultan-qaboos-bin-saeed-a-democrat-visionary-1.729811","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Qaboos Bin Saeed: A democrat visionary\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/who-will-take-over-sultan-qaboos-arab-worlds-longest-serving-ruler-1530757","external_links_name":"\"Who will take over from Sultan Qaboos, the Arab world's longest serving ruler?\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/01bbe118f4da71aacadf28ff50c2944a","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Escapes Unhurt, Top Aide Killed In Car Accident\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PCm45OHcDSoC","external_links_name":"Sultan In Arabia: A Private Life"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e0YhBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Unspeakable Love: Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H3oYDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"British Counterinsurgency"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AwbnDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Monsoon Revolution: Republicans, Sultans, and Empires in Oman, 1965–1976"},{"Link":"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sultan-qaboos-bin-said-of-oman-obituary-nw33q0tg8","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Qaboos bin Said of Oman obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724842-muscatcheap-oil-makes-it-hard-buy-dissent-sultanate-oman-taking","external_links_name":"\"The sultanate of Oman is taking a kicking\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/man-readies-baroque-succession-process-as-sultans-health-worsens","external_links_name":"\"Oman readies baroque succession process as sultan's health worsens\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20191213_04766433","external_links_name":"\"Sultan wou terug naar zijn land om te sterven, maar groot deel van zijn gevolg blijft in Leuven\""},{"Link":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/oman/omans-sultan-qaboos-in-stable-condition-","external_links_name":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos in stable condition\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50902476","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2020/01/oman-sultan-qaboos-dies-oman-state-media-200111000944539.html","external_links_name":"\"Oman's Sultan Qaboos dies: state media\""},{"Link":"https://www.qppstudio.net/public-holidays-news/2020/kuwaiti-sultan-qaboos-mourning-public-sector-holidays-january-11-12-13-012514.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kuwaiti Sultan Qaboos Mourning Public Sector Holidays January 11-12-13 - Public Holidays News Update\""},{"Link":"https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2020/01/12/Kuwait-issues-three-days-off-for-mourning-over-death-of-Oman-s-Sultan-Qaboos","external_links_name":"\"Kuwait issues three days off to mourn Oman's Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/why-did-saudi-arabia-not-fly-its-flag-at-half-mast-following-the-death-of-omans-sultan-qaboos-1.1578911754812","external_links_name":"\"Why did Saudi Arabia not fly its flag at half-mast following the death of Oman's Sultan Qaboos?\""},{"Link":"https://timesofoman.com/article/2546764/Oman/Government/Qatar-declares-three-days-of-mourning-for-HM-Sultan-Qaboos","external_links_name":"\"Qatar declares three days of mourning for HM Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-leaders-mourn-death-of-sultan-qaboos-3-days-of-mourning-declared-1.1578729626522","external_links_name":"\"UAE leaders mourn death of Sultan Qaboos, 3 days of mourning declared\""},{"Link":"https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDoCu6CI24pCqdL1RNAFVb1U%3D","external_links_name":"\"Bahrain News Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/","external_links_name":"\"الوكالة الوطنية للإعلامالموقع الرسمي أخبار لبنان على مدار الساعة\""},{"Link":"https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-announces-3-day-mourning-for-death-of-sultan-qaboos/","external_links_name":"\"Egypt announces 3-day mourning for death of Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-national-mourning-for-its-close-friend-sultan-qaboos-of-oman/articleshow/73217979.cms","external_links_name":"\"India announces national mourning for its close friend Sultan Qaboos of Oman\""},{"Link":"https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/01/12/bangladesh-announces-state-mourning-on-monday-for-sultan-qaboos-of-oman","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh announces state mourning on Monday for Sultan Qaboos of Oman\""},{"Link":"https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2020/01/12/nation-to-observe-mourning-day-on-monday-to-honour-omani-sultan-qaboos","external_links_name":"\"Nation to observe mourning day on Monday to honour Omani Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-flags-to-fly-at-half-mast-for-the-death-of-sultan-qaboos-of-oman","external_links_name":"UK flags to fly at half mast for the death of Sultan Qaboos of Oman"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-succession/succession-question-fuels-uncertainty-in-oman-idUSBRE84N0K420120524","external_links_name":"\"Succession Question Fuels Uncertainty in Oman\""},{"Link":"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2017/0417/In-Oman-a-train-of-succession-mystery-Who-follows-Qaboos","external_links_name":"\"In Oman, a train-of-succession mystery: Who follows Qaboos?\""},{"Link":"https://timesofoman.com/article/130858","external_links_name":"\"Here is why Social Development Ministry honoured 32 private firms\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50902476","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Qaboos of Oman dies aged 79\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/9ca4a9910ede3e11b2fbf085189e628b","external_links_name":"\"Oman names culture minister as successor to Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-sultan-newsmaker-idUSKBN1ZA0KV","external_links_name":"\"Oman's new ruler chosen to provide continuity\""},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/444092/Who-is-the-new-Sultan-of-Oman","external_links_name":"\"Who is the new Sultan of Oman?\""},{"Link":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesofoman.com/view_point.asp?details=on&ratopic_nd=146","external_links_name":"HM deserves much more than awards and medals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725232135/http://www.timesofoman.com/view_point.asp?details=on&ratopic_nd=146","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofoman.com/article/gandhi-peace-prize-conferred-on-late-his-majesty-sultan-qaboos","external_links_name":"\"Gandhi Peace Prize conferred on late His Majesty Sultan Qaboos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043732/http://badraie.com/guests.htm","external_links_name":"\"Grand State Banquet\""},{"Link":"http://badraie.com/guests.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=35054","external_links_name":"S.M. Qaboos bin Said Sultano dell'Oman – decorato di Gran Cordone"},{"Link":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1991.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1991\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112553/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/orders/recipients/1999.htm","external_links_name":"\"1999 National Orders awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/orders/recipients/1999.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1121361/oman/memorial-tribute-paid-to-late-sultan-qaboos-in-london","external_links_name":"Memorial tribute paid to Late Sultan Qaboos in London"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2U4AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT78","external_links_name":"The Rough Guide to Oman"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ga12240.doc.htm","external_links_name":"General Assembly Pays Tribute to Qaboos bin Said, Late Sultan of Oman"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121040229/https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ga12240.doc.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bushcenter.org/about-the-center/newsroom/press-releases/statement-president-bush-sultan-of-oman.html","external_links_name":"Statement by President George W. Bush on the Sultan of Oman"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054732/https://www.bushcenter.org/about-the-center/newsroom/press-releases/statement-president-bush-sultan-of-oman.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060118072515/http://www.omanet.om/english/government/hmspage/tribute.asp","external_links_name":"Official account of the Sultan's reign"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080616052653/http://www.omanet.om/english/history/sultan.asp","external_links_name":"Oman Net"},{"Link":"http://www.oman-qaboos.net/","external_links_name":"Oman-Qaboos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180926063303/http://www.oman-qaboos.net/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/72572/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000101966462","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/98134159","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP9DwQ9P6Thvx74Dw9jC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14522169q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14522169q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128442182","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266844905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81053305","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030915003&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p244240736","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674562805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128442182.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/090963601","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader
Paramount leader
["1 History","2 List of paramount leaders","3 Spouse of the Paramount leader","4 See also","5 Explanatory notes","6 References"]
Informal term for the top leader in China Supreme leaderSimplified Chinese最高领导人Traditional Chinese最高領導人TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZuìgāo Lǐngdǎorén Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping State representative: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Qiang Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji Conference Chairman: Wang Huning Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members Related systems Unified power Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service ConstitutionLaw Constitution Previous constitutions 195419751978 "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) Democratic centralism (Article 3) Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) Protection of human rights (Article 33) Freedom of religion (Article 36) Highest state organ of power (Article 57) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020) Civil Code (From 2021) Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Communist Party History Principal leaders Constitution & ideology Admission Oath (Article 6) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Communism Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Two Establishes and Two Safeguards Democracy Organization National Party Congress (20th) Central Committee (20th) General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Central Secretariat (20th) Central Military Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi Office Chief: Cai Qi Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi Secretary-General: Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Office Chief: He Lifeng General Office Director: Cai Qi Office of the General Secretary Chief: Cai Qi Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head: Li Ganjie Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Secretary: Li Xi Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader: Li Xi Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries Party group National People's Congress (14th) Elections Standing Committee (14th) Council of Chairpersons Chairman: Zhao Leji Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong Secretary-General: Liu Qi Special Committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Presidium State representative President (list): Xi Jinping Presidential Office Chief: Cai Qi Vice President: Han Zheng Executive organ State Council (Central People's Government) Li Qiang Cabinet Premier (list): Li Qiang Vice-Premiers (list) Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong State Councilors Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong Cabinet-level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission most Central Enterprises Military organ Central Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (supreme commander): Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong Members: Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin Departments: General Office Director: Zhong Shaojun Joint Staff Dept. Chief: Liu Zhenli Political Work Dept. Director: Miao Hua Logistic Support Dept. Director: Zhang Lin Equipment Development Dept. Director: Xu Xueqiang Training and Administration Dept. Director: Wang Peng National Defense Mobilization Dept. Director: Liu Faqing Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Politics and Legal Affairs Commission Science and Technology Commission Strategic Planning Office Reform & Organizational Structure Office Int'l Military Cooperation Office Audit Office Offices Administration Agency National armed forces: People's Liberation Army Theater commands People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman: Li Qiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Dong Jun Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Supervisory organ National Supervisory Commission Director: Liu Jinguo Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) Judicial organs Supreme People's Court President: Zhang Jun People's Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Procuratorate Prosecutor General: Ying Yong People's Procuratorates Judicial Police Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services  Public Security Police Judiciary Police  United front Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman: Wang Huning Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng Political parties: CCP (ruling) United Front Work Department Head: Shi Taifeng RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP Federation of Industry and Commerce People's organizations Law enforcement CCP Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary: Chen Wenqing Ministry of Public Security Minister: Wang Xiaohong Public Security Organs People's Police State Immigration Administration Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister: Chen Yixin State Security Organs People's Police Ministry of Justice Minister: He Rong Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police Bureau of Prison Administration  Office for Safeguarding National Security Urban Management (chengguan) Propaganda Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Leader: Cai Qi Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director: Cai Qi Deputy Director: Li Shulei Central Propaganda Department Head: Li Shulei National Press and Publication Administration China Film Administration State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio International Xinhua News Agency Reference News China News Service People's Daily Global Times China Today Censorship in China Radio jamming Overseas censorship of Chinese issues Media of China Internal media Publishing industry in China Internet in China Internet censorship Great Firewall Great Cannon Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Director: Cai Qi Cyberspace Administration of China Director: Zhuang Rongwen Hong KongMacau Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leader: Ding Xuexiang HK & Macau Affairs Office Director: Xia Baolong Hong Kong Liaison Office Macau Liaison Office One country, two systems Special administrative regions Hong Kong Basic Law Chief Executive: John Lee Ka-chiu Hong Kong SAR Government Politics of Hong Kong Pro-Beijing camp Pro-democracy camp Independence movement Mainland & HK CEPA Macao Basic Law Chief Executive: Ho Iat-seng Macau SAR Government Politics of Macau Mainland & Macau CEPA Cross-Strait relations Cross-Strait relations Chinese Civil War One China Political status of Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan Taiwan Area "Taiwan Province", PRC Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Huning Taiwan Affairs Office Director: Song Tao Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Secretary-General: Wang Yi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / in China Foreign aid from China / to China International Development Cooperation Agency Ministry of Commerce Exim Bank of China China Development Bank Belt and Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CCP International Department State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau) National Immigration Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China–Africa relations China–Arab relations China–Caribbean relations China–European Union relations China–Latin America relations China–Pacific relations China–Russia relations China–United States relations Related topics Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities China portal Other countries vte Paramount leader (Chinese: 最高领导人; pinyin: Zuìgāo Lǐngdǎorén; lit. 'highest leader') is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The paramount leader typically controls the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), often holding the titles of CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC). The state representative (president) or head of government (premier) are not necessarily paramount leader—under China's party-state system, CCP roles are politically more important than state titles. The paramount leader is not a formal position nor an office unto itself. The term gained prominence during the era of Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989), when he was able to wield political power without holding any official or formally significant party or government positions at any given time (state representative, head of government or CCP General Secretary). As the leader of the world's largest economy by GDP purchasing power parity (PPP), the second largest economy by nominal GDP, and a potential superpower, the paramount leader is considered to be one of the world's most powerful political figures. There has been significant overlap between paramount leader status and leadership core status, with a majority but not all of paramount leaders being also leadership cores, though they are separate concepts. The term has been used less frequently to describe Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, who have all formally held the offices of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (party leader), President of the People's Republic of China (state representative) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (commander-in-chief). Jiang, Hu and Xi are therefore usually referred to as president in the international scene, the title used by most other republican heads of state. However, Deng's successors derive their real power from the post of general secretary, which is the primary position in the Chinese power structure and generally regarded by scholars as the post whose holder can be considered paramount leader. The presidency is a largely ceremonial office according to the Constitution, and the most powerful position in the Chinese political system is the CCP general secretary. Xi Jinping is the current paramount leader. He is considered to have taken on the role in November 2012, when he became CCP general secretary, rather than in March 2013 when he succeeded Hu Jintao as president. History Chairman Mao Zedong was the undisputed ruler of Communist China from its beginning in 1949 and held three chairman offices at once: Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–59), making him the leader of the party, military and state, respectively. Following the Cultural Revolution, a rough consensus emerged within the party, that the worst excesses were caused by lack of checks and balances in the exercise of political power and the resulting "rule of personality" by Mao. Beginning in the 1980s, the leadership experimented with a quasi-separation of powers, whereby the offices of general secretary, president and premier were held by different people. In 1985, for example, the CCP General Secretary was Hu Yaobang, the Chinese President was Li Xiannian and the Chinese Premier was Zhao Ziyang. However, Deng Xiaoping was still recognized as the core of the leadership. Both Hu and Zhao fell out of favour in the late 1980s, but Deng was able to retain ultimate political control. In a discussion with Central Committee members in the lead-up 4th Plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee (Jun. 23-24 1989), Deng Xiaoping introduced the concept of the "Core Leader". In his analysis, despite the existence of figures like Chen Duxiu, Qu Qiubai, Xiang Zhongfa, Li Lisan, and Wang Ming, the Party did not have a proper "Core Leader" until the ascent of Mao Zedong at the Zunyi Conference of 1935. Mao's election ushered in the "First Generation" of CCP leadership. As for the second generation, Deng conceded that in retrospect, he had himself been the "Core", but that he had been constantly planning for the transition to a third generation. For this purpose, he encouraged his audience to rally around Jiang Zemin as the core of the "Third Generation". Despite Deng formally relinquishing the position of Chairman of the Central Military Commission until the 5th Plenum (Nov. 6-9 1989), official histories published by the CCP regard this endorsement, at the 4th Plenum, as the transition from the Deng administration to the Jiang administration. The paramount leader label has been applied to Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, though it is generally recognized that they did not wield as much power as Deng despite their having held more offices of leadership. There has been a greater emphasis on collective leadership, whereby the top leader is a first among equals style figure, exercising power with the consensus of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee. This was particularly apparent during the tenure of Hu Jintao. Beginning in 1993, Jiang formally held the three offices that made him the head of the party, state, and military: General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party: the party leader and the primary position of the state. Chairman of the Central Military Commission: Supreme Military Command of the People's Liberation Army. President of the People's Republic of China: the largely ceremonial state representative under the 1982 Constitution. When Jiang left the offices of General Secretary and President in 2002 and 2003, respectively, he held onto the position of Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Military power had always been an important facet in the exercise of political power in Communist-ruled China and as such holding the top military post meant Jiang retained some formal power. When Jiang stepped down from his formal posts between 2002 and 2004, it was ambiguous who the paramount leader was. Hu Jintao held the same trio of positions during his years in power. Hu transferred all three positions onto his successor Xi Jinping between November 2012, when Xi became CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission; and March 2013, when Xi became president. Since Xi's ascendance to power, two new bodies, the National Security Commission and Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission, have been established, ostensibly concentrating political power in the paramount leader to a greater degree than anyone since Deng. These bodies were tasked with establishing the general policy direction for national security, as well as economic reform. Both groups are headed by the General Secretary. List of paramount leaders See also: Generations of Chinese leadership Generations of Chinese Leadership Generation Paramount Leader Start End Theory First Mao ZedongHua Guofeng 1949 1978 Mao Zedong Thought Second Deng Xiaoping 1978 1989 Deng Xiaoping Theory Third Jiang Zemin 1989 2002 Three Represents Fourth Hu Jintao 2002 2012 Scientific Outlook on Development Fifth Xi Jinping 2012 Xi Jinping Thought   First administration   Second administration   Third administration    Hu–Wen Administration    Xi–Li Administration/Xi Administration Bold offices refer to the highest position in the Chinese Communist Party. Picture Name Offices held Period Ideology CCP leaders Presidents Premiers Mao Zedong毛泽东(1893–1976) Chairman of the CCP Central Politburo 20 March 1943 – 28 September 1956 1 October 1949↓9 September 1976(26 years, 344 days) Mao Zedong Thought Himself HimselfLiu ShaoqiPost abolished Zhou EnlaiHua Guofeng Chairman of the CCP Central Secretariat Chairman of the CCP Central Committee 19 June 1945 – 9 September 1976 Chairman of the PRC Central People's Government 1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954 Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee 9 October 1949 – 25 December 1954 Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 8 September 1954 – 9 September 1976 Chairman of the PRC 27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959 Hua Guofeng华国锋(1921–2008) Premier of the PRC State Council 4 February 1976 – 10 September 1980 9 September 1976↓22 December 1978(2 years, 104 days) Two Whatevers(Mao Zedong Thought) Himself Post abolished Himself First Vice Chairman of the CCP Central Committee 7 April 1976 – 7 October 1976 Chairman of the CCP Central Committee 7 October 1976 – 28 June 1981 Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission Deng Xiaoping邓小平(1904–1997) First Vice Premier of the PRC State Council 17 January 1975 – 18 June 1983 22 December 1978↓24 June 1989(10 years, 184 days) Deng Xiaoping Theory(Socialism with Chinese characteristics) Hua GuofengHu YaobangZhao ZiyangJiang Zemin Post abolishedLi XiannianYang Shangkun Hua GuofengZhao ZiyangLi Peng Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee 8 March 1978 – 17 June 1983 Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 28 June 1981 – 9 November 1989 Chairman of the CCP Central Advisory Commission 13 September 1982 – 2 November 1987 Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 6 June 1983 – 19 March 1990 Jiang Zemin江泽民(1926–2022) General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee 24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002 24 June 1989 ↓15 November 2002(13 years, 144 days) Three Represents Himself Yang ShangkunHimself Li PengZhu Rongji Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004 Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 19 March 1990 – 13 March 2005 President of the PRC 27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003 Hu Jintao胡锦涛(born 1942) General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee 15 November 2002 – 15 November 2012 15 November 2002↓15 November 2012(10 years, 0 days) Scientific Outlook on Development(Socialist Harmonious Society) Himself Wen Jiabao President of the PRC 15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013 Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 19 September 2004 – 15 November 2012 Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 13 March 2005 – 14 March 2013 Xi Jinping习近平(born 1953) General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee 15 November 2012 – incumbent 15 November 2012↓Incumbent(11 years, 213 days) Xi Jinping Thought onSocialism with Chinese Characteristicsfor a New Era(Chinese Dream) Himself Li KeqiangLi Qiang Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission President of the PRC 14 March 2013 – incumbent Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission Leader of the CCP Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission 30 December 2013 – incumbent Chairman of the CCP National Security Commission 25 January 2014 – incumbent Spouse of the Paramount leader All six leaders have had a spouse during their terms of office. The current is Peng Liyuan, wife of General Secretary Xi Jinping. Picture Name Leader Tenure Jiang Qing 江青 (1914–1991) Mao Zedong 1 October 1949 – 9 September 1976 Han Zhijun 韩芝俊 (born 1930) Hua Guofeng 9 September 1976 – 22 December 1978 Zhuo Lin 卓琳 (1916–2009) Deng Xiaoping 22 December 1978 – 9 November 1989 Wang Yeping 王冶坪 (born 1928) Jiang Zemin 9 November 1989 – 15 November 2002 Liu Yongqing 刘永清 (born 1940) Hu Jintao 15 November 2002 – 15 November 2012 Peng Liyuan 彭丽媛 (born 1962) Xi Jinping 15 November 2012 – Incumbent See also China portalPolitics portalCommunism portal List of Chinese leaders Leader of the Chinese Communist Party Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China Primus inter pares Explanatory notes ^ The prestigious office of president, first held by Mao Zedong and then officially translated into English as "chairman", was abolished during the Cultural Revolution. The Constitution of 1982 restored powers and functions of the President of the People's Republic of China as state representative, and specified that the official translation was "president", even though the Chinese name for the office, 主席; Zhǔxí, is unchanged and means "chairman" in other contexts, contrasted with 总统; 總統; Zǒngtǒng for the presidents of republics and other countries. This office does not have executive authority comparable to the President of the United States since most of its powers are ceremonial. The President of China can therefore be compared with the President of Germany and contrasted with the President of India, who theoretically possesses great executive power exercised in practice by the Union Council of Ministers. ^ In official pronouncements when describing the existing leadership of the party, state media referred to the party under Hu as the "party center with comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary" in contrast to the party under Jiang being described as the "party center with comrade Jiang Zemin as its core (核心)". Some analysts saw this change as a signal that collective leadership was being embraced over personal leadership. References ^ "China's Communist Party Congress: A really simple guide". BBC News. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022. ^ Shepherd, Christian (24 October 2022). "From Mao to Xi: Power plays in the succession of Chinese leadership". Washington Post. ^ a b "How China is ruled" Archived 16 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Ferek, Kate O’Keeffe and Katy Stech. "Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2022. ^ Zhiyue Bo, ed. (2007). China's Elite Politics: Political Transition And Power Balancing. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 7. ISBN 9789814476966. ^ McGregor, Richard (21 August 2022). "Xi Jinping's Radical Secrecy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ Sheridan, Michael. "How Xi Jinping became the world's most powerful man". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ O'Connor, Tom (3 February 2022). "Xi and Putin, two of world's most powerful men, to meet in China, US absent". Newsweek. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ Chris Buckley and Adam Wu (10 March 2018). "Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. Is the presidency powerful in China? In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies. ^ "Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term". Business Insider. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2017. 'A lot of analysts now see it as a given that Xi will seek to stay party general secretary, the country's most powerful post,' said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies. ^ "Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University" Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. "Executive: The President of the Chinese Republic". ^ O'Keeffe and, Kate; Ferek, Katy Stech (14 November 2019). "Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.. ^ "View China's Xi as Party Leader, Not President, Scholars Say". Voice of America. 7 October 2022. But Clarke and other scholars make the point that Xi's real power lies not in his post as president but in his position as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. ^ "A simple guide to the Chinese government". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. ^ Baum, Richard. The Fall and Rise of China. ^ Deng, Xiaoping. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. 3 邓小平文集·第三卷, pp. 309-314. People's Publishing House, 1993. ^ "Section 2, Article 80–81" Archived 12 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "习近平频现身成常态 将回归"领导核心"？". Duowei News. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014. ^ "How the Chinese government works". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure in China's political system, and his influence mainly comes from his position as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. ^ The landmark study of military generations and factions is William Whitson's The Chinese High Command (1927-71), Praeger, 1973 ^ "Verdict of the Central Committee on the Major Accomplishments and Historical Experience of the Communist Party during the Past 100 Years". Zhonggong Zhongyang Guanyu Dang de Bainian Fendou Zhongda Chengjiu he Lishi Jingyan de Jueyi 中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议. People's Publishing House, 2021. ^ "Verdict of the Central Committee on the Major Accomplishments and Historical Experience of the Communist Party during the Past 100 Years". Zhonggong Zhongyang Guanyu Dang de Bainian Fendou Zhongda Chengjiu he Lishi Jingyan de Jueyi 中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议. People's Publishing House, 2021. vteParamount leaders of the People's Republic of China General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong (Core 1) Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping (Core 2) Jiang Zemin (Core 3) Hu Jintao Xi Jinping (Core 4) Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC vteHeads of state and government of AsiaHeadsof stateUN members  and observers Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Egypt2 Georgia1 India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia1 Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka South Korea Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey1 Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen limited recognized states Abkhazia1 Northern Cyprus1 South Ossetia1 Taiwan Heads ofgovernmentUN members  and observers Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Egypt2 Georgia1 India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia1 Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka South Korea Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey1 Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen limited recognized states Abkhazia1 Northern Cyprus1 South Ossetia1 Taiwan Supreme leaders Afghanistan China Iran Laos Myanmar North Korea Turkmenistan Vietnam 1 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. 2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"CCP General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC:_How_China_is_ruled-3"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government"},{"link_name":"premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"party-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"GDP purchasing power parity (PPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)"},{"link_name":"nominal GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"potential superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpower"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"leadership core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"party leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"President of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"primary position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"largely ceremonial office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurehead"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Paramount leader (Chinese: 最高领导人; pinyin: Zuìgāo Lǐngdǎorén; lit. 'highest leader') is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The paramount leader typically controls the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), often holding the titles of CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC).[1][2][3] The state representative (president) or head of government (premier) are not necessarily paramount leader—under China's party-state system, CCP roles are politically more important than state titles.[4]The paramount leader is not a formal position nor an office unto itself. The term gained prominence during the era of Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989), when he was able to wield political power without holding any official or formally significant party or government positions at any given time (state representative, head of government or CCP General Secretary).[5] As the leader of the world's largest economy by GDP purchasing power parity (PPP), the second largest economy by nominal GDP, and a potential superpower, the paramount leader is considered to be one of the world's most powerful political figures.[6][7][8]There has been significant overlap between paramount leader status and leadership core status, with a majority but not all of paramount leaders being also leadership cores, though they are separate concepts. The term has been used less frequently to describe Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, who have all formally held the offices of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (party leader), President of the People's Republic of China (state representative) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (commander-in-chief). Jiang, Hu and Xi are therefore usually referred to as president in the international scene, the title used by most other republican heads of state.[4] However, Deng's successors derive their real power from the post of general secretary, which is the primary position in the Chinese power structure[9] and generally regarded by scholars as the post whose holder can be considered paramount leader.[10] The presidency is a largely ceremonial office according to the Constitution,[note 1] and the most powerful position in the Chinese political system is the CCP general secretary.[12]Xi Jinping is the current paramount leader.[13] He is considered to have taken on the role in November 2012, when he became CCP general secretary, rather than in March 2013 when he succeeded Hu Jintao as president.[14]","title":"Paramount leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Communist China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hu Yaobang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang"},{"link_name":"Chinese President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Li Xiannian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiannian"},{"link_name":"Chinese Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Zhao Ziyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang"},{"link_name":"core of the leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chen Duxiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu"},{"link_name":"Qu Qiubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_Qiubai"},{"link_name":"Xiang Zhongfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa"},{"link_name":"Li Lisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lisan"},{"link_name":"Wang Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ming"},{"link_name":"Zunyi Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunyi_Conference"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"collective leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership"},{"link_name":"first among equals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_among_equals"},{"link_name":"CCP Politburo Standing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC:_How_China_is_ruled-3"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"party leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leader"},{"link_name":"primary position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China"},{"link_name":"Supreme Military Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"ceremonial state representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurehead"},{"link_name":"1982 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Communist-ruled China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"National Security Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xi-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Chairman Mao Zedong was the undisputed ruler of Communist China from its beginning in 1949 and held three chairman offices at once: Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–59), making him the leader of the party, military and state, respectively. Following the Cultural Revolution, a rough consensus emerged within the party, that the worst excesses were caused by lack of checks and balances in the exercise of political power and the resulting \"rule of personality\" by Mao.[15]Beginning in the 1980s, the leadership experimented with a quasi-separation of powers, whereby the offices of general secretary, president and premier were held by different people.[citation needed] In 1985, for example, the CCP General Secretary was Hu Yaobang, the Chinese President was Li Xiannian and the Chinese Premier was Zhao Ziyang. However, Deng Xiaoping was still recognized as the core of the leadership. Both Hu and Zhao fell out of favour in the late 1980s, but Deng was able to retain ultimate political control.[citation needed]In a discussion with Central Committee members in the lead-up 4th Plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee (Jun. 23-24 1989), Deng Xiaoping introduced the concept of the \"Core Leader\". In his analysis, despite the existence of figures like Chen Duxiu, Qu Qiubai, Xiang Zhongfa, Li Lisan, and Wang Ming, the Party did not have a proper \"Core Leader\" until the ascent of Mao Zedong at the Zunyi Conference of 1935. Mao's election ushered in the \"First Generation\" of CCP leadership. As for the second generation, Deng conceded that in retrospect, he had himself been the \"Core\", but that he had been constantly planning for the transition to a third generation. For this purpose, he encouraged his audience to rally around Jiang Zemin as the core of the \"Third Generation\".[16] Despite Deng formally relinquishing the position of Chairman of the Central Military Commission until the 5th Plenum (Nov. 6-9 1989), official histories published by the CCP regard this endorsement, at the 4th Plenum, as the transition from the Deng administration to the Jiang administration.[citation needed]The paramount leader label has been applied to Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, though it is generally recognized that they did not wield as much power as Deng despite their having held more offices of leadership. There has been a greater emphasis on collective leadership, whereby the top leader is a first among equals style figure, exercising power with the consensus of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee.[3] This was particularly apparent during the tenure of Hu Jintao.[note 2] Beginning in 1993, Jiang formally held the three offices that made him the head of the party, state, and military:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party: the party leader and the primary position of the state.\nChairman of the Central Military Commission: Supreme Military Command of the People's Liberation Army.\nPresident of the People's Republic of China: the largely ceremonial state representative under the 1982 Constitution.[17]When Jiang left the offices of General Secretary and President in 2002 and 2003, respectively, he held onto the position of Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Military power had always been an important facet in the exercise of political power in Communist-ruled China and as such holding the top military post meant Jiang retained some formal power. When Jiang stepped down from his formal posts between 2002 and 2004, it was ambiguous who the paramount leader was. Hu Jintao held the same trio of positions during his years in power. Hu transferred all three positions onto his successor Xi Jinping between November 2012, when Xi became CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission; and March 2013, when Xi became president. Since Xi's ascendance to power, two new bodies, the National Security Commission and Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission, have been established, ostensibly concentrating political power in the paramount leader to a greater degree than anyone since Deng.[18] These bodies were tasked with establishing the general policy direction for national security, as well as economic reform. Both groups are headed by the General Secretary.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generations of Chinese leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership"},{"link_name":"Hu–Wen Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration"},{"link_name":"Xi–Li Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%E2%80%93Li_Administration"},{"link_name":"Xi Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"}],"text":"See also: Generations of Chinese leadershipFirst administration\n  Second administration\n  Third administration\n   Hu–Wen Administration\n   Xi–Li Administration/Xi AdministrationBold offices refer to the highest position in the Chinese Communist Party.","title":"List of paramount leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peng Liyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan"}],"text":"All six leaders have had a spouse during their terms of office. The current is Peng Liyuan, wife of General Secretary Xi Jinping.","title":"Spouse of the Paramount leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"President of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"President of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"},{"link_name":"Union Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"}],"text":"^ The prestigious office of president, first held by Mao Zedong and then officially translated into English as \"chairman\", was abolished during the Cultural Revolution. The Constitution of 1982 restored powers and functions of the President of the People's Republic of China as state representative, and specified that the official translation was \"president\", even though the Chinese name for the office, 主席; Zhǔxí, is unchanged and means \"chairman\" in other contexts, contrasted with 总统; 總統; Zǒngtǒng for the presidents of republics and other countries. This office does not have executive authority comparable to the President of the United States since most of its powers are ceremonial. The President of China can therefore be compared with the President of Germany and contrasted with the President of India, who theoretically possesses great executive power exercised in practice by the Union Council of Ministers.[11]\n\n^ In official pronouncements when describing the existing leadership of the party, state media referred to the party under Hu as the \"party center with comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary\" in contrast to the party under Jiang being described as the \"party center with comrade Jiang Zemin as its core (核心)\". Some analysts saw this change as a signal that collective leadership was being embraced over personal leadership.","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Communism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Communism"},{"title":"List of Chinese leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_leaders"},{"title":"Leader of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"title":"Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Primus inter pares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_inter_pares"}]
[{"reference":"\"China's Communist Party Congress: A really simple guide\". BBC News. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62970531","url_text":"\"China's Communist Party Congress: A really simple guide\""}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, Christian (24 October 2022). \"From Mao to Xi: Power plays in the succession of Chinese leadership\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/24/mao-zedong-xi-jinping-china-leaders/","url_text":"\"From Mao to Xi: Power plays in the succession of Chinese leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Ferek, Kate O’Keeffe and Katy Stech. \"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000","url_text":"\"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Zhiyue Bo, ed. (2007). China's Elite Politics: Political Transition And Power Balancing. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 7. ISBN 9789814476966.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLICgAAQBAJ&dq=Deng+Xiaoping+was+able+to+wield+political+power&pg=PA7","url_text":"China's Elite Politics: Political Transition And Power Balancing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific_Publishing_Company","url_text":"World Scientific Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814476966","url_text":"9789814476966"}]},{"reference":"McGregor, Richard (21 August 2022). \"Xi Jinping's Radical Secrecy\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/08/china-xi-jinping-biography-opacity/671195/","url_text":"\"Xi Jinping's Radical Secrecy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Sheridan, Michael. \"How Xi Jinping became the world's most powerful man\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/xi-jinping-president-worlds-most-powerful-man-china-2snprgdm5","url_text":"\"How Xi Jinping became the world's most powerful man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Tom (3 February 2022). \"Xi and Putin, two of world's most powerful men, to meet in China, US absent\". Newsweek. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/xi-putin-most-powerful-men-meet-china-us-absent-1675570","url_text":"\"Xi and Putin, two of world's most powerful men, to meet in China, US absent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"Chris Buckley and Adam Wu (10 March 2018). \"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. Is the presidency powerful in China? In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html","url_text":"\"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180312103512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term\". Business Insider. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2017. 'A lot of analysts now see it as a given that Xi will seek to stay party general secretary, the country's most powerful post,' said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/afp-xis-here-to-stay-china-leader-tipped-to-outstay-term-2016-8","url_text":"\"Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies","url_text":"Center for Strategic and International Studies"}]},{"reference":"O'Keeffe and, Kate; Ferek, Katy Stech (14 November 2019). \"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000","url_text":"\"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191115142227/https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"View China's Xi as Party Leader, Not President, Scholars Say\". Voice of America. 7 October 2022. But Clarke and other scholars make the point that Xi's real power lies not in his post as president but in his position as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/view-china-s-xi-as-party-leader-not-president-scholars-say/6780982.html","url_text":"\"View China's Xi as Party Leader, Not President, Scholars Say\""}]},{"reference":"\"A simple guide to the Chinese government\". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.","urls":[{"url":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/cpc-primer/","url_text":"\"A simple guide to the Chinese government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080847/https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/cpc-primer/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping","url_text":"Xi Jinping"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China","url_text":"President of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","url_text":"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Richard. The Fall and Rise of China.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"习近平频现身成常态 将回归\"领导核心\"？\". Duowei News. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812101411/http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-01-07/59365920.html","url_text":"\"习近平频现身成常态 将回归\"领导核心\"？\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duowei_News","url_text":"Duowei News"},{"url":"http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-01-07/59365920.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How the Chinese government works\". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure in China's political system, and his influence mainly comes from his position as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party","urls":[{"url":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/govt-explainer/index.html","url_text":"\"How the Chinese government works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112538/https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/govt-explainer/index.html","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping","url_text":"Xi Jinping"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","url_text":"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62970531","external_links_name":"\"China's Communist Party Congress: A really simple guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/24/mao-zedong-xi-jinping-china-leaders/","external_links_name":"\"From Mao to Xi: Power plays in the succession of Chinese leadership\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/4.stm","external_links_name":"\"How China is ruled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/4.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000","external_links_name":"\"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vbLICgAAQBAJ&dq=Deng+Xiaoping+was+able+to+wield+political+power&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"China's Elite Politics: Political Transition And Power Balancing"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2022/08/china-xi-jinping-biography-opacity/671195/","external_links_name":"\"Xi Jinping's Radical Secrecy\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/xi-jinping-president-worlds-most-powerful-man-china-2snprgdm5","external_links_name":"\"How Xi Jinping became the world's most powerful man\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/xi-putin-most-powerful-men-meet-china-us-absent-1675570","external_links_name":"\"Xi and Putin, two of world's most powerful men, to meet in China, US absent\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html","external_links_name":"\"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180312103512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/afp-xis-here-to-stay-china-leader-tipped-to-outstay-term-2016-8","external_links_name":"\"Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term\""},{"Link":"http://www.kkhsou.in/main/polscience/structure_function.html","external_links_name":"\"Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002431/http://www.kkhsou.in/main/polscience/structure_function.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000","external_links_name":"\"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191115142227/https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/a/view-china-s-xi-as-party-leader-not-president-scholars-say/6780982.html","external_links_name":"\"View China's Xi as Party Leader, Not President, Scholars Say\""},{"Link":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/cpc-primer/","external_links_name":"\"A simple guide to the Chinese government\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080847/https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/cpc-primer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html","external_links_name":"\"Section 2, Article 80–81\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100812224210/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812101411/http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-01-07/59365920.html","external_links_name":"\"习近平频现身成常态 将回归\"领导核心\"？\""},{"Link":"http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-01-07/59365920.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/govt-explainer/index.html","external_links_name":"\"How the Chinese government works\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112538/https://multimedia.scmp.com/widgets/china/govt-explainer/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holenstein
Thomas Holenstein
["1 External links"]
Swiss politician This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Thomas Holenstein (7 February 1896 – 31 October 1962) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1955–1959). Holenstein studied law at the University of Bern, finishing in 1920. He then worked as a lawyer in his father's office in St. Gallen. Politically, he was affiliated to the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. From 1930 to 1935 he was president of the young conservative movement of the canton of St. Gallen. He was elected to the city parliament of St. Gallen in 1927. From 1936 to 1954 Holenstein served in the canton's parliament, and from 1937 to 1954 he represented his canton in the National Council of Switzerland. He was also the President of the Parliamentary Party from 1942 to 1954 and President of the National Council in 1952. He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 16 December 1954. During his time in office he headed up the Federal Department of Economic Affairs and was President of the Confederation in 1958. He resigned on 20 November 1959 for health reasons and handed over office on 31 December 1959. External links Thomas Holenstein in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland Profile of Thomas Holenstein with election results on the website of the Swiss Federal Council. Thomas Holenstein in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Preceded byKarl Renold President of the National Council 1951/1952 Succeeded byHenri Perret Preceded byJosef Escher Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1955–1959 Succeeded byLudwig von Moos vtePresident of the Swiss Confederation (list)1848–1874 Furrer Druey Munzinger Furrer Naeff Frey-Herosé Furrer Stämpfli Fornerod Furrer Stämpfli Frey-Herosé Knüsel Stämpfli Fornerod Dubs Schenk Knüsel Fornerod Dubs Welti Dubs Schenk Welti Cérésole Schenk 1875–1899 Scherer Welti Heer Schenk Hammer Welti Droz Bavier Ruchonnet Welti Schenk Deucher Droz Hertenstein Hammer Ruchonnet Welti Hauser Schenk Frey Zemp Lachenal Deucher Ruffy Müller 1900–1924 Hauser Brenner Zemp Deucher Comtesse Ruchet Forrer Müller Brenner Deucher Comtesse Ruchet Forrer Müller Hoffmann Motta Decoppet Schulthess Calonder Ador Motta Schulthess Haab Scheurer Chuard 1925–1949 Musy Häberlin Motta Schulthess Haab Musy Häberlin Motta Schulthess Pilet-Golaz Minger Meyer Motta Baumann Etter Pilet-Golaz Wetter Etter E. Celio Stampfli von Steiger Kobelt Etter E. Celio Nobs 1950–1974 Petitpierre Steiger Kobelt Etter Rubattel Petitpierre Feldmann Streuli Holenstein Chaudet Petitpierre Wahlen Chaudet Spühler von Moos Tschudi Schaffner Bonvin Spühler von Moos Tschudi Gnägi N. Celio Bonvin Brugger 1975–1999 Graber Gnägi Furgler Ritschard Hürlimann Chevallaz Furgler Honegger Aubert Schlumpf Furgler Egli Aubert Stich Delamuraz Koller Cotti Felber Ogi Stich Villiger Delamuraz Koller Cotti Dreifuss 2000–present Ogi Leuenberger Villiger Couchepin Deiss Schmid Leuenberger Calmy-Rey Couchepin Merz Leuthard Calmy-Rey Widmer-Schlumpf Maurer Burkhalter Sommaruga Schneider-Ammann Leuthard Berset Maurer Sommaruga Parmelin Cassis Berset Amherd Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland This article about a Swiss politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Holenstein.gif"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council"},{"link_name":"University of Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"canton of St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"National Council of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Federal Council of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Federal Department of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Economic_Affairs"},{"link_name":"President of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederation_(Switzerland)"}],"text":"Thomas Holenstein (7 February 1896 – 31 October 1962) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1955–1959).Holenstein studied law at the University of Bern, finishing in 1920. He then worked as a lawyer in his father's office in St. Gallen.Politically, he was affiliated to the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. From 1930 to 1935 he was president of the young conservative movement of the canton of St. Gallen. He was elected to the city parliament of St. Gallen in 1927. From 1936 to 1954 Holenstein served in the canton's parliament, and from 1937 to 1954 he represented his canton in the National Council of Switzerland. He was also the President of the Parliamentary Party from 1942 to 1954 and President of the National Council in 1952.He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 16 December 1954. During his time in office he headed up the Federal Department of Economic Affairs and was President of the Confederation in 1958. He resigned on 20 November 1959 for health reasons and handed over office on 31 December 1959.","title":"Thomas Holenstein"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Thomas_Holenstein.gif"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://dodis.ch/P1330","external_links_name":"Thomas Holenstein"},{"Link":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/federal-council/members-of-the-federal-council/thomas-holenstein.html","external_links_name":"Profile of Thomas Holenstein"},{"Link":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start.html","external_links_name":"website of the Swiss Federal Council"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D4714.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F4714.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I4714.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008825382X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128259110","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycHdDMy8KxyhggQfDg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1017100047","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010134212","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1017100047.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/004714","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Holenstein&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye
Antoine-Louis Barye
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
French sculptor, 1795-1875 Antoine-Louis BaryePortrait by Léon BonnatBorn24 September 1795 (1795-09-24)Paris, French First RepublicDied25 June 1875 (1875-06-26) (aged 79)Paris, First French EmpireEducationÉcole des Beaux ArtsOccupationSculptorParent(s)Pierre and Marguerite Barye Antoine-Louis Barye (French pronunciation: ; 24 September 1795 – 25 June 1875) was a Romantic French sculptor most famous for his work as an animalier, a sculptor of animals. His son and student was the known sculptor Alfred Barye. Biography Born in Paris, France, Barye began his career as a goldsmith, like many sculptors of the Romantic Period. He first worked under his father Pierre, and around 1810 worked under the sculptor Martin-Guillaume Biennais, who was a goldsmith to Napoleon. After studying under sculptor Francois-Joseph Bosio in 1816, and painter Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, he was in 1818 admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts. But it was not until 1823, while working for the goldsmith Emile Fauconnier that he discovered his true predilection from watching the animals in the Jardin des Plantes, making vigorous studies of them in pencil drawings comparable to those of Delacroix, then modeling them in sculpture on a large or small scale. In 1819 while he was studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, Barye sculpted a medallion named Milo of Crotana Devoured by a Lion, in which the lion bites into Milo's left thigh. Milo's theme was the school's official theme for the medallion competition of 1819, where Barye earned an honorable mention. c. 1820 Barye sculpted Hercules with the Erymanthean Boar, depicting Hercules's fourth Labor, where he had to capture a live wild boar from Mount Erymanthos. Barye was no less successful in sculpture on a small scale, and excelled in representing animals in their most familiar attitudes. Barye sculpted the portrait medallion Young Man in a Beret (1823) in bronze, as well as Portrait of the Founder Richard (1827), in which only a head and neck are shown. He also sculpted Poised Stag (1829), a much larger sculpture, which had a height of 48 cm, and was one-third life size. Barye didn't only want to be known as a sculptor of small bronzes, he wanted to be known as a sculpteur statuaire (a sculptor of large statues). In 1831 he exhibited much larger statues, Tiger Devouring a Gavial Crocodile which was a plaster sculpture 41 cm high and 103 cm long, and Lion Crushing a Serpent, 138 cm high and 178 cm long, made in bronze. In 1832 had truly mastered a style of his own in the Lion with a Snake. Barye, though engaged in a perpetual struggle with want, exhibited year after year studies of animals, admirable groups which reveal him as inspired by a spirit of true romance and a feeling for the beauty of the antique, as in his Theseus and the Minotaur (1843), Roger and Angelica on the Hippogriff (1846)), Lapitha and Centaur (1848), Jaguar Devouring a Hare (1850), and numerous minor works now very highly valued. The latter two works were exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1850, causing Théophile Gautier to observe:"The mere reproduction of nature does not constitute art; Barye aggrandizes his animal subjects, simplifying them, idealizing and stylizing them in a manner that is bold, energetic, and rugged, that makes him the Michelangelo of the menagerie." Examples of his larger work include the Lion of the Column of July, of which the plaster model was cast in 1839, various lions and tigers in the gardens of the Tuileries, and the four groups War, Peace, Strength, and Order (1854). While Barye excelled at sculpture, he often faced financial burdens due to his lack of business knowledge. In 1848 he was forced to declare bankruptcy, and all of his work and molds were sold to a foundry. The foundry began making inferior work from 1848 to 1857, and his reputation suffered during this time. In 1876 what remained of Barye's inventory, 125 models, were sold to the Ferdinand Barbedienne foundry. The 1877 Barbedienne catalogue offered all of the models in bronze in variable sizes, and the Barbedienne castings were of superb quality. Fame did not come until later in life. In 1854 he was made Professor of Drawings at the Museum of Natural History, and was elected to the Académie des beaux-arts in 1868. He produced no new works after 1869. The mass of admirable work left by Barye entitles him to be regarded as one of the great animal life artists of the French animalier school, and the refiner of a class of art which has attracted such men as Emmanuel Frémiet, Paul-Édouard Delabrièrre, Auguste Cain, and Georges Gardet. There is a public square on the eastern tip of Île Saint-Louis in Paris dedicated to him. Hercules Sitting on a Bull, 1830s (National Museum, Warsaw) Theseus and the Minotaur, 1843 (Baltimore Museum of Art) Roger and Angelica Mounted on the Hippogriff, 1846 (Walters Art Museum) Lapith Combating a Centaur, 1848 Turkish Horse, No. 2, modeled c. 1844 (Walters Art Museum) Jaguar Devouring a Hare, 1850 (Walters Art Museum) Bronze sculpture by Antoine-Louis Barye: “The Panther of Tunis” Charles VII, the Victorious (Walters Art Museum) Elephants in Water (Walters Art Museum) Paris, France. Statue of tiger. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection. Family Tomb and bust of Antoine-Louis Barye at the Père Lachaise Cemetery Barye had a son, Alfred Barye, who studied under him and also became an animalier sculptor. Alfred, although very competent in his own right as a sculptor, would struggle to gain notoriety working in the shadow of his more famous father. Antoine-Louis was not pleased when his son began signing work as "A. Barye" because he thought this created confusion between his work and that of his son. He forced his son to sign as "A. Barye, fils" or "Alf Barye" in order to distinguish their works. The senior Barye signed only one way throughout his entire career, simply marking his bronzes "Barye". See also Émile-Coriolan Guillemin References ^ a b c d e f g Frantz 1911. ^ Tiger Devouring a Gavial Crocodile ^ "Lion Crushing a Serpent, Antoine-Louis Barye, modeled 1832. Exhibit in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA". Apr 1, 2011. Retrieved Feb 8, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ "Theseus Slaying the Minotaur". metmuseum.org. ^ Mackay, James, The Animaliers, E.P. Dutton, Inc., New York, 1973 ^ a b Kjellberg, Pierre (1994). Bronzes of the 19th Century (1st ed.). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 53. ISBN 0-88740-629-7. Attribution:  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Frantz, Henri (1911). "Barye, Antoine Louis". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 456. This in turn cites Emile Lami, Les Sculpteurs d'animaux: M. Barye (Paris, 1856) Gustave Planche, “M. Barye,” Revue des deux mondes (July 1851) Théophile Silvestre, Histoires des artistes vivants (Paris, 1856) Arsène Alexandre, A. L. Barye, Les Artistes célébres, ed. E. Muntz (Paris, 1889) (with a bibliog.) Charles DeKay, Life and Works of A. L. Barye (1889), published by the Barye Monument Assoc. of New York Jules Claretie, Peintres et sculpteurs contemporains (1882) Roger Ballu, L'œuvre de Barye (1890) Charles Sprague Smith, Barbizon Days (1903) Sources Joseph G. Reinis, The Founders and Editors of The Barye Bronzes (New York, 2007) William R. Johnston, Simon Kelly et al Untamed (New York, 2006) Benge, Glenn F. Antonine-Louis Barye, Sculptor of Romantic Realism. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University, 1984. Print. Wharry, David et al. A Guide to the Louvre. Ghent, Belgium: Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, 2005. Print. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antoine-Louis Barye. A Gallery Rotation of 50 bronze sculptures by Antone Louis Barye Antoine-Louis Barye at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut R. W. Norton Art Gallery: Antoine-Louis Barye's Biography Antoine-Louis Barye – Rehs Galleries' biography on the artist. Daumier Drawings, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Barye (see index) Antoine-Louis Barye in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Artists South Australia Scientific illustrators KulturNav Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɑ̃twan lwi baʁi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"sculptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"animalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalier"},{"link_name":"Alfred Barye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Barye"}],"text":"Antoine-Louis Barye (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃twan lwi baʁi]; 24 September 1795 – 25 June 1875) was a Romantic French sculptor most famous for his work as an animalier, a sculptor of animals. His son and student was the known sculptor Alfred Barye.","title":"Antoine-Louis Barye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_France"},{"link_name":"goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Romantic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Martin-Guillaume Biennais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Guillaume_Biennais"},{"link_name":"Francois-Joseph Bosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Joseph_Bosio"},{"link_name":"Baron Antoine-Jean Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros"},{"link_name":"École des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Jardin des Plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes"},{"link_name":"Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"Hercules with the Erymanthean Boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Hercules_and_the_Erymanthian_Boar_-_Walters_27105.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Mount Erymanthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erymanthos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Poised Stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Poised_Stag_-_Walters_27160_-_Profile.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lion with a Snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_with_a_Snake"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Salon"},{"link_name":"Théophile Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier"},{"link_name":"Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kjellberg-6"},{"link_name":"Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle"},{"link_name":"Académie des beaux-arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_beaux-arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"animalier school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalier_school"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Frémiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Fr%C3%A9miet"},{"link_name":"Paul-Édouard Delabrièrre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89douard_Delabri%C3%A8rre"},{"link_name":"Auguste Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Cain"},{"link_name":"Georges Gardet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gardet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrantz1911-1"},{"link_name":"Île Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barye_Hercules.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theseus_Slaying_Minotaur_by_Barye.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Roger_and_Angelica_Mounted_on_the_Hippogriff_-_Walters_27173_-_Profile.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Lapith_Combating_a_Centaur_-_Walters_2736_-_Profile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Turkish_Horse,_No_2_-_Walters_2767_-_Profile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Jaguar_Devouring_a_Hare_-_Walters_27180_-_Profile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Panther_of_Tunis_by_Antoine-Louis_Barye.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Charles_VII,_the_Victorious_-_Walters_27164_-_Profile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine-Louis_Barye_-_Elephants_in_Water_-_Walters_37819.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tigresse_apportant_un_paon_%C3%A0_ses_petits_by_Auguste_Cain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum"}],"text":"Born in Paris, France, Barye began his career as a goldsmith, like many sculptors of the Romantic Period.\nHe first worked under his father Pierre, and around 1810 worked under the sculptor Martin-Guillaume Biennais, who was a goldsmith to Napoleon. After studying under sculptor Francois-Joseph Bosio in 1816, and painter Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, he was in 1818 admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts. But it was not until 1823, while working for the goldsmith Emile Fauconnier that he discovered his true predilection from watching the animals in the Jardin des Plantes, making vigorous studies of them in pencil drawings comparable to those of Delacroix, then modeling them in sculpture on a large or small scale.[1]In 1819 while he was studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, Barye sculpted a medallion named Milo of Crotana Devoured by a Lion, in which the lion bites into Milo's left thigh. Milo's theme was the school's official theme for the medallion competition of 1819, where Barye earned an honorable mention. c. 1820 Barye sculpted Hercules with the Erymanthean Boar, depicting Hercules's fourth Labor, where he had to capture a live wild boar from Mount Erymanthos.[1]Barye was no less successful in sculpture on a small scale, and excelled in representing animals in their most familiar attitudes. Barye sculpted the portrait medallion Young Man in a Beret (1823) in bronze, as well as Portrait of the Founder Richard (1827), in which only a head and neck are shown. He also sculpted Poised Stag (1829), a much larger sculpture, which had a height of 48 cm, and was one-third life size.[1]Barye didn't only want to be known as a sculptor of small bronzes, he wanted to be known as a sculpteur statuaire (a sculptor of large statues). In 1831 he exhibited much larger statues, Tiger Devouring a Gavial Crocodile[2] which was a plaster sculpture 41 cm high and 103 cm long, and Lion Crushing a Serpent, 138 cm high and 178 cm long, made in bronze.[3] In 1832 had truly mastered a style of his own in the Lion with a Snake.Barye, though engaged in a perpetual struggle with want, exhibited year after year studies of animals, admirable groups which reveal him as inspired by a spirit of true romance and a feeling for the beauty of the antique, as in his Theseus and the Minotaur (1843),[4] Roger and Angelica on the Hippogriff (1846)), Lapitha and Centaur (1848), Jaguar Devouring a Hare (1850), and numerous minor works now very highly valued.[1] The latter two works were exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1850, causing Théophile Gautier to observe:\"The mere reproduction of nature does not constitute art; Barye aggrandizes his animal subjects, simplifying them, idealizing and stylizing them in a manner that is bold, energetic, and rugged, that makes him the Michelangelo of the menagerie.\"Examples of his larger work include the Lion of the Column of July, of which the plaster model was cast in 1839, various lions and tigers in the gardens of the Tuileries, and the four groups War, Peace, Strength, and Order (1854).[1]While Barye excelled at sculpture, he often faced financial burdens due to his lack of business knowledge. In 1848 he was forced to declare bankruptcy, and all of his work and molds were sold to a foundry. The foundry began making inferior work from 1848 to 1857, and his reputation suffered during this time.[5] In 1876 what remained of Barye's inventory, 125 models, were sold to the Ferdinand Barbedienne foundry.[6] The 1877 Barbedienne catalogue offered all of the models in bronze in variable sizes, and the Barbedienne castings were of superb quality.Fame did not come until later in life. In 1854 he was made Professor of Drawings at the Museum of Natural History, and was elected to the Académie des beaux-arts in 1868. He produced no new works after 1869.[1]The mass of admirable work left by Barye entitles him to be regarded as one of the great animal life artists of the French animalier school, and the refiner of a class of art which has attracted such men as Emmanuel Frémiet, Paul-Édouard Delabrièrre, Auguste Cain, and Georges Gardet.[1]There is a public square on the eastern tip of Île Saint-Louis in Paris dedicated to him.Hercules Sitting on a Bull, 1830s (National Museum, Warsaw)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheseus and the Minotaur, 1843 (Baltimore Museum of Art)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoger and Angelica Mounted on the Hippogriff, 1846 (Walters Art Museum)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLapith Combating a Centaur, 1848\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTurkish Horse, No. 2, modeled c. 1844 (Walters Art Museum)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJaguar Devouring a Hare, 1850 (Walters Art Museum)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBronze sculpture by Antoine-Louis Barye: “The Panther of Tunis”\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles VII, the Victorious (Walters Art Museum)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElephants in Water (Walters Art Museum)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParis, France. Statue of tiger. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barye-Pere-Lachaise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Père Lachaise Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Alfred Barye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Barye"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kjellberg-6"}],"text":"Tomb and bust of Antoine-Louis Barye at the Père Lachaise CemeteryBarye had a son, Alfred Barye, who studied under him and also became an animalier sculptor. Alfred, although very competent in his own right as a sculptor, would struggle to gain notoriety working in the shadow of his more famous father. Antoine-Louis was not pleased when his son began signing work as \"A. Barye\" because he thought this created confusion between his work and that of his son. He forced his son to sign as \"A. Barye, fils\" or \"Alf Barye\" in order to distinguish their works.[6] The senior Barye signed only one way throughout his entire career, simply marking his bronzes \"Barye\".","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph G. Reinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_G._Reinis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William R. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_R._Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Kelly et al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Kelly_et_al&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Joseph G. Reinis, The Founders and Editors of The Barye Bronzes (New York, 2007)\nWilliam R. Johnston, Simon Kelly et al Untamed (New York, 2006)\nBenge, Glenn F. Antonine-Louis Barye, Sculptor of Romantic Realism. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University, 1984. Print.\nWharry, David et al. A Guide to the Louvre. Ghent, Belgium: Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, 2005. Print.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Tomb and bust of Antoine-Louis Barye at the Père Lachaise Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Barye-Pere-Lachaise.jpg/220px-Barye-Pere-Lachaise.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Émile-Coriolan Guillemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile-Coriolan_Guillemin"}]
[{"reference":"\"Lion Crushing a Serpent, Antoine-Louis Barye, modeled 1832. Exhibit in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA\". Apr 1, 2011. Retrieved Feb 8, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Crushing_a_Serpent,_Antoine_Louis_Barye_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00675.JPG","url_text":"\"Lion Crushing a Serpent, Antoine-Louis Barye, modeled 1832. Exhibit in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theseus Slaying the Minotaur\". metmuseum.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/192857","url_text":"\"Theseus Slaying the Minotaur\""}]},{"reference":"Kjellberg, Pierre (1994). Bronzes of the 19th Century (1st ed.). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 53. ISBN 0-88740-629-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-629-7","url_text":"0-88740-629-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Crushing_a_Serpent,_Antoine_Louis_Barye_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00675.JPG","external_links_name":"\"Lion Crushing a Serpent, Antoine-Louis Barye, modeled 1832. Exhibit in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/192857","external_links_name":"\"Theseus Slaying the Minotaur\""},{"Link":"http://bronze-gallery.com/special/exhibits.cfm?exhibitID=3","external_links_name":"A Gallery Rotation of 50 bronze sculptures by Antone Louis Barye"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208192944/http://www.hillstead.org/collection/sculpture.html","external_links_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930021209/http://www.rwnaf.org/collections/artist?artist=327","external_links_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye's Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.rehs.com/Antoine-Louis_Barye_Bio.html","external_links_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/60027/rec/1","external_links_name":"Daumier Drawings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002212/http://frenchsculpture.org/en/artist/barye-antoine-louis","external_links_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71400631","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11995263c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11995263c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118657437","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83192887","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35479420","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/4269/","external_links_name":"South Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=262","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/15aeadb4-eeb2-4a06-800e-aba65f592563","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/632/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/4831","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500007044","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118657437.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/967856","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jd5hhr","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokhtar
Bokhtar
["1 Population","2 Overview","3 Climate","4 Notable people","5 Trivia","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°50′11″N 68°46′49″E / 37.83639°N 68.78028°E / 37.83639; 68.78028Place in Khatlon, TajikistanBokhtar Tajik: БохтарBokhtar in 2018BokhtarLocation in TajikistanCoordinates: 37°50′11″N 68°46′49″E / 37.83639°N 68.78028°E / 37.83639; 68.78028Country TajikistanProvinceKhatlonArea • City26 km2 (10 sq mi)Elevation430 m (1,410 ft)Population (2019) • City126 700 • Density4,261/km2 (11,040/sq mi) • Metro190 000Area code992-3222Official languages Russian (Interethnic) Tajik (State) Bokhtar (Tajik: Бохтар), previously known as Qurghonteppa, Kurganteppa and Kurgan-Tyube, is a city in southwestern Tajikistan, which serves as the capital of the Khatlon region. Bokhtar is the largest city in southern Tajikistan, and is located 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Dushanbe and 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Kunduz, Afghanistan. Population As of 2019, the city's population was estimated at 110,800, making it the third-largest city in the country. The population fluctuates depending on the season, due to the many Tajik migrant workers in Russia. Along with the capital Dushanbe, Bokhtar is more demographically diverse than other major Tajik cities such as Khujand, Kulob or Istaravshan. Its population includes Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians, Pashtuns, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Greeks, and many more. The city had a large number of ethnic Russians who worked in the industrial and agricultural complexes in and around the city. Bokhtar is a stronghold of Tajikistan's political opposition. Overview During the civil war in Tajikistan, Bokhtar (then Qurghonteppa) became the epicenter of conflict by the summer of 1992, and was seriously damaged. Many of the local Kulobi and Uzbeks were forced to flee in 1992, following attacks by the pro-opposition Gharmi forces. The city was officially renamed from Qurghonteppa to Bokhtar on 22 January 2018. The name change was one of many in Tajikistan targeting places whose names derive from the Uzbek and Kyrgyz languages. Near Bokhtar are the ruins of a Buddhist monastery complex called Ajina Tepe, believed to be built in the 7th or 8th centuries CE. It features a 12-meter-long image of Buddha in Nirvana. Bokhtar International Airport provides flights to a handful of cities in Tajikistan, Russia and Kazakhstan. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon with personnel of the India-Tajik Friendship Hospital in Bokhtar, 13 July 2015. Bokhtar Bazaar Taxi station in Bokhtar Bokhtar library Climate Bokhtar has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with cool winters and very hot summers. Precipitation is quite low. It is highest in the spring, while summers are very dry. Climate data for Bokhtar (1991-2020, extremes 1929-present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 24.0(75.2) 28.8(83.8) 35.3(95.5) 37.0(98.6) 41.3(106.3) 43.6(110.5) 46.0(114.8) 42.8(109.0) 40.2(104.4) 38.1(100.6) 31.3(88.3) 24.3(75.7) 46.0(114.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.7(49.5) 12.2(54.0) 18.7(65.7) 25.0(77.0) 30.7(87.3) 36.1(97.0) 37.7(99.9) 36.0(96.8) 32.1(89.8) 25.6(78.1) 17.5(63.5) 11.0(51.8) 24.4(75.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 4.4(39.9) 6.5(43.7) 12.3(54.1) 18.2(64.8) 23.4(74.1) 28.1(82.6) 29.4(84.9) 27.5(81.5) 23.0(73.4) 16.8(62.2) 10.5(50.9) 5.6(42.1) 17.1(62.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.6(33.1) 2.2(36.0) 7.4(45.3) 12.5(54.5) 16.7(62.1) 20.2(68.4) 21.5(70.7) 19.5(67.1) 15.0(59.0) 10.1(50.2) 5.5(41.9) 1.7(35.1) 11.1(52.0) Record low °C (°F) −24.1(−11.4) −22.6(−8.7) −12.7(9.1) −5.6(21.9) 4.0(39.2) 9.1(48.4) 11.0(51.8) 9.4(48.9) 3.5(38.3) −4.2(24.4) −10.9(12.4) −20.0(−4.0) −24.1(−11.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 35(1.4) 47(1.9) 48(1.9) 49(1.9) 32(1.3) 10(0.4) 1(0.0) 1(0.0) 2(0.1) 8(0.3) 29(1.1) 33(1.3) 295(11.6) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.2 11.2 7.0 5.9 2.7 0.2 1.0 0.8 1.3 3.7 6.4 7.3 55.7 Average relative humidity (%) 73.2 70.1 62.3 57.6 50.2 45.5 45.6 48.3 51.0 57.1 66.6 73.0 58.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 112 125 164 213 291 339 351 334 294 235 174 115 2,747 Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net, climatebase.ru (precipitation days, humidity) Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990) Notable people Sergei Mandreko (1971-2022) - football coach Nurudin N. Mukhitdinov (1959-) - politician Trivia Finnish electronic duo Pan Sonic have a track entitled "Radio Qurghonteppa" on their 2010 farewell album Gravitoni. TV Khatlon See also List of cities in Tajikistan FC Khatlon football club Buddhistic cloister of Ajina-Tepa References ^ Агентии омори назди Президенти Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон. "ШУМОРАИ АҲОЛИИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022" (PDF). ^ "КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН". prokuratura.tj. Parliament of Tajikistan. Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Переименование ряда городов, районов и селений Хатлонской области | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان". prezident.tj. Retrieved 2022-07-12. ^ Borjian, Habib, “Kurgan Tepe”, Encyclopaedia Iranica. Online edition 2005. ^ Ethnic groups at risk: The status of Tajiks Heritage Society ^ "Memories of the Tajik Civil War". CESMI. November 22, 2012. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019. ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "HEART OF THE TAJIK CIVIL WAR IN 1992 | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. ^ "Renaming of a number of cities, districts and settlements of Khatlon Province | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان". prezident.tj. ^ "Tajik authorities continue renaming cities and districts". Asia-Plus. 1 July 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Kurgan Tube". Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved March 27, 2021. ^ КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ^ "Kurgan-Tyube,Tajikistan". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 31 January 2013. ^ "Climate Normals for Kurgan-Tjube". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 31 January 2013. ^ "Pan Sonic - Gravitoni". Discogs. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bokhtar. Kurgan Tepe in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online vteLargest cities or towns in TajikistanTajikistan Statistics Agency Rank Name Region Municipal pop. DushanbeKhujand 1 Dushanbe Dushanbe 1,201,800 BokhtarKulob 2 Khujand Sughd 198,700 3 Bokhtar Khatlon 126,700 4 Kulob Khatlon 105,800 5 Istaravshan Sughd 64,300 6 Tursunzoda Districts of Republican Subordination 57,800 7 Isfara Sughd 54,900 8 Vahdat Districts of Republican Subordination 54,400 9 Konibodom Sughd 54,400 10 Panjakent Sughd 43,800 vte Khatlon Region Capital: BokhtarCities Kulob Levakant Norak Bokhtar City subdivisionsKulob City: Kulob Jamoats: Dahana Kulob Zarbdor Ziraki Levakant City: Levakant Jamoats: Guliston Vahdat Norak City: Norak Jamoats: Dukoni Pulisangin Bokhtar City: Bokhtar Districts Baljuvon J. Balkhi Danghara Dusti Farkhor Hamadoni Jayhun Jomi Khovaling Khuroson N. Khusrav Kushoniyon Mu'minobod Panj Qubodiyon Shahrituz S. Shohin Temurmalik Vakhsh Vose' Yovon District subdivisionsBaljuvon Jamoats: Safar Amirshoev Baljuvon Sayf Rahim Sarikhosor Tojikiston J. Balkhi Towns: Balkh Orzu Jamoats: Frunze Kalinin Madaniyat Navobod Tughalon Uzun Danghara Town: Danghara Jamoats: Korez Lohur Lolazor Oqsu Pushing Sangtuda Sebiston Sharipov Dusti Town: Gharavuti Jamoats: Dehqonobod Gardi Gulmurodov Jilikul Nuri Vakhsh 20-Solagii Istiqloliyati Jumhurii Tojikiston Farkhor Town: Farkhor Jamoats: Darqad Dehqonariq Farkhor Galaba Ghayrat Gulshan 20-Solagii Istiqloliyati Tojikiston Vatan Zafar Hamadoni Town: Moskovskiy Jamoats: Chubek Dashtigulo Mehnatobod Panjob Panjrud Qahramon Turdiev Jayhun Town: Dusti Jamoats: Istiqlol Panj Qumsangir Vahdati milli Yakkadin Jomi Town: Abdurahmoni Jomi Jamoats: Aral Dusti Iftikhor Ittifoq Kalinin 50-Solagii Tojikiston Yakkatut Khovaling Jamoats: Ghaffor Mirzo Jombakht Khovaling Lohuti Shugnov Khuroson Town: Obikiik Jamoats: Ayni Fakhrobod Ghallaobod Hiloli Qizilqal'a N. Khusrav Jamoats: Firuza Istiqlol Navruz Kushoniyon Towns: Bokhtariyon Bustonqala Ismoili Somoni Jamoats: Mehnatobod Navbahor Oriyon Sarvati Istiqlol Zargar Mu'minobod Town: Mu'minobod Jamoats: Balkhobi Boghgay Childukhtaron Dehibaland Nuralisho Nazarov Shamsiddin Shohin Panj Town: Panj Jamoats: Kabut Sayfutdinov Mehvar Namuna Nuri Vahdat Ozodagon Qubodiyon Town: Qubodiyon Jamoats: Nosir Khusrav Navobod Utaqara Nazarov Niyozov 20-Solagii Istiqlol Takhti Sangin Zarkamar Shahrituz Town: Shahrituz Jamoats: Kholmatov Jura Nazarov Obshoron Pakhtaobod Sayyod S. Shohin Jamoats: Chagam Dashti-Jum Doghiston Langardara Nuriddin Mahmudov Sarichashma Shuroobod Temurmalik Town: Sovet Jamoats: Boboyunus Kangurt Laqay Qarmishev Qaroqamish Saidmu'min Rahimov Tanobchi Vakhsh Towns: Kirov Vakhsh Jamoats: Mash'al Rudaki 20-Solagii Istiqloliyati Tojikiston Tojikobod Vahdat Vose' Town: Hulbuk Jamoats: Abdi Avazov Guliston Mirali Mahmadaliev Khudoyor Rajabov Abuabdullohi Rudaki Tugarak Mirzoali Vayzov Yovon Towns: Hayotinav Yovon Jamoats: Chorgul Dahana Hasan Huseynov Norin Obshoron Sitorai Surkh Gulsara Yusufova
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Khatlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatlon"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"Kunduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"}],"text":"Place in Khatlon, TajikistanBokhtar (Tajik: Бохтар),[3] previously known as Qurghonteppa, Kurganteppa and Kurgan-Tyube, is a city in southwestern Tajikistan, which serves as the capital of the Khatlon region. Bokhtar is the largest city in southern Tajikistan, and is located 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Dushanbe and 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Kunduz, Afghanistan.","title":"Bokhtar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_people"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"Khujand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khujand"},{"link_name":"Kulob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulab,_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Istaravshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istaravshan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Uzbeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OVERVIEW-5"}],"text":"As of 2019, the city's population was estimated at 110,800, making it the third-largest city in the country. The population fluctuates depending on the season, due to the many Tajik migrant workers in Russia.Along with the capital Dushanbe, Bokhtar is more demographically diverse than other major Tajik cities such as Khujand, Kulob or Istaravshan.[4] Its population includes Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians, Pashtuns, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Greeks, and many more.[citation needed] The city had a large number of ethnic Russians who worked in the industrial and agricultural complexes in and around the city.Bokhtar is a stronghold of Tajikistan's political opposition.[5]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil war in Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kulobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulobi_people"},{"link_name":"Gharmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharmi_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ajina Tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajina_Tepe"},{"link_name":"Buddha in Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_in_Nirvana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bokhtar International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokhtar_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_and_the_President_of_Tajikistan,_Mr._Emomali_Rahmon_in_a_group_photo_with_the_personnel_of_the_India-Tajik_Friendship_Hospital,_in_Quarghan_Teppa,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan_on_July_13,_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"President of Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Emomali Rahmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qurghonteppa,bazar1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qurghonteppa_2010_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg"}],"text":"During the civil war in Tajikistan, Bokhtar (then Qurghonteppa) became the epicenter of conflict by the summer of 1992, and was seriously damaged.[6] Many of the local Kulobi and Uzbeks were forced to flee in 1992, following attacks by the pro-opposition Gharmi forces.[7]The city was officially renamed from Qurghonteppa to Bokhtar on 22 January 2018.[8] The name change was one of many in Tajikistan targeting places whose names derive from the Uzbek and Kyrgyz languages.[9]Near Bokhtar are the ruins of a Buddhist monastery complex called Ajina Tepe, believed to be built in the 7th or 8th centuries CE. It features a 12-meter-long image of Buddha in Nirvana.[10]Bokhtar International Airport provides flights to a handful of cities in Tajikistan, Russia and Kazakhstan.Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon with personnel of the India-Tajik Friendship Hospital in Bokhtar, 13 July 2015.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBokhtar Bazaar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaxi station in Bokhtar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBokhtar library","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pogoda-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climatebase-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-13"}],"text":"Bokhtar has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with cool winters and very hot summers. Precipitation is quite low. It is highest in the spring, while summers are very dry.Climate data for Bokhtar (1991-2020, extremes 1929-present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n41.3(106.3)\n\n43.6(110.5)\n\n46.0(114.8)\n\n42.8(109.0)\n\n40.2(104.4)\n\n38.1(100.6)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n46.0(114.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n17.1(62.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−24.1(−11.4)\n\n−22.6(−8.7)\n\n−12.7(9.1)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−10.9(12.4)\n\n−20.0(−4.0)\n\n−24.1(−11.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n35(1.4)\n\n47(1.9)\n\n48(1.9)\n\n49(1.9)\n\n32(1.3)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n2(0.1)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n29(1.1)\n\n33(1.3)\n\n295(11.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n8.2\n\n11.2\n\n7.0\n\n5.9\n\n2.7\n\n0.2\n\n1.0\n\n0.8\n\n1.3\n\n3.7\n\n6.4\n\n7.3\n\n55.7\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n73.2\n\n70.1\n\n62.3\n\n57.6\n\n50.2\n\n45.5\n\n45.6\n\n48.3\n\n51.0\n\n57.1\n\n66.6\n\n73.0\n\n58.4\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n112\n\n125\n\n164\n\n213\n\n291\n\n339\n\n351\n\n334\n\n294\n\n235\n\n174\n\n115\n\n2,747\n\n\nSource 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[11] climatebase.ru (precipitation days, humidity)[12]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[13]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergei Mandreko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Mandreko"},{"link_name":"Nurudin N. Mukhitdinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurudin_N._Mukhitdinov"}],"text":"Sergei Mandreko (1971-2022) - football coach\nNurudin N. Mukhitdinov (1959-) - politician","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Sonic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV_Khatlon_Tajikistan.jpg"}],"text":"Finnish electronic duo Pan Sonic have a track entitled \"Radio Qurghonteppa\" on their 2010 farewell album Gravitoni.[14]TV Khatlon","title":"Trivia"}]
[{"image_text":"TV Khatlon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/TV_Khatlon_Tajikistan.jpg/300px-TV_Khatlon_Tajikistan.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of cities in Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan"},{"title":"FC Khatlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Khatlon"},{"title":"Buddhistic cloister of Ajina-Tepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhistic_cloister_of_Ajina-Tepa"}]
[{"reference":"Агентии омори назди Президенти Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон. \"ШУМОРАИ АҲОЛИИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf","url_text":"\"ШУМОРАИ АҲОЛИИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН\". prokuratura.tj. Parliament of Tajikistan. Retrieved 9 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html","url_text":"\"КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН\""}]},{"reference":"\"Переименование ряда городов, районов и селений Хатлонской области | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\". prezident.tj. Retrieved 2022-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://prezident.tj/ru/node/16943","url_text":"\"Переименование ряда городов, районов и селений Хатлонской области | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memories of the Tajik Civil War\". CESMI. November 22, 2012. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412235820/http://cesmi.info/wp/?p=435","url_text":"\"Memories of the Tajik Civil War\""},{"url":"http://cesmi.info/wp/?p=435","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hays, Jeffrey. \"HEART OF THE TAJIK CIVIL WAR IN 1992 | Facts and Details\". factsanddetails.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Tajikistan/sub8_6a/entry-4859.html","url_text":"\"HEART OF THE TAJIK CIVIL WAR IN 1992 | Facts and Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renaming of a number of cities, districts and settlements of Khatlon Province | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\". prezident.tj.","urls":[{"url":"http://prezident.tj/en/node/16945","url_text":"\"Renaming of a number of cities, districts and settlements of Khatlon Province | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tajik authorities continue renaming cities and districts\". Asia-Plus. 1 July 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/power/20180123/tajik-authorities-continue-renaming-cities-and-districts","url_text":"\"Tajik authorities continue renaming cities and districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurgan Tube\". Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved March 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://samarkandtours.com/tajikistan/kurgan-tube/","url_text":"\"Kurgan Tube\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815144939/https://samarkandtours.com/tajikistan/kurgan-tube/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate.php?id=38933","url_text":"КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurgan-Tyube,Tajikistan\". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://climatebase.ru/station/38933/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Kurgan-Tyube,Tajikistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Normals for Kurgan-Tjube\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/RA/38933.TXT","url_text":"\"Climate Normals for Kurgan-Tjube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Pan Sonic - Gravitoni\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Pan-Sonic-Gravitoni/release/2301162","url_text":"\"Pan Sonic - Gravitoni\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bokhtar&params=37_50_11_N_68_46_49_E_region:TJ_type:city","external_links_name":"37°50′11″N 68°46′49″E / 37.83639°N 68.78028°E / 37.83639; 68.78028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bokhtar&params=37_50_11_N_68_46_49_E_region:TJ_type:city","external_links_name":"37°50′11″N 68°46′49″E / 37.83639°N 68.78028°E / 37.83639; 68.78028"},{"Link":"https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ШУМОРАИ АҲОЛИИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022\""},{"Link":"http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html","external_links_name":"\"КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН\""},{"Link":"http://prezident.tj/ru/node/16943","external_links_name":"\"Переименование ряда городов, районов и селений Хатлонской области | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/8194468/Kurgan_Tepe","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://ismaili.net/mirrors/112_tajik/tajkethn.html","external_links_name":"Ethnic groups at risk: The status of Tajiks"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412235820/http://cesmi.info/wp/?p=435","external_links_name":"\"Memories of the Tajik Civil War\""},{"Link":"http://cesmi.info/wp/?p=435","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Tajikistan/sub8_6a/entry-4859.html","external_links_name":"\"HEART OF THE TAJIK CIVIL WAR IN 1992 | Facts and Details\""},{"Link":"http://prezident.tj/en/node/16945","external_links_name":"\"Renaming of a number of cities, districts and settlements of Khatlon Province | Президенти Тоҷикистон - President of Tajikistan - Президент Таджикистана - رئيس جمهورية تاجيكستان\""},{"Link":"https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/power/20180123/tajik-authorities-continue-renaming-cities-and-districts","external_links_name":"\"Tajik authorities continue renaming cities and districts\""},{"Link":"https://samarkandtours.com/tajikistan/kurgan-tube/","external_links_name":"\"Kurgan Tube\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815144939/https://samarkandtours.com/tajikistan/kurgan-tube/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate.php?id=38933","external_links_name":"КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА"},{"Link":"http://climatebase.ru/station/38933/?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Kurgan-Tyube,Tajikistan\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/RA/38933.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Climate Normals for Kurgan-Tjube\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Pan-Sonic-Gravitoni/release/2301162","external_links_name":"\"Pan Sonic - Gravitoni\""},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurgan-tepe","external_links_name":"Kurgan Tepe"},{"Link":"https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf","external_links_name":"Tajikistan Statistics Agency"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
["1 Causes","2 War","2.1 Dutch Revolt (1585–1587)","2.2 Spanish Armada","2.3 English Armada","2.4 Dutch Revolt (1588–1598)","2.5 Naval war and privateering","2.6 Dutch Revolt (1598–1604)","2.7 France","2.8 Ireland","2.9 End of the war and treaty","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading"]
War between the kingdoms of Spain and England For other conflicts, see Anglo-Spanish War. Anglo-Spanish WarPart of the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish WarsEnglish ships and the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588, unknown artistDate1585–1604LocationAtlantic Ocean, British Isles, Low Countries, France, Spain, Spanish Main, Portugal, Azores, and Canary IslandsResult Status quo ante bellum Treaty of LondonBelligerents Spain Portugal Spanish Netherlands French rebels Irish rebels Order of Saint John  England Ireland Dutch rebels France Portuguese rebels Scotland (1603)Commanders and leaders Philip II # Philip III Álvaro de Bazán Alexander Farnese Martín de Padilla Count of Fuentes Duke of Medina Sidonia Duke of Mayenne Duke of Braganza Earl of Tyrone Elizabeth I # James I/VI Francis Drake † John Hawkins † Robert Dudley Charles Howard Francis Vere Charles Blount Maurice of Nassau Henry IV of France Prior of CratoStrength Unknown 105,800 English soldiers and sailors (1588–1603)Casualties and losses Unknown 88,285 English deadvteAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Caribbean and South America San Juan de Ulúa Drake's 1572-73 expedition Drake's circumnavigation São Vicente Santo Domingo Cartagena St. Augustine Cavendish's circumnavigation Spanish West Indies Havana Hispaniola · Bay of Honduras 1st Puerto Caballos San Mateo Recife Trinidad · Orinoco La Guaira · Caracas · Coro Guadalupe 1st San Juan Panama Pinos 2nd San Juan Tabasco Portobello 2nd Puerto Caballos Santiago de Cuba Atlantic Vila Franca do Campo Terceira Newfoundland Bermuda Santiago 1st Azores 1st Flores 2nd Flores Faial Las Palmas 2nd Azores European waters Scheldt Pantelleria 1st Cádiz ·Algarve Spanish Armada (1st Calais · Gravelines) English Armada (Corunna · Lisbon) Bayona 1st Gibraltar Strait 2nd Gibraltar Strait Berlengas Gulf of Almería Barbary Coast Bay of Biscay Mount's Bay Cawsand 2nd Cádiz Cape Finisterre Cornwall · West Wales Sesimbra Dover Strait Gulf of Cádiz Low Countries and Germany Mons Goes Middelburg Haarlem 1st Geertruidenberg Leiden Delft Valkenburg Schoonhoven Gembloux Rijmenam Borgerhout Mechelen 1st Steenwijk Kollum Noordhorn Niezijl Lochem Lier Eindhoven Steenbergen Aalst Antwerp Arnhem 1st Grave Venlo Axel 1st Rheinberg 1st Zutphen 1st Sluis Bergen op Zoom 2nd Geertruidenberg Breda 2nd Zutphen Deventer Delfzijl Knodsenburg 1st Hulst Nijmegen 2nd Steenwijk 1st Coevorden 3rd Geertruidenberg 2nd Coevorden Groningen Huy 1st Groenlo Lippe 2nd Hulst Turnhout 2nd Rheinberg Meurs 2nd Groenlo Bredevoort Enschede Ootmarsum Oldenzaal Lingen Schenckenschans Zaltbommel Rees San Andreas Nieuwpoort 3rd Rheinberg · 2nd Meurs Ostend 's-Hertogenbosch 2nd Grave Hoogstraten Ardenburg · Oostberg · 2nd Sluis France Arques Ivry Paris Château-Laudran Rouen Caudebec Craon Blaye Morlaix Crozon 2nd Calais Amiens Ireland Carrigafoyle Smerwick Irish West Coast Kinsale Castlehaven vteAnglo-Spanish wars 1585–1604 1625–1630 1654–1660 1662–1668 1702–1713 1718–1720 1727–1729 1739–1748 1762–1763 1779–1783 1796–1802 1804–1808 1815–1832 1833–1840 Part of a series on the Wars of Tudor England Italian Wars War of the League of Cambrai Four Years' War War of 1542–46 Habsburg–Valois War Anglo-Scottish Wars Flodden Hornshole Haddon Rig Solway Moss Rough Wooing Leith Redeswire Fray Reformation Prayer Book Rebellion Nine Years' War Eighty Years' War Anglo-Spanish War Other conflicts Cornish Rebellion Desmond Rebellions vte The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared. It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule. In large-scale campaigns, the English repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, whilst Spain repelled the English Armada. The 2nd Spanish Armada in 1596 and the 3rd Spanish Armada in 1597 likewise ended in failure. The war included much English privateering against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. The war dragged on towards the end of the sixteenth century; England and Spain intervened in France in the 1590s and in Ireland from 1601. The campaign in the Netherlands continued which saw a Spanish veteran force defeated by the Anglo-Dutch at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600. This was followed a year later by the costly three year Siege of Ostend which Spain eventually seized. The war was brought to an end with the Treaty of London (1604), negotiated between Philip III of Spain and the new king of England, James I. In the treaty, England and Spain restored the status quo ante bellum, agreed to cease their military interventions in the Netherlands and Ireland respectively, and resumed trade; the English ended their high seas privateering and the Spanish recognized James as king. Causes In the 1560s, Philip II of Spain was faced with increasing religious disturbances as Protestantism gained adherents in his domains in the Low Countries. As a defender of the Catholic Church, he sought to suppress the rising Protestant movement in his territories, which eventually exploded into open rebellion in 1566. Meanwhile, relations with the regime of Elizabeth I of England continued to deteriorate, following her restoration of royal supremacy over the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy in 1559; this had been first instituted by her father Henry VIII and rescinded by her sister Mary I, Philip's wife. The Act was considered by Catholics as a usurpation of papal authority. Calls by leading English Protestants to support the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip increased tensions further as did the Catholic-Protestant disturbances in France, which saw both sides supporting the opposing French factions. Opposing monarchs Philip II of Spain Elizabeth I of England Complicating matters were commercial disputes. The activities of English sailors, begun by Sir John Hawkins in 1562, gained the tacit support of Elizabeth, even though the Spanish government complained that Hawkins's trade with their colonies in the West Indies constituted smuggling. In September 1568, a slaving expedition led by Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake was surprised by the Spanish, and several ships were captured or sunk at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz in New Spain. This engagement soured Anglo-Spanish relations and in the following year the English detained several treasure ships sent by the Spanish to supply their army in the Netherlands. Drake and Hawkins intensified their privateering as a way to break the Spanish monopoly on Atlantic trade. Francis Drake went on a privateering voyage where he eventually circumnavigated the globe between 1577 and 1580. Spanish colonial ports were plundered and a number of ships were captured including the treasure galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción. When news of his exploits reached Europe, Elizabeth's relations with Philip continued to deteriorate. Soon after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, English support was provided to António, Prior of Crato who then fought in his struggle with Philip II for the Portuguese throne. Philip in return began to support the Catholic rebellion in Ireland against Elizabeth's religious reforms. Both Philip's and Elizabeth's attempts to support opposing factions were defeated. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France to defeat the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion. In the Spanish Netherlands, England had secretly supported the side of the Dutch Protestant United Provinces, who were fighting for independence from Spain. In 1584, the Prince of Orange had been assassinated, leaving a sense of alarm as well as a political vacuum. The following year was a further blow to the Dutch with the capture of Antwerp by Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma. The Dutch rebels sought help from England, which Elizabeth agreed to as she feared that a Spanish reconquest there would threaten England. The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed as a result – Elizabeth agreed to provide the Dutch with men, horses, and subsidies but she declined overall sovereignty. In return, the Dutch handed over three Cautionary Towns which were garrisoned by English troops. Philip took this to be an open declaration of war against his rule in the Netherlands. War The Anglo-Spanish War broke out in 1585, following the seizure of English merchant ships in Spanish harbors. In response the English privy council immediately authorised a campaign against the Spanish fishing industry in Newfoundland and off the Grand Banks. The campaign was a huge success, and subsequently led to England's first sustained activity in the Americas. In August, England joined the Eighty Years' War on the side of the Dutch Protestant United Provinces, which had declared their independence from Spain. In that same year, the English established their first New World settlement, the short lived Roanoke Colony established by Ralph Lane. The Queen through Francis Walsingham ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish New World in a kind of preemptive strike. Drake sailed in October to the West Indies, and in January 1586 captured and sacked Santo Domingo. The following month they did the same at Cartagena de Indias and in May sailed North to raid St. Augustine in Florida. When Drake arrived in England in July he became a national hero. In Spain however, the news was a disaster and this now further buoyed a Spanish invasion of England by King Philip. Thomas Cavendish meanwhile set out with three ships on 21 July 1586 to raid Spanish settlements in South America. Cavendish raided three Spanish settlements and captured or burned thirteen ships. Among these was a rich 600 ton treasure galleon Santa Ana, the biggest treasure haul that ever fell into English hands. Cavendish circumnavigated the globe returning to England on 9 September 1588. Dutch Revolt (1585–1587) Siege of Grave in 1586 Robert Dudley, The Earl of Leicester was sent to the United Provinces in 1585 with a dignitary party and took the offered governorship of the United Provinces. This, however, was met with fury from Elizabeth, who had expressed no desire for any sovereignty over the Dutch. An English mercenary army had been present since the beginning of the war and was then under the command of veteran Sir John Norreys. They combined forces but were undermanned and under-financed, and faced one of the most powerful armies in Europe led by the famed Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. During the siege of Grave the following year, Dudley attempted its relief, but the Dutch garrison commander Hadewij van Hemert surrendered the town to the Spanish. Dudley was furious on hearing of Grave's sudden loss and had van Hemert executed, which shocked the Dutch. The English force then had some successes, taking Axel in July and Doesburg the following month. Dudley's poor diplomacy with the Dutch, however, made matters worse. His political base weakened and so too did the military situation. Outside Zutphen an English force was defeated and notable poet Philip Sidney mortally wounded, which was a huge blow to English morale. Zutphen itself and Deventer were betrayed by Catholic turncoats William Stanley and Rowland York, which further damaged Leicester's reputation. Finally Sluis with a largely English garrison was besieged and taken by the Duke of Parma in June 1587, after the Dutch refused to help in the relief. This resulted in mutual recriminations between Leicester and the States. Leicester soon realised how dire his situation was and asked to be recalled. He resigned his post as governor – his tenure had been a military and political failure, and as a result, he was financially ruined. After Leicester's departure, the Dutch elected the Prince of Orange's son Count Maurice of Nassau as the stadtholder and governor. At the same time Peregrine Bertie took over English forces in the Netherlands. Spanish Armada Main articles: Spanish Armada and Spanish Armada in Ireland On 8 February 1587, the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots outraged Catholics in Europe. In retaliation for the execution of Mary, Philip vowed to invade England to place a Catholic monarch on its throne. In April 1587 Philip's preparations suffered a setback when Francis Drake burned 37 Spanish ships in the harbour of Cádiz, and as a result the invasion of England had to be postponed for over a year. On 29 July, Philip obtained Papal authority to overthrow Elizabeth, who had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V, and place whomever he chose on the throne of England. He assembled a fleet of about 130 ships, containing 8,050 sailors, 18,973 soldiers, and 2,088 rowers. To finance this endeavour, Pope Sixtus V had permitted Philip to collect crusade taxes. Sixtus had promised a further subsidy to the Spanish should they reach English soil. On 28 May 1588, the Armada, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, set sail for the Netherlands, where it was to pick up additional troops for the invasion of England. As the armada sailed through the English Channel, the English navy, led by Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, and Francis Drake, fought a battle of attrition with the Spanish from Plymouth to Portland and then to the Solent, preventing them from securing any English harbours. The Spanish were forced to withdraw to Calais. While the Spanish were at anchor there in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, the English used fireships to break the formation and scatter the Spanish ships. In the subsequent Battle of Gravelines the English navy attacked the Armada and forced it to sail northward in more dangerous stormy waters on the long way home. As they sailed around Scotland, the Armada suffered severe damage and loss of life from stormy weather. As they approached the West coast of Ireland more damaging stormy conditions forced ships ashore while others were wrecked. Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port. Philip's invasion plans had miscarried partly because of unfortunate weather and his own mismanagement, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed. The failure of the Armada provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners. While the English were able to persist in their privateering against the Spanish and continue sending troops to assist Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and France, these efforts brought few tangible rewards. One of the most important effects of the event was that the Armada's failure was seen as a sign that God supported the Protestant Reformation in England. One of the medals struck to celebrate the English victory bore the Latin/Hebrew inscription Flavit יהוה et dissipati sunt (literally: "Yahweh blew and they were scattered"; traditionally translated more freely as: "He blew with His winds, and they were scattered"). The Battle of Gravelines, 8 August 1558, by Nicholas Hilliard The flagship of the Duke of Medina Sidonia: the San Martin is attacked off the coast of Dover from port side by the English Rainbow and from starboard by the Dutch Gouden Leeuw, Dover, 8 August 1588 English Armada Main article: English Armada Map of the English Armada campaigns An English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norris was prepared in 1589 with three tasks: Destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in Santander, A Coruña, and San Sebastián in northern Spain. Make a landing at Lisbon, Portugal and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender Dom António, Prior of Crato to the Portuguese throne. Take the Azores if possible so as to establish a permanent base and capture the incoming Spanish treasure fleet. Because this mission was floated as a joint stock company, Drake had investors to satisfy, so, rather than adhere to the Queen's orders, he bypassed Santander in favor of seeking plunder, booty and financial rewards. He started by making a surprise landing at Coruña on 4 May where the lower town was captured and plundered, and a number of merchant ships were seized. Norris then won a modest victory over a Spanish relief militia force at Puente del Burgo. When the English pressed the attack on the citadel, however, they were repulsed with heavy casualties. In addition, a number of English ships were captured by Spanish naval forces. Two-weeks later, having failed to capture Coruña, the English departed and sailed towards Lisbon landing on 26 May, but owing to poor organisation (they had very few siege guns), lack of co-ordination and starvation the invading force also failed to take Lisbon. The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialized. With Portuguese and Spanish reinforcements arriving the English were forced to retreat and sailed North, tossing the dead overboard by the hundred along the way, where Drake sacked and burned Vigo. Young William Fenner who had come from England with 17 supply ships commanded by Captain Cross was separated from the fleet after a storm and found himself heading toward the archipelago of Madeira, ultimately anchoring in Porto Santo where, the next day, seven more English vessels joined him. They took the island and resupplied themselves over the next two days. Unable to find the rest of the fleet, they set sail for England. Drake attempted to sail towards the Azores but could not tack against the prevailing wind. In the face of increasing sickness and deaths, he abandoned the venture and limped back to Plymouth with Captain Diego de Aramburu's flotilla of zabras harassing him nearly the entire way. None of the objectives were achieved and the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish navy was lost. The expedition depleted the financial resources of England's treasury, which had been carefully restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I, and its failure was so embarrassing that, even today, England barely acknowledges it ever happened. Through this lost opportunity, Philip was able to revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to Brittany where they established a base of operations on the Blavet river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades. Dutch Revolt (1588–1598) Further information: Ten Years (Eighty Years' War) Sir Francis Vere, commander of Elizabeth's forces in the Low Countries between 1589 and 1604 Soon after the defeat of the Armada, the Duke of Parma's force stood down from the invasion. In the autumn Parma moved his force North towards Bergen op Zoom and then attempted to besiege the English-held town with a substantial force. The English in a ruse however managed to repel the Spanish and forced Parma's retreat with heavy losses which boosted both Dutch and English morale. The following year Bertie, under orders from Elizabeth I, left for France with a force to help the Protestants in their fight against the Catholic League. Sir Francis Vere assumed command of English forces thereafter – a position he retained during fifteen campaigns, with almost unbroken success. In 1590 an Anglo-Dutch force under Maurice and Vere respectively launched a campaign with the aim of taking Breda. In a remarkable feat, a small assault force hid in a peat barge before a successful surprise assault that captured the city. With Spanish forces in France supporting the Catholic League as well as in the Low Countries, Maurice was able to take advantage, and thus started a gradual reconquest of the Netherlands, which became known by the Dutch as the "Ten Glorious Years". Soon after Breda the Anglo-Dutch retook Zutphen and Deventer which restored English prestige after their earlier betrayals. After defeating the Spanish under the Duke of Parma at Knodsenberg in 1591 a new confidence in the army took shape. English troops by this time composed nearly half of the Dutch army. The reconquest continued with Hulst, Nijmegen, Geertruidenberg, Steenwijk, and Coevorden all being taken within the next two years. In 1593 a Spanish attempt led by Francisco Verdugo to recapture Coevorden ended in failure when the Anglo-Dutch under Maurice and Vere relieved the place during the spring of 1594. Finally, the capture of Groningen in the summer of 1594 resulted in the Spanish army being forced out of the northern provinces which led to the complete restoration of the seven provinces. After these successes, Elizabeth could view the high confidence in the army and renewed the treaty with the States in 1595. English troops having been given high praise by the Dutch were kept at around 4,000 men. They were to be paid for by the States and the Queen would also be repaid on the Crown's expenses in instalments until a conclusion of peace was made. In 1595, Maurice's campaign was resumed to retake the cities of the Twente region from the Spanish. This was delayed after Huy was besieged in March but Maurice was unable to prevent its fall. When Maurice did go on the offensive an attempt to take Grol in July ended in failure when a Spanish force under 90-year-old veteran Cristóbal de Mondragón relieved the city. Maurice then tried to make an attempt on the city of Rheinberg in September but Mondragon defeated this move at the Battle of the Lippe. Maurice was then forced to cancel further planned offensives as the bulk of his English and Scots troops were withdrawn to take part in the attack on Cadiz. Under their new commander, the Archduke of Austria, the Spanish took advantage of this lull and recaptured Hulst the following year which led to a prolonged stalemate in the campaign and delayed the reconquest. By 1597, Spanish bankruptcy and the war in France gave the Anglo-Dutch an advantage. At the Battle of Turnhout a Spanish force was surprised and routed; Vere and the Earl of Leicester particularly distinguished themselves. With the Spanish distracted by the siege of Amiens in France, Maurice launched an offensive in the summer. This time both Rhienberg and Greonlo were taken by the Dutch. This was followed by the capture of Bredevoort, Enschede, Ootsmarsum, Oldenzaal, and finally Lingen by the end of the year. The offensive's success meant that most of the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands had been recaptured by the Dutch Republic and a significant barrier had been created along the Rhine river. Naval war and privateering Further information: Brittany Campaign The Last Fight of the Revenge, off Flores, in the Azores, 1591 In November, 1588, Philip II ordered the construction of 21 new galleons, all of them large. 12 of them were built in Cantabrian ports and stood out due to their number and the names they received; they were known as "the twelve apostles". In addition, 6 were made in Portugal, 2 in Gibraltar and 1 in Vinaroz; all of them entered service in a very short space of time. Philip then established a naval base in Brittany which threatened England and allowed for a sophisticated convoy system and improved intelligence network which frustrated English naval attempts on the Spanish treasure fleet during the 1590s. This was best demonstrated by the repulse of the squadron that was led by Effingham in 1591 near the Azores, who had intended to ambush the treasure fleet. It was in this battle that the Spanish captured the English flagship, HMS Revenge, after a stubborn resistance by its captain, Sir Richard Grenville. Throughout the 1590s, enormous convoy escorts enabled the Spanish to ship three times as much silver as in the previous decade. English merchant privateers or corsairs known as Elizabeth's "Sea Dogs" enjoyed more qualified success, however. In the three years after the Spanish Armada was defeated, more than 300 prizes were taken from the Spanish with a declared total value of well over £400,000. English courtiers provided money for their own expeditions as well as others, and even Elizabeth herself would make investments. The Earl of Cumberland made a number of expeditions and a few did yield profit – his first being the Azores Voyage in 1589. Others failed however due to bad weather and his 1591 voyage ended in defeat with Spanish galleys off Berlengas. Cumberland with Sir Walter Raleigh and Martin Frobisher combined financial strength and force that led to the most successful English naval expedition of the war. Off Flores island in 1592, the English fleet captured a large Portuguese carrack, the Madre de Deus, and outwitted a Spanish fleet led by Alonso de Bazán. The expedition's reward equalled nearly half the size of the Kingdom of England's royal annual revenue and yielded Elizabeth a 20-fold return on her investment. These riches gave the English an excited enthusiasm to engage in this opulent commerce. Raleigh himself in 1595 went on an expedition to explore the Orinoco river in an attempt to find the mythical city of El Dorado; in the process the English plundered the Spanish settlement of Trinidad. Raleigh would, however, exaggerate the wealth found there upon his return to England. Supporting Raleigh with his expedition was another led by Amyas Preston and George Somers known as the Preston Somers expedition to South America, notable for a daring overland assault that saw the capture of Caracas. Many of the expeditions were financed by famed London merchants, the most notable of these being John Watts. An expedition Watts financed to Portuguese Brazil led by James Lancaster saw the capture and plunder of Recife and Olinda – which was highly profitable for both. In response to English privateering against their merchantmen, the Spanish monarchy struck back with the Dunkirkers devastating English shipping and fishing in the largely undefended seas around England. By far the most successful English privateer was Christopher Newport, who was backed financially by Watts. Newport set out in 1590 to raid the Spanish West Indies and in the ensuing fight saw the defeat of an armed Spanish convoy but Newport lost his right arm in the process. Despite this Newport continued the ventures – the blockade of Western Cuba in 1591 was the most successful English privateering venture made during the war, and then followed that with another successful expedition to Hispaniola and the Bay of Honduras the following year. Both Drake and Hawkins died of disease on the later 1595–96 expedition against Puerto Rico, Panama, and other targets in the Spanish Main, a severe setback in which the English suffered heavy losses in soldiers and ships despite a number of minor military victories. The battle of Bay of Cádiz in 1596 In August 1595, a Spanish naval force from Brittany led by Carlos de Amésquita landed in Cornwall, raiding and burning Penzance and several nearby villages. During the summer of 1596, an Anglo-Dutch expedition under Elizabeth's young favourite, the Earl of Essex, sacked Cádiz, causing significant loss to the Spanish fleet, leaving the city in ruins and delaying a projected descent on England. The allies were unable to capture the treasure, as the Spanish commander had time in order to torch the treasure ships in port, sending the treasure to the bottom of the harbour, from where it was later recovered. Despite its failure to capture the treasure fleet, the sack of Cádiz was celebrated as a national triumph comparable to the victory over the Spanish Armada, and for a time Essex's prestige rivalled Elizabeth's own. Instead of controlling and taxing its subjects, the English crown competed with them for private profit; it failed to succeed at this, as the great naval expeditions were on the whole unprofitable. The last of the great English naval expeditions took place in 1597, led by the Earl of Essex, known as the Islands Voyage. The objective was to destroy the Spanish fleet and intercept a treasure fleet in the Azores. Neither was achieved and the expedition ended in costly failure, and Essex on his return was scolded by the Queen for not protecting the English coast. While the war became a great drain on the English treasury, it proved to be profitable for a number of English privateers. In its final years, English privateering continued despite the strengthening of Spanish navy convoys – Cumberland's last expedition in 1598 to the Caribbean led to the capture of San Juan, and had succeeded where Drake had failed. Newport struck at Tobasco in 1599 while William Parker successfully raided Portobello in 1601. In 1603 Christopher Cleeve struck at Santiago de Cuba and in the last raid of the war Newport plundered Puerto Caballos. Finally, just days before the signing of the peace treaty in August 1604, future admiral Antonio de Oquendo defeated and captured an English privateer in the Gulf of Cádiz. By the end of the war, English privateering had devastated the Spanish private merchant marine. The most famous pirates lauded by English literature and propaganda tended to attack fishing vessels or boats of small value to the Spanish crown. Spanish prizes though were taken at an attritional rate; nearly 1,000 were captured by the war's end, and there was on average a declared value of approximately £100,000–£200,000 for every year of the war. In addition, for every Spanish prize brought back, another was either burned or scuttled, and the presence of so many English corsairs deterred some Spanish merchantmen from putting to sea. This resulted in much Spanish and Portuguese commerce being carried on Dutch and English ships, which in itself created competition. Nevertheless, throughout the war Spain's important treasure fleets were kept safe by their convoy system. Dutch Revolt (1598–1604) Further information: Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609 Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600 by Sebastiaen Vrancx In 1598, the Spanish under Francisco Mendoza retook Rheinberg and Meurs in a campaign known as the Spanish winter of 1598–99. Mendoza then attempted to take Bommelerwaard island but the Dutch and English under Maurice thwarted the attempt and defeated him at Zaltbommel. Mendoza retreated from the area and the defeat resulted in chaos in the Spanish army – mutinies took place and many deserted. The following year the Dutch senate led by Johan van Oldenbarneveldt saw the chaos in the Spanish army and decided the time was ripe for a focal point of the war to be concentrated in Catholic Flanders. Despite a bitter dispute between Maurice and van Oldenbarneveldt, the Dutch and a sizeable contingent of the English Army under Francis Vere reluctantly agreed. They used Ostend (still in Dutch hands) as a base to invade Flanders. Their aim was to conquer the privateer stronghold city of Dunkirk. In 1600 they advanced toward Dunkirk and the Anglo-Dutch inflicted a rare defeat in a pitched battle on the tercio-led Spanish army at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in which the English played a major part. Dunkirk was never attempted however as disputes in the Dutch command meant that taking Spanish-occupied cities in the rest of the Republic took priority. Maurice's force thus withdrew leaving Vere to command Ostend in the face of an imminent Spanish siege. With the siege of Ostend underway, Maurice then went on the offensive on the Rhine frontier in the summer of 1600. Rheinberg and Meurs were thus retaken from the Spanish yet again, although an attempt on s'Hertogenbosch failed during the winter months. At Ostend in January 1602 after being reinforced, Vere faced a huge Spanish frontal assault organised by the Archduke Albert and in bitter fighting this was repelled with heavy losses. Vere left the city soon after and joined Maurice in the field, while Albert, who drew much criticism from army commanders for his tactics, was replaced by the talented Ambrogio Spinola. The siege dragged on for another two years as the Spanish attempted to take Ostend's strongpoints in a costly war of attrition. Around the same time Maurice continued his campaign, Grave was retaken but Vere was severely wounded during the siege. An attempt by the Dutch and English to relieve Ostend took place in mid-1604 but the inland of port of Sluis was besieged and captured instead. Soon afterwards the Ostend garrison finally surrendered, after a siege of nearly four years and costing thousands of lives; for the Spanish, it was a pyrrhic victory. France Siege of Amiens in 1597 Normandy added a new front in the war and the threat of another invasion attempt across the channel. In 1590, the Spanish landed a considerable force in Brittany to assist the French Catholic League, expelling the English and Huguenot forces from much of the area. Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism in 1593 won him widespread French support for his claim to the throne, particularly in Paris (where he was crowned the following year), a city that he had unsuccessfully besieged in 1590. In 1594 Anglo-French forces were able to end Spanish hopes of using the large port of Brest as a launching point for an invasion of England by capturing Fort Crozon. The French Wars of Religion turned increasingly against the hardliners of the French Catholic League. With the signing of the Triple Alliance in 1596 between France, England, and the Dutch, Elizabeth sent a further 2,000 troops to France after the Spanish took Calais. In September 1597 Anglo-French forces under Henry retook Amiens, just six months after the Spanish took the city, bringing to a halt a string of Spanish victories. In fact, the first tentative talks on peace between the French and Spanish crowns had already begun before the battle and the League hardliners were already losing popular support throughout France to a resurgent Henry after his conversion to Roman Catholicism which was bolstered by his military successes. In addition, Spanish finances were at breaking point because of fighting wars in France, the Netherlands, and against England. Therefore, a deeply ill Philip decided to end his support for the League and to finally recognize the legitimacy of Henry's accession to the French throne. Without Spanish support, the last League hardliners were quickly defeated. In May 1598, the two kings signed the Peace of Vervins ending the last of the religious civil wars and the Spanish intervention with it. Ireland In 1594, the Nine Years' War in Ireland had begun, when Ulster lords Hugh O'Neill and Red Hugh O'Donnell rose up against English rule with fitful Spanish support, mirroring the English support of the Dutch rebellion. While English forces were containing the rebels in Ireland at great cost in men, general suffering, and finance, the Spanish attempted two further armadas, in 1596 and 1597: the first was shattered in a storm off northern Spain, and the second was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast. Philip II died in 1598, and his successor Philip III continued the war but with less enthusiasm. At the end of 1601, the Spanish sent a final armada north, this time a limited expedition intended to land troops in Ireland to assist the rebels. Only half the fleet arrived because of a storm that scattered it and that which did arrive landed far from Irish rebel forces. The Spanish entered the town of Kinsale with 3,000 troops and were immediately besieged by the English. In time, their Irish allies arrived to surround the besieging force but the lack of communication with the rebels led to an English victory at the Battle of Kinsale. The besieged Spanish accepted the proposed terms of surrender and returned home, while the Irish rebels hung on, surrendering in 1603, just after Elizabeth died. End of the war and treaty Further information: Treaty of London (1604) The Somerset House Conference between diplomats of England (right) and Spain (left) (painting) With the end of the war in France, Philip III sought peace with England as well. By 1598 the war had become long and costly for Spain. England and Dutch Republic too were war-weary and both sides felt the need for peace. However, in peace negotiations at Boulogne in 1600, Spanish demands were adamantly rejected by the English and Dutch. Nevertheless, diplomatic routes remained open between the Archduke of Austria and his wife Infanta Isabella (Philip's sister) who differed in their policies to Philip's. Philip wanted to preserve the hegemony of the Spanish empire, whilst the Archduke and Isabella sought peace and friendly relations. Soon after victory in Ireland the following year, the English navy under Richard Leveson conducted a blockade of Spain, the first of its kind. Off Portugal, they sailed into Sesimbra bay where a fleet of eight Spanish galleys under Federico Spinola (brother of Ambrogio) and Álvaro de Bazán were present. Spinola had already established his base at Sluis in Flanders and was gathering more with an intent on a potential strike against England. In June 1602 Leveson defeated the Spanish which resulted in two galleys sunk and the capture of a rich Portuguese carrack. Months later in the English channel Spinola's fleet gathered more galleys and sailed through the English channel once more but was defeated again by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron off the Dover straits. Spinola's remaining galleys eventually reached Sluis. The result of this action forced the Spanish to cease further naval operations against England for the remainder of the war. Spain's priority was no longer an invasion of England, but the fall of Ostend. After the death of Elizabeth in 1603, James I, became the new king of England. He was the Protestant son and successor to the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, whose execution had been a proximate cause of the war. James regarded himself as the peacemaker of Europe, and the ultimate aim of his idealistic foreign policy was the reunion of Christendom. James sought an end to the long and draining conflict, which Philip III also wanted. James ordered an end to further privateering, and in return Philip sent a Spanish-Flemish Commission headed by Juan de Tassis to London to explore the possibilities of ending the war. After nearly a year of negotiations, peace was signed between the nations on 28 August 1604, place at Somerset House in Westminster. The sieges of Ostend and Sluis were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns. Aftermath The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum; the terms were favourable both to Spain and England. For Spain the treaty secured her position as a leading power in the world. Spain's upgrading of the convoy system had allowed it to defend its treasure fleets and retain its New World colonies. English support for the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish king, the original cause of the war, ceased. The Spanish could then concentrate their efforts on the Dutch, in the hopes of bringing them to their knees. A complete abandonment of the Dutch cause, however, was not promised in the treaty. The English-held cautionary towns in Holland on the other hand were not surrendered despite Spanish demands. The sieges of Ostend and Sluis were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns. The Dutch by 1607 had in fact prevailed; the Spanish did not deliver their knock out blow they had hoped for and the Twelve Years' Truce effectively recognized the independence of the Republic. For England the treaty was a diplomatic triumph as well as an economic necessity. At the same time, the treaty was highly unpopular with the English public, many of whom considered it a humiliating peace. Many felt that James had abandoned England's ally, the Netherlands, in order to appease the Spanish crown and this damaged James's popularity. The treaty, however, made sure the Protestant reformation there had been protected, and James and his ministers refused the Spanish demand for Catholic toleration in England. After the defeat at Kinsale in 1602, the Treaty of Mellifont was concluded the following year between James I and the Irish rebels. In the subsequent London treaty Spain pledged not to support the rebels. The treaty was well received in Spain. Large public celebrations were held at Valladolid, the Spanish capital, where the treaty was ratified in June 1605, in the presence of a large English ambassadorial delegation led by Lord Admiral Charles Howard. Nevertheless, some members of the Catholic clergy criticized Philip III's willingness to sign a treaty with a "heretical power". The provisions of the treaty authorised merchants and warships of both nations to operate from each other's respective ports. English trade with the Spanish Netherlands (notably the city of Antwerp) and the Iberian peninsula was resumed. Spanish warships and privateers were able to use English ports as naval bases to attack Dutch shipping or to ferry troops to Flanders. The war had diverted Tudor colonial efforts, but the English who had invested in privateering expeditions during the war garnered enormous windfall profits, leaving them well placed to finance new ventures. As a result, the London Company was able to establish a settlement in Virginia in 1607. The establishment of the East India Company in 1600 was significant for the growth of England (and later Great Britain) as a colonial power. A factory was established at Banten, Java, in 1603 while the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly. While the incipient illegal trade with the Spanish colonies was brought to an end, there was deadlock over English demands for the right to trade in the East and West Indies, which Spain adamantly opposed. Eventually the complications resulted in the treaty avoiding any mention of the matter. For Spain there was hope that England would eventually secure tolerance for Catholics but the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 destroyed any possibility of this. The resulting anti-Catholic backlash following the discovery of the plot put to rest Protestant fears that a peace with Spain would ultimately mean an invasion by Jesuits and Catholic sympathisers, as the Elizabethan recusancy laws were rigidly enforced by Parliament. England and Spain remained at peace until 1625. See also Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30) European wars of religion Anglo-Nepal War Notes ^ a b c Hiram Morgan (September–October 2006). Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585–1604. Vol. 14. History Ireland. p. 43. ^ Penry Williams (1998). The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603. Oxford University Press. p. 382. ^ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. p. 21. ^ Rowse, A. L (1955). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 241. ISBN 978-1403908131. ^ Davenport, Frances Gardiner; & Paullin, Charles Oscar. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004 ISBN 1-58477-422-3, ISBN 978-1-58477-422-8 ^ O'Connor, Thomas (2016). Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137465900. ^ Tracey pp. 157–158 ^ Bicheno p. 180 ^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman, The Jamestown Project ^ Konstam pp. 76–77 ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 9. Macmillan. pp. 358–363. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ Hammer 2003 pp. 125–127 ^ Wilson 1981 pp. 282–284 ^ t' Hart pp. 21–22 ^ Wilson 1981 pp. 291–294 ^ Wilson 1981 pp. 294–295 ^ Pollen, John Hungerford (1907). "Spanish Armada" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing till the expedition should actually land in England. In this way, he was saved his million crowns, and spared the reproach of having taken futile proceedings against the heretic queen." ^ Hanson p. 379 ^ Parker & Martin p. 215 ^ Richard Holmes 2001, p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms, it was essentially indecisive." ^ "Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada". BBC Bitesize. ^ Wernham, R. B. (1988). The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589. Aldershot: Temple Smith for the Navy Records Society. p. 240. ISBN 0566055783. ^ Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque, Mariano (1995). Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596 (in Spanish). Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións. p. 94. ISBN 978-8445314630. ^ R. B. Wernham, "Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of 1589: Part II", English Historical Review 66/259 (April 1951), pp. 204–214 ^ a b Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-1350016996. ^ R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key. Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history (John Wiley and Sons, 2009). ISBN 978-1405162753 p. 145 ^ John Hampden Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents (Taylor & Francis, 1972). ISBN 978-0817357030 p. 254 ^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. III. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 51. ^ J. H. Elliott. La Europa dividida (1559–1598) (in Spanish) (Editorial Critica, 2002). ISBN 978-8484326694 p. 333 ^ a b Davies, Charles Maurice (1851). The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth. G. Willis. pp. 225–28. ^ a b Knight, Charles Raleigh (1905). Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment. Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, pp. 36–40 ^ Hadfield & Hammond p. 49 ^ Motley, John Lothrop. History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609. Vol. 3. p. 422. ^ Casaban Banaclocha, Jose L. (2017). The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons (Thesis). Texas A & M University. p. 45. hdl:1969.1/173235. ^ Monson, William (1902). The naval tracts of Sir William Monson (PDF). Vol. IV, bk. III. London: Printed for the Navy Records Society. pp. 73–74. ^ Andrews pp. 124–125 ^ a b Bicheno p. 320 ^ Andrews p. 73 ^ McCulloch, John Ramsay (1833). A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce. Baldwin and Cradock. p. 120. ^ Andrews p. 77 ^ Bicheno pp. 316–318 ^ Andrews pp. 167 & 186 ^ David Starkey, Elizabeth (Channel 4, 1999), Episode 4, "Gloriana". ^ Andrews p. 30 ^ Andrews pp. 177 ^ Bradley p. 131 ^ Estrada y Arnáiz, Rafael (1943). El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo (in Spanish). Espasa-Calpe. p. 32. ^ Andrews p. 226 ^ Chamorro, Germán Vázquez (2004). Mujeres piratas. Madrid: Algaba. ISBN 978-8496107267. ^ a b Hornsby & Hermann p. 17 ^ Bradley pp. 109–110 ^ Borman pp. 224–225 ^ Knight p. 49 ^ Edmundson pp. 102–103 ^ Watson & Thomson, Robert & William (1792). The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors. p. 154. ^ Ireland, William Henry (1824). Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign. Vol. 2. Harding, Triphook & Lepard. p. 266. ^ MacCaffrey pp. 226–230 ^ McCoog pp. 222–223 ^ Duerloo pp. 137–138 ^ a b Wernham pp.  400–401 ^ a b Beri, Emiliano (2018). "Spinola, Federico". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 93. Treccani. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ^ W. B. Patterson, King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998). ^ Rowse 1973, p. 413. ^ a b Allen pp. 142–143 ^ Douglas R. BurgessThe Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008, p. 29. ISBN 0-07-147476-5 ^ Channing, Edward: A history of the United States. Octagon Books, 1977, v. 1, p. 158. ISBN 0-374-91414-1 ^ a b c d e Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1137173386. ^ a b Fritze, Ronald H; Robison, William B (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 310. ISBN 978-0313283918. ^ Rowse, A. L (1973). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Cardinal Books. p. 413. ISBN 978-0351180644. ^ Israel (1995), pp. 399–405 ^ Phelan, John Leddy (1967). The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 88. ^ a b Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0197263303. ^ Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. p. 17. ISBN 978-0197263303. ^ Lothrop Motley, John (1867). History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4. p. 223. ^ Moseley, C. W. R. D. (2007). English Renaissance Drama: A Very Brief Introduction to Theatre and Theatres in Shakespeare's Time. Humanities. p. 90. ISBN 978-1847601834. ^ a b Pericot Garcia, Luis (1970). La Casa de Austria (siglos XVI y XVII) por La Ullon Cisneros y E. Camps Cazeria (in Spanish). Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones. p. 179. ^ Feros, Antonio (2002). El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305. ISBN 978-8495379399. ^ Otero Novas, José Manuel (2001). Fundamentalismos enmascarados (in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 153. ISBN 978-8434412248. ^ Herrero García, Miguel (1966). Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos (in Spanish). Gredos. p. 474. ^ Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1971). The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain. Basic Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0046526900. ^ Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2002). Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648 (in Spanish). Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. p. 108. ISBN 978-8484271550. ^ Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José (2015). Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus. p. 144. ISBN 978-8499676586. ^ Billings p. 3 ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. I. Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 1973. p. 499. ^ Hart, Jonathan (2008). Empires and Colonies Empires and Colonies. Polity. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0745626130. ^ Chaudhuri, K. N (1965). The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600–1640. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-0415190763. ^ Wernham pp. 333–334 ^ Allen p. 155 ^ Reed, Richard Burton (1970). Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 228–229. Further reading Allen, Paul C (2000). Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300076820. Andrews, Kenneth R (1964). Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering During the Spanish War, 1585–1603. Cambridge University Press, First Edition. ISBN 978-0521040327. Bradley, Peter T (2010). British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0773478664. Bormen, Tracey (1997). Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops. University of Hull. Charles Beem, The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I (2011) excerpt and text search Bicheno, Hugh (2012). Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas. Conway. ISBN 978-1844861743. Billings, Warren M, ed. (1975). The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0807812372. Duerloo, Luc (2012). Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598–1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1409443759. Peter Earle The Last Fight of the Revenge (London, 2004) ISBN 0-413-77484-8 Edmundson, George (2013). History of Holland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107660892. Graham, Winston (1972). The Spanish Armadas. Collins. ISBN 978-0002218429. Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1350016996. Hadfield, Andrew; Hammond, Paul, eds. (2014). Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe Arden Critical Companions. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1408143681. Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137173386. Hanson, Neil (2011). The Confident Hope Of A Miracle: The True History Of The Spanish Armada. Random House. ISBN 978-1446423226. Hornsby, Stephen; Hermann, Michael (2005). British Atlantic, American Frontier: Spaces of Power in Early Modern British America. UPNE. ISBN 978-1584654278. Jonathan I. Israel. Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries, and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713 (1997) 420pp Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873072-9. Konstam, Angus (2000). Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560–1605 (Elite). Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-015-5. MacCaffrey, Wallace T (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691036519. McCoog, Thomas M (2012). The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain's Monarchy. Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7. Parker, Geoffrey; Martin, Colin (1999). The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1901341140. 't Hart, Marjolein (2014). The Dutch Wars of Independence: Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands 1570–1680. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73422-6. Tracy, James D. (2006). Europe's Reformations, 1450–1650: Doctrine, Politics, and Community Critical Issues in World and International History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742579132. Wernham, R.B. (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820443-5. Wilson, Derek (1981). Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-10149-0. vteSpanish EmpireTimeline–immersed Catholic Monarchs Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific Treaty of Tordesillas Italian Wars Habsburgs Golden Age War of the League of Cognac Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman–Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Bruneian–Spanish conflict Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Piracy in the Caribbean Eighty Years' War Spanish–Moro conflict Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) Portuguese Restoration War War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne's War Bourbons Bourbon Reforms War of Jenkins' Ear Treaty of Madrid (1750) Seven Years' War Nootka Convention Napoleonic invasion Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Independence of Spanish continental Americas Adams–Onís Treaty Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish–American War German–Spanish Treaty (1899) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco Independence of Equatorial Guinea Western Sahara conflict TerritoriesEurope Spain Crown of Castille Crown of Aragon Union with Portugal Gibraltar Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia) Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France Franche-Comté Pyrénées-Orientales Asia Philippines Pacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau) Northern Taiwan Tidore North America New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico , Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean) Central America Captaincy General of Guatemala Cuba Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Trinidad Jamaica Haiti Aruba Curazao Bonaire Belize South America New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile) Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas) Africa Equatorial Guinea Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby) Antarctica Terra Australis Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces Trial of residence School of Salamanca Administrative subdivisionsViceroyalties Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Spain New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo EconomyCurrencies Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires MilitaryArmies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Ships of the line Royalists Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Blas de Lezo Bernardo de Gálvez Mariners Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Luis Fajardo Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor García López de Cárdenas Notable battlesOld WorldWon Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan New WorldWon Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante Spanish conquests Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican Codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Tapada limeña Academia Antártica Colonial universities in Hispanic America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Mustang Castas Criollos in the colonial society Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others) Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 Authority control databases: National Spain Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_Wars_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Main"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"French rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png"},{"link_name":"Irish rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War#Confederation_of_Irish_Lords"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dutch rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Bazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Martín de Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Padilla_y_Manrique,_1st_Count_of_Santa_Gadea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Count of Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Henriquez_de_Acevedo,_Count_of_Fuentes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Duke of Medina Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Duke of Mayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png"},{"link_name":"Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"James I/VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Francis Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"John Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Robert Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Charles Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Francis Vere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Vere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Charles Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Maurice of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prior of Crato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casualties-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"San Juan de Ulúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)"},{"link_name":"Drake's 1572-73 expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573"},{"link_name":"Drake's circumnavigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"São Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine"},{"link_name":"Cavendish's circumnavigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"Spanish West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola · Bay of Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition"},{"link_name":"1st Puerto Caballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Puerto_Caballos_(1594)"},{"link_name":"San Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_San_Mateo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Trinidad · Orinoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition"},{"link_name":"La Guaira · Caracas · Coro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston%E2%80%93Somers_expedition"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)"},{"link_name":"1st San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama"},{"link_name":"Pinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos"},{"link_name":"2nd San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)"},{"link_name":"Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)"},{"link_name":"Portobello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)"},{"link_name":"2nd Puerto Caballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)"},{"link_name":"Vila Franca do Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo"},{"link_name":"Terceira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_(1585)"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)"},{"link_name":"1st Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589"},{"link_name":"1st Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)"},{"link_name":"2nd Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)"},{"link_name":"Faial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_Faial"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas"},{"link_name":"2nd Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_Voyage"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)"},{"link_name":"Pantelleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pantelleria_(1586)"},{"link_name":"1st Cádiz ·Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada (1st Calais · Gravelines)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"English Armada (Corunna · Lisbon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"Bayona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)"},{"link_name":"1st Gibraltar Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1590)"},{"link_name":"2nd Gibraltar Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Berlengas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlengas_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Barbary Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barbary_Coast"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay_(1592)"},{"link_name":"Mount's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cawsand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Cawsand"},{"link_name":"2nd Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Cape Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Cornwall · West Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Sesimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay"},{"link_name":"Dover Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)"},{"link_name":"Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Goes"},{"link_name":"Middelburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"1st Geertruidenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden"},{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)"},{"link_name":"Valkenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)"},{"link_name":"Schoonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)"},{"link_name":"Gembloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)"},{"link_name":"Rijmenam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam_(1578)"},{"link_name":"Borgerhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen"},{"link_name":"1st Steenwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)"},{"link_name":"Kollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum"},{"link_name":"Noordhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn"},{"link_name":"Niezijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl"},{"link_name":"Lochem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)"},{"link_name":"Lier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)"},{"link_name":"Steenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)"},{"link_name":"Aalst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord"},{"link_name":"1st Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)"},{"link_name":"Venlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)"},{"link_name":"Axel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Axel"},{"link_name":"1st Rheinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)"},{"link_name":"1st Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen"},{"link_name":"1st Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)"},{"link_name":"Bergen op Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)"},{"link_name":"2nd Geertruidenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)"},{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)"},{"link_name":"2nd Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Deventer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Delfzijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl"},{"link_name":"Knodsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg"},{"link_name":"1st Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"2nd Steenwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)"},{"link_name":"1st Coevorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)"},{"link_name":"3rd Geertruidenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)"},{"link_name":"2nd Coevorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)"},{"link_name":"Huy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)"},{"link_name":"1st Groenlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe"},{"link_name":"2nd Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)"},{"link_name":"Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)"},{"link_name":"2nd Rheinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Meurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)"},{"link_name":"2nd Groenlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Bredevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Enschede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Ootmarsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum"},{"link_name":"Oldenzaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Schenckenschans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)"},{"link_name":"Zaltbommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel"},{"link_name":"Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)"},{"link_name":"San Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)"},{"link_name":"Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort"},{"link_name":"3rd Rheinberg · 2nd Meurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend"},{"link_name":"'s-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)"},{"link_name":"2nd Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten#Mutiny_&_siege"},{"link_name":"Ardenburg · Oostberg · 2nd Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)"},{"link_name":"Arques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arques"},{"link_name":"Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Château-Laudran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Laudran"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)"},{"link_name":"Caudebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec"},{"link_name":"Craon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Craon"},{"link_name":"Blaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blaye"},{"link_name":"Morlaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)"},{"link_name":"Crozon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon"},{"link_name":"2nd Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Carrigafoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Carrigafoyle_Castle"},{"link_name":"Smerwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick"},{"link_name":"Irish West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale"},{"link_name":"Castlehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_wars"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"1585–1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1625–1630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)"},{"link_name":"1654–1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)"},{"link_name":"1662–1668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War"},{"link_name":"1702–1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"1718–1720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance"},{"link_name":"1727–1729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727%E2%80%931729)"},{"link_name":"1739–1748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear"},{"link_name":"1762–1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)"},{"link_name":"1779–1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1779%E2%80%931783)"},{"link_name":"1796–1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)"},{"link_name":"1804–1808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)"},{"link_name":"1815–1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"1833–1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Carlist_War"},{"link_name":"a series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_England"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_standard_of_England_(1406%E2%80%931603).svg"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"link_name":"War of the League of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Four Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%9326"},{"link_name":"War of 1542–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346"},{"link_name":"Habsburg–Valois War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%9359"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Scottish Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars"},{"link_name":"Flodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden"},{"link_name":"Hornshole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hornshole"},{"link_name":"Haddon Rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig"},{"link_name":"Solway Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss"},{"link_name":"Rough Wooing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Wooing"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leith"},{"link_name":"Redeswire Fray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_of_the_Redeswire"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wars_of_religion#Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Prayer Book Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cornish Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497"},{"link_name":"Desmond Rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wars_of_Tudor_England"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_Tudor_England"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_Tudor_England"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Kingdom of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"English Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"2nd Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"3rd Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"privateering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"in France in the 1590s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion#War_with_Spain_(1595%E2%80%931598)"},{"link_name":"Ireland from 1601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"campaign in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort"},{"link_name":"Siege of Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London (1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For other conflicts, see Anglo-Spanish War.Anglo-Spanish WarPart of the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish WarsEnglish ships and the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588, unknown artistDate1585–1604LocationAtlantic Ocean, British Isles, Low Countries, France, Spain, Spanish Main, Portugal, Azores, and Canary IslandsResult\nStatus quo ante bellum[1]\n\nTreaty of LondonBelligerents\n Spain Portugal Spanish Netherlands French rebels Irish rebels Order of Saint John\n England Ireland Dutch rebels France Portuguese rebels Scotland (1603)Commanders and leaders\n Philip II # Philip III Álvaro de Bazán Alexander Farnese Martín de Padilla Count of Fuentes Duke of Medina Sidonia Duke of Mayenne Duke of Braganza Earl of Tyrone\n Elizabeth I # James I/VI Francis Drake † John Hawkins † Robert Dudley Charles Howard Francis Vere Charles Blount Maurice of Nassau Henry IV of France Prior of CratoStrength\nUnknown\n105,800 English soldiers and sailors (1588–1603)[2]Casualties and losses\nUnknown\n88,285 English dead[3]vteAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)\nCaribbean and South America\nSan Juan de Ulúa\nDrake's 1572-73 expedition\nDrake's circumnavigation\nSão Vicente\nSanto Domingo\nCartagena\nSt. Augustine\nCavendish's circumnavigation\nSpanish West Indies\nHavana\nHispaniola · Bay of Honduras\n1st Puerto Caballos\nSan Mateo\nRecife\nTrinidad · Orinoco\nLa Guaira · Caracas · Coro\nGuadalupe\n1st San Juan\nPanama\nPinos\n2nd San Juan\nTabasco\nPortobello\n2nd Puerto Caballos\nSantiago de Cuba\nAtlantic\nVila Franca do Campo\nTerceira\nNewfoundland\nBermuda\nSantiago\n1st Azores\n1st Flores\n2nd Flores\nFaial\nLas Palmas\n2nd Azores\nEuropean waters\nScheldt\nPantelleria\n1st Cádiz ·Algarve\nSpanish Armada (1st Calais · Gravelines)\nEnglish Armada (Corunna · Lisbon)\nBayona\n1st Gibraltar Strait\n2nd Gibraltar Strait\nBerlengas\nGulf of Almería\nBarbary Coast\nBay of Biscay\nMount's Bay\nCawsand\n2nd Cádiz\nCape Finisterre\nCornwall · West Wales\nSesimbra\nDover Strait\nGulf of Cádiz\nLow Countries and Germany\nMons\nGoes\nMiddelburg\nHaarlem\n1st Geertruidenberg\nLeiden\nDelft\nValkenburg\nSchoonhoven\nGembloux\nRijmenam\nBorgerhout\nMechelen\n1st Steenwijk\nKollum\nNoordhorn\nNiezijl\nLochem\nLier\nEindhoven\nSteenbergen\nAalst\nAntwerp\nArnhem\n1st Grave\nVenlo\nAxel\n1st Rheinberg\n1st Zutphen\n1st Sluis\nBergen op Zoom\n2nd Geertruidenberg\nBreda\n2nd Zutphen\nDeventer\nDelfzijl\nKnodsenburg\n1st Hulst\nNijmegen\n2nd Steenwijk\n1st Coevorden\n3rd Geertruidenberg\n2nd Coevorden\nGroningen\nHuy\n1st Groenlo\nLippe\n2nd Hulst\nTurnhout\n2nd Rheinberg\nMeurs\n2nd Groenlo\nBredevoort\nEnschede\nOotmarsum\nOldenzaal\nLingen\nSchenckenschans\nZaltbommel\nRees\nSan Andreas\nNieuwpoort\n3rd Rheinberg · 2nd Meurs\nOstend\n's-Hertogenbosch\n2nd Grave\nHoogstraten\nArdenburg · Oostberg · 2nd Sluis\nFrance\nArques\nIvry\nParis\nChâteau-Laudran\nRouen\nCaudebec\nCraon\nBlaye\nMorlaix\nCrozon\n2nd Calais\nAmiens\nIreland\nCarrigafoyle\nSmerwick\nIrish West Coast\nKinsale\nCastlehaven\n\nvteAnglo-Spanish wars\n1585–1604\n1625–1630\n1654–1660\n1662–1668\n1702–1713\n1718–1720\n1727–1729\n1739–1748\n1762–1763\n1779–1783\n1796–1802\n1804–1808\n1815–1832\n1833–1840\n\nPart of a series on the\n\nWars of Tudor England\n\nItalian Wars\nWar of the League of Cambrai\nFour Years' War\nWar of 1542–46\nHabsburg–Valois War\n\nAnglo-Scottish Wars\nFlodden\nHornshole\nHaddon Rig\nSolway Moss\nRough Wooing\nLeith\nRedeswire Fray\n\nReformation\nPrayer Book Rebellion\nNine Years' War\nEighty Years' War\nAnglo-Spanish War\n\nOther conflicts\nCornish Rebellion\nDesmond Rebellions\nvteThe Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared.[4] It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule.In large-scale campaigns, the English repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, whilst Spain repelled the English Armada. The 2nd Spanish Armada in 1596 and the 3rd Spanish Armada in 1597 likewise ended in failure. The war included much English privateering against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. The war dragged on towards the end of the sixteenth century; England and Spain intervened in France in the 1590s and in Ireland from 1601. The campaign in the Netherlands continued which saw a Spanish veteran force defeated by the Anglo-Dutch at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600. This was followed a year later by the costly three year Siege of Ostend which Spain eventually seized.The war was brought to an end with the Treaty of London (1604), negotiated between Philip III of Spain and the new king of England, James I. In the treaty, England and Spain restored the status quo ante bellum, agreed to cease their military interventions in the Netherlands and Ireland respectively, and resumed trade; the English ended their high seas privateering and the Spanish recognized James as king.[5][6]","title":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"open rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Act of Supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"John Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"Francis Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake"},{"link_name":"Battle of San Juan de Ulúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"privateering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateering"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"circumnavigated the globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_Circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"Nuestra Señora de la Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Portuguese succession crisis of 1580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580"},{"link_name":"António, Prior of Crato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"in his struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession"},{"link_name":"Portuguese throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Catholic rebellion in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Catholic League of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"fighting for independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Prince of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"capture of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nonsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch"},{"link_name":"Cautionary Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cautionary_Towns"}],"text":"In the 1560s, Philip II of Spain was faced with increasing religious disturbances as Protestantism gained adherents in his domains in the Low Countries. As a defender of the Catholic Church, he sought to suppress the rising Protestant movement in his territories, which eventually exploded into open rebellion in 1566. Meanwhile, relations with the regime of Elizabeth I of England continued to deteriorate, following her restoration of royal supremacy over the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy in 1559; this had been first instituted by her father Henry VIII and rescinded by her sister Mary I, Philip's wife. The Act was considered by Catholics as a usurpation of papal authority. Calls by leading English Protestants to support the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip increased tensions further as did the Catholic-Protestant disturbances in France, which saw both sides supporting the opposing French factions.Complicating matters were commercial disputes. The activities of English sailors, begun by Sir John Hawkins in 1562, gained the tacit support of Elizabeth, even though the Spanish government complained that Hawkins's trade with their colonies in the West Indies constituted smuggling. In September 1568, a slaving expedition led by Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake was surprised by the Spanish, and several ships were captured or sunk at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz in New Spain. This engagement soured Anglo-Spanish relations and in the following year the English detained several treasure ships sent by the Spanish to supply their army in the Netherlands. Drake and Hawkins intensified their privateering as a way to break the Spanish monopoly on Atlantic trade. Francis Drake went on a privateering voyage where he eventually circumnavigated the globe between 1577 and 1580. Spanish colonial ports were plundered and a number of ships were captured including the treasure galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción. When news of his exploits reached Europe, Elizabeth's relations with Philip continued to deteriorate.Soon after the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, English support was provided to António, Prior of Crato who then fought in his struggle with Philip II for the Portuguese throne. Philip in return began to support the Catholic rebellion in Ireland against Elizabeth's religious reforms. Both Philip's and Elizabeth's attempts to support opposing factions were defeated.In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France to defeat the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion. In the Spanish Netherlands, England had secretly supported the side of the Dutch Protestant United Provinces, who were fighting for independence from Spain. In 1584, the Prince of Orange had been assassinated, leaving a sense of alarm as well as a political vacuum. The following year was a further blow to the Dutch with the capture of Antwerp by Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma. The Dutch rebels sought help from England, which Elizabeth agreed to as she feared that a Spanish reconquest there would threaten England.[7] The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed as a result – Elizabeth agreed to provide the Dutch with men, horses, and subsidies but she declined overall sovereignty. In return, the Dutch handed over three Cautionary Towns which were garrisoned by English troops. Philip took this to be an open declaration of war against his rule in the Netherlands.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Company"},{"link_name":"privy council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England"},{"link_name":"a campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Grand Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bicheno-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War#Secession_and_reconquest_(1579%E2%80%931588)"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony"},{"link_name":"Ralph Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lane"},{"link_name":"Francis Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"Spanish New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"preemptive strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_strike"},{"link_name":"captured and sacked Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)"},{"link_name":"same at Cartagena de Indias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)"},{"link_name":"to raid St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Konstam-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"raid Spanish settlements in South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Anglo-Spanish War broke out in 1585, following the seizure of English merchant ships in Spanish harbors. In response the English privy council immediately authorised a campaign against the Spanish fishing industry in Newfoundland and off the Grand Banks.[8] The campaign was a huge success, and subsequently led to England's first sustained activity in the Americas.[9] In August, England joined the Eighty Years' War on the side of the Dutch Protestant United Provinces, which had declared their independence from Spain. In that same year, the English established their first New World settlement, the short lived Roanoke Colony established by Ralph Lane.The Queen through Francis Walsingham ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish New World in a kind of preemptive strike. Drake sailed in October to the West Indies, and in January 1586 captured and sacked Santo Domingo. The following month they did the same at Cartagena de Indias and in May sailed North to raid St. Augustine in Florida. When Drake arrived in England in July he became a national hero. In Spain however, the news was a disaster and this now further buoyed a Spanish invasion of England by King Philip.[10] Thomas Cavendish meanwhile set out with three ships on 21 July 1586 to raid Spanish settlements in South America. Cavendish raided three Spanish settlements and captured or burned thirteen ships. Among these was a rich 600 ton treasure galleon Santa Ana, the biggest treasure haul that ever fell into English hands. Cavendish circumnavigated the globe returning to England on 9 September 1588.[11]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_(1586).jpg"},{"link_name":"Siege of Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)"},{"link_name":"Robert Dudley, The Earl of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"John Norreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"siege of Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"taking Axel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Axel"},{"link_name":"Doesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doesburg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t'_Hart-14"},{"link_name":"Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutphen"},{"link_name":"was defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen"},{"link_name":"Philip Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Deventer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deventer"},{"link_name":"turncoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turncoat"},{"link_name":"William Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_(Elizabethan)"},{"link_name":"Rowland York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_York"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluis"},{"link_name":"was besieged and taken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Maurice of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"stadtholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"},{"link_name":"Peregrine Bertie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_13th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby"}],"sub_title":"Dutch Revolt (1585–1587)","text":"Siege of Grave in 1586Robert Dudley, The Earl of Leicester was sent to the United Provinces in 1585 with a dignitary party and took the offered governorship of the United Provinces. This, however, was met with fury from Elizabeth, who had expressed no desire for any sovereignty over the Dutch. An English mercenary army had been present since the beginning of the war and was then under the command of veteran Sir John Norreys. They combined forces but were undermanned and under-financed, and faced one of the most powerful armies in Europe led by the famed Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.[12]During the siege of Grave the following year, Dudley attempted its relief, but the Dutch garrison commander Hadewij van Hemert surrendered the town to the Spanish. Dudley was furious on hearing of Grave's sudden loss and had van Hemert executed, which shocked the Dutch.[13] The English force then had some successes, taking Axel in July and Doesburg the following month. Dudley's poor diplomacy with the Dutch, however, made matters worse. His political base weakened and so too did the military situation.[14] Outside Zutphen an English force was defeated and notable poet Philip Sidney mortally wounded, which was a huge blow to English morale. Zutphen itself and Deventer were betrayed by Catholic turncoats William Stanley and Rowland York, which further damaged Leicester's reputation. Finally Sluis with a largely English garrison was besieged and taken by the Duke of Parma in June 1587, after the Dutch refused to help in the relief. This resulted in mutual recriminations between Leicester and the States.[15]Leicester soon realised how dire his situation was and asked to be recalled. He resigned his post as governor – his tenure had been a military and political failure, and as a result, he was financially ruined.[16] After Leicester's departure, the Dutch elected the Prince of Orange's son Count Maurice of Nassau as the stadtholder and governor. At the same time Peregrine Bertie took over English forces in the Netherlands.","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"burned 37 Spanish ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Duke of Medina Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson-18"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gravelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada#Battle_of_Gravelines"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParkerMartin-19"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes_2001,_p._858.-20"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"He blew with His winds, and they were scattered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_blew_with_His_winds,_and_they_were_scattered"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_batalla_de_Gravelinas,_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Medina Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Sotomayor,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia"}],"sub_title":"Spanish Armada","text":"On 8 February 1587, the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots outraged Catholics in Europe. In retaliation for the execution of Mary, Philip vowed to invade England to place a Catholic monarch on its throne. In April 1587 Philip's preparations suffered a setback when Francis Drake burned 37 Spanish ships in the harbour of Cádiz, and as a result the invasion of England had to be postponed for over a year.On 29 July, Philip obtained Papal authority to overthrow Elizabeth, who had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V, and place whomever he chose on the throne of England. He assembled a fleet of about 130 ships, containing 8,050 sailors, 18,973 soldiers, and 2,088 rowers. To finance this endeavour, Pope Sixtus V had permitted Philip to collect crusade taxes. Sixtus had promised a further subsidy to the Spanish should they reach English soil.[17]On 28 May 1588, the Armada, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, set sail for the Netherlands, where it was to pick up additional troops for the invasion of England. As the armada sailed through the English Channel, the English navy, led by Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, and Francis Drake, fought a battle of attrition with the Spanish from Plymouth to Portland and then to the Solent, preventing them from securing any English harbours.[18] The Spanish were forced to withdraw to Calais. While the Spanish were at anchor there in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, the English used fireships to break the formation and scatter the Spanish ships. In the subsequent Battle of Gravelines the English navy attacked the Armada and forced it to sail northward in more dangerous stormy waters on the long way home. As they sailed around Scotland, the Armada suffered severe damage and loss of life from stormy weather. As they approached the West coast of Ireland more damaging stormy conditions forced ships ashore while others were wrecked. Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port.[19]Philip's invasion plans had miscarried partly because of unfortunate weather and his own mismanagement, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed. The failure of the Armada provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners. While the English were able to persist in their privateering against the Spanish and continue sending troops to assist Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and France, these efforts brought few tangible rewards.[20] One of the most important effects of the event was that the Armada's failure was seen as a sign that God supported the Protestant Reformation in England. One of the medals struck to celebrate the English victory bore the Latin/Hebrew inscription Flavit יהוה et dissipati sunt (literally: \"Yahweh blew and they were scattered\"; traditionally translated more freely as: \"He blew with His winds, and they were scattered\").The Battle of Gravelines, 8 August 1558,[21][better source needed] by Nicholas Hilliard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe flagship of the Duke of Medina Sidonia: the San Martin is attacked off the coast of Dover from port side by the English Rainbow and from starboard by the Dutch Gouden Leeuw, Dover, 8 August 1588","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_contraarmada.svg"},{"link_name":"John Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Dom António, Prior of Crato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Spanish treasure fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet"},{"link_name":"joint stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stock_company"},{"link_name":"Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigo"},{"link_name":"archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Porto Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Santo_Island"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"zabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabra"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"base of operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Blavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blavet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"English Armada","text":"Map of the English Armada campaignsAn English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norris was prepared in 1589 with three tasks:Destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in Santander, A Coruña, and San Sebastián in northern Spain.\nMake a landing at Lisbon, Portugal and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender Dom António, Prior of Crato to the Portuguese throne.\nTake the Azores if possible so as to establish a permanent base and capture the incoming Spanish treasure fleet.Because this mission was floated as a joint stock company, Drake had investors to satisfy, so, rather than adhere to the Queen's orders, he bypassed Santander in favor of seeking plunder, booty and financial rewards. He started by making a surprise landing at Coruña on 4 May where the lower town was captured and plundered, and a number of merchant ships were seized. Norris then won a modest victory over a Spanish relief militia force at Puente del Burgo. When the English pressed the attack on the citadel, however, they were repulsed with heavy casualties. In addition, a number of English ships were captured by Spanish naval forces.Two-weeks later, having failed to capture Coruña, the English departed and sailed towards Lisbon landing on 26 May, but owing to poor organisation (they had very few siege guns), lack of co-ordination and starvation the invading force also failed to take Lisbon. The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialized. With Portuguese and Spanish reinforcements arriving the English were forced to retreat and sailed North, tossing the dead overboard by the hundred along the way, where Drake sacked and burned Vigo. Young William Fenner who had come from England with 17 supply ships commanded by Captain Cross was separated from the fleet after a storm and found himself heading toward the archipelago of Madeira, ultimately anchoring in Porto Santo where, the next day, seven more English vessels joined him. They took the island and resupplied themselves over the next two days. Unable to find the rest of the fleet, they set sail for England.[22] Drake attempted to sail towards the Azores but could not tack against the prevailing wind. In the face of increasing sickness and deaths, he abandoned the venture and limped back to Plymouth with Captain Diego de Aramburu's flotilla of zabras harassing him nearly the entire way.[23][24]None of the objectives were achieved[25][26][27][28] and the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish navy was lost. The expedition depleted the financial resources of England's treasury, which had been carefully restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I, and its failure was so embarrassing that, even today, England barely acknowledges it ever happened.[25] Through this lost opportunity, Philip was able to revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to Brittany where they established a base of operations on the Blavet river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades.[29]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer,_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_(Aert_Meuris).jpg"},{"link_name":"Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Bergen op Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom"},{"link_name":"besiege the English-held town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)"},{"link_name":"ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-30"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Francis Vere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Vere"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight-31"},{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"successful surprise assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Ten Glorious Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)"},{"link_name":"retook Zutphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Deventer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)"},{"link_name":"at Knodsenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg"},{"link_name":"Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"Geertruidenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)"},{"link_name":"Steenwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)"},{"link_name":"Coevorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight-31"},{"link_name":"Francisco Verdugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo"},{"link_name":"ended in failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)"},{"link_name":"capture of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HadHam-32"},{"link_name":"Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twente"},{"link_name":"Huy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy"},{"link_name":"its fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)"},{"link_name":"take Grol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Mondragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Mondrag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Rheinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinberg"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"recaptured Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-30"},{"link_name":"Battle of Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Earl of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"siege of Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens"},{"link_name":"Rhienberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Greonlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Bredevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Enschede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Ootsmarsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum"},{"link_name":"Oldenzaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Lingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Dutch Revolt (1588–1598)","text":"Further information: Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)Sir Francis Vere, commander of Elizabeth's forces in the Low Countries between 1589 and 1604Soon after the defeat of the Armada, the Duke of Parma's force stood down from the invasion. In the autumn Parma moved his force North towards Bergen op Zoom and then attempted to besiege the English-held town with a substantial force. The English in a ruse however managed to repel the Spanish and forced Parma's retreat with heavy losses which boosted both Dutch and English morale.[30] The following year Bertie, under orders from Elizabeth I, left for France with a force to help the Protestants in their fight against the Catholic League. Sir Francis Vere assumed command of English forces thereafter – a position he retained during fifteen campaigns, with almost unbroken success.[31]In 1590 an Anglo-Dutch force under Maurice and Vere respectively launched a campaign with the aim of taking Breda. In a remarkable feat, a small assault force hid in a peat barge before a successful surprise assault that captured the city. With Spanish forces in France supporting the Catholic League as well as in the Low Countries, Maurice was able to take advantage, and thus started a gradual reconquest of the Netherlands, which became known by the Dutch as the \"Ten Glorious Years\". Soon after Breda the Anglo-Dutch retook Zutphen and Deventer which restored English prestige after their earlier betrayals. After defeating the Spanish under the Duke of Parma at Knodsenberg in 1591 a new confidence in the army took shape. English troops by this time composed nearly half of the Dutch army. The reconquest continued with Hulst, Nijmegen, Geertruidenberg, Steenwijk, and Coevorden all being taken within the next two years.[31] In 1593 a Spanish attempt led by Francisco Verdugo to recapture Coevorden ended in failure when the Anglo-Dutch under Maurice and Vere relieved the place during the spring of 1594. Finally, the capture of Groningen in the summer of 1594 resulted in the Spanish army being forced out of the northern provinces which led to the complete restoration of the seven provinces.[32]After these successes, Elizabeth could view the high confidence in the army and renewed the treaty with the States in 1595. English troops having been given high praise by the Dutch were kept at around 4,000 men. They were to be paid for by the States and the Queen would also be repaid on the Crown's expenses in instalments until a conclusion of peace was made.In 1595, Maurice's campaign was resumed to retake the cities of the Twente region from the Spanish. This was delayed after Huy was besieged in March but Maurice was unable to prevent its fall. When Maurice did go on the offensive an attempt to take Grol in July ended in failure when a Spanish force under 90-year-old veteran Cristóbal de Mondragón relieved the city. Maurice then tried to make an attempt on the city of Rheinberg in September but Mondragon defeated this move at the Battle of the Lippe. Maurice was then forced to cancel further planned offensives as the bulk of his English and Scots troops were withdrawn to take part in the attack on Cadiz. Under their new commander, the Archduke of Austria, the Spanish took advantage of this lull and recaptured Hulst the following year which led to a prolonged stalemate in the campaign and delayed the reconquest.[30]By 1597, Spanish bankruptcy and the war in France gave the Anglo-Dutch an advantage. At the Battle of Turnhout a Spanish force was surprised and routed; Vere and the Earl of Leicester particularly distinguished themselves. With the Spanish distracted by the siege of Amiens in France, Maurice launched an offensive in the summer. This time both Rhienberg and Greonlo were taken by the Dutch. This was followed by the capture of Bredevoort, Enschede, Ootsmarsum, Oldenzaal, and finally Lingen by the end of the year. The offensive's success meant that most of the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands had been recaptured by the Dutch Republic and a significant barrier had been created along the Rhine river.[33]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brittany Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Campaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Coast"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Vinaroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaroz"},{"link_name":"naval base in Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Campaign"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)"},{"link_name":"HMS Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_(1577)"},{"link_name":"Richard Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenville"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sea Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews124-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bicheno320-37"},{"link_name":"Earl of Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Azores Voyage in 1589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589"},{"link_name":"Spanish galleys off Berlengas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlengas_Islands"},{"link_name":"Martin Frobisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frobisher"},{"link_name":"Flores island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)"},{"link_name":"captured a large Portuguese carrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)"},{"link_name":"Madre de Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_de_Deus"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Bazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Baz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews73-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"an expedition to explore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Orinoco river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_river"},{"link_name":"El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado"},{"link_name":"George Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Somers"},{"link_name":"Preston Somers expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Somers_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"John Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watts_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Brazil"},{"link_name":"James Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"capture and plunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Olinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olinda"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews77-40"},{"link_name":"Dunkirkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirkers"},{"link_name":"Christopher Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bicheno316-41"},{"link_name":"the ensuing fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition"},{"link_name":"blockade of Western Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba"},{"link_name":"another successful expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition"},{"link_name":"Bay of Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews167-42"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama"},{"link_name":"Spanish Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Main"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz,_1596,_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Carlos de Amésquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_de_Am%C3%A9squita"},{"link_name":"landed in Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay"},{"link_name":"Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"sacked Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews30-44"},{"link_name":"Islands Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_Voyage"},{"link_name":"capture of San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)"},{"link_name":"Tobasco in 1599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)"},{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker_(privateer)"},{"link_name":"raided Portobello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews177-45"},{"link_name":"struck at Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)"},{"link_name":"plundered Puerto Caballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradley131-46"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Oquendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Oquendo"},{"link_name":"English privateer in the Gulf of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews226-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hornsby/Hermann17-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradley-51"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bicheno320-37"},{"link_name":"treasure fleets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-1"}],"sub_title":"Naval war and privateering","text":"Further information: Brittany CampaignThe Last Fight of the Revenge, off Flores, in the Azores, 1591In November, 1588, Philip II ordered the construction of 21 new galleons, all of them large.[34] 12 of them were built in Cantabrian ports and stood out due to their number and the names they received; they were known as \"the twelve apostles\".[35] In addition, 6 were made in Portugal, 2 in Gibraltar and 1 in Vinaroz; all of them entered service in a very short space of time. Philip then established a naval base in Brittany which threatened England and allowed for a sophisticated convoy system and improved intelligence network which frustrated English naval attempts on the Spanish treasure fleet during the 1590s. This was best demonstrated by the repulse of the squadron that was led by Effingham in 1591 near the Azores, who had intended to ambush the treasure fleet. It was in this battle that the Spanish captured the English flagship, HMS Revenge, after a stubborn resistance by its captain, Sir Richard Grenville. Throughout the 1590s, enormous convoy escorts enabled the Spanish to ship three times as much silver as in the previous decade.[citation needed]English merchant privateers or corsairs known as Elizabeth's \"Sea Dogs\" enjoyed more qualified success, however.[36] In the three years after the Spanish Armada was defeated, more than 300 prizes were taken from the Spanish with a declared total value of well over £400,000.[37] English courtiers provided money for their own expeditions as well as others, and even Elizabeth herself would make investments. The Earl of Cumberland made a number of expeditions and a few did yield profit – his first being the Azores Voyage in 1589. Others failed however due to bad weather and his 1591 voyage ended in defeat with Spanish galleys off Berlengas. Cumberland with Sir Walter Raleigh and Martin Frobisher combined financial strength and force that led to the most successful English naval expedition of the war. Off Flores island in 1592, the English fleet captured a large Portuguese carrack, the Madre de Deus, and outwitted a Spanish fleet led by Alonso de Bazán. The expedition's reward equalled nearly half the size of the Kingdom of England's royal annual revenue and yielded Elizabeth a 20-fold return on her investment.[38] These riches gave the English an excited enthusiasm to engage in this opulent commerce.[39] Raleigh himself in 1595 went on an expedition to explore the Orinoco river in an attempt to find the mythical city of El Dorado; in the process the English plundered the Spanish settlement of Trinidad. Raleigh would, however, exaggerate the wealth found there upon his return to England. Supporting Raleigh with his expedition was another led by Amyas Preston and George Somers known as the Preston Somers expedition to South America, notable for a daring overland assault that saw the capture of Caracas.Many of the expeditions were financed by famed London merchants, the most notable of these being John Watts. An expedition Watts financed to Portuguese Brazil led by James Lancaster saw the capture and plunder of Recife and Olinda – which was highly profitable for both.[40] In response to English privateering against their merchantmen, the Spanish monarchy struck back with the Dunkirkers devastating English shipping and fishing in the largely undefended seas around England.By far the most successful English privateer was Christopher Newport, who was backed financially by Watts.[41] Newport set out in 1590 to raid the Spanish West Indies and in the ensuing fight saw the defeat of an armed Spanish convoy but Newport lost his right arm in the process. Despite this Newport continued the ventures – the blockade of Western Cuba in 1591 was the most successful English privateering venture made during the war, and then followed that with another successful expedition to Hispaniola and the Bay of Honduras the following year.[42] Both Drake and Hawkins died of disease on the later 1595–96 expedition against Puerto Rico, Panama, and other targets in the Spanish Main, a severe setback in which the English suffered heavy losses in soldiers and ships despite a number of minor military victories.The battle of Bay of Cádiz in 1596In August 1595, a Spanish naval force from Brittany led by Carlos de Amésquita landed in Cornwall, raiding and burning Penzance and several nearby villages.During the summer of 1596, an Anglo-Dutch expedition under Elizabeth's young favourite, the Earl of Essex, sacked Cádiz, causing significant loss to the Spanish fleet, leaving the city in ruins and delaying a projected descent on England. The allies were unable to capture the treasure, as the Spanish commander had time in order to torch the treasure ships in port, sending the treasure to the bottom of the harbour, from where it was later recovered. Despite its failure to capture the treasure fleet, the sack of Cádiz was celebrated as a national triumph comparable to the victory over the Spanish Armada, and for a time Essex's prestige rivalled Elizabeth's own.[43]Instead of controlling and taxing its subjects, the English crown competed with them for private profit; it failed to succeed at this, as the great naval expeditions were on the whole unprofitable.[44] The last of the great English naval expeditions took place in 1597, led by the Earl of Essex, known as the Islands Voyage. The objective was to destroy the Spanish fleet and intercept a treasure fleet in the Azores. Neither was achieved and the expedition ended in costly failure, and Essex on his return was scolded by the Queen for not protecting the English coast.While the war became a great drain on the English treasury, it proved to be profitable for a number of English privateers. In its final years, English privateering continued despite the strengthening of Spanish navy convoys – Cumberland's last expedition in 1598 to the Caribbean led to the capture of San Juan, and had succeeded where Drake had failed. Newport struck at Tobasco in 1599 while William Parker successfully raided Portobello in 1601.[45] In 1603 Christopher Cleeve struck at Santiago de Cuba and in the last raid of the war Newport plundered Puerto Caballos.[46] Finally, just days before the signing of the peace treaty in August 1604, future admiral Antonio de Oquendo defeated and captured an English privateer in the Gulf of Cádiz.[47]By the end of the war, English privateering had devastated the Spanish private merchant marine.[48] The most famous pirates lauded by English literature and propaganda tended to attack fishing vessels or boats of small value to the Spanish crown.[49] Spanish prizes though were taken at an attritional rate; nearly 1,000 were captured by the war's end, and there was on average a declared value of approximately £100,000–£200,000 for every year of the war.[50] In addition, for every Spanish prize brought back, another was either burned or scuttled, and the presence of so many English corsairs deterred some Spanish merchantmen from putting to sea.[51] This resulted in much Spanish and Portuguese commerce being carried on Dutch and English ships, which in itself created competition.[37] Nevertheless, throughout the war Spain's important treasure fleets were kept safe by their convoy system.[1]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebastiaen_Vrancx_(1573-1647)_-_Veldslag_(1640)_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort"},{"link_name":"Sebastiaen Vrancx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiaen_Vrancx"},{"link_name":"Francisco Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza_y_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Bommelerwaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommelerwaard"},{"link_name":"at Zaltbommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel"},{"link_name":"Johan van Oldenbarneveldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarneveldt"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"tercio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercio"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borman224-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight49-53"},{"link_name":"siege of Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend"},{"link_name":"Rheinberg and Meurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)"},{"link_name":"an attempt on s'Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)"},{"link_name":"Ambrogio Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases"},{"link_name":"war of attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare"},{"link_name":"Grave was retaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)"},{"link_name":"Sluis was besieged and captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)"},{"link_name":"pyrrhic victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Dutch Revolt (1598–1604)","text":"Further information: Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600 by Sebastiaen VrancxIn 1598, the Spanish under Francisco Mendoza retook Rheinberg and Meurs in a campaign known as the Spanish winter of 1598–99. Mendoza then attempted to take Bommelerwaard island but the Dutch and English under Maurice thwarted the attempt and defeated him at Zaltbommel. Mendoza retreated from the area and the defeat resulted in chaos in the Spanish army – mutinies took place and many deserted. The following year the Dutch senate led by Johan van Oldenbarneveldt saw the chaos in the Spanish army and decided the time was ripe for a focal point of the war to be concentrated in Catholic Flanders. Despite a bitter dispute between Maurice and van Oldenbarneveldt, the Dutch and a sizeable contingent of the English Army under Francis Vere reluctantly agreed. They used Ostend (still in Dutch hands) as a base to invade Flanders. Their aim was to conquer the privateer stronghold city of Dunkirk. In 1600 they advanced toward Dunkirk and the Anglo-Dutch inflicted a rare defeat in a pitched battle on the tercio-led Spanish army at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in which the English played a major part.[52] Dunkirk was never attempted however as disputes in the Dutch command meant that taking Spanish-occupied cities in the rest of the Republic took priority. Maurice's force thus withdrew leaving Vere to command Ostend in the face of an imminent Spanish siege.[53]With the siege of Ostend underway, Maurice then went on the offensive on the Rhine frontier in the summer of 1600. Rheinberg and Meurs were thus retaken from the Spanish yet again, although an attempt on s'Hertogenbosch failed during the winter months. At Ostend in January 1602 after being reinforced, Vere faced a huge Spanish frontal assault organised by the Archduke Albert and in bitter fighting this was repelled with heavy losses. Vere left the city soon after and joined Maurice in the field, while Albert, who drew much criticism from army commanders for his tactics, was replaced by the talented Ambrogio Spinola. The siege dragged on for another two years as the Spanish attempted to take Ostend's strongpoints in a costly war of attrition. Around the same time Maurice continued his campaign, Grave was retaken but Vere was severely wounded during the siege. An attempt by the Dutch and English to relieve Ostend took place in mid-1604 but the inland of port of Sluis was besieged and captured instead. Soon afterwards the Ostend garrison finally surrendered, after a siege of nearly four years and costing thousands of lives; for the Spanish, it was a pyrrhic victory.[54][55]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV,_1597.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"French Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Catholic_League"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"unsuccessfully besieged in 1590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"capturing Fort Crozon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Triple Alliance in 1596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1596)"},{"link_name":"Spanish took Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)"},{"link_name":"retook Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"religious civil wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ireland-56"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Siege of Amiens in 1597Normandy added a new front in the war and the threat of another invasion attempt across the channel. In 1590, the Spanish landed a considerable force in Brittany to assist the French Catholic League, expelling the English and Huguenot forces from much of the area. Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism in 1593 won him widespread French support for his claim to the throne, particularly in Paris (where he was crowned the following year), a city that he had unsuccessfully besieged in 1590. In 1594 Anglo-French forces were able to end Spanish hopes of using the large port of Brest as a launching point for an invasion of England by capturing Fort Crozon.The French Wars of Religion turned increasingly against the hardliners of the French Catholic League. With the signing of the Triple Alliance in 1596 between France, England, and the Dutch, Elizabeth sent a further 2,000 troops to France after the Spanish took Calais. In September 1597 Anglo-French forces under Henry retook Amiens, just six months after the Spanish took the city, bringing to a halt a string of Spanish victories. In fact, the first tentative talks on peace between the French and Spanish crowns had already begun before the battle and the League hardliners were already losing popular support throughout France to a resurgent Henry after his conversion to Roman Catholicism which was bolstered by his military successes. In addition, Spanish finances were at breaking point because of fighting wars in France, the Netherlands, and against England. Therefore, a deeply ill Philip decided to end his support for the League and to finally recognize the legitimacy of Henry's accession to the French throne. Without Spanish support, the last League hardliners were quickly defeated. In May 1598, the two kings signed the Peace of Vervins ending the last of the religious civil wars and the Spanish intervention with it.[56]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Hugh O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Red Hugh O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hugh_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"first was shattered in a storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"was frustrated by adverse weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsale"},{"link_name":"surrendering in 1603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"In 1594, the Nine Years' War in Ireland had begun, when Ulster lords Hugh O'Neill and Red Hugh O'Donnell rose up against English rule with fitful Spanish support, mirroring the English support of the Dutch rebellion. While English forces were containing the rebels in Ireland at great cost in men, general suffering, and finance, the Spanish attempted two further armadas, in 1596 and 1597: the first was shattered in a storm off northern Spain, and the second was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast. Philip II died in 1598, and his successor Philip III continued the war but with less enthusiasm.At the end of 1601, the Spanish sent a final armada north, this time a limited expedition intended to land troops in Ireland to assist the rebels. Only half the fleet arrived because of a storm that scattered it and that which did arrive landed far from Irish rebel forces. The Spanish entered the town of Kinsale with 3,000 troops and were immediately besieged by the English. In time, their Irish allies arrived to surround the besieging force but the lack of communication with the rebels led to an English victory at the Battle of Kinsale. The besieged Spanish accepted the proposed terms of surrender and returned home, while the Irish rebels hung on, surrendering in 1603, just after Elizabeth died.","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of London (1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Somerset_House_Conference,_1604_from_NPG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Somerset House Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House_Conference"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House_Conference_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacCaffrey-57"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Infanta Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCoog-58"},{"link_name":"Richard Leveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Leveson_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sesimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesimbra"},{"link_name":"Federico Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Spinola"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Bazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_2nd_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duerloo-59"},{"link_name":"defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wernham-60"},{"link_name":"was defeated again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wernham-60"},{"link_name":"fall of Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-61"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Juan de Tassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Tassis,_1st_Count_of_Villamediana"},{"link_name":"Somerset House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1973413-63"}],"sub_title":"End of the war and treaty","text":"Further information: Treaty of London (1604)The Somerset House Conference between diplomats of England (right) and Spain (left) (painting)With the end of the war in France, Philip III sought peace with England as well. By 1598 the war had become long and costly for Spain. England and Dutch Republic too were war-weary and both sides felt the need for peace.[57] However, in peace negotiations at Boulogne in 1600, Spanish demands were adamantly rejected by the English and Dutch. Nevertheless, diplomatic routes remained open between the Archduke of Austria and his wife Infanta Isabella (Philip's sister) who differed in their policies to Philip's. Philip wanted to preserve the hegemony of the Spanish empire, whilst the Archduke and Isabella sought peace and friendly relations.[58]Soon after victory in Ireland the following year, the English navy under Richard Leveson conducted a blockade of Spain, the first of its kind.[citation needed] Off Portugal, they sailed into Sesimbra bay where a fleet of eight Spanish galleys under Federico Spinola (brother of Ambrogio) and Álvaro de Bazán were present.[59] Spinola had already established his base at Sluis in Flanders and was gathering more with an intent on a potential strike against England. In June 1602 Leveson defeated the Spanish which resulted in two galleys sunk and the capture of a rich Portuguese carrack.[60] Months later in the English channel Spinola's fleet gathered more galleys and sailed through the English channel once more but was defeated again by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron off the Dover straits. Spinola's remaining galleys eventually reached Sluis.[61] The result of this action forced the Spanish to cease further naval operations against England for the remainder of the war.[60] Spain's priority was no longer an invasion of England, but the fall of Ostend.[61]After the death of Elizabeth in 1603, James I, became the new king of England. He was the Protestant son and successor to the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, whose execution had been a proximate cause of the war. James regarded himself as the peacemaker of Europe, and the ultimate aim of his idealistic foreign policy was the reunion of Christendom.[62] James sought an end to the long and draining conflict, which Philip III also wanted. James ordered an end to further privateering, and in return Philip sent a Spanish-Flemish Commission headed by Juan de Tassis to London to explore the possibilities of ending the war.After nearly a year of negotiations, peace was signed between the nations on 28 August 1604, place at Somerset House in Westminster. The sieges of Ostend and Sluis were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns.[63]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-1"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen142-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen142-64"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-68"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Twelve Years' Truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-72"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-67"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Mellifont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-68"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-76"},{"link_name":"Catholic clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-67"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billings-83"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hornsby/Hermann17-50"},{"link_name":"London Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Company"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten_(town)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wernham333-87"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-67"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen155-88"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"recusancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusancy"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed228-89"},{"link_name":"until 1625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)"}],"text":"The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum; the terms were favourable both to Spain and England.[1][64] For Spain the treaty secured her position as a leading power in the world.[65][66] Spain's upgrading of the convoy system had allowed it to defend its treasure fleets and retain its New World colonies. English support for the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish king, the original cause of the war, ceased. The Spanish could then concentrate their efforts on the Dutch, in the hopes of bringing them to their knees.[64][67] A complete abandonment of the Dutch cause, however, was not promised in the treaty.[67] The English-held cautionary towns in Holland on the other hand were not surrendered despite Spanish demands.[68] The sieges of Ostend and Sluis were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns.[69] The Dutch by 1607 had in fact prevailed; the Spanish did not deliver their knock out blow they had hoped for and the Twelve Years' Truce effectively recognized the independence of the Republic.[70][71]For England the treaty was a diplomatic triumph as well as an economic necessity.[72] At the same time, the treaty was highly unpopular with the English public, many of whom considered it a humiliating peace.[73][74][75] Many felt that James had abandoned England's ally, the Netherlands, in order to appease the Spanish crown and this damaged James's popularity.[72] The treaty, however, made sure the Protestant reformation there had been protected, and James and his ministers refused the Spanish demand for Catholic toleration in England.[67] After the defeat at Kinsale in 1602, the Treaty of Mellifont was concluded the following year between James I and the Irish rebels. In the subsequent London treaty Spain pledged not to support the rebels.[68]The treaty was well received in Spain.[76][77] Large public celebrations were held at Valladolid, the Spanish capital,[78][79] where the treaty was ratified in June 1605, in the presence of a large English ambassadorial delegation led by Lord Admiral Charles Howard.[76] Nevertheless, some members of the Catholic clergy criticized Philip III's willingness to sign a treaty with a \"heretical power\".[80]The provisions of the treaty authorised merchants and warships of both nations to operate from each other's respective ports. English trade with the Spanish Netherlands (notably the city of Antwerp) and the Iberian peninsula was resumed.[67] Spanish warships and privateers were able to use English ports as naval bases to attack Dutch shipping[81] or to ferry troops to Flanders.[82]The war had diverted Tudor colonial efforts,[83] but the English who had invested in privateering expeditions during the war garnered enormous windfall profits, leaving them well placed to finance new ventures.[50] As a result, the London Company was able to establish a settlement in Virginia in 1607.[84] The establishment of the East India Company in 1600 was significant for the growth of England (and later Great Britain) as a colonial power.[85] A factory was established at Banten, Java, in 1603 while the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly.[86][87] While the incipient illegal trade with the Spanish colonies was brought to an end, there was deadlock over English demands for the right to trade in the East and West Indies, which Spain adamantly opposed. Eventually the complications resulted in the treaty avoiding any mention of the matter.[67]For Spain there was hope that England would eventually secure tolerance for Catholics but the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 destroyed any possibility of this.[88] The resulting anti-Catholic backlash following the discovery of the plot put to rest Protestant fears that a peace with Spain would ultimately mean an invasion by Jesuits and Catholic sympathisers, as the Elizabethan recusancy laws were rigidly enforced by Parliament.[89]England and Spain remained at peace until 1625.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Morgan_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Morgan_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Morgan_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Casualties_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1403908131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403908131"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Frances Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Gardiner_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Paullin, Charles Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O._Paullin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58477-422-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-422-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58477-422-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-422-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781137465900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137465900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bicheno_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Karen Ordahl Kupperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Ordahl_Kupperman"},{"link_name":"The Jamestown Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lIp7_e8KMJ0C&pg=PA31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Konstam_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CSwJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t'_Hart_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Spanish Armada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hanson_18-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ParkerMartin_19-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holmes_2001,_p._858._20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2hbtv4/revision/3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0566055783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0566055783"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oN5cIltA3IoC&q=%22tomo+dos+barcos+llevados+luego+a+Santander%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8445314630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8445314630"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_25-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1350016996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1405162753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405162753"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0817357030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817357030"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//armada.defensa.gob.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo3/tomo_03.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8484326694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484326694"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davies_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davies_30-1"},{"link_name":"Davies, Charles Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_Davies"},{"link_name":"The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924071190809"},{"link_name":"225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924071190809/page/n246"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Knight_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Knight_31-1"},{"link_name":"pp. 36–40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HadHam_32-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/jm23v"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173235"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1969.1/173235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F173235"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"The naval tracts of Sir William Monson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/navaltractsofsir0000mons/navaltractsofsir0000mons.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews124_36-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bicheno320_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bicheno320_37-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews73_38-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"McCulloch, John Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch"},{"link_name":"A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog"},{"link_name":"120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog/page/n138"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews77_40-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bicheno316_41-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews167_42-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews30_44-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews177_45-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bradley131_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Hv7RAAAAMAAJ&q=fusta"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Andrews226_48-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8496107267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496107267"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hornsby/Hermann17_50-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hornsby/Hermann17_50-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bradley_51-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Borman224_52-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Knight49_53-0"},{"link_name":"p. 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ia600408.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/23/items/historicalrecor00kniggoog/historicalrecor00kniggoog_tif.zip&file=historicalrecor00kniggoog_tif/historicalrecor00kniggoog_0076.tif&scale=1&rotate=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GSpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ireland_56-0"},{"link_name":"Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tEYOAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacCaffrey_57-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McCoog_58-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Duerloo_59-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wernham_60-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wernham_60-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_61-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_61-1"},{"link_name":"\"Spinola, Federico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-spinola_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1973413_63-0"},{"link_name":"Rowse 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRowse1973"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allen142_64-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allen142_64-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"Douglas R. Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_R._Burgess"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-147476-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-147476-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-374-91414-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-91414-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hammer_67-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hammer_67-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hammer_67-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hammer_67-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hammer_67-4"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm"},{"link_name":"234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm/page/n248"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1137173386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137173386"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_68-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_68-1"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310"},{"link_name":"310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0313283918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313283918"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0351180644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0351180644"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel/page/88"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_72-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_72-1"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0197263303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197263303"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:02_73-0"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0197263303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197263303"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6n5AAQAAMAAJ&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA223"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1847601834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847601834"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_76-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_76-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yvGGVviZiSIC&q=%22mostrada+por+los+subditos+de+Felipe+III%22&pg=PA305"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8495379399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8495379399"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalismos enmascarados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=j726AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8434412248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8434412248"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kGM5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=whVpAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0046526900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0046526900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LFsy3zcfO7UC&q=%22e+incluso+en+el+r%C3%ADo+T%C3%A1mesis%2C+donde+camuflados+bajo%22&pg=PA108"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8484271550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484271550"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CDLfBgAAQBAJ&q=Zubiaur+Dover+tercio&pg=PT158"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8499676586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8499676586"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Billings_83-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0745626130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745626130"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415190763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415190763"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wernham333_87-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allen155_88-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reed228_89-0"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PWHSAAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"^ a b c Hiram Morgan (September–October 2006). Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585–1604. Vol. 14. History Ireland. p. 43.\n\n^ Penry Williams (1998). The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603. Oxford University Press. p. 382.\n\n^ Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. p. 21.\n\n^ Rowse, A. L (1955). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 241. ISBN 978-1403908131.\n\n^ Davenport, Frances Gardiner; & Paullin, Charles Oscar. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004 ISBN 1-58477-422-3, ISBN 978-1-58477-422-8\n\n^ O'Connor, Thomas (2016). Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137465900.\n\n^ Tracey pp. 157–158\n\n^ Bicheno p. 180\n\n^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman, The Jamestown Project\n\n^ Konstam pp. 76–77\n\n^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 9. Macmillan. pp. 358–363. Retrieved 25 October 2020.\n\n^ Hammer 2003 pp. 125–127\n\n^ Wilson 1981 pp. 282–284\n\n^ t' Hart pp. 21–22\n\n^ Wilson 1981 pp. 291–294\n\n^ Wilson 1981 pp. 294–295\n\n^ Pollen, John Hungerford (1907). \"Spanish Armada\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. \"Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing till the expedition should actually land in England. In this way, he was saved his million crowns, and spared the reproach of having taken futile proceedings against the heretic queen.\"\n\n^ Hanson p. 379\n\n^ Parker & Martin p. 215\n\n^ Richard Holmes 2001, p. 858: \"The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms, it was essentially indecisive.\"\n\n^ \"Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada\". BBC Bitesize.\n\n^ Wernham, R. B. (1988). The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589. Aldershot: Temple Smith for the Navy Records Society. p. 240. ISBN 0566055783.\n\n^ Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque, Mariano (1995). Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596 (in Spanish). Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións. p. 94. ISBN 978-8445314630.\n\n^ R. B. Wernham, \"Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of 1589: Part II\", English Historical Review 66/259 (April 1951), pp. 204–214\n\n^ a b Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-1350016996.\n\n^ R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key. Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history (John Wiley and Sons, 2009). ISBN 978-1405162753 p. 145\n\n^ John Hampden Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents (Taylor & Francis, 1972). ISBN 978-0817357030 p. 254\n\n^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. III. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 51.\n\n^ J. H. Elliott. La Europa dividida (1559–1598) (in Spanish) (Editorial Critica, 2002). ISBN 978-8484326694 p. 333\n\n^ a b Davies, Charles Maurice (1851). The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth. G. Willis. pp. 225–28.\n\n^ a b Knight, Charles Raleigh (1905). Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment. Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, pp. 36–40\n\n^ Hadfield & Hammond p. 49\n\n^ Motley, John Lothrop. History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609. Vol. 3. p. 422.\n\n^ \nCasaban Banaclocha, Jose L. (2017). The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons (Thesis). Texas A & M University. p. 45. hdl:1969.1/173235.\n\n^ Monson, William (1902). The naval tracts of Sir William Monson (PDF). Vol. IV, bk. III. London: Printed for the Navy Records Society. pp. 73–74.\n\n^ Andrews pp. 124–125\n\n^ a b Bicheno p. 320\n\n^ Andrews p. 73\n\n^ McCulloch, John Ramsay (1833). A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce. Baldwin and Cradock. p. 120.\n\n^ Andrews p. 77\n\n^ Bicheno pp. 316–318\n\n^ Andrews pp. 167 & 186\n\n^ David Starkey, Elizabeth (Channel 4, 1999), Episode 4, \"Gloriana\".\n\n^ Andrews p. 30\n\n^ Andrews pp. 177\n\n^ Bradley p. 131\n\n^ Estrada y Arnáiz, Rafael (1943). El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo (in Spanish). Espasa-Calpe. p. 32.\n\n^ Andrews p. 226\n\n^ Chamorro, Germán Vázquez (2004). Mujeres piratas. Madrid: Algaba. ISBN 978-8496107267.\n\n^ a b Hornsby & Hermann p. 17\n\n^ Bradley pp. 109–110\n\n^ Borman pp. 224–225\n\n^ Knight p. 49\n\n^ Edmundson pp. 102–103\n\n^ Watson & Thomson, Robert & William (1792). The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors. p. 154.\n\n^ Ireland, William Henry (1824). Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign. Vol. 2. Harding, Triphook & Lepard. p. 266.\n\n^ MacCaffrey pp. 226–230\n\n^ McCoog pp. 222–223\n\n^ Duerloo pp. 137–138\n\n^ a b Wernham pp.  400–401\n\n^ a b Beri, Emiliano (2018). \"Spinola, Federico\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 93. Treccani. Retrieved 13 October 2021.\n\n^ W. B. Patterson, King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).\n\n^ Rowse 1973, p. 413.\n\n^ a b Allen pp. 142–143\n\n^ Douglas R. BurgessThe Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008, p. 29. ISBN 0-07-147476-5\n\n^ Channing, Edward: A history of the United States. Octagon Books, 1977, v. 1, p. 158. ISBN 0-374-91414-1\n\n^ a b c d e Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1137173386.\n\n^ a b Fritze, Ronald H; Robison, William B (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 310. ISBN 978-0313283918.\n\n^ Rowse, A. L (1973). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Cardinal Books. p. 413. ISBN 978-0351180644.\n\n^ Israel (1995), pp. 399–405\n\n^ Phelan, John Leddy (1967). The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 88.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0197263303.\n\n^ Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. p. 17. ISBN 978-0197263303.\n\n^ Lothrop Motley, John (1867). History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4. p. 223.\n\n^ Moseley, C. W. R. D. (2007). English Renaissance Drama: A Very Brief Introduction to Theatre and Theatres in Shakespeare's Time. Humanities. p. 90. ISBN 978-1847601834.\n\n^ a b Pericot Garcia, Luis (1970). La Casa de Austria (siglos XVI y XVII) por La Ullon Cisneros y E. Camps Cazeria (in Spanish). Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones. p. 179.\n\n^ Feros, Antonio (2002). El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305. ISBN 978-8495379399.\n\n^ Otero Novas, José Manuel (2001). Fundamentalismos enmascarados (in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 153. ISBN 978-8434412248.\n\n^ Herrero García, Miguel (1966). Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos (in Spanish). Gredos. p. 474.\n\n^ Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1971). The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain. Basic Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0046526900.\n\n^ Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2002). Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648 (in Spanish). Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. p. 108. ISBN 978-8484271550.\n\n^ Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José (2015). Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus. p. 144. ISBN 978-8499676586.\n\n^ Billings p. 3\n\n^ Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. I. Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 1973. p. 499.\n\n^ Hart, Jonathan (2008). Empires and Colonies Empires and Colonies. Polity. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0745626130.\n\n^ Chaudhuri, K. N (1965). The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600–1640. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-0415190763.\n\n^ Wernham pp. 333–334\n\n^ Allen p. 155\n\n^ Reed, Richard Burton (1970). Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 228–229.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0300076820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300076820"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521040327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521040327"},{"link_name":"Lewiston, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Edwin Mellen Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0773478664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773478664"},{"link_name":"Bormen, Tracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Borman"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=67y9GwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Foreign-Relations-Elizabeth-Queenship-Power/dp/0230112145/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1844861743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844861743"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0807812372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807812372"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1409443759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409443759"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-413-77484-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-77484-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1107660892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107660892"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0002218429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002218429"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1350016996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1408143681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408143681"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1137173386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137173386"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1446423226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1446423226"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1584654278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584654278"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-873072-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873072-9"},{"link_name":"Konstam, Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Konstam"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84176-015-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-015-5"},{"link_name":"MacCaffrey, Wallace T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_T._MacCaffrey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0691036519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691036519"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4094-3772-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3772-7"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/spanisharmada00mart_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1901341140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1901341140"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-73422-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73422-6"},{"link_name":"Tracy, James D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tracy_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0742579132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742579132"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-820443-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-241-10149-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10149-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Conquest of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Asia and the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tordesillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"War of the League of Cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"},{"link_name":"Encomiendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda"},{"link_name":"New Laws in favour of the indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laws"},{"link_name":"Expulsion of the Moriscos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Habsburg wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Bruneian–Spanish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Piracy in the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish–Moro conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Restoration War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Bourbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms"},{"link_name":"War of Jenkins' Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Madrid (1750)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Nootka Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootka_Convention"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Third Treaty of San Ildefonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso"},{"link_name":"Independence of Spanish continental Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Adams–Onís Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Liberal constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Carlist Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist_Wars"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"German–Spanish Treaty (1899)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Independence of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)"},{"link_name":"Independence of Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Crown of Castille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castille"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Union with Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Union with Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pyrénées-Orientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Mariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Northern Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Formosa"},{"link_name":"Tidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidore"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Coastal Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Spanish Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Texas"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Captaincy General of Yucatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan"},{"link_name":"Spanish Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Captaincy General of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492%E2%80%931625)"},{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba#History"},{"link_name":"Curazao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History"},{"link_name":"Bonaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaire#History"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)"},{"link_name":"New Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Venezuela, part of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_(state)"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Charcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas"},{"link_name":"Banda Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Misiones Orientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiones_Orientales"},{"link_name":"Malvinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Spanish Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control"},{"link_name":"Peñón of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509%E2%80%931708,_1732%E2%80%931792)"},{"link_name":"Béjaïa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers"},{"link_name":"Ifni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifni"},{"link_name":"Cape Juby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Juby"},{"link_name":"Terra Australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Archivo de Indias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo_de_Indias"},{"link_name":"Council of the Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies"},{"link_name":"Cabildo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabildo_(council)"},{"link_name":"Exequatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exequatur"},{"link_name":"Laws of the Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies"},{"link_name":"Papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Royal Decree of Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815"},{"link_name":"Trial of residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_residence"},{"link_name":"School of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain"},{"link_name":"New Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada"},{"link_name":"Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Captaincies General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Provincias Internas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_Internas"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Governorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Castilla de Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"La Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"La Luisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)"},{"link_name":"New Andalusia (1501–1513)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)"},{"link_name":"New Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"New Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile"},{"link_name":"New Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Navarre"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"New Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Terra Australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis"},{"link_name":"Audiencias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Charcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Panamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Currencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America"},{"link_name":"Dollar (Peso)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar"},{"link_name":"Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real"},{"link_name":"Maravedí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Escudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_escudo"},{"link_name":"Columnario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnarios"},{"link_name":"Doubloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubloon"},{"link_name":"Manila galleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon"},{"link_name":"Spanish treasure fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet"},{"link_name":"Casa de Contratación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Spanish Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Road"},{"link_name":"Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Trading Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company"},{"link_name":"Consulate of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Camino Real de Tierra Adentro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro"},{"link_name":"Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Tercio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercio"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Indian auxiliaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Ships of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)"},{"link_name":"Legión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Legion"},{"link_name":"Duke of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Leyva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova"},{"link_name":"Martín de Goiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti"},{"link_name":"Alfonso d'Avalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos"},{"link_name":"García de Toledo Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca"},{"link_name":"Duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Bazán the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"John of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Charles Bonaventure de Longueval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Zubiaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur"},{"link_name":"Ambrosio Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases"},{"link_name":"Blas de Lezo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo"},{"link_name":"Bernardo de Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Pinzón brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Juan Sebastián Elcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano"},{"link_name":"Juan de la Cosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa"},{"link_name":"Juan Ponce de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Miguel López de Legazpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi"},{"link_name":"Pedro Menéndez de Avilés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Sebastián de Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Ojeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda"},{"link_name":"Vasco Núñez de Balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Andrés de Urdaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Ulloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa"},{"link_name":"Ruy López de Villalobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos"},{"link_name":"Diego Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Ercilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla"},{"link_name":"Nicolás de Ovando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando"},{"link_name":"Juan de Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Vizcaíno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno"},{"link_name":"Juan Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Luis Fajardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Felipe González de Ahedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo"},{"link_name":"Conquistadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Hernán Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Hernán Pérez de Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Francisco Vázquez de Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia"},{"link_name":"Gaspar de Portolà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Pere Fages i Beleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta"},{"link_name":"Joan Orpí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Martín de Ursúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"Diego de Almagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Pánfilo de Narváez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Diego de Mazariegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos"},{"link_name":"Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor"},{"link_name":"García López de Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"Comuneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros"},{"link_name":"Bicocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca"},{"link_name":"Rome (1527)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)"},{"link_name":"Landriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)"},{"link_name":"Mühlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg"},{"link_name":"St. Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)"},{"link_name":"Gravelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)"},{"link_name":"Gembloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend"},{"link_name":"English Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada"},{"link_name":"Cape Celidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia"},{"link_name":"White Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)"},{"link_name":"Nördlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)"},{"link_name":"Bitonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto"},{"link_name":"Bailén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Vitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria"},{"link_name":"Tetouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan"},{"link_name":"Alhucemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhucemas_landing"},{"link_name":"Capo d'Orso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso"},{"link_name":"Vienna (1529)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza"},{"link_name":"Siege of Castelnuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)"},{"link_name":"Ceresole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands (1558)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Djerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden"},{"link_name":"Rocroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi"},{"link_name":"Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs"},{"link_name":"Montes Claros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros"},{"link_name":"Passaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro"},{"link_name":"Manila Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"Somosierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra"},{"link_name":"Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Annual"},{"link_name":"Mactan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan"},{"link_name":"Tenochtitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan"},{"link_name":"Cajamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco"},{"link_name":"Bogotá savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca"},{"link_name":"Penco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Penco"},{"link_name":"Mataquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)"},{"link_name":"San Juan (1595)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Colonia del Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Comuneros (Paraguay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)"},{"link_name":"Cartagena de Indias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias"},{"link_name":"Cuerno Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerno_Verde"},{"link_name":"Túpac Amaru II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II"},{"link_name":"Túpac Katari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition"},{"link_name":"San Juan (1797)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)"},{"link_name":"La Noche Triste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Noche_Triste"},{"link_name":"Iguape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguape_War"},{"link_name":"Tucapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel"},{"link_name":"Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Curalaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba"},{"link_name":"Comuneros (New Granada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)"},{"link_name":"Trinidad (1797)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)"},{"link_name":"Chacabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco"},{"link_name":"Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Carabobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo"},{"link_name":"Pichincha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha"},{"link_name":"Ayacucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Asomante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"The Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Petén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Chibchan Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization"},{"link_name":"Spanish missions in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican Codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices"},{"link_name":"Cusco painting tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco_School"},{"link_name":"Indochristian painting in New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochristian_art"},{"link_name":"Quito painting tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito_School"},{"link_name":"Tapada limeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Academia Antártica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica"},{"link_name":"Colonial universities in Hispanic America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America"},{"link_name":"Colonial universities in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"General Archive of the Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies"},{"link_name":"Colonial Spanish Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse"},{"link_name":"Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang"},{"link_name":"Castas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta"},{"link_name":"Criollos in the colonial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system"},{"link_name":"Old inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Slavery in Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies"},{"link_name":"Asiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiento"},{"link_name":"Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era"},{"link_name":"Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430726#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5364055"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007579121005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010015314"}],"text":"Allen, Paul C (2000). Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300076820.\nAndrews, Kenneth R (1964). Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering During the Spanish War, 1585–1603. Cambridge University Press, First Edition. ISBN 978-0521040327.\nBradley, Peter T (2010). British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0773478664.\nBormen, Tracey (1997). Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops. University of Hull.\nCharles Beem, The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I (2011) excerpt and text search\nBicheno, Hugh (2012). Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas. Conway. ISBN 978-1844861743.\nBillings, Warren M, ed. (1975). The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0807812372.\nDuerloo, Luc (2012). Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598–1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1409443759.\nPeter Earle The Last Fight of the Revenge (London, 2004) ISBN 0-413-77484-8\nEdmundson, George (2013). History of Holland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107660892.\nGraham, Winston (1972). The Spanish Armadas. Collins. ISBN 978-0002218429.\nGorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1350016996.\nHadfield, Andrew; Hammond, Paul, eds. (2014). Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe Arden Critical Companions. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1408143681.\nHammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137173386.\nHanson, Neil (2011). The Confident Hope Of A Miracle: The True History Of The Spanish Armada. Random House. ISBN 978-1446423226.\nHornsby, Stephen; Hermann, Michael (2005). British Atlantic, American Frontier: Spaces of Power in Early Modern British America. UPNE. ISBN 978-1584654278.\nJonathan I. Israel. Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries, and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713 (1997) 420pp\nIsrael, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873072-9.\nKonstam, Angus (2000). Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560–1605 (Elite). Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-015-5.\nMacCaffrey, Wallace T (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691036519.\nMcCoog, Thomas M (2012). The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain's Monarchy. Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7.\nParker, Geoffrey; Martin, Colin (1999). The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1901341140.\n't Hart, Marjolein (2014). The Dutch Wars of Independence: Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands 1570–1680. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73422-6.\nTracy, James D. (2006). Europe's Reformations, 1450–1650: Doctrine, Politics, and Community Critical Issues in World and International History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742579132.\nWernham, R.B. (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820443-5.\nWilson, Derek (1981). Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-10149-0.vteSpanish EmpireTimeline–immersed\nCatholic Monarchs\nConquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific\nTreaty of Tordesillas\nItalian Wars\nHabsburgs\nGolden Age\nWar of the League of Cognac\nEncomiendas\nNew Laws in favour of the indigenous\nExpulsion of the Moriscos\nOttoman–Habsburg wars\nFrench Wars of Religion\nBruneian–Spanish conflict\nAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)\nPiracy in the Caribbean\nEighty Years' War\nSpanish–Moro conflict\nThirty Years' War\nFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659)\nPortuguese Restoration War\nWar of the Spanish Succession\nQueen Anne's War\nBourbons\nBourbon Reforms\nWar of Jenkins' Ear\nTreaty of Madrid (1750)\nSeven Years' War\nNootka Convention\nNapoleonic invasion\nThird Treaty of San Ildefonso\nIndependence of Spanish continental Americas\nAdams–Onís Treaty\nLiberal constitution\nCarlist Wars\nSpanish–American War\nGerman–Spanish Treaty (1899)\nSpanish Civil War\nIndependence of Morocco\nIndependence of Equatorial Guinea\nWestern Sahara conflict\nTerritoriesEurope\nSpain\nCrown of Castille\nCrown of Aragon\nUnion with Portugal\nGibraltar\nSouthern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)\nMilan\nUnion with Holy Roman Empire\nNetherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France\nFranche-Comté\nPyrénées-Orientales\n\nAsia\nPhilippines\nPacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau)\nNorthern Taiwan\nTidore\n\nNorth America\nNew Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico [es], Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)\n\nCentral America\nCaptaincy General of Guatemala\nCuba\nDominican Republic\nPuerto Rico\nTrinidad\nJamaica\nHaiti\nAruba\nCurazao\nBonaire\nBelize\n\nSouth America\nNew Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)\nPeru (Peru, Acre, Chile)\nRío de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)\n\nAfrica\nEquatorial Guinea\nNorthern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)\n\nAntarctica\nTerra Australis\nAdministration\nArchivo de Indias\nCouncil of the Indies\nCabildo\nExequatur\nLaws of the Indies\nPapal bull\nRoyal Decree of Graces\nTrial of residence\nSchool of Salamanca\nAdministrative subdivisionsViceroyalties\nColumbian\nNew Spain\nNew Granada\nPerú\nRío de la Plata\nCaptaincies General\nChile\nCuba\nGuatemala\nPhilippines\nProvincias Internas\nPuerto Rico\nSanto Domingo\nVenezuela\nYucatán\nGovernorates\nCastilla de Oro\nCuba\nLa Florida\nLa Luisiana\nNew Andalusia (1501–1513)\nNew Andalusia\nNew Castile\nNew Navarre\nNew Spain\nNew Toledo\nParaguay\nRío de la Plata\nTerra Australis\nAudiencias\nBogotá\nBuenos Aires\nCaracas\nCharcas\nConcepción\nCusco\nGuadalajara\nGuatemala\nLima\nManila\nMexico\nPanamá\nQuito\nSantiago\nSanto Domingo\nEconomyCurrencies\nDollar (Peso)\nReal\nMaravedí\nEscudo\nColumnario\nDoubloon\nTrade\nManila galleon\nSpanish treasure fleet\nCasa de Contratación\nSpanish Road\nGuipuzcoan Company of Caracas\nBarcelona Trading Company\nConsulate of the Sea\nCamino Real de Tierra Adentro\nCommerce Consulate of Buenos Aires\nMilitaryArmies\nTercio\nArmy of Flanders\nFree Company of Volunteers of Catalonia\nIndian auxiliaries\nSpanish Armada\nShips of the line\nRoyalists\nLegión\nStrategists\nDuke of Alba\nAntonio de Leyva\nMartín de Goiti\nAlfonso d'Avalos\nGarcía de Toledo Osorio\nDuke of Savoy\nÁlvaro de Bazán the Elder\nJohn of Austria\nCharles Bonaventure de Longueval\nPedro de Zubiaur\nAmbrosio Spinola\nBlas de Lezo\nBernardo de Gálvez\nMariners\nChristopher Columbus\nPinzón brothers\nFerdinand Magellan\nJuan Sebastián Elcano\nJuan de la Cosa\nJuan Ponce de León\nMiguel López de Legazpi\nPedro Menéndez de Avilés\nSebastián de Ocampo\nÁlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca\nAlonso de Ojeda\nVasco Núñez de Balboa\nAlonso de Salazar\nAndrés de Urdaneta\nAntonio de Ulloa\nRuy López de Villalobos\nDiego Columbus\nAlonso de Ercilla\nNicolás de Ovando\nJuan de Ayala\nSebastián Vizcaíno\nJuan Fernández\nLuis Fajardo\nFelipe González de Ahedo\nConquistadors\nHernán Cortés\nFrancisco Pizarro\nGonzalo Jiménez de Quesada\nHernán Pérez de Quesada\nFrancisco Vázquez de Coronado\nDiego Velázquez de Cuéllar\nPedro de Valdivia\nGaspar de Portolà\nPere Fages i Beleta\nJoan Orpí\nPedro de Alvarado\nMartín de Ursúa\nDiego de Almagro\nPánfilo de Narváez\nDiego de Mazariegos\nJerónimo Luis de Cabrera\nPere d'Alberní i Teixidor\nGarcía López de Cárdenas\nNotable battlesOld WorldWon\nComuneros\nBicocca\nRome (1527)\nLandriano\nPavia\nTunis\nMühlberg\nSt. Quentin\nGravelines\nMalta\nLepanto\nAntwerp\nAzores\nMons\nGembloux\nOstend\nEnglish Armada\nCape Celidonia\nWhite Mountain\nBreda\nNördlingen\nValenciennes\nCeuta\nBitonto\nBailén\nVitoria\nTetouan\nAlhucemas\nLost\nCapo d'Orso\nVienna (1529)\nPreveza\nSiege of Castelnuovo\nAlgiers\nCeresole\nBalearic Islands (1558)\nDjerba\nTunis\nSpanish Armada\nLeiden\nRocroi\nDowns\nMontes Claros\nPassaro\nManila Bay\nTrafalgar\nSomosierra\nAnnual\nMactan\nNew WorldWon\nTenochtitlan\nCajamarca\nCusco\nBogotá savanna\nPenco\nMataquito\nGuadalupe Island\nRecife\nSan Juan (1595)\nBahia\nColonia del Sacramento\nComuneros (Paraguay)\nCartagena de Indias\nCuerno Verde\nTúpac Amaru II\nTúpac Katari\nPensacola\nNewfoundland\nSan Juan (1797)\nLost\nLa Noche Triste\nIguape\nTucapel\nGuiana\nCuralaba\nComuneros (New Granada)\nTrinidad (1797)\nChacabuco\nBoyacá\nCarabobo\nPichincha\nAyacucho\nGuam\nSantiago de Cuba\nAsomante\nSpanish conquests\nCanary Islands\nThe Americas\nAztec\nMaya\nChiapas\nYucatán\nGuatemala\nPetén\nEl Salvador\nHonduras\nNicaragua\nChibchan Nations\nColombia\nChile\nInca\nPhilippines\nOther civil topics\nSpanish missions in the Americas\nArchitecture\nMesoamerican Codices\nCusco painting tradition\nIndochristian painting in New Spain\nQuito painting tradition\nTapada limeña\nAcademia Antártica\nColonial universities in Hispanic America\nColonial universities in the Philippines\nGeneral Archive of the Indies\nColonial Spanish Horse\nMustang\nCastas\nCriollos in the colonial society\nOld inquisition\nSlavery in Spanish Empire\nAsiento\nLaw of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)\nGreat Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649Authority control databases: National \nSpain\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Siege of Grave in 1586","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the English Armada campaigns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mapa_contraarmada.svg/280px-Mapa_contraarmada.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Sir Francis Vere, commander of Elizabeth's forces in the Low Countries between 1589 and 1604","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg/130px-Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Last Fight of the Revenge, off Flores, in the Azores, 1591","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg/310px-Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg"},{"image_text":"The battle of Bay of Cádiz in 1596","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg/310px-Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600 by Sebastiaen Vrancx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/220px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siege of Amiens in 1597","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG/220px-Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Somerset House Conference between diplomats of England (right) and Spain (left) (painting)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg/280px-The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%9330)"},{"title":"European wars of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wars_of_religion"},{"title":"Anglo-Nepal War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Nepal_War"}]
[{"reference":"Hiram Morgan (September–October 2006). Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585–1604. Vol. 14. History Ireland. p. 43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Penry Williams (1998). The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603. Oxford University Press. p. 382.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowse, A. L (1955). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 241. ISBN 978-1403908131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403908131","url_text":"978-1403908131"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Thomas (2016). Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137465900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137465900","url_text":"9781137465900"}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 9. Macmillan. pp. 358–363. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSwJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Pollen, John Hungerford (1907). \"Spanish Armada\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Spanish_Armada","url_text":"\"Spanish Armada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada\". BBC Bitesize.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2hbtv4/revision/3","url_text":"\"Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada\""}]},{"reference":"Wernham, R. B. (1988). The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589. Aldershot: Temple Smith for the Navy Records Society. p. 240. ISBN 0566055783.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0566055783","url_text":"0566055783"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque, Mariano (1995). Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596 (in Spanish). Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións. p. 94. ISBN 978-8445314630.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oN5cIltA3IoC&q=%22tomo+dos+barcos+llevados+luego+a+Santander%22","url_text":"Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8445314630","url_text":"978-8445314630"}]},{"reference":"Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-1350016996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996","url_text":"978-1350016996"}]},{"reference":"Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. III. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://armada.defensa.gob.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo3/tomo_03.pdf","url_text":"Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Charles Maurice (1851). The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth. G. Willis. pp. 225–28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_Davies","url_text":"Davies, Charles Maurice"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190809","url_text":"The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190809/page/n246","url_text":"225"}]},{"reference":"Motley, John Lothrop. History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609. Vol. 3. p. 422.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jm23v","url_text":"History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609"}]},{"reference":"Casaban Banaclocha, Jose L. (2017). The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons (Thesis). Texas A & M University. p. 45. hdl:1969.1/173235.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173235","url_text":"The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F173235","url_text":"1969.1/173235"}]},{"reference":"Monson, William (1902). The naval tracts of Sir William Monson (PDF). Vol. IV, bk. III. London: Printed for the Navy Records Society. pp. 73–74.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/navaltractsofsir0000mons/navaltractsofsir0000mons.pdf","url_text":"The naval tracts of Sir William Monson"}]},{"reference":"McCulloch, John Ramsay (1833). A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce. Baldwin and Cradock. p. 120.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch","url_text":"McCulloch, John Ramsay"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog","url_text":"A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog/page/n138","url_text":"120"}]},{"reference":"Estrada y Arnáiz, Rafael (1943). El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo (in Spanish). Espasa-Calpe. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv7RAAAAMAAJ&q=fusta","url_text":"El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo"}]},{"reference":"Chamorro, Germán Vázquez (2004). Mujeres piratas. Madrid: Algaba. ISBN 978-8496107267.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496107267","url_text":"978-8496107267"}]},{"reference":"Watson & Thomson, Robert & William (1792). The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors. p. 154.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113","url_text":"The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors"}]},{"reference":"Ireland, William Henry (1824). Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign. Vol. 2. Harding, Triphook & Lepard. p. 266.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tEYOAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign"}]},{"reference":"Beri, Emiliano (2018). \"Spinola, Federico\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 93. Treccani. Retrieved 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-spinola_(Dizionario-Biografico)","url_text":"\"Spinola, Federico\""}]},{"reference":"Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1137173386.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm","url_text":"Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm/page/n248","url_text":"234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137173386","url_text":"978-1137173386"}]},{"reference":"Fritze, Ronald H; Robison, William B (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 310. ISBN 978-0313283918.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310","url_text":"310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313283918","url_text":"978-0313283918"}]},{"reference":"Rowse, A. L (1973). The Expansion of Elizabethan England. Cardinal Books. p. 413. ISBN 978-0351180644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0351180644","url_text":"978-0351180644"}]},{"reference":"Phelan, John Leddy (1967). The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 88.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel","url_text":"The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel/page/88","url_text":"88"}]},{"reference":"Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0197263303.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17","url_text":"Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197263303","url_text":"978-0197263303"}]},{"reference":"Smout, T. C. (2005). Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900. OUP/British Academy. p. 17. ISBN 978-0197263303.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17","url_text":"Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197263303","url_text":"978-0197263303"}]},{"reference":"Lothrop Motley, John (1867). History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4. p. 223.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6n5AAQAAMAAJ&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA223","url_text":"History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4"}]},{"reference":"Moseley, C. W. R. D. (2007). English Renaissance Drama: A Very Brief Introduction to Theatre and Theatres in Shakespeare's Time. Humanities. p. 90. ISBN 978-1847601834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847601834","url_text":"978-1847601834"}]},{"reference":"Pericot Garcia, Luis (1970). La Casa de Austria (siglos XVI y XVII) por La Ullon Cisneros y E. Camps Cazeria (in Spanish). Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones. p. 179.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Feros, Antonio (2002). El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305. ISBN 978-8495379399.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvGGVviZiSIC&q=%22mostrada+por+los+subditos+de+Felipe+III%22&pg=PA305","url_text":"El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8495379399","url_text":"978-8495379399"}]},{"reference":"Otero Novas, José Manuel (2001). Fundamentalismos enmascarados (in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 153. ISBN 978-8434412248.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j726AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos","url_text":"Fundamentalismos enmascarados"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8434412248","url_text":"978-8434412248"}]},{"reference":"Herrero García, Miguel (1966). Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos (in Spanish). Gredos. p. 474.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kGM5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos","url_text":"Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos"}]},{"reference":"Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1971). The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain. Basic Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0046526900.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=whVpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0046526900","url_text":"978-0046526900"}]},{"reference":"Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2002). Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648 (in Spanish). Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. p. 108. ISBN 978-8484271550.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LFsy3zcfO7UC&q=%22e+incluso+en+el+r%C3%ADo+T%C3%A1mesis%2C+donde+camuflados+bajo%22&pg=PA108","url_text":"Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484271550","url_text":"978-8484271550"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José (2015). Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus. p. 144. ISBN 978-8499676586.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CDLfBgAAQBAJ&q=Zubiaur+Dover+tercio&pg=PT158","url_text":"Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8499676586","url_text":"978-8499676586"}]},{"reference":"Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. I. Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 1973. p. 499.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hart, Jonathan (2008). Empires and Colonies Empires and Colonies. Polity. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0745626130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745626130","url_text":"978-0745626130"}]},{"reference":"Chaudhuri, K. N (1965). The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600–1640. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-0415190763.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415190763","url_text":"978-0415190763"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Richard Burton (1970). Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 228–229.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PWHSAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Paul C (2000). Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300076820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300076820","url_text":"978-0300076820"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Kenneth R (1964). Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering During the Spanish War, 1585–1603. Cambridge University Press, First Edition. ISBN 978-0521040327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521040327","url_text":"978-0521040327"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Peter T (2010). British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0773478664.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York","url_text":"Lewiston, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press","url_text":"Edwin Mellen Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773478664","url_text":"978-0773478664"}]},{"reference":"Bormen, Tracey (1997). Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops. University of Hull.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Borman","url_text":"Bormen, Tracey"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67y9GwAACAAJ","url_text":"Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops"}]},{"reference":"Bicheno, Hugh (2012). Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas. Conway. ISBN 978-1844861743.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844861743","url_text":"978-1844861743"}]},{"reference":"Billings, Warren M, ed. (1975). The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0807812372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807812372","url_text":"978-0807812372"}]},{"reference":"Duerloo, Luc (2012). Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598–1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1409443759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409443759","url_text":"978-1409443759"}]},{"reference":"Edmundson, George (2013). History of Holland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107660892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107660892","url_text":"978-1107660892"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Winston (1972). The Spanish Armadas. Collins. ISBN 978-0002218429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002218429","url_text":"978-0002218429"}]},{"reference":"Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1350016996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996","url_text":"978-1350016996"}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Andrew; Hammond, Paul, eds. (2014). Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe Arden Critical Companions. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1408143681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408143681","url_text":"978-1408143681"}]},{"reference":"Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137173386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137173386","url_text":"978-1137173386"}]},{"reference":"Hanson, Neil (2011). The Confident Hope Of A Miracle: The True History Of The Spanish Armada. Random House. ISBN 978-1446423226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1446423226","url_text":"978-1446423226"}]},{"reference":"Hornsby, Stephen; Hermann, Michael (2005). British Atlantic, American Frontier: Spaces of Power in Early Modern British America. UPNE. ISBN 978-1584654278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584654278","url_text":"978-1584654278"}]},{"reference":"Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873072-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873072-9","url_text":"978-0-19-873072-9"}]},{"reference":"Konstam, Angus (2000). Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560–1605 (Elite). Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-015-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Konstam","url_text":"Konstam, Angus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-015-5","url_text":"978-1-84176-015-5"}]},{"reference":"MacCaffrey, Wallace T (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691036519.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_T._MacCaffrey","url_text":"MacCaffrey, Wallace T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691036519","url_text":"978-0691036519"}]},{"reference":"McCoog, Thomas M (2012). The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain's Monarchy. Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3772-7","url_text":"978-1-4094-3772-7"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Geoffrey; Martin, Colin (1999). The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1901341140.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spanisharmada00mart_0","url_text":"The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1901341140","url_text":"978-1901341140"}]},{"reference":"'t Hart, Marjolein (2014). The Dutch Wars of Independence: Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands 1570–1680. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73422-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73422-6","url_text":"978-0-415-73422-6"}]},{"reference":"Tracy, James D. (2006). Europe's Reformations, 1450–1650: Doctrine, Politics, and Community Critical Issues in World and International History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742579132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tracy_(historian)","url_text":"Tracy, James D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742579132","url_text":"978-0742579132"}]},{"reference":"Wernham, R.B. (1994). The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820443-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5","url_text":"978-0-19-820443-5"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Derek (1981). Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-10149-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10149-0","url_text":"978-0-241-10149-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lIp7_e8KMJ0C&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"The Jamestown Project"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSwJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360","external_links_name":"Dictionary of National Biography"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Spanish_Armada","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Armada\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2hbtv4/revision/3","external_links_name":"\"Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oN5cIltA3IoC&q=%22tomo+dos+barcos+llevados+luego+a+Santander%22","external_links_name":"Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596"},{"Link":"https://armada.defensa.gob.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo3/tomo_03.pdf","external_links_name":"Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190809","external_links_name":"The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190809/page/n246","external_links_name":"225"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog","external_links_name":"pp. 36–40"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jm23v","external_links_name":"History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173235","external_links_name":"The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F173235","external_links_name":"1969.1/173235"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/navaltractsofsir0000mons/navaltractsofsir0000mons.pdf","external_links_name":"The naval tracts of Sir William Monson"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog","external_links_name":"A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog/page/n138","external_links_name":"120"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv7RAAAAMAAJ&q=fusta","external_links_name":"El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo"},{"Link":"https://ia600408.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/23/items/historicalrecor00kniggoog/historicalrecor00kniggoog_tif.zip&file=historicalrecor00kniggoog_tif/historicalrecor00kniggoog_0076.tif&scale=1&rotate=0","external_links_name":"p. 49"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tEYOAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-spinola_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"\"Spinola, Federico\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm","external_links_name":"Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm/page/n248","external_links_name":"234"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310","external_links_name":"310"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel","external_links_name":"The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel/page/88","external_links_name":"88"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6n5AAQAAMAAJ&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA223","external_links_name":"History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvGGVviZiSIC&q=%22mostrada+por+los+subditos+de+Felipe+III%22&pg=PA305","external_links_name":"El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j726AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos","external_links_name":"Fundamentalismos enmascarados"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kGM5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos","external_links_name":"Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=whVpAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LFsy3zcfO7UC&q=%22e+incluso+en+el+r%C3%ADo+T%C3%A1mesis%2C+donde+camuflados+bajo%22&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CDLfBgAAQBAJ&q=Zubiaur+Dover+tercio&pg=PT158","external_links_name":"Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PWHSAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67y9GwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Relations-Elizabeth-Queenship-Power/dp/0230112145/","external_links_name":"excerpt and text search"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spanisharmada00mart_0","external_links_name":"The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5364055","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007579121005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010015314","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtgenbach
Bütgenbach
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°26′N 06°12′E / 50.433°N 6.200°E / 50.433; 6.200Municipality in German-speaking Community of Belgium, BelgiumBütgenbach Butgenbach (French)Municipality FlagCoat of armsLocation of Bütgenbach BütgenbachLocation in Belgium Location of Bütgenbach in the province of Liège Coordinates: 50°26′N 06°12′E / 50.433°N 6.200°E / 50.433; 6.200Country BelgiumCommunity German-speaking Community of BelgiumRegionWalloniaProvinceLiègeArrondissementVerviersGovernment • MayorDaniel Franzen (CSP) • Governing party/iesF.B.L. - Z.G.G.Area • Total97.04 km2 (37.47 sq mi)Population (2022-01-01) • Total5,607 • Density58/km2 (150/sq mi)Postal codes4750NIS code63013Area codes080Websitewww.butgenbach.be Bütgenbach (German pronunciation: ; French: Butgenbach, French pronunciation: ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. On January 1, 2006, Bütgenbach had a total population of 5,574. The total area is 97.31 km2 which gives a population density of 57 inhabitants per km2. As part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, the official language in this municipality is German. The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Bütgenbach proper and Elsenborn. It lends its name to a nearby artificial lake. Bridge on the Vennbahn outside Bütgenbach See also List of protected heritage sites in Bütgenbach References External links Media related to Bütgenbach at Wikimedia Commons Places adjacent to Bütgenbach Monschau (DE-NW) Waimes Bütgenbach Büllingen Amel vteMunicipalities in the province of Liège, WalloniaHuy Amay Anthisnes Burdinne Clavier Engis Ferrières Hamoir Héron Huy Marchin Modave Nandrin Ouffet Tinlot Verlaine Villers-le-Bouillet Wanze Liège Ans Awans Aywaille Bassenge Beyne-Heusay Blegny Chaudfontaine Comblain-au-Pont Dalhem Esneux Flémalle Fléron Grâce-Hollogne Herstal Juprelle Liège Neupré Oupeye Saint-Nicolas Seraing Soumagne Sprimont Trooz Visé Verviers Amel Aubel Baelen Büllingen Burg-Reuland Bütgenbach Dison Eupen Herve Jalhay Kelmis Lierneux Limbourg Lontzen Malmedy Olne Pepinster Plombières Raeren Sankt Vith Spa Stavelot Stoumont Theux Thimister-Clermont Trois-Ponts Verviers Waimes Welkenraedt Waremme Berloz Braives Crisnée Donceel Faimes Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher Geer Hannut Lincent Oreye Remicourt Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse Waremme Wasseiges Bold indicates cities Italic indicates municipalities with language facilities Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area This Liège Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈbyːtçənˌbax]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[bytʃənbak]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"German-speaking Community of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"sub-municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelgemeente"},{"link_name":"Elsenborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsenborn"},{"link_name":"artificial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_B%C3%BCtgenbach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vennquerbahn_bridge_buetgenbach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vennbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennbahn"}],"text":"Municipality in German-speaking Community of Belgium, BelgiumBütgenbach (German pronunciation: [ˈbyːtçənˌbax]; French: Butgenbach, French pronunciation: [bytʃənbak]) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. On January 1, 2006, Bütgenbach had a total population of 5,574. The total area is 97.31 km2 which gives a population density of 57 inhabitants per km2. As part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, the official language in this municipality is German.The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Bütgenbach proper and Elsenborn. It lends its name to a nearby artificial lake.Bridge on the Vennbahn outside Bütgenbach","title":"Bütgenbach"}]
[{"image_text":"Bridge on the Vennbahn outside Bütgenbach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vennquerbahn_bridge_buetgenbach.jpg/200px-Vennquerbahn_bridge_buetgenbach.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of protected heritage sites in Bütgenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_heritage_sites_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%BCtgenbach&params=50_26_N_06_12_E_region:BE_type:city","external_links_name":"50°26′N 06°12′E / 50.433°N 6.200°E / 50.433; 6.200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%BCtgenbach&params=50_26_N_06_12_E_region:BE_type:city","external_links_name":"50°26′N 06°12′E / 50.433°N 6.200°E / 50.433; 6.200"},{"Link":"http://www.butgenbach.be/","external_links_name":"www.butgenbach.be"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/244281660","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4530624-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/205e2224-76a3-4a34-9881-9c0d73217d1e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCtgenbach&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Medical_Society
Royal Medical Society
["1 History","2 Journal","3 The society today","4 Notable members","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°56′42″N 3°11′22″W / 55.94500°N 3.18944°W / 55.94500; -3.18944Student society in Edinburgh This article is about the Edinburgh student society. Not to be confused with Royal Society of Medicine. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Royal Medical Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Royal Medical Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Royal Medical SocietyAbbreviationRMSFormation1737, Royal Charter 1778PurposeMedical student society, educational and socialLocationUniversity of EdinburghWebsitewww.royalmedical.co.uk The Royal Medical Society (RMS) is a society run by students at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, Scotland. It claims to be the oldest medical society in the United Kingdom although this claim is also made by the earlier London-based Society of Apothecaries (1617). The current President of the 286th session is fourth year medical student Miss Prithi Natarajan. The RMS is a professional society engaged in the advancement of medical knowledge and provision of assistance to medical students and professionals. History In 1737 it was established as 'the Medical Society' in 1737. It was granted a Royal Charter in 1778. Earlier the Society was conceived in 1734 by a group of students who dissected the same body in the anatomy dissection room. They included Dr Cleghorn, Dr Cuming, Dr Russell, Dr Hamilton, Mr Archibald Taylor and Dr James Kennedy and perhaps Dr Fothergill. The source is a letter to Dr Fothergill from Dr Cuming in 1782. The RMS sold its extensive library, built up throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, at 3 sales at Sotheby's in London in 1969. Much of the collection was purchased by the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Journal Res Medica is the journal of the Royal Medical Society. It was first published in 1957 which means that it one of the longest-running student-led publications in Britain. The society today The RMS owns rooms above Potterrow, the Edinburgh Students Union building, on Bristo Square. During the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the rooms are used as a performance venue for Pleasance promoters and host the Performers'/VIP bar (Brooke's Bar). The estate, is managed by the RMS Trust, which has charitable status. The day-to-day running of the Society is managed by the RMS Council – consisting of a Senior President, three Junior Presidents and 11 Conveners, each concerned with particular areas of the Society. Notable members Detail of painting of Dr Sir Stuart Threipland, of Fingask (1716–1805); Bonnie Prince Charlie's physician during the Rising, and President of the Royal Medical Society (1766–1770). Thomas Harrison Burder William A.F. Browne, asylum reformer Robert Cleghorn, Hon President 1781, Senior President 1783 Andrew Combe James Crichton-Browne, psychiatrist William Cullen, one of the founders of the society Charles Darwin Andrew Duncan, the elder, physician and six time President William Collins Engledue, phrenologist Benjamin Franklin Marshall Hall, elected Senior President in 1811 Francis Home, First Professor of Material medica; elected 1740 Matthew Kaufman Joseph Lister Drummond Shiels, a Fellow and Senior President Sir John Struthers, physician, anatomist Stuart Threipland, (see also Fingask Castle), physician to Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), President 1766–1770 Jozef Venglos Hewett Watson, evolutionary theorist and friend of Charles Darwin, elected Senior President in 1831 German Sims Woodhead, a former President See also Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Surgeon's Hall University of Edinburgh Medical School References ^ "Society Blog". The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. ^ "Royal Medical Society". ^ a b Hunting, Penelope (2002). "Introduction". The History of The Royal Society of Medicine. Royal Society of Medicine Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 1-85315-497-0. ^ Lettsom, JC. Work of J Fothergill. University of Edinburgh Library. p. 367. ^ "Historical Services – Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh – Ebling Library". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2007. ^ Crawford, Helen (October 1970). "The Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh: sale of its library at Sotheby's". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 58 (4): 531–47. PMC 197506. PMID 5496237. ^ Res Medica. WorldCat. OCLC 647254891. ^ "Charity Details: Royal Medical Society Trust, SC011518: Registered charity from 10 August 1896". Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR). Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016. ^ "Council – Royal Medical Society". Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015. Further reading Gray, James; Guthrie, Douglas (1952). History of the Royal Medical Society, 1737-1937. Edinburgh University Press. External links RMS website Archived 28 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine vteUniversity of EdinburghGovernance Chancellor: Anne, Princess Royal Principal: Sir Peter Mathieson Rector: Simon Fanshawe University Court Senatus Academicus General Council History Academic dress Robert Reid Robert Rollock Edinburgh Seven Plinian Society Polish School of Medicine Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency People List of notable people List of medical people List of professorships Academicdivisions College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Business Economics Edinburgh College of Art Moray House Health in Social Science History, Classics and Archaeology Law Literatures, Languages and Cultures Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences Social and Political Science Centre for Open Learning College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Medical School Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies College of Science and Engineering Chemistry GeoSciences Informatics Physics and Astronomy Sub-units, centres and institutes AIAI CHB CRM CSWC CTPI DCC ECRC EDI EPCC ESALA Euan MacDonald Centre IASH ICMS ISSTI Koestler Parapsychology Unit LFCS MRC HGU Nursing Studies Roslin Institute Scottish Studies UKCA Places 40 George Square Adam House Appleton Tower Bedlam Theatre BioQuarter Bristo Square Deaconess House Forrest Hill Building Informatics Forum Lady Yester's Kirk Lauriston Building Library George Square Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre King's Buildings McEwan Hall New College Old College Pleasance Pollock Halls Potterrow Reid Concert Hall Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Children and Young People Royal Observatory Salisbury Green St Cecilia's Hall St Leonard's Hall St Albert's Catholic Chaplaincy Talbot Rice Gallery Teviot Row House Western General Hospital Student life Students' Association Sports Union Men's Football Club Women's Football Club Boat Club Men's Hockey Club Rugby Football Club The Scottish Boat Race The Scottish Varsity Labour Students Meadows Marathon Music Society Royal Medical Society Edinburgh University Theatre Company Socialist Society The Improverts FreshAir (student radio) The Journal (newspaper) The Student (newspaper) University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland Associated Alan Turing Institute Cameron Prize Edinburgh Stanford Link Edinburgh University Press Gifford Lectures James Tait Black Memorial Prize Scotland's Rural College Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute Category Commons Wikinews Wikisource Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States 55°56′42″N 3°11′22″W / 55.94500°N 3.18944°W / 55.94500; -3.18944
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Society of Apothecaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Apothecaries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"professional society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_society"},{"link_name":"medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Medical_Society,_Edinburgh._Wellcome_M0010681.jpg"}],"text":"Student society in EdinburghThis article is about the Edinburgh student society. Not to be confused with Royal Society of Medicine.The Royal Medical Society (RMS) is a society run by students at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, Scotland. It claims to be the oldest medical society in the United Kingdom although this claim is also made by the earlier London-based Society of Apothecaries[1] (1617). The current President of the 286th session is fourth year medical student Miss Prithi Natarajan.[2] The RMS is a professional society engaged in the advancement of medical knowledge and provision of assistance to medical students and professionals.","title":"Royal Medical Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunting2002-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunting2002-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1737 it was established as 'the Medical Society' in 1737.[3] It was granted a Royal Charter in 1778.[3] Earlier the Society was conceived in 1734 by a group of students who dissected the same body in the anatomy dissection room. They included Dr Cleghorn, Dr Cuming, Dr Russell, Dr Hamilton, Mr Archibald Taylor and Dr James Kennedy and perhaps Dr Fothergill. The source is a letter to Dr Fothergill from Dr Cuming in 1782.[4]The RMS sold its extensive library, built up throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, at 3 sales at Sotheby's in London in 1969. Much of the collection was purchased by the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Res Medica is the journal of the Royal Medical Society. It was first published in 1957 which means that it one of the longest-running student-led publications in Britain.[7]","title":"Journal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potterrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potterrow_Student_Centre"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Students Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Students%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Bristo Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristo_Square"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The RMS owns rooms above Potterrow, the Edinburgh Students Union building, on Bristo Square. During the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the rooms are used as a performance venue for Pleasance promoters and host the Performers'/VIP bar (Brooke's Bar). The estate, is managed by the RMS Trust, which has charitable status.[8]The day-to-day running of the Society is managed by the RMS Council – consisting of a Senior President, three Junior Presidents and 11 Conveners, each concerned with particular areas of the Society.[9]","title":"The society today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SirStuartdetail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stuart Threipland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Threipland"},{"link_name":"Fingask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingask"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Prince Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"Thomas Harrison Burder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_Burder"},{"link_name":"William A.F. Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.F._Browne"},{"link_name":"Robert Cleghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cleghorn"},{"link_name":"Andrew Combe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Combe"},{"link_name":"James Crichton-Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crichton-Browne"},{"link_name":"William Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Andrew Duncan, the elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Duncan,_the_elder"},{"link_name":"William Collins Engledue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins_Engledue"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Marshall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_(physiologist)"},{"link_name":"Francis Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Home"},{"link_name":"Matthew Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister"},{"link_name":"Drummond Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Sir John Struthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Struthers_(anatomist)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Threipland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Threipland"},{"link_name":"Fingask Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingask_Castle"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Jozef Venglos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Venglos"},{"link_name":"Hewett Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewett_Watson"},{"link_name":"German Sims Woodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Sims_Woodhead"}],"text":"Detail of painting of Dr Sir Stuart Threipland, of Fingask (1716–1805); Bonnie Prince Charlie's physician during the Rising, and President of the Royal Medical Society (1766–1770).Thomas Harrison Burder\nWilliam A.F. Browne, asylum reformer\nRobert Cleghorn, Hon President 1781, Senior President 1783\nAndrew Combe\nJames Crichton-Browne, psychiatrist\nWilliam Cullen, one of the founders of the society\nCharles Darwin\nAndrew Duncan, the elder, physician and six time President\nWilliam Collins Engledue, phrenologist\nBenjamin Franklin\nMarshall Hall, elected Senior President in 1811\nFrancis Home, First Professor of Material medica; elected 1740\nMatthew Kaufman\nJoseph Lister\nDrummond Shiels, a Fellow and Senior President\nSir John Struthers, physician, anatomist\nStuart Threipland, (see also Fingask Castle), physician to Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), President 1766–1770\nJozef Venglos\nHewett Watson, evolutionary theorist and friend of Charles Darwin, elected Senior President in 1831\nGerman Sims Woodhead, a former President","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gray, James; Guthrie, Douglas (1952). History of the Royal Medical Society, 1737-1937. Edinburgh University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Medical_Society%2C_Edinburgh._Wellcome_M0010681.jpg/220px-Royal_Medical_Society%2C_Edinburgh._Wellcome_M0010681.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of painting of Dr Sir Stuart Threipland, of Fingask (1716–1805); Bonnie Prince Charlie's physician during the Rising, and President of the Royal Medical Society (1766–1770).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SirStuartdetail.jpg/170px-SirStuartdetail.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh"},{"title":"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh"},{"title":"Surgeon's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon%27s_Hall"},{"title":"University of Edinburgh Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School"}]
[{"reference":"\"Society Blog\". The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apothecaries.org/society-blog/","url_text":"\"Society Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Medical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalmedical.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Royal Medical Society\""}]},{"reference":"Hunting, Penelope (2002). \"Introduction\". The History of The Royal Society of Medicine. Royal Society of Medicine Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 1-85315-497-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hFNrAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The History of The Royal Society of Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85315-497-0","url_text":"1-85315-497-0"}]},{"reference":"Lettsom, JC. Work of J Fothergill. University of Edinburgh Library. p. 367.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Historical Services – Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh – Ebling Library\". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725022332/http://ebling.library.wisc.edu/historical/rmse/index.cfm","url_text":"\"Historical Services – Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh – Ebling Library\""},{"url":"http://ebling.library.wisc.edu/historical/rmse/index.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Helen (October 1970). \"The Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh: sale of its library at Sotheby's\". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 58 (4): 531–47. PMC 197506. PMID 5496237.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC197506","url_text":"\"The Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh: sale of its library at Sotheby's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC197506","url_text":"197506"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5496237","url_text":"5496237"}]},{"reference":"Res Medica. WorldCat. OCLC 647254891.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat","url_text":"WorldCat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647254891","url_text":"647254891"}]},{"reference":"\"Charity Details: Royal Medical Society Trust, SC011518: Registered charity from 10 August 1896\". Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR). Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106061456/http://www.oscr.org.uk/search-oscr/charity-details?number=SC011518","url_text":"\"Charity Details: Royal Medical Society Trust, SC011518: Registered charity from 10 August 1896\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Scottish_Charity_Regulator","url_text":"Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator"},{"url":"http://www.oscr.org.uk/search-oscr/charity-details?number=SC011518","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Council – Royal Medical Society\". Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915065926/http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/council/","url_text":"\"Council – Royal Medical Society\""},{"url":"http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/council","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gray, James; Guthrie, Douglas (1952). History of the Royal Medical Society, 1737-1937. Edinburgh University Press.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Medical_Society&params=55_56_42_N_3_11_22_W_region:GB","external_links_name":"55°56′42″N 3°11′22″W / 55.94500°N 3.18944°W / 55.94500; -3.18944"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22","external_links_name":"\"Royal Medical Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22","external_links_name":"\"Royal Medical Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Royal+Medical+Society%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.royalmedical.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.apothecaries.org/society-blog/","external_links_name":"\"Society Blog\""},{"Link":"https://www.royalmedical.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Royal Medical Society\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hFNrAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The History of The Royal Society of Medicine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725022332/http://ebling.library.wisc.edu/historical/rmse/index.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Historical Services – Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh – Ebling Library\""},{"Link":"http://ebling.library.wisc.edu/historical/rmse/index.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC197506","external_links_name":"\"The Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh: sale of its library at Sotheby's\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC197506","external_links_name":"197506"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5496237","external_links_name":"5496237"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647254891","external_links_name":"647254891"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106061456/http://www.oscr.org.uk/search-oscr/charity-details?number=SC011518","external_links_name":"\"Charity Details: Royal Medical Society Trust, SC011518: Registered charity from 10 August 1896\""},{"Link":"http://www.oscr.org.uk/search-oscr/charity-details?number=SC011518","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915065926/http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/council/","external_links_name":"\"Council – Royal Medical Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/council","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/","external_links_name":"RMS website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190128135503/http://www.royalmedical.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115128267","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136011544","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007423279805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85099980","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Medical_Society&params=55_56_42_N_3_11_22_W_region:GB","external_links_name":"55°56′42″N 3°11′22″W / 55.94500°N 3.18944°W / 55.94500; -3.18944"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence
Fiqh
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Diagram of early scholars","3 Components","3.1 Component categories","3.2 Methodologies of jurisprudence","3.3 Fields of jurisprudence","3.4 Schools of jurisprudence","4 Influence on Western laws","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Citations","6.3 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Islamic jurisprudence Not to be confused with Fish. Fiqh Arabicفقه‎RomanizationFiqhLiteral meaning"deep understanding""full comprehension" Part of a series onIslamic jurisprudence(fiqh) Ritual Shahada Salah Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnah prayer (TahajjudTarawih) Witr Nafl prayer Sawm Zakat Hajj Ihram (clothing Mut'ah) Tawaf Umrah (and Hajj) Political Islamic leadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamate Wilayat al-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut‘ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Zihar Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Breastfeeding Sexual Awrah Abortion Baligh Haya Hygiene Rape Zina Masturbation Criminal Hudud Blasphemy Maisir  (gambling) Zina  (illicit sex) Hirabah  (unlawful warfare and banditry) Fasad  ("mischief") Mofsed-e-filarz  ("spreading corruption") Fitna  ("sedition") Rajm  (stoning) Tazir  (discretionary) Qisas  (retaliation) Diya  (compensation) Etiquette Adab Gender segregation (Purdah) Mahram Honorifics Toilet Economic History Zakat Jizya Nisab Khums Sadaqah (Waqf) Bayt al-mal Banking Riba Murabaha Takaful Sukuk Inheritance Hygiene Sexual Toilet Taharah Ihram Wudu Masah Ghusl Tayammum Miswak Najis Istinja Dietary Dhabihah Alcohol Pork Comparison with kashrut Military Jihad Hudna Istijarah (asylum) Prisoners of war Islamic studiesvte Part of a series onIslam Beliefs Oneness of God Angels Revealed Books Prophets Day of Resurrection Predestination Practices Profession of Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage TextsFoundations Quran Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Tafsir (exegesis) Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets") Mathnawi (Poems) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Caliphate Imamate Medieval Islamic science Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Culture and society Academics Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Circumcision Demographics Diaspora Denominations Sunni Shia Economics Education Ethics Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Music Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Sexuality LGBT Slavery Social welfare Women Related topics Apostasy Criticism Muhammad Quran Hadith Arabic language Other religions Islamism Violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Laws of war Glossary Islam portalvte Fiqh (/fiːk/; Arabic: فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is often described as the human understanding and practices of the sharia, that is human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions). Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and Sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama) and is implemented by the rulings (fatwa) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas sharia is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims, fiqh is considered fallible and changeable. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (madh'hab) of fiqh within Sunni practice, plus two (or three) within Shi'a practice. A person trained in fiqh is known as a faqīh (pl.: fuqaha). Figuratively, fiqh means knowledge about Islamic legal rulings from their sources. Deriving religious rulings from their sources requires the mujtahid (an individual who exercises ijtihad) to have a deep understanding in the different discussions of jurisprudence. A faqīh must look deep down into a matter and not content himself with just the apparent meaning, and a person who only knows the appearance of a matter is not qualified as a faqīh. The studies of fiqh, are traditionally divided into Uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence, lit. the roots of fiqh, alternatively transliterated as Usool al-fiqh), the methods of legal interpretation and analysis; and Furūʿ al-fiqh (lit. the branches of fiqh), the elaboration of rulings on the basis of these principles. Furūʿ al-fiqh is the product of the application of Uṣūl al-fiqh and the total product of human efforts at understanding the divine will. A hukm (pl.: aḥkām) is a particular ruling in a given case. Etymology The word fiqh is an Arabic term meaning "deep understanding": 470  or "full comprehension". Technically it refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources (which are studied in the principles of Islamic jurisprudence) and the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence. The historian Ibn Khaldun describes fiqh as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves connected to obey the law respecting what is required (wajib), sinful (haraam), recommended (mandūb), disapproved (makrūh), or neutral (mubah)". This definition is consistent amongst the jurists. In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has also come to mean Islamic jurisprudence. It is not thus possible to speak of Chief Justice John Roberts as an expert in the common law fiqh of the United States, or of Egyptian legal scholar Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri as an expert in the civil law fiqh of Egypt. History Main article: Sharia Further information: History of Islamic economics According to Sunni Islamic history, Sunni law followed a chronological path of: Allah → Muhammad → Companions → Followers → Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and examples of the Prophet passed down as hadith). The first Muslims (the Sahabah or Companions) heard and obeyed, and passed this essence of Islam to succeeding generations (Tabi'un and Tabi' al-Tabi'in or successors/followers and successors of successors), as Muslims and Islam spread from West Arabia to the conquered lands north, east, and west, where it was systematized and elaborated The history of Islamic jurisprudence is "customarily divided into eight periods": the first period ending with the death of Muhammad in 11 AH. second period "characterized by personal interpretations" of the canon by the Sahabah or companions of Muhammad, lasting until 50 AH. from 50 AH until the early second century AH there was competition between "a traditionalist approach to jurisprudence" in western Arabia where Islam was revealed and a "rationalist approach in Iraq". the "golden age of classical Islamic jurisprudence" from the "early second to the mid-fourth century when the eight "most significant" schools of Sunni and Shi'i jurisprudence emerged." from the mid-fourth century to mid-seventh AH Islamic jurisprudence was "limited to elaborations within the main juristic schools". the "dark age" of Islamic jurisprudence stretched from the fall of Baghdad in the mid-seventh AH (1258 CE) to 1293 AH/1876 CE. In 1293 AH (1876 CE) the Ottomans codified Hanafi jurisprudence in the Majallah el-Ahkam-i-Adliya. Several "juristic revival movements" influenced by "exposure to Western legal and technological progress" followed until the mid-20th century CE. Muhammad Abduh and Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri were products of this era.However, Abduh and El-Sanhuri were modernists. 19th century Ottoman Shariah Code was built on the views of the Hanafi school. The most recent era has been that of the "Islamic revival", which has been "predicated on rejection of Western social and legal advances" and the development of specifically Islamic states, social sciences, economics, and finance. The formative period of Islamic jurisprudence stretches back to the time of the early Muslim communities. During this period, jurists were more concerned with issues of authority and teaching than with theory and methodology. Progress in theory and methodology happened with the coming of the early Muslim jurist Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820), who codified the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his book ar-Risālah. The book details the four roots of law (Qur'an, sunnah, ijma, and qiyas) while specifying that the primary Islamic texts (the Qur'an and the hadith) be understood according to objective rules of interpretation derived from scientific study of the Arabic language. Secondary sources of law were developed and refined over the subsequent centuries, consisting primarily of juristic preference (istihsan), laws of the previous prophets (shara man qablana), continuity (istishab), extended analogy (maslaha mursala), blocking the means (sadd al-dhari'ah), local customs (urf), and sayings of a companion of the Prophet (qawl al-sahabi). Diagram of early scholars Islamic schools of thoughtThe Quran set the rights, responsibilities, and rules for people and societies to adhere to, such as dealing in interest. Muhammad then provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing people how he practically implemented these rules in a society. After the passing of Muhammad, there was a need for jurists, to decide on new legal matters where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadith, example of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case. In the years proceeding Muhammad, the community in Madina continued to use the same rules. People were familiar with the practice of Muhammad and therefore continued to use the same rules. The scholars appearing in the diagram below were taught by Muhammad's companions, many of whom settled in Madina. Muwatta by Malik ibn Anas was written as a consensus of the opinion, of these scholars. Muwatta by Malik ibn Anas quotes 13 hadiths from Imam Jafar al-Sadiq. Aisha also taught her nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas whose views many Sunni follow and also taught by Jafar al-Sadiq. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Hisham ibn Urwah and Muhammad al-Baqir taught Zayd ibn Ali, Jafar al-Sadiq, Abu Hanifa, and Malik ibn Anas. Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, Imam Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas worked together in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. Along with Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd ibn Ali and over 70 other leading jurists and scholars. Al-Shafi‘i was taught by Malik ibn Anas. Ahmad ibn Hanbal was taught by Al-Shafi‘i. Muhammad al-Bukhari travelled everywhere collecting hadith and his father Ismail ibn Ibrahim was a student of Malik ibn Anas. vteEarly Islamic scholars Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taughtAli (607–661) fourth caliph taughtAisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taughtAbd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taughtZayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taughtUmar (579–644) second caliph taughtAbu Hurairah (603–681) taught Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taughtHusayn ibn Ali (626–680) taughtQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught and raised by AishaUrwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taughtSaid ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taughtAbdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taughtAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taughtAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taughtHisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taughtIbn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taughtSalim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taughtUmar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad bin ibi Sulman taughtMuhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taughtFarwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by the Fatimid and taughtZayd ibn Ali (695–740)Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taughtMalik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taughtAl-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn AnasAbu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqhMuhammad al-Shaybani (749–805)al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taughtIsmail ibn IbrahimAli ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the CompanionsIbn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775)Musa al-Kadhim (745–799)Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith booksMuhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith booksMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith booksDawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded the Zahiri schoolMuhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith booksAl-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith bookAbu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed by Twelver ShiaMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-TabariAbu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver ShiaSharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver ShiaNasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver ShiaAl-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness on SufismRumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Some of Muhammad's CompanionsKey: Taught in MedinaKey: Taught in IraqKey: Worked in SyriaKey: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadithKey: Worked in Persia In the books actually written by these original jurists and scholars, there are very few theological and judicial differences between them. Imam Ahmad rejected the writing down and codifying of the religious rulings he gave. They knew that they might have fallen into error in some of their judgements and stated this clearly. They never introduced their rulings by saying, "Here, this judgement is the judgement of God and His prophet." There is also very little text actually written down by Jafar al-Sadiq himself. They all give priority to the Qur'an and the hadith (the practice of Muhammad). They felt that the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad provided people with almost everything they needed. "This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion" Quran 5:3. These scholars did not distinguish between each other. They were not Sunni or Shia. They felt that they were following the religion of Abraham as described in the Quran "Say: Allah speaks the truth; so follow the religion of Abraham, the upright one. And he was not one of the polytheists" (Qur'an 3:95). Most of the differences are regarding Sharia laws devised through Ijtihad where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case. As these jurists went to new areas, they were pragmatic and continued to use the same ruling as was given in that area during pre-Islamic times, if the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used Ijtihad to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. As explained in the Muwatta by Malik ibn Anas. This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. To reduce the divergence, ash-Shafi'i proposed giving priority to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad) and only then look at the consensus of the Muslim jurists (ijma) and analogical reasoning (qiyas). This then resulted in jurists like Muhammad al-Bukhari dedicating their lives to the collection of the correct hadith, in books like Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih translates as authentic or correct. They also felt that Muhammad's judgement was more impartial and better than their own. These original jurists and scholars also acted as a counterbalance to the rulers. When they saw injustice, all these scholars spoke out against it. As the state expanded outside Madina, the rights of the different communities, as they were constituted in the Constitution of Medina still applied. The Quran also gave additional rights to the citizens of the state and these rights were also applied. Ali, Hassan and Husayn ibn Ali gave their allegiance to the first three caliphs because they abided by these conditions. Later Ali the fourth caliph wrote in a letter "I did not approach the people to get their oath of allegiance but they came to me with their desire to make me their Amir (ruler). I did not extend my hands towards them so that they might swear the oath of allegiance to me but they themselves extended their hands towards me." But later as fate would have it (Predestination in Islam) when Yazid I, an oppressive ruler took power, Husayn ibn Ali the grandson of Muhammad felt that it was a test from God for him and his duty to confront him. Then Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's cousin confronted the Umayyad rulers after Husayn ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Yazid I the Umayyad ruler. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr then took on the Umayyads and expelled their forces from Hijaz and Iraq. But then his forces were depleted in Iraq, trying to stop the Khawarij. The Umayyads then moved in. After a lengthy campaign, in his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother Asma' bint Abu Bakr the daughter of Abu Bakr the first caliph for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son, she said: "You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free." Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and crucified by the Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Umayyads and led by Hajjaj. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr the son of Abu Bakr the first caliph and raised by Ali the fourth caliph was also killed by the Umayyads. Aisha then raised and taught her son Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr who later taught his grandson Jafar al-Sadiq. The 45 Volumes/18,500 pages, Al Mausu'ah Al Fiqhiyah Al Kuwaitiyah, is the largest printed Fiqh Encyclopedia; it took 40 years to complete and was later translated into Urdu, Tamil, Persian, Malay & Bengali language. During the early Umayyad period, there was more community involvement. The Quran and Muhammad's example was the main source of law after which the community decided. If it worked for the community, was just and did not conflict with the Quran and the example of Muhammad, it was accepted. This made it easier for the different communities, with Roman, Persian, Central Asia and North African backgrounds to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. The scholars in Madina were consulted on the more complex judicial issues. The Sharia and the official more centralized schools of fiqh developed later, during the time of the Abbasids. Components Further information: Principles of Islamic jurisprudence Legal systems of the world The sources of Sharia in order of importance are Primary sources Qur'an Hadith Secondary sources 3. Ijma, i.e. collective reasoning and consensus amongst authoritative Muslims of a particular generation, and its interpretation by Islamic scholars. 4. Ijtihad, i.e. independent legal reasoning by Islamic jurists Majority of Sunni Muslims view Qiyas as a central Pillar of Ijtihad. On the other hand; Zahirites, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Bukhari, early Hanbalites, etc. rejected Qiyas amongst the Sunnis. Similarly, the Shi’a jurists almost unanimously reject both pure reason and analogical reason; viewing both these methods as subjective. The Qur'an gives clear instructions on many issues, such as how to perform the ritual purification (wudu) before the obligatory daily prayers (salat). On other issues, for example, the Qur'an states one needs to engage in daily prayers (salat) and fast (sawm) during the month of Ramadan but further instructions and details on how to perform these duties can be found in the traditions of Muhammad, so Qur'an and Sunnah are in most cases the basis for (Shariah). Some topics are without precedent in Islam's early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists (Fuqaha) try to arrive at conclusions by other means. Sunni jurists use historical consensus of the community (Ijma); a majority in the modern era also use analogy (Qiyas) and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics (Istislah), and a plurality utilizes juristic preference (Istihsan). The conclusions arrived at with the aid of these additional tools constitute a wide array of laws, and its application is called fiqh. Thus, in contrast to the sharia, fiqh is not regarded as sacred and the schools of thought have differing views on its details, without viewing other conclusions as sacrilegious. This division of interpretation in more detailed issues has resulted in different schools of thought (madh'hab). This wider concept of Islamic jurisprudence is the source of a range of laws in different topics that guide Muslims in everyday life. Component categories Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) covers two main areas: Rules in relation to actions, and, Rules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions. These types of rules can also fall into two groups: Worship (Ibadaat) Dealings and transactions (with people) (Mu`amalaat) Rules in relation to actions ('amaliyya — عملية) or "decision types" comprise: Obligation (fardh) Recommendation (mustahabb) Permissibility (mubah) Disrecommendation (makrooh) Prohibition (haraam) Rules in relation to circumstances (wadia') comprise: Condition (shart) Cause (sabab) Preventor (mani) Permit / Enforced (rukhsah, azeemah) Valid / Corrupt / Invalid (sahih, fasid, batil) In time / Deferred / Repeat (adaa, qadaa, i'ada) Methodologies of jurisprudence Main article: Principles of Islamic jurisprudence The modus operandi of the Muslim jurist is known as usul al-fiqh ("principles of jurisprudence"). There are different approaches to the methodology used in jurisprudence to derive Islamic rulings from the primary sources of sharia (Islamic law). The main methodologies are those of the Sunni, Shi'a and Ibadi denominations. While both Sunni and Shi'ite (Shia) are divided into smaller sub-schools, the differences among the Shi'ite schools is considerably greater. Ibadites only follow a single school without divisions. Fatawa While using court decisions as legal precedents and case law are central to Western law, the importance of the institution of fatawa (non-binding answers by Islamic legal scholars to legal questions) has been called "central to the development" of Islamic jurisprudence. This is in part because of a "vacuum" in the other source of Islamic law, qada` (legal rulings by state appointed Islamic judges) after the fall of the last caliphate the Ottoman Empire. While the practice in Islam dates back to the time of Muhammad, according to at least one source (Muhammad El-Gamal), it is "modeled after the Roman system of responsa," and gives the questioner "decisive primary-mover advantage in choosing the question and its wording." Arguments for and against reform Each school (madhhab) reflects a unique al-urf or culture (a cultural practice that was influenced by traditions), that the classical jurists themselves lived in, when rulings were made. Some suggest that the discipline of isnad, which developed to validate hadith made it relatively easy to record and validate also the rulings of jurists. This, in turn, made them far easier to imitate (taqlid) than to challenge in new contexts. The argument is, the schools have been more or less frozen for centuries, and reflect a culture that simply no longer exists. Traditional scholars hold that religion is there to regulate human behavior and nurture people's moral side and since human nature has not fundamentally changed since the beginning of Islam a call to modernize the religion is essentially one to relax all laws and institutions. Early shariah had a much more flexible character, and some modern Muslim scholars believe that it should be renewed, and that the classical jurists should lose special status. This would require formulating a new fiqh suitable for the modern world, e.g. as proposed by advocates of the Islamization of knowledge, which would deal with the modern context. This modernization is opposed by most conservative ulema. Traditional scholars hold that the laws are contextual and consider circumstance such as time, place and culture, the principles they are based upon are universal such as justice, equality and respect. Many Muslim scholars argue that even though technology may have advanced, the fundamentals of human life have not. Fields of jurisprudence Criminal Economics Etiquette Family Hygienical Inheritance Marital Military Political Theological Schools of jurisprudence Main article: Madhhab There are several schools of fiqh thought (Arabic: مذهب maḏhab; pl. مذاهب maḏāhib) Map of the Muslim world with the main madhhabs The schools of Sunni Islam are each named by students of the classical jurist who taught them. The Sunni schools (and where they are commonly found) are Hanafi (Turkey, Egypt, Balkans, Levant, Central Asia, South Asia, China, North Caucasus, and Tatarstan) Maliki (North Africa, West Africa, and Eastern Arabia) Shafi'i (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Kurdistan, Egypt, East Africa, Yemen, Kerala, and Maldives) Hanbali (Saudi Arabia) see Wahhabism Zahiri (minority communities in Morocco and Pakistan) Ahl al-Hadith Jariri, Laythi, Awza'i, Thawri, and Qurtubi no longer exist. The schools of Shia Islam comprise: Ja'fari Twelver (Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Lebanon) Ja'fari Isma'ili (minority communities in India, Central Asia, Levant, Yemen, and Pakistan) Zaydi (minority communities in Yemen) Entirely separate from both the Sunni and Shia traditions, Khawarij Islam has evolved its own distinct school. Ibadi (Oman) These schools share many of their rulings, but differ on the particular hadiths they accept as authentic and the weight they give to analogy or reason (qiyas) in deciding difficulties. The relationship between (at least the Sunni) schools of jurisprudence and the conflict between the unity of the Shariah and the diversity of the schools, was expressed by the 12th century Hanafi scholar Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi, who wrote: "Our school is correct with the possibility of error, and another school is in error with the possibility of being correct." Influence on Western laws Main article: Sharia: Classic Islamic law A number of important legal institutions were developed by Muslim jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the Islamic Golden Age. One such institution was the Hawala, an early informal value transfer system, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century. Hawala itself later influenced the development of the agency in common law and in civil laws such as the aval in French law and the avallo in Italian law. The Waqf in Islamic law, which developed during the 7th–9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the trusts in the English trust law. For example, every Waqf was required to have a waqif (settlor), mutawillis (trustee), qadi (judge) and beneficiaries. The trust law developed in England at the time of the Crusades, during the 12th and 13th centuries, was introduced by Crusaders who may have been influenced by the Waqf institutions they came across in the Middle East. In classical Islamic jurisprudence, litigants in court may obtain notarized statements from between three and twelve witnesses. When the statements of all witnesses are consistent, the notaries will certify their unanimous testimony in a legal document, which may be used to support the litigant's claim. The notaries serve to free the judge from the time-consuming task of hearing the testimony of each eyewitness himself, and their documents serve to legally authenticate each oral testimony. The Maliki school requires two notaries to collect a minimum of twelve eyewitness statements in certain legal cases, including those involving unregistered marriages and land disputes. John Makdisi has compared this group of twelve witness statements, known as a lafif, to English Common Law jury trials under Henry II, surmising a link between the king's reforms and the legal system of the Kingdom of Sicily. The island had previously been ruled by various Islamic dynasties. Several other fundamental common law institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in Islamic law and jurisprudence, and introduced to England by the Normans after the Norman conquest of England and the Emirate of Sicily, and by Crusaders during the Crusades. In particular, the "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic Aqd, the English assize of novel disseisin is identified with the Islamic Istihqaq, and the English jury is identified with the Islamic lafif." John Makdisi speculated that English legal institutions such as "the scholastic method, the licence to teach", the "law schools known as Inns of Court in England and Madrasas in Islam" and the "European commenda" (Islamic Qirad) may have also originated from Islamic law. The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for "the common law as an integrated whole". See also Islam portalLaw portal Abdallah al-Harari Traditionalist theology Bahar-e-Shariat Glossary of Islam Index of Islam-related articles Ja'fari jurisprudence Outline of Islam List of Islamic terms in Arabic Ma'ruf Mizan – a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi Palestinian law Schools of Islamic theology Sources of Islamic law Urf References Notes ^ for example, Sunni Hanbali scholar/preacher Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari (d.941) who ruled the streets of Baghdad from 921-941 CE, insisted that "whoever asserts that there is any part of Islam with which the Companions of the Prophet did not provide us has called them liars". Citations ^ "fiqh". Collins English Dictionary. ^ a b Fiqh Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b Vogel, Frank E. (2000). Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Brill. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9004110623. ^ Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Altamira, 2001, p. 141 ^ Calder 2009. ^ Schneider 2014. ^ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017. ^ Levy (1957). p. 150. ^ أنیس, إبراهیم (1998). المعجم الوسیط. بیروت، لبنان: دارالفکر. p. 731. ^ Maghen, Ze'ev (2003). "Dead Tradition: Joseph Schacht and the Origins of "Popular Practice"". Islamic Law and Society. 10 (3): 276–347. doi:10.1163/156851903770227575. JSTOR 3399422. ^ a b Hawting, "John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism", 2000: p.513 ^ Hoyland, In God's Path, 2015: p.223 ^ Cook, Michael (2000). The Koran : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0192853449. ^ a b c d e f g h i j El-Gamal, Islamic Finance, 2006: pp. 30–31 ^ Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, edited by Bernard G. Weiss, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002. pp. 3, 161.) ^ Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, edited by Bernard G. Weiss, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002. p. 162.) ^ Nyazee, Imran Ahsan Khan (2000). Islamic Jurisprudence (UsulAI-Fiqh). Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute Press. ^ Asadulla, Abubakr (2009). Islam Vs. West. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595501571. ^ Rehman, Javaid (7 June 2005). Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism. Hart. ISBN 9781841135014. ^ "ulama". bewley.virtualave.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2013. ^ a b c "Muwatta". bewley.virtualave.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ a b c Coulson, Noel James (1994). A History of Islamic Law. ISBN 9780748605149. ^ Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. BRILL. ISBN 9004097910. ^ Šārôn, Moše (1986). Studies in Islamic History and Civilization. BRILL. ISBN 9789652640147. ^ Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik Ibn Anas, translated by Aisha Bewley (Book #5, Hadith #5.9.23) (Book #16, Hadith #16.1.1) (Book #17, Hadith #17.24.43) (Book #20, Hadith #20.10.40) (Book #20, Hadith #20.11.44) (Book #20, Hadith #20.32.108) (Book #20, Hadith #20.39.127) (Book #20, Hadith #20.40.132) (Book #20, Hadith #20.49.167) (Book #20, Hadith #20.57.190) (Book #26, Hadith #26.1.2) (Book #29, Hadith #29.5.17) (Book #36, Hadith #36.4.5) Al-Muwatta' Archived 13 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hasyim, Syafiq (2006). Understanding Women in Islam. Equinox. ISBN 9789793780191. ^ Calder, Norman; Mojaddedi, Jawid Ahmad; Rippin, Andrew (2003). Classical Islam. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415240321. ^ Brockopp, Jonathan E.; Neusner, Jacob; Sonn, Tamara (27 September 2005). Judaism and Islam in Practice. Routledge. ISBN 9781134605538. ^ "Jafar Al-Sadiq". ^ "IMAM JAFAR BIN MUHAMMAD AS-SADIQ (AS)". www.ziaraat.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ a b Kurzman, Charles (2002). Modernist Islam, 1840–1940. ISBN 9780195154689. ^ "Surat Al-Ma'idah - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم". Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 3 ) Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ Bukhari, Sahih. "Sahih Bukhari : Read, Study, Search Online". ^ Nahj ul Balagha Letter 54 ^ Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). The History of Islam V.2. Riyadh: Darussalam. p. 110. ISBN 9960-892-88-3. ^ "The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (ra)". Ummah.com - Muslim Forum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ Nahj al-Balagha Sermon 71, Letter 27, Letter 34, Letter 35 ^ Muawiya Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley p. 68 ^ Rashīd Riḍā, Muhammad (1996). The Muhammadan Revelation. Alexandria, VA: Al-Saadawi Publications. p. 127. ISBN 1-881963-55-1. ^ a b Irshad Abdel Haqq (2006). Ramadan, Hisham M. (ed.). Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 9780759109919. Retrieved 17 August 2016. ^ B. Hallaq, Wael (2005). THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC LAW. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124, 127. ISBN 978-0-521-80332-8. ^ Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam". Islamic Law and Society. 13 (3): 292. doi:10.1163/156851906778946341. ^ Mansoor Moaddel, Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse, pg. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. ^ El-Gamal, Islamic Finance, 2006: p. 32 ^ Lakhani, M. Ali (2017). Faith and Ethics: The Vision of the Ismaili Imamat. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-1786733900. The place of the Ismailis within the theological pluralism of the Muslim community is best summarised by their Imam's statement to the International Islamic Conference held in Amman in July 2005: "Our historic adherence is to the Ja'fari madhhab and other madhahib of close affinity, and it continues, under the leadership of the hereditary Ismaili Imam of the time. This adherence is in harmony also with our acceptance of Sufi principles of personal search and balance between the zahir and the spirit or the intellect which the zahir signifies." ^ Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. pp. 50-51. ISBN 978-1780744209. Retrieved 4 June 2018. ^ Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 26 (2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977). American Society of Comparative Law: 187–198 . doi:10.2307/839667. JSTOR 839667. ^ Gaudiosi 1988 ^ Gaudiosi 1988, pp. 1237–40 ^ Hudson 2003, p. 32 ^ Gaudiosi 1988, pp. 1244–45 ^ Lawrence Rosen (2000). The Justice of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 7-9. ISBN 9780198298847. ^ Ron Shaham (2010). The Expert Witness in Islamic Courts. University of Chicago Press. p. 4-8. ISBN 9780226749358. ^ Baudouin Dupret (2021). Positive Law from the Muslim World. Cambridge University Press. p. 205-210. ISBN 9781108960137. ^ Ann Elizabeth Mayer, ed. (1985). Property, Social Structure, and Law in the Modern Middle East. SUNY Press. p. 54-64. ISBN 9780873959889. ^ Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F. (2012). The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-230-39320-2. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ a b c Makdisi, John (1 June 1999). "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law". North Carolina Law Review. 77 (5): 1635. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-521-86414-3. Bibliography Calder, Norman (2009). "Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Doi, Abd ar-Rahman I., and Clarke, Abdassamad (2008). Shari'ah: Islamic Law. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., ISBN 978-1-84200-087-8 (hardback) Cilardo, Agostino, "Fiqh, History of", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 201–206. Dahlén, Ashk (2003), Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415945295 El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988). "The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 136 (4). The University of Pennsylvania Law Review: 1231–1261. doi:10.2307/3312162. JSTOR 3312162. S2CID 153149243. Hawting, G.R. (2000). "16. John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism". The Quest for the Historical Muhammad. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 489–509. Hudson, A. (2003). Equity and Trusts (3rd ed.). London: Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85941-729-4. Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09182-4. Makdisi, John A. (June 1999). "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law". North Carolina Law Review. 77 (5): 1635–1739. Schneider, Irene (2014). "Fiqh". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001. ISBN 9780199739356. Further reading Potz, Richard, Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011. (Retrieved 28 November 2011.) External links Types of Hanafi Legal Rulings (Ahkam) Media related to Islamic jurisprudence at Wikimedia Commons vteIslam topicsOutline of IslamBeliefs God in Islam Allah Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Qadar Judgement Day Holiest sites Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj HistoryLeaders Timeline of the history of Islam Succession to Muhammad Early conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al-Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Hadith Tafsir Seerah Story of Prophets Denominations Sunni Ash'arism, Maturidism, Atharism and Mu'tazili Sufi Salafi Shia Twelver Shi'ism Isma'ilism Alawites Alevism Bektashi Alevism Zaydism Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Lahori Quranism Non-denominational LifeCulture Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Clothing Flags Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country LawJurisprudenceEconomics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu FamilyMarriageSex Haya Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Other aspects Baligh Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological kalam Schools of islamic jurisprudence  Islamic studiesArts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism (evolution) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques  OtherOther religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Apostasy Apostasy in Islam by country Ex-Muslims List of former Muslims List of ex-Muslim organisations Related topics Criticism of Islam Muhammad Quran Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Qutbism Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Symbolism Islam portal Category Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"/fiːk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[fiqh]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiqh-2"},{"link_name":"sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogel-3"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogel-3"},{"link_name":"fatwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"},{"link_name":"madh'hab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27hab"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"faqīh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mujtahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujtahid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiqh-2"},{"link_name":"principles of Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2014-6"},{"link_name":"hukm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukm"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Fish.Fiqh (/fiːk/;[1] Arabic: فقه [fiqh]) is Islamic jurisprudence.[2] Fiqh is often described as the human understanding and practices of the sharia,[3] that is human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions). Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and Sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama)[3] and is implemented by the rulings (fatwa) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas sharia is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims, fiqh is considered fallible and changeable. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (madh'hab) of fiqh within Sunni practice, plus two (or three) within Shi'a practice. A person trained in fiqh is known as a faqīh (pl.: fuqaha).[4]Figuratively, fiqh means knowledge about Islamic legal rulings from their sources. Deriving religious rulings from their sources requires the mujtahid (an individual who exercises ijtihad) to have a deep understanding in the different discussions of jurisprudence. A faqīh must look deep down into a matter and not content himself with just the apparent meaning, and a person who only knows the appearance of a matter is not qualified as a faqīh.[2]The studies of fiqh, are traditionally divided into Uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence, lit. the roots of fiqh, alternatively transliterated as Usool al-fiqh), the methods of legal interpretation and analysis; and Furūʿ al-fiqh (lit. the branches of fiqh), the elaboration of rulings on the basis of these principles.[5][6] Furūʿ al-fiqh is the product of the application of Uṣūl al-fiqh and the total product of human efforts at understanding the divine will. A hukm (pl.: aḥkām) is a particular ruling in a given case.","title":"Fiqh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modarresi-7"},{"link_name":"principles of Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"wajib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajib"},{"link_name":"haraam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraam"},{"link_name":"mandūb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahab"},{"link_name":"makrūh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makr%C5%ABh"},{"link_name":"mubah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_El-Razzak_El-Sanhuri"}],"text":"The word fiqh is an Arabic term meaning \"deep understanding\"[7]: 470  or \"full comprehension\". Technically it refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources (which are studied in the principles of Islamic jurisprudence) and the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence. The historian Ibn Khaldun describes fiqh as \"knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves connected to obey the law respecting what is required (wajib), sinful (haraam), recommended (mandūb), disapproved (makrūh), or neutral (mubah)\".[8] This definition is consistent amongst the jurists.In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has also come to mean Islamic jurisprudence.[9] It is not thus possible to speak of Chief Justice John Roberts as an expert in the common law fiqh of the United States, or of Egyptian legal scholar Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri as an expert in the civil law fiqh of Egypt.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Islamic economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabah"},{"link_name":"Followers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi%E2%80%98un"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maghen-2003-10"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Sahabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRHJWIaM2000:513-11"},{"link_name":"Tabi'un","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi%27un"},{"link_name":"Tabi' al-Tabi'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RGHIGP2015:223-12"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRHJWIaM2000:513-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"Sahabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabah"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"western Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijaz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"eight \"most significant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab#Amman_Message"},{"link_name":"Shi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"fall of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"Majallah el-Ahkam-i-Adliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecelle"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Abduh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh"},{"link_name":"Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_El-Razzak_El-Sanhuri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"Islamic revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival#Contemporary_revivalism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weiss_(2002)-16"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%60i"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah"},{"link_name":"ijma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma"},{"link_name":"qiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weiss-162-17"},{"link_name":"istihsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istihsan"},{"link_name":"shara man qablana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shara_man_qablana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"istishab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istishab"},{"link_name":"maslaha mursala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslaha_mursala"},{"link_name":"sadd al-dhari'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadd_al-dhari%27ah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"urf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urf"},{"link_name":"qawl al-sahabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qawl_al-sahabi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyazee_(2000)-18"}],"text":"Further information: History of Islamic economicsAccording to Sunni Islamic history, Sunni law followed a chronological path of:Allah → Muhammad → Companions → Followers → Fiqh.[10]The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and examples of the Prophet passed down as hadith). \nThe first Muslims (the Sahabah or Companions) heard and obeyed, and passed this essence of Islam[11] to succeeding generations (Tabi'un and Tabi' al-Tabi'in or successors/followers and successors of successors), as Muslims and Islam spread from West Arabia to the conquered lands north, east, and west,[12][Note 1] where it was systematized and elaborated[11]The history of Islamic jurisprudence is \"customarily divided into eight periods\":[14]the first period ending with the death of Muhammad in 11 AH.[14]\nsecond period \"characterized by personal interpretations\" of the canon by the Sahabah or companions of Muhammad, lasting until 50 AH.[14]\nfrom 50 AH until the early second century AH there was competition between \"a traditionalist approach to jurisprudence\" in western Arabia where Islam was revealed and a \"rationalist approach in Iraq\".[14]\nthe \"golden age of classical Islamic jurisprudence\" from the \"early second to the mid-fourth century when the eight \"most significant\" schools of Sunni and Shi'i jurisprudence emerged.\"[14]\nfrom the mid-fourth century to mid-seventh AH Islamic jurisprudence was \"limited to elaborations within the main juristic schools\".[14]\nthe \"dark age\" of Islamic jurisprudence stretched from the fall of Baghdad in the mid-seventh AH (1258 CE) to 1293 AH/1876 CE.\nIn 1293 AH (1876 CE) the Ottomans codified Hanafi jurisprudence in the Majallah el-Ahkam-i-Adliya. Several \"juristic revival movements\" influenced by \"exposure to Western legal and technological progress\" followed until the mid-20th century CE. Muhammad Abduh and Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri were products of this era.[14]However, Abduh and El-Sanhuri were modernists. 19th century Ottoman Shariah Code was built on the views of the Hanafi school.\nThe most recent era has been that of the \"Islamic revival\", which has been \"predicated on rejection of Western social and legal advances\" and the development of specifically Islamic states, social sciences, economics, and finance.[14]The formative period of Islamic jurisprudence stretches back to the time of the early Muslim communities. During this period, jurists were more concerned with issues of authority and teaching than with theory and methodology.[15]Progress in theory and methodology happened with the coming of the early Muslim jurist Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820), who codified the basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his book ar-Risālah. The book details the four roots of law (Qur'an, sunnah, ijma, and qiyas) while specifying that the primary Islamic texts (the Qur'an and the hadith) be understood according to objective rules of interpretation derived from scientific study of the Arabic language.[16]Secondary sources of law were developed and refined over the subsequent centuries, consisting primarily of juristic preference (istihsan), laws of the previous prophets (shara man qablana), continuity (istishab), extended analogy (maslaha mursala), blocking the means (sadd al-dhari'ah), local customs (urf), and sayings of a companion of the Prophet (qawl al-sahabi).[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamic schools of thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_of_thought"},{"link_name":"interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impact_of_Religion_on_International_Negotiations"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Islamic prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_prophet"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Muhammad's companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%27s_companions"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"},{"link_name":"Muwatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Anas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coulson-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"},{"link_name":"Jafar al-Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muwatta-26"},{"link_name":"Urwah ibn Zubayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr"},{"link_name":"Hisham ibn Urwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Urwah"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Anas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas"},{"link_name":"Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Zayd ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Abu Hanifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa"},{"link_name":"Al-Masjid an-Nabawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi"},{"link_name":"Al-Shafi‘i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%E2%80%98i"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Hanbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Ismail ibn Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islam_Page_67-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-32"},{"link_name":"Jafar al-Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"Islamic prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_prophet"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-32"},{"link_name":"Ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"Muwatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bewley.virtualave.net-22"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Anas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coulson-23"},{"link_name":"ash-Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash-Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"ijma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma"},{"link_name":"qiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coulson-23"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sahih-bukhari.com-34"},{"link_name":"Sahih al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina"},{"link_name":"Husayn ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Predestination in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Yazid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Yazid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Asma' bint Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%27_bint_Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ummah.com-37"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Umayyads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Aisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha"},{"link_name":"Jafar al-Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)_Mausua_Fiqhiya_Kuwaitiya_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al Mausu'ah Al Fiqhiyah Al Kuwaitiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-39"}],"sub_title":"Diagram of early scholars","text":"Islamic schools of thoughtThe Quran set the rights, responsibilities, and rules for people and societies to adhere to, such as dealing in interest. Muhammad then provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing people how he practically implemented these rules in a society. After the passing of Muhammad, there was a need for jurists, to decide on new legal matters where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadith, example of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case.[18][19]In the years proceeding Muhammad, the community in Madina continued to use the same rules. People were familiar with the practice of Muhammad and therefore continued to use the same rules.The scholars appearing in the diagram below were taught by Muhammad's companions, many of whom settled in Madina.[20] Muwatta[21] by Malik ibn Anas was written as a consensus of the opinion, of these scholars.[22][23][24] Muwatta[21] by Malik ibn Anas quotes 13 hadiths from Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.[25]\nAisha also taught her nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas whose views many Sunni follow and also taught by Jafar al-Sadiq. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Hisham ibn Urwah and Muhammad al-Baqir taught Zayd ibn Ali, Jafar al-Sadiq, Abu Hanifa, and Malik ibn Anas.Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, Imam Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas worked together in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. Along with Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd ibn Ali and over 70 other leading jurists and scholars.Al-Shafi‘i was taught by Malik ibn Anas. Ahmad ibn Hanbal was taught by Al-Shafi‘i. Muhammad al-Bukhari travelled everywhere collecting hadith and his father Ismail ibn Ibrahim was a student of Malik ibn Anas.[26][27][28][29][30]In the books actually written by these original jurists and scholars, there are very few theological and judicial differences between them. Imam Ahmad rejected the writing down and codifying of the religious rulings he gave. They knew that they might have fallen into error in some of their judgements and stated this clearly. They never introduced their rulings by saying, \"Here, this judgement is the judgement of God and His prophet.\"[31] There is also very little text actually written down by Jafar al-Sadiq himself. They all give priority to the Qur'an and the hadith (the practice of Muhammad). They felt that the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad provided people with almost everything they needed. \"This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion\" Quran 5:3.[32]These scholars did not distinguish between each other. They were not Sunni or Shia. They felt that they were following the religion of Abraham as described in the Quran \"Say: Allah speaks the truth; so follow the religion of Abraham, the upright one. And he was not one of the polytheists\" (Qur'an 3:95).Most of the differences are regarding Sharia laws devised through Ijtihad where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case.[31] As these jurists went to new areas, they were pragmatic and continued to use the same ruling as was given in that area during pre-Islamic times, if the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used Ijtihad to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. As explained in the Muwatta[21] by Malik ibn Anas.[22] This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State.To reduce the divergence, ash-Shafi'i proposed giving priority to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad) and only then look at the consensus of the Muslim jurists (ijma) and analogical reasoning (qiyas).[22] This then resulted in jurists like Muhammad al-Bukhari[33] dedicating their lives to the collection of the correct hadith, in books like Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih translates as authentic or correct. They also felt that Muhammad's judgement was more impartial and better than their own.These original jurists and scholars also acted as a counterbalance to the rulers. When they saw injustice, all these scholars spoke out against it. As the state expanded outside Madina, the rights of the different communities, as they were constituted in the Constitution of Medina still applied. The Quran also gave additional rights to the citizens of the state and these rights were also applied. Ali, Hassan and Husayn ibn Ali gave their allegiance to the first three caliphs because they abided by these conditions. Later Ali the fourth caliph wrote in a letter \"I did not approach the people to get their oath of allegiance but they came to me with their desire to make me their Amir (ruler). I did not extend my hands towards them so that they might swear the oath of allegiance to me but they themselves extended their hands towards me.\"[34] But later as fate would have it (Predestination in Islam) when Yazid I, an oppressive ruler took power, Husayn ibn Ali the grandson of Muhammad felt that it was a test from God for him and his duty to confront him. Then Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's cousin confronted the Umayyad rulers after Husayn ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Yazid I the Umayyad ruler.[35] Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr then took on the Umayyads and expelled their forces from Hijaz and Iraq. But then his forces were depleted in Iraq, trying to stop the Khawarij. The Umayyads then moved in. After a lengthy campaign, in his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother Asma' bint Abu Bakr the daughter of Abu Bakr the first caliph for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son, she said:[36] \"You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free.\" Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and crucified by the Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Umayyads and led by Hajjaj. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr the son of Abu Bakr the first caliph and raised by Ali the fourth caliph was also killed by the Umayyads.[37] Aisha then raised and taught her son Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr who later taught his grandson Jafar al-Sadiq.The 45 Volumes/18,500 pages, Al Mausu'ah Al Fiqhiyah Al Kuwaitiyah, is the largest printed Fiqh Encyclopedia; it took 40 years to complete and was later translated into Urdu, Tamil, Persian, Malay & Bengali language.During the early Umayyad period, there was more community involvement. The Quran and Muhammad's example was the main source of law after which the community decided. If it worked for the community, was just and did not conflict with the Quran and the example of Muhammad, it was accepted. This made it easier for the different communities, with Roman, Persian, Central Asia and North African backgrounds to integrate into the Islamic State and that assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. The scholars in Madina were consulted on the more complex judicial issues. The Sharia and the official more centralized schools of fiqh developed later, during the time of the Abbasids.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principles of Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_(en).png"},{"link_name":"Legal systems of the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Ijma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma"},{"link_name":"Ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-41"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Qiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas"},{"link_name":"Ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-41"},{"link_name":"Zahirites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Hanbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal"},{"link_name":"Al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Hanbalites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalites"},{"link_name":"Shi’a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"wudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudu"},{"link_name":"salat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat"},{"link_name":"salat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat"},{"link_name":"sawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawm"},{"link_name":"month of Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)"},{"link_name":"Qur'an and Sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an_and_Sunnah"},{"link_name":"Shariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariah"},{"link_name":"Fuqaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqaha"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Ijma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma"},{"link_name":"analogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy"},{"link_name":"Qiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas"},{"link_name":"Istislah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istislah"},{"link_name":"Istihsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istihsan"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"sacrilegious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege"},{"link_name":"madh'hab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh%27hab"}],"text":"Further information: Principles of Islamic jurisprudenceLegal systems of the worldThe sources of Sharia in order of importance are\nPrimary sourcesQur'an\nHadithSecondary sources3. Ijma, i.e. collective reasoning and consensus amongst authoritative Muslims of a particular generation, and its interpretation by Islamic scholars.\n4. Ijtihad, i.e. independent legal reasoning by Islamic jurists[39][40]Majority of Sunni Muslims view Qiyas as a central Pillar of Ijtihad.[40] On the other hand; Zahirites, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Bukhari, early Hanbalites, etc. rejected Qiyas amongst the Sunnis. Similarly, the Shi’a jurists almost unanimously reject both pure reason and analogical reason; viewing both these methods as subjective.[41][42][43]The Qur'an gives clear instructions on many issues, such as how to perform the ritual purification (wudu) before the obligatory daily prayers (salat). On other issues, for example, the Qur'an states one needs to engage in daily prayers (salat) and fast (sawm) during the month of Ramadan but further instructions and details on how to perform these duties can be found in the traditions of Muhammad, so Qur'an and Sunnah are in most cases the basis for (Shariah).Some topics are without precedent in Islam's early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists (Fuqaha) try to arrive at conclusions by other means. Sunni jurists use historical consensus of the community (Ijma); a majority in the modern era also use analogy (Qiyas) and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics (Istislah), and a plurality utilizes juristic preference (Istihsan). The conclusions arrived at with the aid of these additional tools constitute a wide array of laws, and its application is called fiqh. Thus, in contrast to the sharia, fiqh is not regarded as sacred and the schools of thought have differing views on its details, without viewing other conclusions as sacrilegious. This division of interpretation in more detailed issues has resulted in different schools of thought (madh'hab).This wider concept of Islamic jurisprudence is the source of a range of laws in different topics that guide Muslims in everyday life.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibadaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadah"},{"link_name":"Mu`amalaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamalat"},{"link_name":"decision types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahkam"},{"link_name":"fardh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fardh"},{"link_name":"mustahabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustahabb"},{"link_name":"mubah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubah"},{"link_name":"makrooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrooh"},{"link_name":"haraam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraam"}],"sub_title":"Component categories","text":"Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) covers two main areas:Rules in relation to actions, and,\nRules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions.These types of rules can also fall into two groups:Worship (Ibadaat)\nDealings and transactions (with people) (Mu`amalaat)Rules in relation to actions ('amaliyya — عملية) or \"decision types\" comprise:Obligation (fardh)\nRecommendation (mustahabb)\nPermissibility (mubah)\nDisrecommendation (makrooh)\nProhibition (haraam)Rules in relation to circumstances (wadia') comprise:Condition (shart)\nCause (sabab)\nPreventor (mani)\nPermit / Enforced (rukhsah, azeemah)\nValid / Corrupt / Invalid (sahih, fasid, batil)\nIn time / Deferred / Repeat (adaa, qadaa, i'ada)","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"usul al-fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh"},{"link_name":"sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"Ibadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi"},{"link_name":"Shi'ite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ite"},{"link_name":"case law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:32-45"},{"link_name":"caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAEGIFLEP2006:30-1-15"},{"link_name":"madhhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"al-urf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-urf"},{"link_name":"isnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad"},{"link_name":"taqlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid"},{"link_name":"shariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariah"},{"link_name":"Islamization of knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge"},{"link_name":"ulema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"}],"sub_title":"Methodologies of jurisprudence","text":"The modus operandi of the Muslim jurist is known as usul al-fiqh (\"principles of jurisprudence\").There are different approaches to the methodology used in jurisprudence to derive Islamic rulings from the primary sources of sharia (Islamic law). The main methodologies are those of the Sunni, Shi'a and Ibadi denominations. While both Sunni and Shi'ite (Shia) are divided into smaller sub-schools, the differences among the Shi'ite schools is considerably greater. Ibadites only follow a single school without divisions.FatawaWhile using court decisions as legal precedents and case law are central to Western law, the importance of the institution of fatawa (non-binding answers by Islamic legal scholars to legal questions) has been called \"central to the development\" of Islamic jurisprudence.[44] This is in part because of a \"vacuum\" in the other source of Islamic law, qada` (legal rulings by state appointed Islamic judges) after the fall of the last caliphate the Ottoman Empire.[14] While the practice in Islam dates back to the time of Muhammad, according to at least one source (Muhammad El-Gamal), it is \"modeled after the Roman system of responsa,\" and gives the questioner \"decisive primary-mover advantage in choosing the question and its wording.\"[14]Arguments for and against reformEach school (madhhab) reflects a unique al-urf or culture (a cultural practice that was influenced by traditions), that the classical jurists themselves lived in, when rulings were made. Some suggest that the discipline of isnad, which developed to validate hadith made it relatively easy to record and validate also the rulings of jurists. This, in turn, made them far easier to imitate (taqlid) than to challenge in new contexts. The argument is, the schools have been more or less frozen for centuries, and reflect a culture that simply no longer exists. Traditional scholars hold that religion is there to regulate human behavior and nurture people's moral side and since human nature has not fundamentally changed since the beginning of Islam a call to modernize the religion is essentially one to relax all laws and institutions.Early shariah had a much more flexible character, and some modern Muslim scholars believe that it should be renewed, and that the classical jurists should lose special status. This would require formulating a new fiqh suitable for the modern world, e.g. as proposed by advocates of the Islamization of knowledge, which would deal with the modern context. This modernization is opposed by most conservative ulema. Traditional scholars hold that the laws are contextual and consider circumstance such as time, place and culture, the principles they are based upon are universal such as justice, equality and respect. Many Muslim scholars argue that even though technology may have advanced, the fundamentals of human life have not.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economical_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Etiquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_(behavior)"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Hygienical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Marital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_political_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence"}],"sub_title":"Fields of jurisprudence","text":"Criminal\nEconomics\nEtiquette\nFamily\nHygienical\nInheritance\nMarital\nMilitary\nPolitical\nTheological","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schools of fiqh thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map3.png"},{"link_name":"madhhabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnite"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Hanbali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Wahhabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"Zahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Ahl al-Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith"},{"link_name":"Jariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jariri"},{"link_name":"Laythi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laythi"},{"link_name":"Awza'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awza%27i"},{"link_name":"Thawri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawri"},{"link_name":"Qurtubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurtubi"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Ja'fari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari"},{"link_name":"Twelver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Ja'fari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari"},{"link_name":"Isma'ili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Zaydi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydi"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Khawarij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawarij"},{"link_name":"Ibadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"hadiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"qiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas"},{"link_name":"Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Schools of jurisprudence","text":"There are several schools of fiqh thought (Arabic: مذهب maḏhab; pl. مذاهب maḏāhib)Map of the Muslim world with the main madhhabsThe schools of Sunni Islam are each named by students of the classical jurist who taught them. The Sunni schools (and where they are commonly found) areHanafi (Turkey, Egypt, Balkans, Levant, Central Asia, South Asia, China, North Caucasus, and Tatarstan)\nMaliki (North Africa, West Africa, and Eastern Arabia)\nShafi'i (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Kurdistan, Egypt, East Africa, Yemen, Kerala, and Maldives)\nHanbali (Saudi Arabia) see Wahhabism\nZahiri (minority communities in Morocco and Pakistan)\nAhl al-Hadith\nJariri, Laythi, Awza'i, Thawri, and Qurtubi no longer exist.The schools of Shia Islam comprise:Ja'fari Twelver (Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Lebanon)\nJa'fari Isma'ili[45] (minority communities in India, Central Asia, Levant, Yemen, and Pakistan)\nZaydi (minority communities in Yemen)Entirely separate from both the Sunni and Shia traditions, Khawarij Islam has evolved its own distinct school.Ibadi (Oman)These schools share many of their rulings, but differ on the particular hadiths they accept as authentic and the weight they give to analogy or reason (qiyas) in deciding difficulties.The relationship between (at least the Sunni) schools of jurisprudence and the conflict between the unity of the Shariah and the diversity of the schools, was expressed by the 12th century Hanafi scholar Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi, who wrote: \"Our school is correct with the possibility of error, and another school is in error with the possibility of being correct.\"[46]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Hawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala"},{"link_name":"informal value transfer system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system"},{"link_name":"agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(law)"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"civil laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"French law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust"},{"link_name":"trust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"notarized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notarized"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"English Common Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Common_Law"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodhan-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makdisi-58"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Norman conquest of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt"},{"link_name":"assize of novel disseisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_of_novel_disseisin"},{"link_name":"jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury"},{"link_name":"scholastic method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_method"},{"link_name":"licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence"},{"link_name":"teach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"law schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school"},{"link_name":"Inns of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court"},{"link_name":"Madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah"},{"link_name":"commenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commenda"},{"link_name":"Qirad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirad"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makdisi-58"},{"link_name":"legal precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent"},{"link_name":"analogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy"},{"link_name":"Qiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamal-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makdisi-58"}],"text":"A number of important legal institutions were developed by Muslim jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the Islamic Golden Age. One such institution was the Hawala, an early informal value transfer system, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century. Hawala itself later influenced the development of the agency in common law and in civil laws such as the aval in French law and the avallo in Italian law.[47]The Waqf in Islamic law, which developed during the 7th–9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the trusts in the English trust law.[48] For example, every Waqf was required to have a waqif (settlor), mutawillis (trustee), qadi (judge) and beneficiaries.[49] The trust law developed in England at the time of the Crusades, during the 12th and 13th centuries, was introduced by Crusaders who may have been influenced by the Waqf institutions they came across in the Middle East.[50][51]In classical Islamic jurisprudence, litigants in court may obtain notarized statements from between three and twelve witnesses. When the statements of all witnesses are consistent, the notaries will certify their unanimous testimony in a legal document, which may be used to support the litigant's claim.[52] The notaries serve to free the judge from the time-consuming task of hearing the testimony of each eyewitness himself, and their documents serve to legally authenticate each oral testimony.[53] The Maliki school requires two notaries to collect a minimum of twelve eyewitness statements in certain legal cases, including those involving unregistered marriages and land disputes.[54][55] John Makdisi has compared this group of twelve witness statements, known as a lafif, to English Common Law jury trials under Henry II, surmising a link between the king's reforms and the legal system of the Kingdom of Sicily. The island had previously been ruled by various Islamic dynasties.[56][57]Several other fundamental common law institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in Islamic law and jurisprudence, and introduced to England by the Normans after the Norman conquest of England and the Emirate of Sicily, and by Crusaders during the Crusades. In particular, the \"royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic Aqd, the English assize of novel disseisin is identified with the Islamic Istihqaq, and the English jury is identified with the Islamic lafif.\" John Makdisi speculated that English legal institutions such as \"the scholastic method, the licence to teach\", the \"law schools known as Inns of Court in England and Madrasas in Islam\" and the \"European commenda\" (Islamic Qirad) may have also originated from Islamic law.[57] The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems.[58] These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for \"the common law as an integrated whole\".[57]","title":"Influence on Western laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011112127"},{"link_name":"European History Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_History_Online"},{"link_name":"Institute of European History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_History"},{"link_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssrn.com/abstract=4651796"},{"link_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796"}],"text":"Potz, Richard, Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011. (Retrieved 28 November 2011.)\n[Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Jurisprudence of Islam (December 3, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Islamic schools of thought","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg/350px-Islamic_schools_of_Jurisprudence.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 45 Volumes/18,500 pages, Al Mausu'ah Al Fiqhiyah Al Kuwaitiyah, is the largest printed Fiqh Encyclopedia; it took 40 years to complete and was later translated into Urdu, Tamil, Persian, Malay & Bengali language.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Jurisprudence_%28Fiqh%29_Mausua_Fiqhiya_Kuwaitiya_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA.jpg/350px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Legal systems of the world","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/350px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the Muslim world with the main madhhabs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/650px-Madhhab_Map3.png"}]
[{"title":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Abdallah al-Harari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Harari"},{"title":"Traditionalist theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athari"},{"title":"Bahar-e-Shariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar-e-Shariat"},{"title":"Glossary of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam"},{"title":"Index of Islam-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Islam-related_articles"},{"title":"Ja'fari jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence"},{"title":"Outline of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Islam"},{"title":"List of Islamic terms in Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamic_terms_in_Arabic"},{"title":"Ma'ruf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ruf"},{"title":"Mizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizan"},{"title":"Javed Ahmed Ghamidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi"},{"title":"Palestinian law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_law"},{"title":"Schools of Islamic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology"},{"title":"Sources of Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_Islamic_law"},{"title":"Urf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urf"}]
[{"reference":"Vogel, Frank E. (2000). Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Brill. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9004110623.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=vogel+islamic+law","url_text":"Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110623","url_text":"9004110623"}]},{"reference":"Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_al-Modarresi","url_text":"Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf","url_text":"The Laws of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0994240989","url_text":"978-0994240989"},{"url":"http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"أنیس, إبراهیم (1998). المعجم الوسیط. بیروت، لبنان: دارالفکر. p. 731.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maghen, Ze'ev (2003). \"Dead Tradition: Joseph Schacht and the Origins of \"Popular Practice\"\". Islamic Law and Society. 10 (3): 276–347. doi:10.1163/156851903770227575. JSTOR 3399422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851903770227575","url_text":"10.1163/156851903770227575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3399422","url_text":"3399422"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Michael (2000). The Koran : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0192853449.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook","url_text":"The Koran : A Very Short Introduction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook/page/n122","url_text":"109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192853449","url_text":"0192853449"}]},{"reference":"Asadulla, Abubakr (2009). Islam Vs. West. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595501571.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gMxjJqurmiAC&q=development+of+schools+of+thought+hanifa&pg=PA30","url_text":"Islam Vs. West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595501571","url_text":"9780595501571"}]},{"reference":"Rehman, Javaid (7 June 2005). Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism. Hart. ISBN 9781841135014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=es9Sunv_y2MC&q=development+of+schools+of+thought+hanifa&pg=PA20","url_text":"Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841135014","url_text":"9781841135014"}]},{"reference":"\"ulama\". bewley.virtualave.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021231627/http://bewley.virtualave.net/ulama.html","url_text":"\"ulama\""},{"url":"http://bewley.virtualave.net/ulama.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Muwatta\". bewley.virtualave.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101013110055/http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html","url_text":"\"Muwatta\""},{"url":"http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coulson, Noel James (1994). A History of Islamic Law. ISBN 9780748605149.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC&q=coulson+history+islamic+law","url_text":"A History of Islamic Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748605149","url_text":"9780748605149"}]},{"reference":"Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. BRILL. ISBN 9004097910.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&q=Muwatta+consensus+of+the+opinions+scholars&pg=PA207","url_text":"E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097910","url_text":"9004097910"}]},{"reference":"Šārôn, Moše (1986). Studies in Islamic History and Civilization. BRILL. ISBN 9789652640147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&q=Muwatta+consensus+of+the+opinions+scholars&pg=PA264","url_text":"Studies in Islamic History and Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652640147","url_text":"9789652640147"}]},{"reference":"Hasyim, Syafiq (2006). Understanding Women in Islam. Equinox. ISBN 9789793780191.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlGgGVCp0UcC&q=aisha+and+qasim+ibn+muhammad&pg=PA67","url_text":"Understanding Women in Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780191","url_text":"9789793780191"}]},{"reference":"Calder, Norman; Mojaddedi, Jawid Ahmad; Rippin, Andrew (2003). Classical Islam. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415240321.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JdjtUTYSL1UC&q=aisha+and+qasim+ibn+muhammad&pg=PA37","url_text":"Classical Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415240321","url_text":"9780415240321"}]},{"reference":"Brockopp, Jonathan E.; Neusner, Jacob; Sonn, Tamara (27 September 2005). Judaism and Islam in Practice. Routledge. ISBN 9781134605538.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GlqeC1ZFAUEC&q=aisha+and+qasim&pg=PT101","url_text":"Judaism and Islam in Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134605538","url_text":"9781134605538"}]},{"reference":"\"Jafar Al-Sadiq\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/mutmainaa7/people/jafar_al_sadiq.html","url_text":"\"Jafar Al-Sadiq\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMAM JAFAR BIN MUHAMMAD AS-SADIQ (AS)\". www.ziaraat.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822202122/http://www.ziaraat.org/jafar.php","url_text":"\"IMAM JAFAR BIN MUHAMMAD AS-SADIQ (AS)\""},{"url":"http://www.ziaraat.org/jafar.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kurzman, Charles (2002). Modernist Islam, 1840–1940. ISBN 9780195154689.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&q=Modernist+Islam,+1840-1940:+A+Sourcebook+By+Charles+Kurzman","url_text":"Modernist Islam, 1840–1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195154689","url_text":"9780195154689"}]},{"reference":"\"Surat Al-Ma'idah [5:3] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم\". Archived from the original on 25 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925005700/http://quran.com/5/3","url_text":"\"Surat Al-Ma'idah [5:3] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم\""},{"url":"http://quran.com/5/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bukhari, Sahih. \"Sahih Bukhari : Read, Study, Search Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/","url_text":"\"Sahih Bukhari : Read, Study, Search Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (ra)\". Ummah.com - Muslim Forum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220953/https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra","url_text":"\"The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (ra)\""},{"url":"https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rashīd Riḍā, Muhammad (1996). The Muhammadan Revelation. Alexandria, VA: Al-Saadawi Publications. p. 127. ISBN 1-881963-55-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881963-55-1","url_text":"1-881963-55-1"}]},{"reference":"Irshad Abdel Haqq (2006). Ramadan, Hisham M. (ed.). Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 9780759109919. Retrieved 17 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_law:_An_Overview_of_Its_Origins_and_Elements&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Irshad Abdel Haqq"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law%3A+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1","url_text":"Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759109919","url_text":"9780759109919"}]},{"reference":"B. Hallaq, Wael (2005). THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC LAW. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124, 127. ISBN 978-0-521-80332-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80332-8","url_text":"978-0-521-80332-8"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Scott C. (2006). \"The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam\". Islamic Law and Society. 13 (3): 292. doi:10.1163/156851906778946341.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851906778946341","url_text":"10.1163/156851906778946341"}]},{"reference":"Lakhani, M. Ali (2017). Faith and Ethics: The Vision of the Ismaili Imamat. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-1786733900. The place of the Ismailis within the theological pluralism of the Muslim community is best summarised by their Imam's statement to the International Islamic Conference held in Amman in July 2005: \"Our historic adherence is to the Ja'fari madhhab and other madhahib of close affinity, and it continues, under the leadership of the hereditary Ismaili Imam of the time. This adherence is in harmony also with our acceptance of Sufi principles of personal search and balance between the zahir and the spirit or the intellect which the zahir signifies.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786733900","url_text":"978-1786733900"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. pp. 50-51. ISBN 978-1780744209. Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown","url_text":"Brown, Jonathan A.C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/50","url_text":"Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneworld_Publications","url_text":"Oneworld Publications"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/50","url_text":"50-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780744209","url_text":"978-1780744209"}]},{"reference":"Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). \"Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems\". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 26 (2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977). American Society of Comparative Law: 187–198 [196–98]. doi:10.2307/839667. JSTOR 839667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F839667","url_text":"10.2307/839667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/839667","url_text":"839667"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence Rosen (2000). The Justice of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 7-9. ISBN 9780198298847.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198298847","url_text":"9780198298847"}]},{"reference":"Ron Shaham (2010). The Expert Witness in Islamic Courts. University of Chicago Press. p. 4-8. ISBN 9780226749358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226749358","url_text":"9780226749358"}]},{"reference":"Baudouin Dupret (2021). Positive Law from the Muslim World. Cambridge University Press. p. 205-210. ISBN 9781108960137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108960137","url_text":"9781108960137"}]},{"reference":"Ann Elizabeth Mayer, ed. (1985). Property, Social Structure, and Law in the Modern Middle East. SUNY Press. p. 54-64. ISBN 9780873959889.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY","url_text":"SUNY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873959889","url_text":"9780873959889"}]},{"reference":"Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F. (2012). The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-230-39320-2. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n4OpT4ZP278C","url_text":"The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39320-2","url_text":"978-0-230-39320-2"}]},{"reference":"Makdisi, John (1 June 1999). \"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law\". North Carolina Law Review. 77 (5): 1635. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol77/iss5/2/","url_text":"\"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law\""}]},{"reference":"El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-521-86414-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islamicfinancela00elga","url_text":"Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islamicfinancela00elga/page/n35","url_text":"16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86414-3","url_text":"0-521-86414-3"}]},{"reference":"Calder, Norman (2009). \"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence\". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473","url_text":"\"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence\""},{"url":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dahlén, Ashk (2003), Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415945295","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QARHBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415945295","url_text":"9780415945295"}]},{"reference":"El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160351/http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf","url_text":"Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice"},{"url":"http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988). \"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College\". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 136 (4). The University of Pennsylvania Law Review: 1231–1261. doi:10.2307/3312162. JSTOR 3312162. S2CID 153149243.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3909&context=penn_law_review","url_text":"\"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Law Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312162","url_text":"10.2307/3312162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312162","url_text":"3312162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153149243","url_text":"153149243"}]},{"reference":"Hawting, G.R. (2000). \"16. John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism\". The Quest for the Historical Muhammad. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 489–509.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hudson, A. (2003). Equity and Trusts (3rd ed.). London: Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85941-729-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-729-4","url_text":"978-1-85941-729-4"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09182-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy","url_text":"The Social Structure of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09182-4","url_text":"978-0-521-09182-4"}]},{"reference":"Makdisi, John A. (June 1999). \"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law\". North Carolina Law Review. 77 (5): 1635–1739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Law_Review","url_text":"North Carolina Law Review"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Irene (2014). \"Fiqh\". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001. ISBN 9780199739356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356","url_text":"9780199739356"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fiqh","external_links_name":"\"fiqh\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207723/fiqh","external_links_name":"Fiqh"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=vogel+islamic+law","external_links_name":"Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf","external_links_name":"The Laws of Islam"},{"Link":"http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851903770227575","external_links_name":"10.1163/156851903770227575"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3399422","external_links_name":"3399422"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook","external_links_name":"The Koran : A Very Short Introduction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook/page/n122","external_links_name":"109"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gMxjJqurmiAC&q=development+of+schools+of+thought+hanifa&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"Islam Vs. West"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=es9Sunv_y2MC&q=development+of+schools+of+thought+hanifa&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021231627/http://bewley.virtualave.net/ulama.html","external_links_name":"\"ulama\""},{"Link":"http://bewley.virtualave.net/ulama.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101013110055/http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html","external_links_name":"\"Muwatta\""},{"Link":"http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC&q=coulson+history+islamic+law","external_links_name":"A History of Islamic Law"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&q=Muwatta+consensus+of+the+opinions+scholars&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&q=Muwatta+consensus+of+the+opinions+scholars&pg=PA264","external_links_name":"Studies in Islamic History and Civilization"},{"Link":"http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html","external_links_name":"Al-Muwatta'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101013110055/http://bewley.virtualave.net/muwcont.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlGgGVCp0UcC&q=aisha+and+qasim+ibn+muhammad&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"Understanding Women in Islam"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JdjtUTYSL1UC&q=aisha+and+qasim+ibn+muhammad&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"Classical Islam"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GlqeC1ZFAUEC&q=aisha+and+qasim&pg=PT101","external_links_name":"Judaism and Islam in Practice"},{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/mutmainaa7/people/jafar_al_sadiq.html","external_links_name":"\"Jafar Al-Sadiq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822202122/http://www.ziaraat.org/jafar.php","external_links_name":"\"IMAM JAFAR BIN MUHAMMAD AS-SADIQ (AS)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ziaraat.org/jafar.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&q=Modernist+Islam,+1840-1940:+A+Sourcebook+By+Charles+Kurzman","external_links_name":"Modernist Islam, 1840–1940"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925005700/http://quran.com/5/3","external_links_name":"\"Surat Al-Ma'idah [5:3] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم\""},{"Link":"http://quran.com/5/3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-5/verse-3/","external_links_name":"Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 3 )"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141107/http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-5/verse-3/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/","external_links_name":"\"Sahih Bukhari : Read, Study, Search Online\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220953/https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra","external_links_name":"\"The Advice of Asmaa bint Abu Bakr (ra) to her son Abdullah Ibn Zubair (ra)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ummah.com/forum/forum/general/the-lounge/356138-the-advice-of-asmaa-bint-abu-bakr-ra-to-her-son-abdullah-ibn-zubair-ra","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law%3A+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851906778946341","external_links_name":"10.1163/156851906778946341"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/50","external_links_name":"Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/50","external_links_name":"50-51"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F839667","external_links_name":"10.2307/839667"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/839667","external_links_name":"839667"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n4OpT4ZP278C","external_links_name":"The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations"},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol77/iss5/2/","external_links_name":"\"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islamicfinancela00elga","external_links_name":"Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islamicfinancela00elga/page/n35","external_links_name":"16"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473","external_links_name":"\"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QARHBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160351/http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf","external_links_name":"Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice"},{"Link":"http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3909&context=penn_law_review","external_links_name":"\"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312162","external_links_name":"10.2307/3312162"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312162","external_links_name":"3312162"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153149243","external_links_name":"153149243"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy","external_links_name":"The Social Structure of Islam"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001"},{"Link":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011112127","external_links_name":"Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law"},{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796","external_links_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796","external_links_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796"},{"Link":"https://halaqa.home.blog/2021/02/12/types-of-hanafi-legal-rulings-ahkam/","external_links_name":"Types of Hanafi Legal Rulings (Ahkam)"},{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796","external_links_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=4651796"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796","external_links_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4651796"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4409409-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio
Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Exterior","2.2 Interior","3 Myth","4 Others","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°27′44.73″N 9°10′32.90″E / 45.4624250°N 9.1758056°E / 45.4624250; 9.1758056Romanesque church in Milan See also: Sant'Ambrogio, Florence Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio(Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio)Exterior view of the basilica.ReligionAffiliationCatholicProvinceMilanEcclesiastical or organizational statusMinor basilicaYear consecrated379StatusActiveLocationLocationMilan, ItalyGeographic coordinates45°27′44.73″N 9°10′32.90″E / 45.4624250°N 9.1758056°E / 45.4624250; 9.1758056ArchitectureTypeChurchStyleRomanesqueCompleted1099 The Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio (official name: Basilica romana minore collegiata abbaziale prepositurale di Sant'Ambrogio) is an ancient Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church in the center of Milan, region of Lombardy, Italy. History One of the most ancient churches in Milan, it was commissioned by St. Ambrose in 379–386, in an area where numerous martyrs of the Roman persecutions had been buried. The first name of the church was in fact Basilica Martyrum. When St Ambrose arrived in Milan to assume the bishopric, churches in the region were in conflict with each other over the dispute between Arianism and the Nicene Creed as well as numerous local issues. Ambrose firmly sided with the Nicene partisans, and wanted northern Italy to remain allied to the papacy. He did this through both preaching and construction. He built three or four churches surrounding the city; Basilica Apostolorum (now San Nazaro in Brolo), Basilica Virginum (now San Simpliciano), and Basilica Martyrum (which was later renamed in his honour). A fourth church, Basilica Salvatoris (later San Dionigi, razed in the 17th century), is attributed to him as well, but may not actually be from the 4th century. These churches were dedicated with anti-Arian language and as symbols of the wealth and power of the pro-Nicene faction in Milan. The church building has undergone several restorations and partial reconstructions, assuming the current appearance in the 12th century, when it was rebuilt in the Romanesque style. Initially, the basilica was outside the Roman city walls of Milan, but over the following centuries, the city grew up around it. It became a centre of religious life and a community of canons developed in the church. In 789, a monastery was established within the basilica grounds. The canons, however, retained their own community and identity instead of fading away. Two separate, distinct religious communities shared the basilica. In the 11th century, the canons adopted a rule of life and became Canons Regular. There were now two separate monastic communities following different rules living in the basilica. The canons were in the northern building, the cloister of the canons, while the monks were in the two southern buildings. The two towers symbolize the division in the basilica. The 9th-century Torre dei Monaci ("Tower of the Monks") was used by the monks to call the faithful to the monks' mass. The monks supported themselves partly from the offerings given after mass. However, the canons did not have a bell tower and were not allowed to ring bells until they finished their own tower (on the north side) in the 12th century. The monastery and church became a large landholder in northern Italy and into what is now the Swiss Canton of Ticino. On 4 August 1528, an accord known as the "Peace of St. Ambrose" was signed here between the noble and popular factions of the city. In 1492 the Benedictines commissioned Donato Bramante, structural architect of St. Peter's Basilica, to renovate the new rectory. In August 1943, the Allied bombings heavily damaged the basilica, in particular the apse and surrounding area. As a result of this a new building, painted in pink, was constructed to house the Abbot's offices and the museum. Description Plan of the basilica, showing the arcades and church The apex façade with the entrance portico Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator from the 4th to 8th century (with later restoration) The church is mostly built in brickwork of different origins and colours, with parts of stone and white plastering. The current Romanesque church was begun around 1080. The nave dates to about 1128, and the rib vaults of the nave are from about 1140. The original edifice, like the great churches of Rome of the same epoch, belonged to the basilica type; it consisted of a central nave lighted from the clerestory, two side aisles, an apse, and an atrium. Investigations made in 1864 have established the fact that the nave and the aisles of the existing basilica correspond with those of the primitive church; the atrium, however, which dates from the 9th century, and two smaller apses, flanking a new central apse of greater depth than the original, was erected. The altar occupies about the same place as in the time of St. Ambrose, and the columns of the ciborium over the altar appear never to have been disturbed; they still rest on the original pavement. In the following centuries, the edifice underwent several restorations and partial reconstructions, assuming the current appearance in the 12th century. The original basilica plan was maintained, with an apse and two aisles, all with apses, and a portico with arches supported by semi-columns and pilasters preceding the entrance. The latter was used to house the catechumens who attended part of the Mass prior to receiving baptism (this custom disappeared in the early 11th century); the portico, whose entrance has four blind arcades with an open one in the centre, was later used for civil and religious meetings. Exterior The apex of the façade has two orders of loggias: the lower register has three arches of the same span, which join the slightly higher portico ones. The upper loggia was used by the bishops to bless the citizens. The Canons' bell tower The portico's arcade is supported by pillars flanked by semi-columns. They have double archivolts, while the portico's upper frame is decorated with Lombard bands, which are repeated also on the façade. Thin lesenes start from the pillars' centres, reaching the upper frame. The capitals are decorated by animals (lions, wild boars), and human figures (mostly heads, but also angels and others), as well as by vegetable or fantastic motifs of pre-Romanesque origin. Under the narthex, between the central portal and the left aisle's portal, is the 15th-century sarcophagus of Pietro Candido Decembrio. The central portal is flanked by two multi-column pillars, and has an archivolt with decorative elements of Sassanid inspiration. The basilica has two bell towers. The right one, called dei Monaci ("of the Monks"), is from the 9th century and has a severe appearance typical of defensive structures. The left and higher one dates from 1144, with the last two floors added in 1889. It was likely designed by the same architect of the Romanesque basilica since it contains the same decorative elements. There is also an octagonal tower over the east end of the nave. Interior The basilica has a semi-circular apse, and smaller, semi-circular chapels at the end of the aisles; there is no transept. The interior has the same size as the external portico. The ceiling features groin vaults with ogives, each supported by its own semi-pillar or semi-column, which, in the lower section, become a single pillar. The aisles' spans measure exactly half of those in the nave and are supported by lesser pillars. The matronei (galleries) over the aisles support the vaults but preclude clerestory windows. The third central span, on the left, houses the 12th-century Romanesque ambon or pulpit, built on a pre-existing 9th century one; which utilizes as a base a 4th-century Roman sarcophagus, traditionally known as the Sarcophagus of Stilicho. It has nine small columns with decorated capitals and friezes, featuring animal and human figures, as well as vegetable and fantastic motifs. The front of the ambon is decorated by two gilt copper reliefs, depicting the symbols of two evangelists, Saints Matthew (praying man) and John (eagle). The church after the 1943 Anglo-American bombings Under the dome cladding, in the last span of the nave, is the presbytery with, in its center, the high altar. This was realized in 824–859 by Volvinius. It features a golden antependium with precious stones on both sides. The altar is surmounted by a contemporary ciborium, commissioned by archbishop of Milan Angilbert II, whence its common name. It has four columns in red porphyry and has, on each side, bar-reliefs depicting Christ with Sts Peter and Paulus (front side), St. Ambrose Receives the Homage from Two Monks, at the Presence of Sts Gervasius and Protasus (rear side), St Benedict Receives the Homage from Two monks (left side), and St. Scholastica Receives the Homage from Two Nuns (right side). Ceiling of the Oratory of San Vittore in Ciel d'Oro The apse displays an early 13th-century mosaic, depicting Christ Pantokrator with Sts Gervasus and Protasus, and at the sides, Scenes from the Life of St. Ambrose. The apse mosaic was heavily restored after damage during Second World War. The oratory of San Vittore in Ciel d'Oro was originally a free-standing chapel, putatively begun in the 4th century, and thus pre-dating the church, commissioned by bishop Maternus to hold the relics of San Vittore. Bishop Ambrose supposedly buried his brother, San Satiro, in the chapel. The mosaics on the walls and ceiling were created in the 5th century; these include one of the earliest portraits of St Ambrose. The gilded dome ceiling has a central portrait of the patron saint. The church also houses the tomb of Emperor Louis II, who died in Lombardy in 875. The crypt, located under the high altar, was built in the 9th century to house the remains of three saints venerated here: Ambrose, Gervasus and Protasus. The remains of the saints were already in a crypt in the area, although their position has since been lost over the centuries. In the 9th century bishop, Angilbert found them and had them put in a single porphyry sarcophagus. The current appearance of the crypt dates from the 18th-century restoration commissioned by cardinal Benedetto Erba Odescalchi and to others from the following century, in which the bodies of the three saints were moved to a silver urn in a space under the ciborium. Myth Immediately beside the church, there is a white marble column with two holes. According to legend, these were made by the Devil hitting the column with his horns because he could not seduce St. Ambrose into temptation. Thus, this column is called the Devil's Column. Others Royce Hall and Powell Library, at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), are modelled after Sant'Ambrogio. See also History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes Early Christian churches in Milan References ^ Guida alla Diocesi di Milano. 2012. ^ Esler, Philip (2000). The Early Christian World. New York: Routledge. pp. 1196–1199. ISBN 0-415-16497-4. ^ a b Brooke, Christopher (2003). The Age of the Cloister. New York: HiddenSpring. pp. 255. ISBN 1-58768-018-1. ^ a b c De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991). Gardner's Art Through the Ages (9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 355. ISBN 0-15-503769-2. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ambrosian Basilica" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Page at Medioevo.org ^ Moffett, Marian (2003). A World History of Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 1-85669-353-8. ^ "The Devil's Column". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 10 October 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sant'Ambrogio (Milan). Official website (in Italian) 3D pictures and panoramas of the Basilica and altar Images and map—(in Italian)−(in English) Portals: Catholicism Italy vteTourism in MilanArchaeological sites Colonne di San Lorenzo Milan amphitheatre Religious sitesCathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S. Ambrogio S. Calimero S. Carlo al Corso S. Eustorgio Portinari Chapel S. Lorenzo S. Marco S. Maria delle Grazie Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper S. Maria della Passione S. Nazaro in Brolo S. Simpliciano S. Stefano Maggiore S. Vincenzo in Prato S. Vittore al Corpo Churches Sant'Angelo S. Antonio Abate S. Barnaba S. Bernardino alle Ossa S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio S. Fedele S. Giorgio al Palazzo S. Giovanni in Conca S. Gottardo S. Maria del Carmine S. Maria della Pace S Maria Incoronata S. Maria presso San Celso S. Maria presso San Satiro S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore S. Pietro in Gessate S. Sebastiano S. Sepolcro Oratorio di San Protaso Rotonda della Besana Other Chiaravalle Abbey Garegnano Charterhouse Mirasole Abbey Museums and galleries Alfa Romeo Museum Armani/Silos Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Castello Sforzesco Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum Applied Arts Collection Archaeological Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Musical Instruments Museo d'Arte Antica Pinacoteca Civic Aquarium Galleria d'Arte Moderna Gallerie di Piazza Scala Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo Palazzo Anguissola Antona Traversi Palazzo Brentani Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Museo del Novecento Museo del Risorgimento Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci" Museo Diocesano Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museo Teatrale alla Scala Contemporary Art Pavilion Pinacoteca di Brera Triennale di Milano Villas and palaces Casa Campanini Casa degli Omenoni Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Casa Manzoni Casa Panigarola Castello Cova Palazzina Appiani Palazzo dell'Arengario Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana Palazzo Belgioioso Palazzo Borromeo Palazzo Carminati Palazzo Castiglioni Palazzo dei Giureconsulti Palazzo Mezzanotte Palazzo della Ragione Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine Palazzo del Senato (State Archives of Milan) Royal Palace of Milan Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte Libraries Biblioteca Ambrosiana Biblioteca di Brera Theatres La Scala Piccolo Teatro Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Piazza Cordusio Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Scala Piazza Mercanti Piazza Gae Aulenti Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires Navigli Quadrilatero della moda Via della Spiga Via Monte Napoleone Gardens and parks Basilicas Park Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli Monte Stella Orto Botanico di Brera Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa Parco Sempione Villa Litta Modignani Sporting sceneries Allianz Cloud Arena Arena Civica Hippodrome of San Siro Idroscalo Mediolanum Forum San Siro Stadio del Ghiaccio Agorà Velodromo Vigorelli Events and traditions EICMA Expo 2015 Fiera Milano Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair Milan International (1906) Milan Triennial Oh bej! Oh bej! Tourism in Italy Outline of Milan Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel Czech Republic Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sant'Ambrogio, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio,_Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Romanesque church in MilanSee also: Sant'Ambrogio, FlorenceThe Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio (official name: Basilica romana minore collegiata abbaziale prepositurale di Sant'Ambrogio)[1] is an ancient Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church in the center of Milan, region of Lombardy, Italy.","title":"Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Arianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Nicene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"San Nazaro in Brolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nazaro_in_Brolo"},{"link_name":"San Simpliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Simpliciano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esler-2"},{"link_name":"Romanesque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"city walls of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooke-3"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooke-3"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Donato Bramante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato_Bramante"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"rectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectory"},{"link_name":"Allied bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II"}],"text":"One of the most ancient churches in Milan, it was commissioned by St. Ambrose in 379–386, in an area where numerous martyrs of the Roman persecutions had been buried. The first name of the church was in fact Basilica Martyrum.When St Ambrose arrived in Milan to assume the bishopric, churches in the region were in conflict with each other over the dispute between Arianism and the Nicene Creed as well as numerous local issues. Ambrose firmly sided with the Nicene partisans, and wanted northern Italy to remain allied to the papacy. He did this through both preaching and construction. He built three or four churches surrounding the city; Basilica Apostolorum (now San Nazaro in Brolo), Basilica Virginum (now San Simpliciano), and Basilica Martyrum (which was later renamed in his honour). A fourth church, Basilica Salvatoris (later San Dionigi, razed in the 17th century), is attributed to him as well, but may not actually be from the 4th century. These churches were dedicated with anti-Arian language and as symbols of the wealth and power of the pro-Nicene faction in Milan.[2]The church building has undergone several restorations and partial reconstructions, assuming the current appearance in the 12th century, when it was rebuilt in the Romanesque style. Initially, the basilica was outside the Roman city walls of Milan, but over the following centuries, the city grew up around it. It became a centre of religious life and a community of canons developed in the church. In 789, a monastery was established within the basilica grounds. The canons, however, retained their own community and identity instead of fading away. Two separate, distinct religious communities shared the basilica. In the 11th century, the canons adopted a rule of life and became Canons Regular. There were now two separate monastic communities following different rules living in the basilica. The canons were in the northern building, the cloister of the canons, while the monks were in the two southern buildings.[3]The two towers symbolize the division in the basilica. The 9th-century Torre dei Monaci (\"Tower of the Monks\") was used by the monks to call the faithful to the monks' mass. The monks supported themselves partly from the offerings given after mass. However, the canons did not have a bell tower and were not allowed to ring bells until they finished their own tower (on the north side)[4] in the 12th century.[3]The monastery and church became a large landholder in northern Italy and into what is now the Swiss Canton of Ticino. On 4 August 1528, an accord known as the \"Peace of St. Ambrose\" was signed here between the noble and popular factions of the city. In 1492 the Benedictines commissioned Donato Bramante, structural architect of St. Peter's Basilica, to renovate the new rectory.In August 1943, the Allied bombings heavily damaged the basilica, in particular the apse and surrounding area. As a result of this a new building, painted in pink, was constructed to house the Abbot's offices and the museum.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sant%27Ambrogio_Milan_plan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milan_Sant%27Ambrogio_016_4923.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_redentore_tra_i_ss._gervasio_e_protasio,_IV-VIII_secolo,_con_restauri_del_XVIII_secolo,_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christ Pantocrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"rib vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_vault"},{"link_name":"clerestory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory"},{"link_name":"aisles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisle"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"ciborium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilasters"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"}],"text":"Plan of the basilica, showing the arcades and churchThe apex façade with the entrance porticoMosaic of Christ Pantocrator from the 4th to 8th century (with later restoration)The church is mostly built in brickwork of different origins and colours, with parts of stone and white plastering. The current Romanesque church was begun around 1080. The nave dates to about 1128, and the rib vaults of the nave are from about 1140.The original edifice, like the great churches of Rome of the same epoch, belonged to the basilica type; it consisted of a central nave lighted from the clerestory, two side aisles, an apse, and an atrium. Investigations made in 1864 have established the fact that the nave and the aisles of the existing basilica correspond with those of the primitive church; the atrium, however, which dates from the 9th century, and two smaller apses, flanking a new central apse of greater depth than the original, was erected. The altar occupies about the same place as in the time of St. Ambrose, and the columns of the ciborium over the altar appear never to have been disturbed; they still rest on the original pavement.[5]In the following centuries, the edifice underwent several restorations and partial reconstructions, assuming the current appearance in the 12th century. The original basilica plan was maintained, with an apse and two aisles, all with apses, and a portico with arches supported by semi-columns and pilasters preceding the entrance. The latter was used to house the catechumens who attended part of the Mass prior to receiving baptism (this custom disappeared in the early 11th century); the portico, whose entrance has four blind arcades with an open one in the centre, was later used for civil and religious meetings.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0039_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Campanile_dei_canonici_-_sec_XII-1889_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"archivolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivolt"},{"link_name":"Lombard bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_band"},{"link_name":"lesenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesene"},{"link_name":"narthex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthex"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"Pietro Candido Decembrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Candido_Decembrio"},{"link_name":"Sassanid inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"bell towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_towers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner-4"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The apex of the façade has two orders of loggias: the lower register has three arches of the same span, which join the slightly higher portico ones. The upper loggia was used by the bishops to bless the citizens.The Canons' bell towerThe portico's arcade is supported by pillars flanked by semi-columns. They have double archivolts, while the portico's upper frame is decorated with Lombard bands, which are repeated also on the façade. Thin lesenes start from the pillars' centres, reaching the upper frame. The capitals are decorated by animals (lions, wild boars), and human figures (mostly heads, but also angels and others), as well as by vegetable or fantastic motifs of pre-Romanesque origin.Under the narthex, between the central portal and the left aisle's portal, is the 15th-century sarcophagus of Pietro Candido Decembrio. The central portal is flanked by two multi-column pillars, and has an archivolt with decorative elements of Sassanid inspiration.[6]The basilica has two bell towers. The right one, called dei Monaci (\"of the Monks\"), is from the 9th century and has a severe appearance typical of defensive structures. The left and higher one dates from 1144, with the last two floors added in 1889. It was likely designed by the same architect of the Romanesque basilica since it contains the same decorative elements.There is also an octagonal tower over the east end of the nave.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner-4"},{"link_name":"groin vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin_vault"},{"link_name":"ogives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogive"},{"link_name":"matronei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroneum"},{"link_name":"clerestory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Sarcophagus of Stilicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Stilicho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distruzione_Sant%27Ambrogio.jpg"},{"link_name":"presbytery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytery_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"antependium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antependium"},{"link_name":"ciborium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Angilbert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angilbert_II"},{"link_name":"red porphyry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_porphyry"},{"link_name":"St. Scholastica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Scholastica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9675_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Christ Pantokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantokrator"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Maternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternus_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"porphyry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Erba Odescalchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Erba_Odescalchi"}],"sub_title":"Interior","text":"The basilica has a semi-circular apse, and smaller, semi-circular chapels at the end of the aisles; there is no transept.[4] The interior has the same size as the external portico.The ceiling features groin vaults with ogives, each supported by its own semi-pillar or semi-column, which, in the lower section, become a single pillar. The aisles' spans measure exactly half of those in the nave and are supported by lesser pillars. The matronei (galleries) over the aisles support the vaults but preclude clerestory windows.[7] The third central span, on the left, houses the 12th-century Romanesque ambon or pulpit, built on a pre-existing 9th century one; which utilizes as a base a 4th-century Roman sarcophagus, traditionally known as the Sarcophagus of Stilicho. It has nine small columns with decorated capitals and friezes, featuring animal and human figures, as well as vegetable and fantastic motifs. The front of the ambon is decorated by two gilt copper reliefs, depicting the symbols of two evangelists, Saints Matthew (praying man) and John (eagle).The church after the 1943 Anglo-American bombingsUnder the dome cladding, in the last span of the nave, is the presbytery with, in its center, the high altar. This was realized in 824–859 by Volvinius. It features a golden antependium with precious stones on both sides. The altar is surmounted by a contemporary ciborium, commissioned by archbishop of Milan Angilbert II, whence its common name. It has four columns in red porphyry and has, on each side, bar-reliefs depicting Christ with Sts Peter and Paulus (front side), St. Ambrose Receives the Homage from Two Monks, at the Presence of Sts Gervasius and Protasus (rear side), St Benedict Receives the Homage from Two monks (left side), and St. Scholastica Receives the Homage from Two Nuns (right side).Ceiling of the Oratory of San Vittore in Ciel d'OroThe apse displays an early 13th-century mosaic, depicting Christ Pantokrator with Sts Gervasus and Protasus, and at the sides, Scenes from the Life of St. Ambrose. The apse mosaic was heavily restored after damage during Second World War.The oratory of San Vittore in Ciel d'Oro was originally a free-standing chapel, putatively begun in the 4th century, and thus pre-dating the church, commissioned by bishop Maternus to hold the relics of San Vittore. Bishop Ambrose supposedly buried his brother, San Satiro, in the chapel. The mosaics on the walls and ceiling were created in the 5th century; these include one of the earliest portraits of St Ambrose. The gilded dome ceiling has a central portrait of the patron saint.The church also houses the tomb of Emperor Louis II, who died in Lombardy in 875. The crypt, located under the high altar, was built in the 9th century to house the remains of three saints venerated here: Ambrose, Gervasus and Protasus. The remains of the saints were already in a crypt in the area, although their position has since been lost over the centuries. In the 9th century bishop, Angilbert found them and had them put in a single porphyry sarcophagus. The current appearance of the crypt dates from the 18th-century restoration commissioned by cardinal Benedetto Erba Odescalchi and to others from the following century, in which the bodies of the three saints were moved to a silver urn in a space under the ciborium.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Immediately beside the church, there is a white marble column with two holes. According to legend, these were made by the Devil hitting the column with his horns because he could not seduce St. Ambrose into temptation. Thus, this column is called the Devil's Column.[8]","title":"Myth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royce Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Hall"},{"link_name":"Powell Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_Library"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Royce Hall and Powell Library, at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), are modelled after Sant'Ambrogio.","title":"Others"}]
[{"image_text":"Plan of the basilica, showing the arcades and church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Sant%27Ambrogio_Milan_plan.jpg"},{"image_text":"The apex façade with the entrance portico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Milan_Sant%27Ambrogio_016_4923.jpg/250px-Milan_Sant%27Ambrogio_016_4923.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator from the 4th to 8th century (with later restoration)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Il_redentore_tra_i_ss._gervasio_e_protasio%2C_IV-VIII_secolo%2C_con_restauri_del_XVIII_secolo%2C_01.jpg/250px-Il_redentore_tra_i_ss._gervasio_e_protasio%2C_IV-VIII_secolo%2C_con_restauri_del_XVIII_secolo%2C_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Canons' bell tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/0039_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Campanile_dei_canonici_-_sec_XII-1889_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/250px-0039_-_Milano_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_-_Campanile_dei_canonici_-_sec_XII-1889_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church after the 1943 Anglo-American bombings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distruzione_Sant%27Ambrogio.jpg/220px-Distruzione_Sant%27Ambrogio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ceiling of the Oratory of San Vittore in Ciel d'Oro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/9675_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/250px-9675_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg"}]
[{"title":"History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes"},{"title":"Early Christian churches in Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_churches_in_Milan"}]
[{"reference":"Guida alla Diocesi di Milano. 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Esler, Philip (2000). The Early Christian World. New York: Routledge. pp. 1196–1199. ISBN 0-415-16497-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UdqDiT20nBwC&pg=PA1196","url_text":"The Early Christian World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16497-4","url_text":"0-415-16497-4"}]},{"reference":"Brooke, Christopher (2003). The Age of the Cloister. New York: HiddenSpring. pp. 255. ISBN 1-58768-018-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofcloistersto00chri","url_text":"The Age of the Cloister"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofcloistersto00chri/page/255","url_text":"255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58768-018-1","url_text":"1-58768-018-1"}]},{"reference":"De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991). Gardner's Art Through the Ages (9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 355. ISBN 0-15-503769-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/355","url_text":"Gardner's Art Through the Ages"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/355","url_text":"355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-503769-2","url_text":"0-15-503769-2"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Ambrosian Basilica\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ambrosian_Basilica","url_text":"\"Ambrosian Basilica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Moffett, Marian (2003). A World History of Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 1-85669-353-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT202","url_text":"A World History of Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85669-353-8","url_text":"1-85669-353-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Devil's Column\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 10 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/devils-column","url_text":"\"The Devil's Column\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio&params=45_27_44.73_N_9_10_32.90_E_source:frwiki_region:IT_scale:5000_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°27′44.73″N 9°10′32.90″E / 45.4624250°N 9.1758056°E / 45.4624250; 9.1758056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio&params=45_27_44.73_N_9_10_32.90_E_source:frwiki_region:IT_scale:5000_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°27′44.73″N 9°10′32.90″E / 45.4624250°N 9.1758056°E / 45.4624250; 9.1758056"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UdqDiT20nBwC&pg=PA1196","external_links_name":"The Early Christian World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ageofcloistersto00chri","external_links_name":"The Age of the Cloister"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ageofcloistersto00chri/page/255","external_links_name":"255"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/355","external_links_name":"Gardner's Art Through the Ages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/355","external_links_name":"355"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ambrosian_Basilica","external_links_name":"\"Ambrosian Basilica\""},{"Link":"http://www.medioevo.org/artemedievale/pages/lombardia/SantAmbrogioaMilano.html","external_links_name":"Page at Medioevo.org"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT202","external_links_name":"A World History of Architecture"},{"Link":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/devils-column","external_links_name":"\"The Devil's Column\""},{"Link":"http://www.basilicasantambrogio.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071022042034/http://milan.arounder.com/sant_ambrogio/","external_links_name":"3D pictures and panoramas of the Basilica and altar"},{"Link":"http://ciaomilano.it/i/ambrogio.asp","external_links_name":"Images and map"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150573044","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4271516-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605003805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020322182&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05109619?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickets
Rickets
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","2.1 Sunlight","2.2 Skin color theory","3 Diagnosis","3.1 Types","3.2 Differential diagnosis","4 Treatment","4.1 Diet and sunlight","4.2 Supplementation","4.3 Surgery","5 Epidemiology","6 History","6.1 Etymology","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Childhood bone disorder Not to be confused with rickettsia or osteogenesis imperfecta. For the surname, see Ricketts. Medical conditionRicketsX-ray of a two-year-old with rickets, with a marked bowing of the femurs and decreased bone densityPronunciation/ˈrɪkɪts/ SpecialtyPediatrics, rheumatology, dieteticsSymptomsBowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, trouble sleepingComplicationsBone fractures, muscle spasms, abnormally curved spine, intellectual disabilityUsual onsetChildhoodCausesDiet without enough vitamin D or calcium, too little sun exposure, exclusive breastfeeding without supplementation, celiac disease, certain genetic conditionsDiagnostic methodBlood tests, X-raysDifferential diagnosisFanconi syndrome, scurvy, Lowe syndrome, osteomalaciaPreventionVitamin D supplements for exclusively-breastfed babiesTreatmentVitamin D and calciumFrequencyRelatively common (Middle East, Africa, Asia) Rickets, scientific nomenclature: rachitis (gre. ῥαχίτης, meaning 'in or of the spine'), is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children, and is caused by either dietary deficiency or genetic causes. Symptoms include bowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, and trouble sleeping. Complications may include bone deformities, bone pseudofractures and fractures, muscle spasms, or an abnormally curved spine. The most common cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency, although hereditary genetic forms also exist. This can result from eating a diet without enough vitamin D, dark skin, too little sun exposure, exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation, celiac disease, and certain genetic conditions. Other factors may include not enough calcium or phosphorus. The underlying mechanism involves insufficient calcification of the growth plate. Diagnosis is generally based on blood tests finding a low calcium, low phosphorus, and a high alkaline phosphatase together with X-rays. Prevention for exclusively breastfed babies is vitamin D supplements. Otherwise, treatment depends on the underlying cause. If due to a lack of vitamin D, treatment is usually with vitamin D and calcium. This generally results in improvements within a few weeks. Bone deformities may also improve over time. Occasionally surgery may be performed to correct bone deformities. Genetic forms of the disease typically require specialized treatment. Rickets occurs relatively commonly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. It is generally uncommon in the United States and Europe, except among certain minority groups. It begins in childhood, typically between the ages of 3 and 18 months old. Rates of disease are equal in males and females. Cases of what is believed to have been rickets have been described since the 1st century, and the condition was widespread in the Roman Empire. The disease was common into the 20th century. Early treatments included the use of cod liver oil. Signs and symptoms Widening of wrist Signs and symptoms of dietary deficiency rickets can include bone tenderness, and a susceptibility for bone fractures, particularly greenstick fractures. Early skeletal deformities can arise in infants such as soft, thinned skull bones – a condition known as craniotabes, which is the first sign of rickets; skull bossing may be present and a delayed closure of the fontanelles. Young children may have bowed legs and thickened ankles and wrists; older children may have knock knees. Spinal curvatures of kyphoscoliosis or lumbar lordosis may be present. The pelvic bones may be deformed. A condition known as rachitic rosary can result as the thickening caused by nodules forming on the costochondral joints. This appears as a visible bump in the middle of each rib in a line on each side of the body. This somewhat resembles a rosary, giving rise to its name. The deformity of a pigeon chest may result in the presence of Harrison's groove. Hypocalcemia, a low level of calcium in the blood can result in tetany – uncontrolled muscle spasms. Dental problems can also arise. An X-ray or radiograph of an advanced patient with rickets tends to present in a classic way: the bowed legs (outward curve of long bone of the legs) and a deformed chest. Changes in the skull also occur causing a distinctive "square headed" appearance known as "caput quadratum". These deformities persist into adult life if not treated. Long-term consequences include permanent curvatures or disfiguration of the long bones, and a curved back. Cause Maternal deficiencies may be the cause of overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth. The primary cause of congenital rickets is vitamin D deficiency in the mother's blood. Vitamin D ensures that serum phosphate and calcium levels are sufficient to facilitate the mineralization of bone. Congenital rickets may also be caused by other maternal diseases, including severe osteomalacia, untreated celiac disease, malabsorption, pre-eclampsia, and premature birth. Rickets in children is similar to osteoporosis in the elderly, with brittle bones. Pre-natal care includes checking vitamin levels and ensuring that any deficiencies are supplemented. Exclusively breast-fed infants may require rickets prevention by vitamin D supplementation or an increased exposure to sunlight. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, there is sufficient endogenous vitamin D due to exposure to the sun. However, the disease occurs among older toddlers and children in these countries, which in these circumstances is attributed to low dietary calcium intakes due to a mainly cereal-based diet. Those at higher risk for developing rickets include: Breast-fed infants whose mothers are not exposed to sunlight Breast-fed infants who are not exposed to sunlight Breast-fed babies who are exposed to little sunlight Adolescents, in particular when undergoing the pubertal growth spurt Any child whose diet does not contain enough vitamin D or calcium Diseases causing soft bones in infants, like hypophosphatasia or hypophosphatemia, can also lead to rickets. Strontium is allied with calcium uptake into bones; at excessive dietary levels strontium has a rachitogenic (rickets-producing) action. Sunlight Sunlight, especially ultraviolet light, lets human skin cells convert vitamin D from an inactive to active state. In the absence of vitamin D, dietary calcium is not properly absorbed, resulting in hypocalcaemia, leading to skeletal and dental deformities and neuromuscular symptoms, e.g. hyperexcitability. Foods that contain vitamin D include butter, eggs, fish liver oils, margarine, fortified milk and juice, portabella and shiitake mushrooms, and oily fishes such as tuna, herring, and salmon. A rare X-linked dominant form exists called vitamin D-resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia. Cases have been reported in Britain in recent years of rickets in children of many social backgrounds caused by insufficient production in the body of vitamin D because the sun's ultraviolet light was not reaching the skin due to use of strong sunblock, too much "covering up" in sunlight, or not getting out into the sun. Other cases have been reported among the children of some ethnic groups in which mothers avoid exposure to the sun for religious or cultural reasons, leading to a maternal shortage of vitamin D, and people with darker skin need more sunlight to maintain vitamin D levels. Rickets had historically been a problem in London, especially during the Industrial Revolution. Persistent thick fog and heavy industrial smog permeating the city blocked out significant amounts of sunlight to such an extent that up to 80 percent of children at one time had varying degrees of rickets in one form or the other. It is sometimes known "the English Disease" in some foreign languages (e.g. German: Die englische Krankheit, Dutch: Engelse ziekte, Hungarian: angolkór, Swedish: engelska sjukan). Skin color theory Rickets is often a result of vitamin D3 deficiency. The correlation between human skin color and latitude is thought to be the result of positive selection to varying levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. Northern latitudes have selection for lighter skin that allows UV rays to produce vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol. Conversely, latitudes near the equator have selection for darker skin that can block the majority of UV radiation to protect from toxic levels of vitamin D, as well as skin cancer. An anecdote often cited to support this hypothesis is that Arctic populations whose skin is relatively darker for their latitude, such as the Inuit, have a diet that is historically rich in vitamin D. Since these people acquire vitamin D through their diet, there is not a positive selective force to synthesize vitamin D from sunlight. Environment mismatch: vitamin D deficiency arises from a mismatch between an individual's previous and current environment. This risk of mismatch increases with advances in transportation methods and increases in urban population size at high latitudes. Similar to the environmental mismatch when dark-skinned people live at high latitudes, Rickets can also occur in religious communities that require long garments with hoods and veils. These hoods and veils act as sunlight barriers that prevent individuals from synthesizing vitamin D naturally from the sun. In a study by Mithal et al., vitamin D insufficiency of various countries was measured by lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D. 25(OH) D is an indicator of vitamin D insufficiency that can be easily measured. These percentages should be regarded as relative vitamin D levels, and not as predicting evidence for development of rickets. Asian immigrants living in Europe have an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency was found in 40% of non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands, and in more than 80% of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants. The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role. In the United States, vitamin D insufficiency varies dramatically by ethnicity. Among females aged 70 years and older, the prevalence of low serum 25(OH) D levels was 28.5% for non-Hispanic whites, 55% for Mexican Americans, and 68% for non-Hispanic blacks. Among males, the prevalence was 23%, 45%, and 58%, respectively. A systematic review published in the Cochrane Library looked at children up to three years old in Turkey and China and found there was a beneficial association between vitamin D and rickets. In Turkey children getting vitamin D had only a 4% chance of developing rickets compared to children who received no medical intervention. In China, a combination of vitamin D, calcium and nutritional counseling was linked to a decreased risk of rickets. Parents can supplement their nutritional intake with vitamin D enhanced beverages if they feel their child is at risk for vitamin D deficiency. A recent review links rickets disease to exclusive consumption of Neocate baby formula. Diagnosis Wrist X-ray showing changes in rickets. Mainly cupping is seen here. Chest X-ray showing changes consistent with rickets. These changes are usually referred to as "rosary beads" of rickets. Rickets may be diagnosed with the help of: Blood tests: Serum calcium may show low levels of calcium, serum phosphorus may be low, and serum alkaline phosphatase may be high from bones or changes in the shape or structure of the bones. This can show enlarged limbs and joints. A bone density scan may be undertaken. Radiography typically show widening of the zones of provisional calcification of the metaphyses secondary to unmineralized osteoid. Cupping, fraying, and splaying of metaphyses typically appears with growth and continued weight bearing. These changes are seen predominantly at sites of rapid growth, including the proximal humerus, distal radius, distal femur and both the proximal and the distal tibia. Therefore, a skeletal survey for rickets can be accomplished with anteroposterior radiographs of the knees, wrists, and ankles. In veterinary practice, rickets, osteodystrophy and mineral metabolism disorders are diagnosed using an ultrasound echosteometer in the design М.М. Orlov and А.V. Savinkov. Types Vitamin D-related rickets Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D-dependent rickets (VDDR) Type 1: insufficiency in activation VDDR1A: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency VDDR1B: CYP2R1 deficiency Type 2: resistance to calcitriol VDDR2A: calcitriol receptor mutation VDDR2B: unknown nuclear ribonucleoprotein interfering with signal transduction Type 3: excessive inactivation (CYP3A4 mutation, dominant) Hypocalcemia-related rickets Hypocalcemia Chronic kidney failure (CKD-BMD) Hypophosphatemia-related rickets Congenital Vitamin D-resistant rickets Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR) Hypophosphatemia (typically secondary to malabsorption) Fanconi's syndrome Secondary to other diseases Tumor-induced osteomalacia McCune–Albright syndrome Epidermal nevus syndrome Dent's disease Differential diagnosis Osteochondrodysplasias, also known as genetic bone diseases, may mimic the clinical picture of rickets in regard to the features of bone deformities. The radiologic picture and the laboratory findings of serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are important differentiating factors. Blount's disease is an important differential diagnosis because it causes knee deformities in a similar fashion to rickets namely bow legs or genu varum. Infants with rickets can have bone fractures. This sometimes leads to child abuse allegations. This issue appears to be more common for solely nursing infants of black mothers, in winter in temperate climates, suffering poor nutrition and no vitamin D supplementation. People with darker skin produce less vitamin D than those with lighter skin, for the same amount of sunlight. Treatment Diet and sunlight Cholecalciferol (D3) Ergocalciferol (D2) Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of calcium, phosphates and vitamin D. Exposure to ultraviolet B light (most easily obtained when the sun is highest in the sky), cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and viosterol are all sources of vitamin D. A sufficient amount of ultraviolet B light in sunlight each day and adequate supplies of calcium and phosphorus in the diet can prevent rickets. Darker-skinned people need to be exposed longer to the ultraviolet rays. The replacement of vitamin D has been proven to correct rickets using these methods of ultraviolet light therapy and medicine. Recommendations are for 400 international units (IU) of vitamin D a day for infants and children. Children who do not get adequate amounts of vitamin D are at increased risk of rickets. Vitamin D is essential for allowing the body to uptake calcium for use in proper bone calcification and maintenance. Supplementation Sufficient vitamin D levels can also be achieved through dietary supplementation and/or exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the preferred form since it is more readily absorbed than vitamin D2. Most dermatologists recommend vitamin D supplementation as an alternative to unprotected ultraviolet exposure due to the increased risk of skin cancer associated with sun exposure. Endogenous production with full body exposure to sunlight is approximately 250 μg (10,000 IU) per day. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), all infants, including those who are exclusively breast-fed, may need vitamin D supplementation until they start drinking at least 17 US fluid ounces (500 ml) of vitamin D-fortified milk or formula a day. Despite this recommendation, a recent Cochrane systematic review has found limited evidence that vitamin D plus calcium, or calcium alone compared to vitamin D improves healing in children with nutritional rickets. Surgery Occasionally surgery is needed to correct severe and persistent deformities of the lower limbs, especially around the knees namely genu varum and genu valgum. Surgical correction of rachitic deformities can be achieved through osteotomies or guided growth surgery. Guided growth surgery has almost replaced the use of corrective osteotomies. The functional results of guided growth surgery in children with rickets are satisfactory. While bone osteotomies work through acute/immediate correction of the limb deformity, guided growth works through gradual correction. Epidemiology In developed countries, rickets is a rare disease (incidence of less than 1 in 200,000). Recently, cases of rickets have been reported among children who are not fed enough vitamin D. In 2013/2014 there were fewer than 700 cases in England. In 2019 the number of cases hospitalised was said to be the highest in 50 years. Rickets occurs relatively commonly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. History Skeleton of Infant with Rickets, 1881 Greek physician Soranus of Ephesus, one of the chief representatives of the Methodic school of medicine who practiced in Alexandria and subsequently in Rome, reported deformation of the bones in infants as early as the first and second centuries AD. Rickets was not defined as a specific medical condition until 1645, when an English physician Daniel Whistler gave the earliest known description of the disease. In 1650 a treatise on rickets was published by Francis Glisson, a physician at Caius College, Cambridge, who said it had first appeared about 30 years previously in the counties of Dorset and Somerset. In 1857, John Snow suggested rickets, then widespread in Britain, was being caused by the adulteration of bakers' bread with alum. German pediatrician Kurt Huldschinsky successfully demonstrated in the winter of 1918–1919 how rickets could be treated with ultraviolet lamps. The role of diet in the development of rickets was determined by Edward Mellanby between 1918 and 1920. In 1923, American physician Harry Steenbock demonstrated that irradiation by ultraviolet light increased the vitamin D content of foods and other organic materials. Steenbock's irradiation technique was used for foodstuffs, but most memorably for milk. By 1945, rickets had all but been eliminated in the United States. However, beginning around 2003, rickets reemerged as an issue in the US for some populations. Etymology The word rickets may be from the Old English word wrickken ('to twist'), although because this is conjectured, several major dictionaries simply say "origin unknown". The name rickets is plural in form but usually singular in construction. The Greek word rachitis (ῥαχίτης, meaning 'in or of the spine') was later adopted as the scientific term for rickets, due chiefly to the words' similarity in sound. See also Hypervitaminosis D References ^ Elder CJ, Bishop NJ (May 2014). "Rickets". Lancet. 383 (9929): 1665–1676. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61650-5. PMID 24412049. S2CID 208788707. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Rickets". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2017. ^ a b c d e f g Creo AL, Thacher TD, Pettifor JM, Strand MA, Fischer PR (May 2017). "Nutritional rickets around the world: an update". Paediatrics and International Child Health. 37 (2): 84–98. doi:10.1080/20469047.2016.1248170. PMID 27922335. S2CID 6146424. ^ a b c d e "Rickets - OrthoInfo - AAOS". September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2017. ^ a b "ῥαχίτης" . Greek Word Study Tool (in Greek). ^ Florin T, Ludwig S, Aronson PL, Werner HC (2011). Netter's Pediatrics E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 430. ISBN 978-1455710645. ^ a b El-Sobky TA, Samir S, Baraka MM, Fayyad TA, Mahran MA, Aly AS, et al. (January 2020). "Growth Modulation for Knee Coronal Plane Deformities in Children With Nutritional Rickets: A Prospective Series With Treatment Algorithm". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews. 4 (1): e19.00009. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009. PMC 7028784. PMID 32159063. ^ a b c d e Rajakumar K (August 2003). "Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective". Pediatrics. 112 (2): e132–e135. doi:10.1542/peds.112.2.e132. PMID 12897318. ^ Brown M (19 August 2018). "Evidence in the bones reveals rickets in Roman times". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018. ^ a b c d "Medical News – Symptoms of Rickets". March 2010. ^ Harvey NC, Holroyd C, Ntani G, Javaid K, Cooper P, Moon R, et al. (July 2014). "Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review". Health Technology Assessment. 18 (45): 1–190. doi:10.3310/hta18450. PMC 4124722. PMID 25025896. ^ Prentice A (July 2013). "Nutritional rickets around the world". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 136: 201–206. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.018. PMID 23220549. S2CID 19944113. ^ "Signs and Symptoms of Rickets". Mayo Clinic. ^ "caput quadratum". TheFreeDictionary.com. ^ O'Riordan JL, Bijvoet OL (January 2014). "Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D". BoneKEy Reports. 3: 478. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2013.212. PMC 3899557. PMID 24466409. ^ a b Elidrissy AT (September 2016). "The Return of Congenital Rickets, Are We Missing Occult Cases?". Calcified Tissue International (Review). 99 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1007/s00223-016-0146-2. PMID 27245342. S2CID 14727399. ^ a b Paterson CR, Ayoub D (October 2015). "Congenital rickets due to vitamin D deficiency in the mothers". Clinical Nutrition (Review). 34 (5): 793–798. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.006. PMID 25552383. ^ "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D". ^ "Pregnancy and prenatal vitamins". ^ Balasubramanian S, Ganesh R (March 2008). "Vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants". The Indian Journal of Medical Research (Review). 127 (3): 250–255. PMID 18497439. ^ Pettifor JM (December 2004). "Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Review). 80 (6 Suppl): 1725S–1729S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1725S. PMID 15585795. ^ Glorieux FH, Pettifor JM (2014). "Vitamin D/dietary calcium deficiency rickets and pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets". BoneKEy Reports (Review). 3: 524. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2014.19. PMC 4015456. PMID 24818008. ^ "Hypophosphatasia: Signs and Symptoms". Hypophosphatasia.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014. ^ Pors Nielsen S (September 2004). "The biological role of strontium". Bone. 35 (3): 583–588. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026. PMID 15336592. ^ Wacker M, Holick MF (January 2013). "Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health". Dermato-Endocrinology. 5 (1): 51–108. doi:10.4161/derm.24494. PMC 3897598. PMID 24494042. ^ Daily Telegraph, page 4, Wednesday 19 January 2011 ^ "Rise in rickets linked to ethnic groups that shun the sun". The Independent. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011. ^ "Doctors fear rickets resurgence". BBC. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2011. ^ Holick MF (August 2006). "Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (8): 2062–2072. doi:10.1172/JCI29449. PMC 1523417. PMID 16886050. ^ Bivins R (2007). ""The English disease" or "Asian rickets"? Medical responses to postcolonial immigration". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 81 (3): 533–568. doi:10.1353/bhm.2007.0062. PMC 2630160. PMID 17873451. ^ Loomis WF (August 1967). "Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin-D biosynthesis in man". Science. 157 (3788): 501–506. Bibcode:1967Sci...157..501F. doi:10.1126/science.157.3788.501. PMID 6028915. S2CID 41681581. ^ Sharma S, Barr AB, Macdonald HM, Sheehy T, Novotny R, Corriveau A (August 2011). "Vitamin D deficiency and disease risk among aboriginal Arctic populations". Nutrition Reviews. 69 (8): 468–478. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00406.x. PMID 21790613. ^ Ames, Bruce N.; Grant, William B.; Willett, Walter C. (3 February 2021). "Does the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Contribute to Health Disparities?". Nutrients. 13 (2): 499. doi:10.3390/nu13020499. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7913332. PMID 33546262. ^ Bachrach S, Fisher J, Parks JS (December 1979). "An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population". Pediatrics. 64 (6): 871–877. doi:10.1542/peds.64.6.871. PMID 574626. S2CID 26050085. ^ "RISE IN RICKETS LINKED TO ETHNIC GROUPS THAT SHUN THE SUN". Independent.co.uk. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2021. ^ Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. (November 2009). "Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D". Osteoporosis International. 20 (11): 1807–1820. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6. PMID 19543765. S2CID 52858668. ^ Cashman, Kevin D. (11 January 2022). "Global differences in vitamin D status and dietary intake: a review of the data". Endocrine Connections. 11 (1): e210282. doi:10.1530/EC-21-0282. ISSN 2049-3614. PMC 8789021. PMID 34860171. ^ "THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA REGIONAL AUDIT, Executive Summary, Epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2017. The International Osteoporosis Foundation, www.iofbonehealth.org, retrieved 6 April 2017 ^ Lerch C, Meissner T (October 2007). "Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (4): CD006164. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006164.pub2. PMC 8990776. PMID 17943890. ^ Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME (December 2004). "Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (6 Suppl): 1697S–1705S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1697S. PMID 15585790. ^ Akhtar Ali S, Mathalikunnel A, Bhardwaj V, Braskett M, Pitukcheewanont P (September 2019). "Nutritional hypophosphatemic rickets secondary to Neocate® use". Osteoporosis International. 30 (9): 1887–1891. doi:10.1007/s00198-019-04836-8. PMID 31143989. S2CID 169034641. ^ a b "NHS Choice - Rickets Diagnoses". 6 June 2018. ^ a b Cheema JI, Grissom LE, Harcke HT (2003). "Radiographic characteristics of lower-extremity bowing in children". Radiographics. 23 (4): 871–880. doi:10.1148/rg.234025149. PMID 12853662. ^ "Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях" (in Russian). ^ "Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях" (in Russian). ^ "ПОРТАТИВНЫЙ ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЙ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ ЭХООСТЕОМЕТР ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОСТЕЙ СКЕЛЕТА ЖИВОТНЫХ ПРИ ИХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯХ" (in Russian). ^ a b Nield LS, Mahajan P, Joshi A, Kamat D (August 2006). "Rickets: not a disease of the past". American Family Physician. 74 (4): 619–626. PMID 16939184. ^ Levine MA (2020). "Diagnosis and Management of Vitamin D Dependent Rickets". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 8: 315. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00315. PMC 7303887. PMID 32596195. ^ Levy-Litan V, Hershkovitz E, Avizov L, Leventhal N, Bercovich D, Chalifa-Caspi V, et al. (February 2010). "Autosomal-recessive hypophosphatemic rickets is associated with an inactivation mutation in the ENPP1 gene". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (2): 273–278. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.010. PMC 2820183. PMID 20137772. ^ El-Sobky TA, Shawky RM, Sakr HM, Elsayed SM, Elsayed NS, Ragheb SG, Gamal R (15 November 2017). "A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711. ^ Keller KA, Barnes PD (November 2008). "Rickets vs. abuse: a national and international epidemic". Pediatric Radiology. 38 (11): 1210–1216. doi:10.1007/s00247-008-1001-z. PMID 18810424. S2CID 5848331. ^ Walker C (8 July 2011). "CDark Skin Color & Vitamin D". Live Strong. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ Lamberg-Allardt C (September 2006). "Vitamin D in foods and as supplements". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. UV exposure guidance: A balanced approach between health risks and health benefits of UV and Vitamin D. Proceedings of an International Workshop, International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, Munich, Germany, 17–18 October 2005. 92 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017. PMID 16618499. ^ "Rickets -- Symptoms and Causes". Mayo Clinic Patient Care and Health Information. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 27 January 2022. ^ Vieth R (May 1999). "Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69 (5): 842–856. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842. PMID 10232622. ^ Gartner LM, Greer FR (April 2003). "Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake". Pediatrics. 111 (4 Pt 1): 908–910. doi:10.1542/peds.111.4.908. PMID 12671133. ^ Chibuzor MT, Graham-Kalio D, Osaji JO, Meremikwu MM, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (April 2020). "Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (4): CD012581. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012581.pub2. PMC 7164979. PMID 32303107. ^ "Rickets". National Health Service of England. 28 January 2010. ^ a b Koehler G (20 October 2014). "Rickets and osteomalacia". nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ^ Baraniuk C (17 May 2019). "How going hungry affects children for their whole lives". Independent. Retrieved 4 June 2019. ^ Claerr J (6 February 2008). "The History of Rickets, Scurvy and Other Nutritional Deficiencies". An Interesting Treatise on Human Stupidity. Yahoo! Voices. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. URL references ^ Gibbs D (December 1994). "Rickets and the crippled child: an historical perspective". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 87 (12): 729–732. PMC 1294978. PMID 7503834. ^ Dunnigan M (June 2003). "Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease". International Journal of Epidemiology. 32 (3): 340–341. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg160. PMID 12777415. ^ Pileggi VJ, De Luca HF, Steenbock H (September 1955). "The role of vitamin D and intestinal phytase in the prevention of rickets in rats on cereal diets". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 58 (1): 194–204. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(55)90106-5. PMID 13259690. ^ Ford JA, Colhoun EM, McIntosh WB, Dunnigan MG (August 1972). "Biochemical response of late rickets and osteomalacia to a chupatty-free diet". British Medical Journal. 3 (5824): 446–447. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5824.446. PMC 1786011. PMID 5069221. ^ Bouillon, Roger; Antonio, Leen (2020). "Nutritional rickets: Historic overview and plan for worldwide eradication". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 198: 105563. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563. ISSN 0960-0760. PMID 31809867. ^ Rajakumar, Kumaravel; Thomas, Stephen B. (1 April 2005). "Reemerging Nutritional Rickets: A Historical Perspective". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 159 (4): 335–341. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.4.335. ISSN 1072-4710. PMID 15809385. External links Media related to Rickets at Wikimedia Commons ClassificationDICD-11: 5B57.0ICD-10: E55.0ICD-9-CM: 268MeSH: D012279DiseasesDB: 9351External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000344eMedicine: ped/2014Patient UK: Rickets vteMalnutritionProtein-energymalnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiencyB vitamins B1 Beriberi Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy Korsakoff's syndrome B2 Riboflavin deficiency B3 Pellagra B6 Pyridoxine deficiency B7 Biotin deficiency B9 Folate deficiency B12 Vitamin B12 deficiency Other A: Vitamin A deficiency Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency Rickets Osteomalacia Harrison's groove E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Electrolyte imbalance Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphate Potassium Sodium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium Keshan disease Fluorine Growth Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic General Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia Underweight Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rickettsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia"},{"link_name":"osteogenesis imperfecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta"},{"link_name":"Ricketts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricketts_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"bowed legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowed_legs"},{"link_name":"stunted growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunted_growth"},{"link_name":"forehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"deformities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformity"},{"link_name":"pseudofractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudofracture"},{"link_name":"fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"muscle spasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spasms"},{"link_name":"abnormally curved spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoliosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"vitamin D deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovitaminosis_D"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"vitamin D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D"},{"link_name":"breastfeeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"celiac disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_disease"},{"link_name":"genetic conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_condition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cre2017-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO2010-5"},{"link_name":"calcification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcification"},{"link_name":"growth plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_plate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"blood tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_tests"},{"link_name":"low calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemia"},{"link_name":"low phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemia"},{"link_name":"alkaline phosphatase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO2010-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2013-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO2010-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAAOSGlobal-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO2010-5"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cre2017-4"},{"link_name":"minority groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cre2017-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cre2017-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD2005-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"cod liver oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"}],"text":"Not to be confused with rickettsia or osteogenesis imperfecta.For the surname, see Ricketts.Medical conditionRickets, scientific nomenclature: rachitis (gre. ῥαχίτης,[6] meaning 'in or of the spine'), is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children, and is caused by either dietary deficiency or genetic causes.[2] Symptoms include bowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, and trouble sleeping.[2][3] Complications may include bone deformities, bone pseudofractures and fractures, muscle spasms, or an abnormally curved spine.[2][3]The most common cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency, although hereditary genetic forms also exist.[2] This can result from eating a diet without enough vitamin D, dark skin, too little sun exposure, exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation, celiac disease, and certain genetic conditions.[2][3] Other factors may include not enough calcium or phosphorus.[4][5] The underlying mechanism involves insufficient calcification of the growth plate.[7] Diagnosis is generally based on blood tests finding a low calcium, low phosphorus, and a high alkaline phosphatase together with X-rays.[2]Prevention for exclusively breastfed babies is vitamin D supplements.[5] Otherwise, treatment depends on the underlying cause.[2] If due to a lack of vitamin D, treatment is usually with vitamin D and calcium.[2] This generally results in improvements within a few weeks.[2] Bone deformities may also improve over time.[5] Occasionally surgery may be performed to correct bone deformities.[8][3] Genetic forms of the disease typically require specialized treatment.[5]Rickets occurs relatively commonly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.[4] It is generally uncommon in the United States and Europe, except among certain minority groups.[3][4] It begins in childhood, typically between the ages of 3 and 18 months old.[3][4] Rates of disease are equal in males and females.[3] Cases of what is believed to have been rickets have been described since the 1st century,[9] and the condition was widespread in the Roman Empire.[10] The disease was common into the 20th century.[9] Early treatments included the use of cod liver oil.[9]","title":"Rickets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rickets_wrist.jpg"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture"},{"link_name":"greenstick fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedicalNews-11"},{"link_name":"craniotabes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniotabes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"skull bossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_bossing"},{"link_name":"fontanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontanelle"},{"link_name":"bowed legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_varum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"knock knees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock_knees"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedicalNews-11"},{"link_name":"Spinal curvatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"kyphoscoliosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphoscoliosis"},{"link_name":"lordosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordosis"},{"link_name":"pelvic bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_bone"},{"link_name":"rachitic rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachitic_rosary"},{"link_name":"costochondral joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costochondral_joint"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedicalNews-11"},{"link_name":"Harrison's groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_groove"},{"link_name":"Hypocalcemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemia"},{"link_name":"tetany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedicalNews-11"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"radiograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"curved back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoliosis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Widening of wristSigns and symptoms of dietary deficiency rickets can include bone tenderness, and a susceptibility for bone fractures, particularly greenstick fractures.[11] Early skeletal deformities can arise in infants such as soft, thinned skull bones – a condition known as craniotabes,[12][13] which is the first sign of rickets; skull bossing may be present and a delayed closure of the fontanelles.Young children may have bowed legs and thickened ankles and wrists;[14] older children may have knock knees.[11] Spinal curvatures of kyphoscoliosis or lumbar lordosis may be present. The pelvic bones may be deformed. A condition known as rachitic rosary can result as the thickening caused by nodules forming on the costochondral joints. This appears as a visible bump in the middle of each rib in a line on each side of the body. This somewhat resembles a rosary, giving rise to its name. The deformity of a pigeon chest[11] may result in the presence of Harrison's groove.Hypocalcemia, a low level of calcium in the blood can result in tetany – uncontrolled muscle spasms. Dental problems can also arise.[11]An X-ray or radiograph of an advanced patient with rickets tends to present in a classic way: the bowed legs (outward curve of long bone of the legs) and a deformed chest. Changes in the skull also occur causing a distinctive \"square headed\" appearance known as \"caput quadratum\".[15] These deformities persist into adult life if not treated. Long-term consequences include permanent curvatures or disfiguration of the long bones, and a curved back.[16]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elidrissy2016-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PatersonAyoub2016-18"},{"link_name":"vitamin D deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PatersonAyoub2016-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"osteomalacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomalacia"},{"link_name":"celiac disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_disease"},{"link_name":"malabsorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorption"},{"link_name":"pre-eclampsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia"},{"link_name":"premature birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elidrissy2016-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18497439-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15585795-22"},{"link_name":"Breast-fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"pubertal growth spurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence#Growth_spurt"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24818008-23"},{"link_name":"hypophosphatasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatasia"},{"link_name":"hypophosphatemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Strontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium#Effect_on_the_human_body"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlThe_biological_role_of_strontium-25"}],"text":"Maternal deficiencies may be the cause of overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth.[17][18] The primary cause of congenital rickets is vitamin D deficiency in the mother's blood.[18] Vitamin D ensures that serum phosphate and calcium levels are sufficient to facilitate the mineralization of bone.[19] Congenital rickets may also be caused by other maternal diseases, including severe osteomalacia, untreated celiac disease, malabsorption, pre-eclampsia, and premature birth.[17] Rickets in children is similar to osteoporosis in the elderly, with brittle bones. Pre-natal care includes checking vitamin levels and ensuring that any deficiencies are supplemented.[20]Exclusively breast-fed infants may require rickets prevention by vitamin D supplementation or an increased exposure to sunlight.[21]In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, there is sufficient endogenous vitamin D due to exposure to the sun. However, the disease occurs among older toddlers and children in these countries, which in these circumstances is attributed to low dietary calcium intakes due to a mainly cereal-based diet.[22]Those at higher risk for developing rickets include:Breast-fed infants whose mothers are not exposed to sunlight\nBreast-fed infants who are not exposed to sunlight\nBreast-fed babies who are exposed to little sunlight\nAdolescents, in particular when undergoing the pubertal growth spurt[23]\nAny child whose diet does not contain enough vitamin D or calciumDiseases causing soft bones in infants, like hypophosphatasia or hypophosphatemia, can also lead to rickets.[24]Strontium is allied with calcium uptake into bones; at excessive dietary levels strontium has a rachitogenic (rickets-producing) action.[25]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypocalcaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemia"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular"},{"link_name":"portabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus"},{"link_name":"shiitake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiitake"},{"link_name":"oily fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oily_fish"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"X-linked dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_dominant"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"sunblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunblock"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Sunlight","text":"Sunlight, especially ultraviolet light, lets human skin cells convert vitamin D from an inactive to active state. In the absence of vitamin D, dietary calcium is not properly absorbed, resulting in hypocalcaemia, leading to skeletal and dental deformities and neuromuscular symptoms, e.g. hyperexcitability. Foods that contain vitamin D include butter, eggs, fish liver oils, margarine, fortified milk and juice, portabella and shiitake mushrooms, and oily fishes such as tuna, herring, and salmon. A rare X-linked dominant form exists called vitamin D-resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia.[26]Cases have been reported in Britain in recent years[27] of rickets in children of many social backgrounds caused by insufficient production in the body of vitamin D because the sun's ultraviolet light was not reaching the skin due to use of strong sunblock, too much \"covering up\" in sunlight, or not getting out into the sun. Other cases have been reported among the children of some ethnic groups in which mothers avoid exposure to the sun for religious or cultural reasons, leading to a maternal shortage of vitamin D, and people with darker skin need more sunlight to maintain vitamin D levels.[28][29]Rickets had historically been a problem in London, especially during the Industrial Revolution. Persistent thick fog and heavy industrial smog permeating the city blocked out significant amounts of sunlight to such an extent that up to 80 percent of children at one time had varying degrees of rickets in one form or the other.[30] It is sometimes known \"the English Disease\" in some foreign languages (e.g. German: Die englische Krankheit, Dutch: Engelse ziekte, Hungarian: angolkór, Swedish: engelska sjukan).[31]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cochrane Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Library"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Neocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocate"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Skin color theory","text":"Rickets is often a result of vitamin D3 deficiency. The correlation between human skin color and latitude is thought to be the result of positive selection to varying levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. Northern latitudes have selection for lighter skin that allows UV rays to produce vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol. Conversely, latitudes near the equator have selection for darker skin that can block the majority of UV radiation to protect from toxic levels of vitamin D, as well as skin cancer.[32]An anecdote often cited to support this hypothesis is that Arctic populations whose skin is relatively darker for their latitude, such as the Inuit, have a diet that is historically rich in vitamin D. Since these people acquire vitamin D through their diet, there is not a positive selective force to synthesize vitamin D from sunlight.[33]Environment mismatch: vitamin D deficiency arises from a mismatch between an individual's previous and current environment. This risk of mismatch increases with advances in transportation methods and increases in urban population size at high latitudes.[34]Similar to the environmental mismatch when dark-skinned people live at high latitudes, Rickets can also occur in religious communities that require long garments with hoods and veils.[35] These hoods and veils act as sunlight barriers that prevent individuals from synthesizing vitamin D naturally from the sun.[36]In a study by Mithal et al.,[37] vitamin D insufficiency of various countries was measured by lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D. 25(OH) D is an indicator of vitamin D insufficiency that can be easily measured. These percentages should be regarded as relative vitamin D levels, and not as predicting evidence for development of rickets.[38]Asian immigrants living in Europe have an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency was found in 40% of non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands, and in more than 80% of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants.The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide.[39] This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.\nIn the United States, vitamin D insufficiency varies dramatically by ethnicity. Among females aged 70 years and older, the prevalence of low serum 25(OH) D levels was 28.5% for non-Hispanic whites, 55% for Mexican Americans, and 68% for non-Hispanic blacks. Among males, the prevalence was 23%, 45%, and 58%, respectively.[citation needed]A systematic review published in the Cochrane Library looked at children up to three years old in Turkey and China and found there was a beneficial association between vitamin D and rickets. In Turkey children getting vitamin D had only a 4% chance of developing rickets compared to children who received no medical intervention. In China, a combination of vitamin D, calcium and nutritional counseling was linked to a decreased risk of rickets.[40]Parents can supplement their nutritional intake with vitamin D enhanced beverages if they feel their child is at risk for vitamin D deficiency.[41]A recent review links rickets disease to exclusive consumption of Neocate baby formula.[42]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RicketsXray.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RicketsChestXray.jpg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHSChoice-43"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"alkaline phosphatase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase"},{"link_name":"bone density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_density"},{"link_name":"scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXA"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHSChoice-43"},{"link_name":"Radiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectional_radiography"},{"link_name":"metaphyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CheemaGrissom2003-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CheemaGrissom2003-44"},{"link_name":"veterinary practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine"},{"link_name":"osteodystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteodystrophy"},{"link_name":"М.М. Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"А.V. Savinkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Wrist X-ray showing changes in rickets. Mainly cupping is seen here.Chest X-ray showing changes consistent with rickets. These changes are usually referred to as \"rosary beads\" of rickets.Rickets may be diagnosed with the help of:Blood tests:[43]\nSerum calcium may show low levels of calcium, serum phosphorus may be low, and serum alkaline phosphatase may be high from bones or changes in the shape or structure of the bones. This can show enlarged limbs and joints.\nA bone density scan may be undertaken.[43]\nRadiography typically show widening of the zones of provisional calcification of the metaphyses secondary to unmineralized osteoid. Cupping, fraying, and splaying of metaphyses typically appears with growth and continued weight bearing.[44] These changes are seen predominantly at sites of rapid growth, including the proximal humerus, distal radius, distal femur and both the proximal and the distal tibia. Therefore, a skeletal survey for rickets can be accomplished with anteroposterior radiographs of the knees, wrists, and ankles.[44]In veterinary practice, rickets, osteodystrophy and mineral metabolism disorders are diagnosed using an ultrasound echosteometer in the design М.М. Orlov and А.V. Savinkov.[45][46][47]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAFP-48"},{"link_name":"Vitamin D deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32596195-49"},{"link_name":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin_D3_1-alpha-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"CYP2R1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2R1"},{"link_name":"calcitriol receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitriol_receptor"},{"link_name":"CYP3A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"Hypocalcemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemia"},{"link_name":"Chronic kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"Vitamin D-resistant rickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_hypophosphatemia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAFP-48"},{"link_name":"Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_dominant_hypophosphatemic_rickets"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubMed-50"},{"link_name":"Hypophosphatemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemia"},{"link_name":"Fanconi's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"McCune–Albright syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Albright_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Epidermal nevus syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_nevus_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Dent's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent%27s_disease"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"Vitamin D-related rickets[48]\nVitamin D deficiency\nVitamin D-dependent rickets (VDDR)[49]\nType 1: insufficiency in activation\nVDDR1A: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency\nVDDR1B: CYP2R1 deficiency\nType 2: resistance to calcitriol\nVDDR2A: calcitriol receptor mutation\nVDDR2B: unknown nuclear ribonucleoprotein interfering with signal transduction\nType 3: excessive inactivation (CYP3A4 mutation, dominant)\nHypocalcemia-related rickets\nHypocalcemia\nChronic kidney failure (CKD-BMD)\nHypophosphatemia-related rickets\nCongenital\nVitamin D-resistant rickets[48]\nAutosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR)\nAutosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR)[50]\nHypophosphatemia (typically secondary to malabsorption)\nFanconi's syndrome\nSecondary to other diseases\nTumor-induced osteomalacia\nMcCune–Albright syndrome\nEpidermal nevus syndrome\nDent's disease","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osteochondrodysplasias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasias"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-51"},{"link_name":"Blount's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blount%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"genu varum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_varum"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18810424-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"Osteochondrodysplasias, also known as genetic bone diseases, may mimic the clinical picture of rickets in regard to the features of bone deformities.[51] The radiologic picture and the laboratory findings of serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are important differentiating factors. Blount's disease is an important differential diagnosis because it causes knee deformities in a similar fashion to rickets namely bow legs or genu varum. Infants with rickets can have bone fractures. This sometimes leads to child abuse allegations. This issue appears to be more common for solely nursing infants of black mothers, in winter in temperate climates, suffering poor nutrition and no vitamin D supplementation.[52] People with darker skin produce less vitamin D than those with lighter skin, for the same amount of sunlight.[53]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cholecalciferol.svg"},{"link_name":"Cholecalciferol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecalciferol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ergocalciferol.svg"},{"link_name":"Ergocalciferol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergocalciferol"},{"link_name":"cod liver oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oil"},{"link_name":"viosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterol"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"international units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_unit"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Diet and sunlight","text":"Cholecalciferol (D3)Ergocalciferol (D2)Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of calcium, phosphates and vitamin D. Exposure to ultraviolet B light (most easily obtained when the sun is highest in the sky), cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and viosterol are all sources of vitamin D.[54]A sufficient amount of ultraviolet B light in sunlight each day and adequate supplies of calcium and phosphorus in the diet can prevent rickets. Darker-skinned people need to be exposed longer to the ultraviolet rays. The replacement of vitamin D has been proven to correct rickets using these methods of ultraviolet light therapy and medicine.[9]Recommendations are for 400 international units (IU) of vitamin D a day for infants and children. Children who do not get adequate amounts of vitamin D are at increased risk of rickets. Vitamin D is essential for allowing the body to uptake calcium for use in proper bone calcification and maintenance.[55]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cholecalciferol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecalciferol"},{"link_name":"dermatologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology"},{"link_name":"skin cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vieth-56"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Supplementation","text":"Sufficient vitamin D levels can also be achieved through dietary supplementation and/or exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the preferred form since it is more readily absorbed than vitamin D2. Most dermatologists recommend vitamin D supplementation as an alternative to unprotected ultraviolet exposure due to the increased risk of skin cancer associated with sun exposure. Endogenous production with full body exposure to sunlight is approximately 250 μg (10,000 IU) per day.[56]According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), all infants, including those who are exclusively breast-fed, may need vitamin D supplementation until they start drinking at least 17 US fluid ounces (500 ml) of vitamin D-fortified milk or formula a day.[57]Despite this recommendation, a recent Cochrane systematic review has found limited evidence that vitamin D plus calcium, or calcium alone compared to vitamin D improves healing in children with nutritional rickets.[58]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genu varum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_varum"},{"link_name":"genu valgum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_valgum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAAOSGlobal-8"}],"sub_title":"Surgery","text":"Occasionally surgery is needed to correct severe and persistent deformities of the lower limbs, especially around the knees namely genu varum and genu valgum. Surgical correction of rachitic deformities can be achieved through osteotomies or guided growth surgery. Guided growth surgery has almost replaced the use of corrective osteotomies. The functional results of guided growth surgery in children with rickets are satisfactory. While bone osteotomies work through acute/immediate correction of the limb deformity, guided growth works through gradual correction.[8]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rare disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koehler_2016-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koehler_2016-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cre2017-4"}],"text":"In developed countries, rickets is a rare disease[59] (incidence of less than 1 in 200,000). Recently, cases of rickets have been reported among children who are not fed enough vitamin D.[60]In 2013/2014 there were fewer than 700 cases in England.[60] In 2019 the number of cases hospitalised was said to be the highest in 50 years.[61]Rickets occurs relatively commonly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.[4]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skeleton_Infant_Rickets.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Soranus of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Methodic school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodic_school"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Daniel Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Whistler"},{"link_name":"Francis Glisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Glisson"},{"link_name":"Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"John Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)"},{"link_name":"alum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Kurt Huldschinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Huldschinsky"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Edward Mellanby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mellanby"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"Harry Steenbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Steenbock"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Skeleton of Infant with Rickets, 1881Greek physician Soranus of Ephesus, one of the chief representatives of the Methodic school of medicine who practiced in Alexandria and subsequently in Rome, reported deformation of the bones in infants as early as the first and second centuries AD. Rickets was not defined as a specific medical condition until 1645, when an English physician Daniel Whistler gave the earliest known description of the disease. In 1650 a treatise on rickets was published by Francis Glisson, a physician at Caius College, Cambridge,[62] who said it had first appeared about 30 years previously in the counties of Dorset and Somerset.[63] In 1857, John Snow suggested rickets, then widespread in Britain, was being caused by the adulteration of bakers' bread with alum.[64] German pediatrician Kurt Huldschinsky successfully demonstrated in the winter of 1918–1919 how rickets could be treated with ultraviolet lamps. The role of diet in the development of rickets[65][66] was determined by Edward Mellanby between 1918 and 1920.[9] In 1923, American physician Harry Steenbock demonstrated that irradiation by ultraviolet light increased the vitamin D content of foods and other organic materials. Steenbock's irradiation technique was used for foodstuffs, but most memorably for milk. By 1945, rickets had all but been eliminated in the United States.[67] However, beginning around 2003, rickets reemerged as an issue in the US for some populations.[68]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"plural in form but usually singular in construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plurals#Plural_in_form_but_singular_in_construction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The word rickets may be from the Old English word wrickken ('to twist'), although because this is conjectured, several major dictionaries simply say \"origin unknown\". The name rickets is plural in form but usually singular in construction. The Greek word rachitis (ῥαχίτης,[6] meaning 'in or of the spine') was later adopted as the scientific term for rickets, due chiefly to the words' similarity in sound.","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Widening of wrist","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rickets_wrist.jpg/290px-Rickets_wrist.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wrist X-ray showing changes in rickets. Mainly cupping is seen here.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/RicketsXray.jpg/290px-RicketsXray.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chest X-ray showing changes consistent with rickets. These changes are usually referred to as \"rosary beads\" of rickets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RicketsChestXray.jpg/290px-RicketsChestXray.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cholecalciferol (D3)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cholecalciferol.svg/100px-Cholecalciferol.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ergocalciferol (D2)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ergocalciferol.svg/100px-Ergocalciferol.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Skeleton of Infant with Rickets, 1881","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Skeleton_Infant_Rickets.jpeg/130px-Skeleton_Infant_Rickets.jpeg"}]
[{"title":"Hypervitaminosis D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D"}]
[{"reference":"Elder CJ, Bishop NJ (May 2014). \"Rickets\". Lancet. 383 (9929): 1665–1676. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61650-5. PMID 24412049. S2CID 208788707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961650-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61650-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412049","url_text":"24412049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208788707","url_text":"208788707"}]},{"reference":"\"Rickets\". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets","url_text":"\"Rickets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/","url_text":"\"Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency\""}]},{"reference":"Creo AL, Thacher TD, Pettifor JM, Strand MA, Fischer PR (May 2017). \"Nutritional rickets around the world: an update\". Paediatrics and International Child Health. 37 (2): 84–98. doi:10.1080/20469047.2016.1248170. PMID 27922335. S2CID 6146424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20469047.2016.1248170","url_text":"10.1080/20469047.2016.1248170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27922335","url_text":"27922335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6146424","url_text":"6146424"}]},{"reference":"\"Rickets - OrthoInfo - AAOS\". September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/","url_text":"\"Rickets - OrthoInfo - AAOS\""}]},{"reference":"\"ῥαχίτης\" [ῥachitis]. Greek Word Study Tool (in Greek).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=raxiths&la=greek#lexicon","url_text":"\"ῥαχίτης\""}]},{"reference":"Florin T, Ludwig S, Aronson PL, Werner HC (2011). Netter's Pediatrics E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 430. ISBN 978-1455710645.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7czRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA430","url_text":"Netter's Pediatrics E-Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455710645","url_text":"978-1455710645"}]},{"reference":"El-Sobky TA, Samir S, Baraka MM, Fayyad TA, Mahran MA, Aly AS, et al. (January 2020). \"Growth Modulation for Knee Coronal Plane Deformities in Children With Nutritional Rickets: A Prospective Series With Treatment Algorithm\". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews. 4 (1): e19.00009. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009. PMC 7028784. PMID 32159063.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028784","url_text":"\"Growth Modulation for Knee Coronal Plane Deformities in Children With Nutritional Rickets: A Prospective Series With Treatment Algorithm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5435%2FJAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009","url_text":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028784","url_text":"7028784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32159063","url_text":"32159063"}]},{"reference":"Rajakumar K (August 2003). \"Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective\". Pediatrics. 112 (2): e132–e135. doi:10.1542/peds.112.2.e132. PMID 12897318.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.112.2.e132","url_text":"\"Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.112.2.e132","url_text":"10.1542/peds.112.2.e132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12897318","url_text":"12897318"}]},{"reference":"Brown M (19 August 2018). \"Evidence in the bones reveals rickets in Roman times\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/aug/20/roman-rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency","url_text":"\"Evidence in the bones reveals rickets in Roman times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medical News – Symptoms of Rickets\". March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-medical.net/health/Rickets-Symptoms.aspx","url_text":"\"Medical News – Symptoms of Rickets\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey NC, Holroyd C, Ntani G, Javaid K, Cooper P, Moon R, et al. (July 2014). \"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review\". Health Technology Assessment. 18 (45): 1–190. doi:10.3310/hta18450. PMC 4124722. PMID 25025896.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124722","url_text":"\"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta18450","url_text":"10.3310/hta18450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124722","url_text":"4124722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25025896","url_text":"25025896"}]},{"reference":"Prentice A (July 2013). \"Nutritional rickets around the world\". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 136: 201–206. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.018. PMID 23220549. S2CID 19944113.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2012.11.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220549","url_text":"23220549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19944113","url_text":"19944113"}]},{"reference":"\"Signs and Symptoms of Rickets\". Mayo Clinic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/rickets/DS00813/DSECTION=symptoms","url_text":"\"Signs and Symptoms of Rickets\""}]},{"reference":"\"caput quadratum\". TheFreeDictionary.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caput+quadratum","url_text":"\"caput quadratum\""}]},{"reference":"O'Riordan JL, Bijvoet OL (January 2014). \"Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D\". BoneKEy Reports. 3: 478. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2013.212. PMC 3899557. PMID 24466409.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899557","url_text":"\"Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbonekey.2013.212","url_text":"10.1038/bonekey.2013.212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899557","url_text":"3899557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24466409","url_text":"24466409"}]},{"reference":"Elidrissy AT (September 2016). \"The Return of Congenital Rickets, Are We Missing Occult Cases?\". Calcified Tissue International (Review). 99 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1007/s00223-016-0146-2. PMID 27245342. S2CID 14727399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00223-016-0146-2","url_text":"10.1007/s00223-016-0146-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27245342","url_text":"27245342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14727399","url_text":"14727399"}]},{"reference":"Paterson CR, Ayoub D (October 2015). \"Congenital rickets due to vitamin D deficiency in the mothers\". Clinical Nutrition (Review). 34 (5): 793–798. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.006. PMID 25552383.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2014.12.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25552383","url_text":"25552383"}]},{"reference":"\"Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/","url_text":"\"Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pregnancy and prenatal vitamins\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/prenatal-vitamins#1","url_text":"\"Pregnancy and prenatal vitamins\""}]},{"reference":"Balasubramanian S, Ganesh R (March 2008). \"Vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants\". The Indian Journal of Medical Research (Review). 127 (3): 250–255. PMID 18497439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18497439","url_text":"18497439"}]},{"reference":"Pettifor JM (December 2004). \"Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?\". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Review). 80 (6 Suppl): 1725S–1729S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1725S. PMID 15585795.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1725S","url_text":"\"Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1725S","url_text":"10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1725S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585795","url_text":"15585795"}]},{"reference":"Glorieux FH, Pettifor JM (2014). \"Vitamin D/dietary calcium deficiency rickets and pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets\". BoneKEy Reports (Review). 3: 524. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2014.19. PMC 4015456. PMID 24818008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015456","url_text":"\"Vitamin D/dietary calcium deficiency rickets and pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbonekey.2014.19","url_text":"10.1038/bonekey.2014.19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015456","url_text":"4015456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24818008","url_text":"24818008"}]},{"reference":"\"Hypophosphatasia: Signs and Symptoms\". Hypophosphatasia.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143435/http://www.hypophosphatasia.com/what-hypophosphatasia/signs-and-symptoms","url_text":"\"Hypophosphatasia: Signs and Symptoms\""},{"url":"http://hypophosphatasia.com/what-hypophosphatasia/signs-and-symptoms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pors Nielsen S (September 2004). \"The biological role of strontium\". Bone. 35 (3): 583–588. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026. PMID 15336592.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bone.2004.04.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15336592","url_text":"15336592"}]},{"reference":"Wacker M, Holick MF (January 2013). \"Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health\". Dermato-Endocrinology. 5 (1): 51–108. doi:10.4161/derm.24494. PMC 3897598. PMID 24494042.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897598","url_text":"\"Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fderm.24494","url_text":"10.4161/derm.24494"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897598","url_text":"3897598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24494042","url_text":"24494042"}]},{"reference":"\"Rise in rickets linked to ethnic groups that shun the sun\". The Independent. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/rise-in-rickets-linked-to-ethnic-groups-that-shun-the-sun-2319920.html","url_text":"\"Rise in rickets linked to ethnic groups that shun the sun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctors fear rickets resurgence\". BBC. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7161458.stm","url_text":"\"Doctors fear rickets resurgence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Holick MF (August 2006). \"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (8): 2062–2072. doi:10.1172/JCI29449. PMC 1523417. PMID 16886050.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523417","url_text":"\"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI29449","url_text":"10.1172/JCI29449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523417","url_text":"1523417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16886050","url_text":"16886050"}]},{"reference":"Bivins R (2007). \"\"The English disease\" or \"Asian rickets\"? Medical responses to postcolonial immigration\". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 81 (3): 533–568. doi:10.1353/bhm.2007.0062. PMC 2630160. PMID 17873451.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630160","url_text":"\"\"The English disease\" or \"Asian rickets\"? Medical responses to postcolonial immigration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2007.0062","url_text":"10.1353/bhm.2007.0062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630160","url_text":"2630160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17873451","url_text":"17873451"}]},{"reference":"Loomis WF (August 1967). \"Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin-D biosynthesis in man\". Science. 157 (3788): 501–506. Bibcode:1967Sci...157..501F. doi:10.1126/science.157.3788.501. PMID 6028915. S2CID 41681581.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Sci...157..501F","url_text":"1967Sci...157..501F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.157.3788.501","url_text":"10.1126/science.157.3788.501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6028915","url_text":"6028915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41681581","url_text":"41681581"}]},{"reference":"Sharma S, Barr AB, Macdonald HM, Sheehy T, Novotny R, Corriveau A (August 2011). \"Vitamin D deficiency and disease risk among aboriginal Arctic populations\". Nutrition Reviews. 69 (8): 468–478. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00406.x. PMID 21790613.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2011.00406.x","url_text":"\"Vitamin D deficiency and disease risk among aboriginal Arctic populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2011.00406.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00406.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21790613","url_text":"21790613"}]},{"reference":"Ames, Bruce N.; Grant, William B.; Willett, Walter C. (3 February 2021). \"Does the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Contribute to Health Disparities?\". Nutrients. 13 (2): 499. doi:10.3390/nu13020499. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7913332. PMID 33546262.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913332","url_text":"\"Does the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Contribute to Health Disparities?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu13020499","url_text":"10.3390/nu13020499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6643","url_text":"2072-6643"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913332","url_text":"7913332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33546262","url_text":"33546262"}]},{"reference":"Bachrach S, Fisher J, Parks JS (December 1979). \"An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population\". Pediatrics. 64 (6): 871–877. doi:10.1542/peds.64.6.871. PMID 574626. S2CID 26050085.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.64.6.871","url_text":"10.1542/peds.64.6.871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/574626","url_text":"574626"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26050085","url_text":"26050085"}]},{"reference":"\"RISE IN RICKETS LINKED TO ETHNIC GROUPS THAT SHUN THE SUN\". Independent.co.uk. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/rise-in-rickets-linked-to-ethnic-groups-that-shun-the-sun-2319920.html","url_text":"\"RISE IN RICKETS LINKED TO ETHNIC GROUPS THAT SHUN THE SUN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. (November 2009). \"Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D\". Osteoporosis International. 20 (11): 1807–1820. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6. PMID 19543765. S2CID 52858668.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543765/","url_text":"\"Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-009-0954-6","url_text":"10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543765","url_text":"19543765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52858668","url_text":"52858668"}]},{"reference":"Cashman, Kevin D. (11 January 2022). \"Global differences in vitamin D status and dietary intake: a review of the data\". Endocrine Connections. 11 (1): e210282. doi:10.1530/EC-21-0282. ISSN 2049-3614. PMC 8789021. PMID 34860171.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789021","url_text":"\"Global differences in vitamin D status and dietary intake: a review of the data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1530%2FEC-21-0282","url_text":"10.1530/EC-21-0282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2049-3614","url_text":"2049-3614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789021","url_text":"8789021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34860171","url_text":"34860171"}]},{"reference":"\"THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA REGIONAL AUDIT, Executive Summary, Epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2011\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170825145111/https://www.iofbonehealth.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/Audit%20Middle%20East_Africa/ME_audit-executive_summary.pdf","url_text":"\"THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA REGIONAL AUDIT, Executive Summary, Epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.iofbonehealth.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/Audit%20Middle%20East_Africa/ME_audit-executive_summary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lerch C, Meissner T (October 2007). \"Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (4): CD006164. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006164.pub2. PMC 8990776. PMID 17943890.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8990776","url_text":"\"Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006164.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD006164.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8990776","url_text":"8990776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943890","url_text":"17943890"}]},{"reference":"Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME (December 2004). \"Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003\". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (6 Suppl): 1697S–1705S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1697S. PMID 15585790.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1697S","url_text":"\"Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1697S","url_text":"10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1697S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585790","url_text":"15585790"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar Ali S, Mathalikunnel A, Bhardwaj V, Braskett M, Pitukcheewanont P (September 2019). \"Nutritional hypophosphatemic rickets secondary to Neocate® use\". Osteoporosis International. 30 (9): 1887–1891. doi:10.1007/s00198-019-04836-8. PMID 31143989. S2CID 169034641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-019-04836-8","url_text":"10.1007/s00198-019-04836-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31143989","url_text":"31143989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169034641","url_text":"169034641"}]},{"reference":"\"NHS Choice - Rickets Diagnoses\". 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Rickets/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx","url_text":"\"NHS Choice - Rickets Diagnoses\""}]},{"reference":"Cheema JI, Grissom LE, Harcke HT (2003). \"Radiographic characteristics of lower-extremity bowing in children\". Radiographics. 23 (4): 871–880. doi:10.1148/rg.234025149. PMID 12853662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.234025149","url_text":"10.1148/rg.234025149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12853662","url_text":"12853662"}]},{"reference":"\"Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях\" [Veterinary ultrasonic echo osteometer for the assessment of physical characteristics of the bones of the skeleton of animals with their functional and pathological changes] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2779304C1/ru","url_text":"\"Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях\" [Veterinary ultrasonic echo osteometer for the assessment of physical characteristics of the bones of the skeleton of animals with their functional and pathological changes] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://patenton.ru/patent/RU2779304C1","url_text":"\"Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях\""}]},{"reference":"\"ПОРТАТИВНЫЙ ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЙ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ ЭХООСТЕОМЕТР ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОСТЕЙ СКЕЛЕТА ЖИВОТНЫХ ПРИ ИХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯХ\" [Portable Veterinary Ultravocation Echoosteometer For Assessment Of Physical Characteristics Of Animal Skeletal Bones With Functional And Pathological Changes] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://projects.2035.university/project/portativnyj-veterinarnyj-ultrazvukovoj-ehoosteometr-dla-ocenki-fiziceskih-harakteristik-kostej-skeleta-zivotnyh-pri-ih-funkcionalnyh-i-patologiceskih-izmeneniah","url_text":"\"ПОРТАТИВНЫЙ ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЙ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ ЭХООСТЕОМЕТР ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОСТЕЙ СКЕЛЕТА ЖИВОТНЫХ ПРИ ИХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯХ\""}]},{"reference":"Nield LS, Mahajan P, Joshi A, Kamat D (August 2006). \"Rickets: not a disease of the past\". American Family Physician. 74 (4): 619–626. PMID 16939184.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p619.html","url_text":"\"Rickets: not a disease of the past\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16939184","url_text":"16939184"}]},{"reference":"Levine MA (2020). \"Diagnosis and Management of Vitamin D Dependent Rickets\". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 8: 315. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00315. PMC 7303887. PMID 32596195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303887","url_text":"\"Diagnosis and Management of Vitamin D Dependent Rickets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffped.2020.00315","url_text":"10.3389/fped.2020.00315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303887","url_text":"7303887"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32596195","url_text":"32596195"}]},{"reference":"Levy-Litan V, Hershkovitz E, Avizov L, Leventhal N, Bercovich D, Chalifa-Caspi V, et al. (February 2010). \"Autosomal-recessive hypophosphatemic rickets is associated with an inactivation mutation in the ENPP1 gene\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (2): 273–278. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.010. PMC 2820183. PMID 20137772.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820183","url_text":"\"Autosomal-recessive hypophosphatemic rickets is associated with an inactivation mutation in the ENPP1 gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.01.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820183","url_text":"2820183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20137772","url_text":"20137772"}]},{"reference":"El-Sobky TA, Shawky RM, Sakr HM, Elsayed SM, Elsayed NS, Ragheb SG, Gamal R (15 November 2017). \"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","url_text":"\"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","url_text":"10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79825711","url_text":"79825711"}]},{"reference":"Keller KA, Barnes PD (November 2008). \"Rickets vs. abuse: a national and international epidemic\". Pediatric Radiology. 38 (11): 1210–1216. doi:10.1007/s00247-008-1001-z. PMID 18810424. S2CID 5848331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00247-008-1001-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00247-008-1001-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18810424","url_text":"18810424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5848331","url_text":"5848331"}]},{"reference":"Walker C (8 July 2011). \"CDark Skin Color & Vitamin D\". Live Strong. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livestrong.com/article/311881-dark-skin-color-vitamin-d/","url_text":"\"CDark Skin Color & Vitamin D\""}]},{"reference":"Lamberg-Allardt C (September 2006). \"Vitamin D in foods and as supplements\". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. UV exposure guidance: A balanced approach between health risks and health benefits of UV and Vitamin D. Proceedings of an International Workshop, International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, Munich, Germany, 17–18 October 2005. 92 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017. PMID 16618499.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017","url_text":"\"Vitamin D in foods and as supplements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16618499","url_text":"16618499"}]},{"reference":"\"Rickets -- Symptoms and Causes\". Mayo Clinic Patient Care and Health Information. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 27 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rickets/symptoms-causes/syc-20351943","url_text":"\"Rickets -- Symptoms and Causes\""}]},{"reference":"Vieth R (May 1999). \"Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety\". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69 (5): 842–856. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842. PMID 10232622.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F69.5.842","url_text":"\"Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F69.5.842","url_text":"10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10232622","url_text":"10232622"}]},{"reference":"Gartner LM, Greer FR (April 2003). \"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake\". Pediatrics. 111 (4 Pt 1): 908–910. doi:10.1542/peds.111.4.908. PMID 12671133.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.4.908","url_text":"\"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.4.908","url_text":"10.1542/peds.111.4.908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671133","url_text":"12671133"}]},{"reference":"Chibuzor MT, Graham-Kalio D, Osaji JO, Meremikwu MM, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (April 2020). \"Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (4): CD012581. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012581.pub2. PMC 7164979. PMID 32303107.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164979","url_text":"\"Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD012581.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD012581.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164979","url_text":"7164979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32303107","url_text":"32303107"}]},{"reference":"\"Rickets\". National Health Service of England. 28 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Rickets/Pages/Introduction.aspx","url_text":"\"Rickets\""}]},{"reference":"Koehler G (20 October 2014). \"Rickets and osteomalacia\". nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423105458/http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/media/detail.php?source=hospital_news/2014/20141020_hn","url_text":"\"Rickets and osteomalacia\""},{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rickets-and-osteomalacia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baraniuk C (17 May 2019). \"How going hungry affects children for their whole lives\". Independent. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/hunger-food-insecurity-mental-health-physical-food-bank-children-a8859671.html","url_text":"\"How going hungry affects children for their whole lives\""}]},{"reference":"Claerr J (6 February 2008). \"The History of Rickets, Scurvy and Other Nutritional Deficiencies\". An Interesting Treatise on Human Stupidity. Yahoo! Voices. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. URL references","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140702101552/http://www.livinghealthy360.com/index.php/the-history-of-rickets-scurvy-and-other-nutritional-deficiencies-42959/","url_text":"\"The History of Rickets, Scurvy and Other Nutritional Deficiencies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Voices","url_text":"Yahoo! Voices"},{"url":"http://www.livinghealthy360.com/index.php/the-history-of-rickets-scurvy-and-other-nutritional-deficiencies-42959/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs D (December 1994). \"Rickets and the crippled child: an historical perspective\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 87 (12): 729–732. PMC 1294978. PMID 7503834.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294978","url_text":"\"Rickets and the crippled child: an historical perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294978","url_text":"1294978"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7503834","url_text":"7503834"}]},{"reference":"Dunnigan M (June 2003). \"Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease\". International Journal of Epidemiology. 32 (3): 340–341. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg160. PMID 12777415.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyg160","url_text":"\"Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyg160","url_text":"10.1093/ije/dyg160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12777415","url_text":"12777415"}]},{"reference":"Pileggi VJ, De Luca HF, Steenbock H (September 1955). \"The role of vitamin D and intestinal phytase in the prevention of rickets in rats on cereal diets\". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 58 (1): 194–204. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(55)90106-5. PMID 13259690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-9861%2855%2990106-5","url_text":"10.1016/0003-9861(55)90106-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13259690","url_text":"13259690"}]},{"reference":"Ford JA, Colhoun EM, McIntosh WB, Dunnigan MG (August 1972). \"Biochemical response of late rickets and osteomalacia to a chupatty-free diet\". British Medical Journal. 3 (5824): 446–447. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5824.446. PMC 1786011. PMID 5069221.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1786011","url_text":"\"Biochemical response of late rickets and osteomalacia to a chupatty-free diet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.3.5824.446","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.3.5824.446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1786011","url_text":"1786011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5069221","url_text":"5069221"}]},{"reference":"Bouillon, Roger; Antonio, Leen (2020). \"Nutritional rickets: Historic overview and plan for worldwide eradication\". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 198: 105563. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563. ISSN 0960-0760. PMID 31809867.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563","url_text":"\"Nutritional rickets: Historic overview and plan for worldwide eradication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2019.105563","url_text":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-0760","url_text":"0960-0760"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809867","url_text":"31809867"}]},{"reference":"Rajakumar, Kumaravel; Thomas, Stephen B. (1 April 2005). \"Reemerging Nutritional Rickets: A Historical Perspective\". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 159 (4): 335–341. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.4.335. ISSN 1072-4710. PMID 15809385.","urls":[{"url":"http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpedi.159.4.335","url_text":"\"Reemerging Nutritional Rickets: A Historical Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.159.4.335","url_text":"10.1001/archpedi.159.4.335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-4710","url_text":"1072-4710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15809385","url_text":"15809385"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961650-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61650-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412049","external_links_name":"24412049"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208788707","external_links_name":"208788707"},{"Link":"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets","external_links_name":"\"Rickets\""},{"Link":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/","external_links_name":"\"Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20469047.2016.1248170","external_links_name":"10.1080/20469047.2016.1248170"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27922335","external_links_name":"27922335"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6146424","external_links_name":"6146424"},{"Link":"https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/","external_links_name":"\"Rickets - OrthoInfo - AAOS\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=raxiths&la=greek#lexicon","external_links_name":"\"ῥαχίτης\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7czRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA430","external_links_name":"Netter's Pediatrics E-Book"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028784","external_links_name":"\"Growth Modulation for Knee Coronal Plane Deformities in Children With Nutritional Rickets: A Prospective Series With Treatment Algorithm\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5435%2FJAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009","external_links_name":"10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028784","external_links_name":"7028784"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32159063","external_links_name":"32159063"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.112.2.e132","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.112.2.e132","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.112.2.e132"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12897318","external_links_name":"12897318"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/aug/20/roman-rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency","external_links_name":"\"Evidence in the bones reveals rickets in Roman times\""},{"Link":"http://www.news-medical.net/health/Rickets-Symptoms.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Medical News – Symptoms of Rickets\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124722","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta18450","external_links_name":"10.3310/hta18450"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124722","external_links_name":"4124722"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25025896","external_links_name":"25025896"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2012.11.018","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.018"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220549","external_links_name":"23220549"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19944113","external_links_name":"19944113"},{"Link":"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/rickets/DS00813/DSECTION=symptoms","external_links_name":"\"Signs and Symptoms of Rickets\""},{"Link":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caput+quadratum","external_links_name":"\"caput quadratum\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899557","external_links_name":"\"Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbonekey.2013.212","external_links_name":"10.1038/bonekey.2013.212"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899557","external_links_name":"3899557"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24466409","external_links_name":"24466409"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00223-016-0146-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00223-016-0146-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27245342","external_links_name":"27245342"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14727399","external_links_name":"14727399"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2014.12.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.006"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25552383","external_links_name":"25552383"},{"Link":"https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/","external_links_name":"\"Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D\""},{"Link":"http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/prenatal-vitamins#1","external_links_name":"\"Pregnancy and prenatal vitamins\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18497439","external_links_name":"18497439"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1725S","external_links_name":"\"Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1725S","external_links_name":"10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1725S"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585795","external_links_name":"15585795"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015456","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D/dietary calcium deficiency rickets and pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbonekey.2014.19","external_links_name":"10.1038/bonekey.2014.19"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015456","external_links_name":"4015456"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24818008","external_links_name":"24818008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143435/http://www.hypophosphatasia.com/what-hypophosphatasia/signs-and-symptoms","external_links_name":"\"Hypophosphatasia: Signs and Symptoms\""},{"Link":"http://hypophosphatasia.com/what-hypophosphatasia/signs-and-symptoms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bone.2004.04.026","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15336592","external_links_name":"15336592"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897598","external_links_name":"\"Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fderm.24494","external_links_name":"10.4161/derm.24494"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897598","external_links_name":"3897598"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24494042","external_links_name":"24494042"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/rise-in-rickets-linked-to-ethnic-groups-that-shun-the-sun-2319920.html","external_links_name":"\"Rise in rickets linked to ethnic groups that shun the sun\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7161458.stm","external_links_name":"\"Doctors fear rickets resurgence\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523417","external_links_name":"\"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI29449","external_links_name":"10.1172/JCI29449"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523417","external_links_name":"1523417"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16886050","external_links_name":"16886050"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630160","external_links_name":"\"\"The English disease\" or \"Asian rickets\"? Medical responses to postcolonial immigration\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2007.0062","external_links_name":"10.1353/bhm.2007.0062"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630160","external_links_name":"2630160"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17873451","external_links_name":"17873451"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Sci...157..501F","external_links_name":"1967Sci...157..501F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.157.3788.501","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.157.3788.501"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6028915","external_links_name":"6028915"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41681581","external_links_name":"41681581"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2011.00406.x","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D deficiency and disease risk among aboriginal Arctic populations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2011.00406.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00406.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21790613","external_links_name":"21790613"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913332","external_links_name":"\"Does the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Contribute to Health Disparities?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu13020499","external_links_name":"10.3390/nu13020499"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6643","external_links_name":"2072-6643"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913332","external_links_name":"7913332"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33546262","external_links_name":"33546262"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.64.6.871","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.64.6.871"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/574626","external_links_name":"574626"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26050085","external_links_name":"26050085"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/rise-in-rickets-linked-to-ethnic-groups-that-shun-the-sun-2319920.html","external_links_name":"\"RISE IN RICKETS LINKED TO ETHNIC GROUPS THAT SHUN THE SUN\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543765/","external_links_name":"\"Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-009-0954-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543765","external_links_name":"19543765"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52858668","external_links_name":"52858668"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789021","external_links_name":"\"Global differences in vitamin D status and dietary intake: a review of the data\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1530%2FEC-21-0282","external_links_name":"10.1530/EC-21-0282"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2049-3614","external_links_name":"2049-3614"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789021","external_links_name":"8789021"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34860171","external_links_name":"34860171"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170825145111/https://www.iofbonehealth.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/Audit%20Middle%20East_Africa/ME_audit-executive_summary.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA REGIONAL AUDIT, Executive Summary, Epidemiology, costs & burden of osteoporosis in 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.iofbonehealth.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/Audit%20Middle%20East_Africa/ME_audit-executive_summary.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8990776","external_links_name":"\"Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006164.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD006164.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8990776","external_links_name":"8990776"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943890","external_links_name":"17943890"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1697S","external_links_name":"\"Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1697S","external_links_name":"10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1697S"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585790","external_links_name":"15585790"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-019-04836-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00198-019-04836-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31143989","external_links_name":"31143989"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169034641","external_links_name":"169034641"},{"Link":"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Rickets/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx","external_links_name":"\"NHS Choice - Rickets Diagnoses\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.234025149","external_links_name":"10.1148/rg.234025149"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12853662","external_links_name":"12853662"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2779304C1/ru","external_links_name":"\"Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях\""},{"Link":"https://patenton.ru/patent/RU2779304C1","external_links_name":"\"Ветеринарный ультразвуковой эхоостеометр для оценки физических характеристик костей скелета животных при их функциональных и патологических изменениях\""},{"Link":"https://projects.2035.university/project/portativnyj-veterinarnyj-ultrazvukovoj-ehoosteometr-dla-ocenki-fiziceskih-harakteristik-kostej-skeleta-zivotnyh-pri-ih-funkcionalnyh-i-patologiceskih-izmeneniah","external_links_name":"\"ПОРТАТИВНЫЙ ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЙ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ ЭХООСТЕОМЕТР ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОСТЕЙ СКЕЛЕТА ЖИВОТНЫХ ПРИ ИХ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯХ\""},{"Link":"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p619.html","external_links_name":"\"Rickets: not a disease of the past\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16939184","external_links_name":"16939184"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303887","external_links_name":"\"Diagnosis and Management of Vitamin D Dependent Rickets\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffped.2020.00315","external_links_name":"10.3389/fped.2020.00315"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303887","external_links_name":"7303887"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32596195","external_links_name":"32596195"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820183","external_links_name":"\"Autosomal-recessive hypophosphatemic rickets is associated with an inactivation mutation in the ENPP1 gene\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.01.010","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.010"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820183","external_links_name":"2820183"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20137772","external_links_name":"20137772"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","external_links_name":"\"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","external_links_name":"10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79825711","external_links_name":"79825711"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00247-008-1001-z","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00247-008-1001-z"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18810424","external_links_name":"18810424"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5848331","external_links_name":"5848331"},{"Link":"http://www.livestrong.com/article/311881-dark-skin-color-vitamin-d/","external_links_name":"\"CDark Skin Color & Vitamin D\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D in foods and as supplements\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16618499","external_links_name":"16618499"},{"Link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rickets/symptoms-causes/syc-20351943","external_links_name":"\"Rickets -- Symptoms and Causes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F69.5.842","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F69.5.842","external_links_name":"10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10232622","external_links_name":"10232622"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.4.908","external_links_name":"\"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.4.908","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.111.4.908"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671133","external_links_name":"12671133"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164979","external_links_name":"\"Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD012581.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD012581.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164979","external_links_name":"7164979"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32303107","external_links_name":"32303107"},{"Link":"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Rickets/Pages/Introduction.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Rickets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423105458/http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/media/detail.php?source=hospital_news/2014/20141020_hn","external_links_name":"\"Rickets and osteomalacia\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rickets-and-osteomalacia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/hunger-food-insecurity-mental-health-physical-food-bank-children-a8859671.html","external_links_name":"\"How going hungry affects children for their whole lives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140702101552/http://www.livinghealthy360.com/index.php/the-history-of-rickets-scurvy-and-other-nutritional-deficiencies-42959/","external_links_name":"\"The History of Rickets, Scurvy and Other Nutritional Deficiencies\""},{"Link":"http://www.livinghealthy360.com/index.php/the-history-of-rickets-scurvy-and-other-nutritional-deficiencies-42959/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294978","external_links_name":"\"Rickets and the crippled child: an historical perspective\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294978","external_links_name":"1294978"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7503834","external_links_name":"7503834"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyg160","external_links_name":"\"Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyg160","external_links_name":"10.1093/ije/dyg160"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12777415","external_links_name":"12777415"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-9861%2855%2990106-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0003-9861(55)90106-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13259690","external_links_name":"13259690"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1786011","external_links_name":"\"Biochemical response of late rickets and osteomalacia to a chupatty-free diet\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.3.5824.446","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.3.5824.446"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1786011","external_links_name":"1786011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5069221","external_links_name":"5069221"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563","external_links_name":"\"Nutritional rickets: Historic overview and plan for worldwide eradication\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2019.105563","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-0760","external_links_name":"0960-0760"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809867","external_links_name":"31809867"},{"Link":"http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpedi.159.4.335","external_links_name":"\"Reemerging Nutritional Rickets: A Historical Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.159.4.335","external_links_name":"10.1001/archpedi.159.4.335"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-4710","external_links_name":"1072-4710"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15809385","external_links_name":"15809385"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2047696084","external_links_name":"5B57.0"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E55.0","external_links_name":"E55.0"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=268","external_links_name":"268"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012279","external_links_name":"D012279"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb9351.htm","external_links_name":"9351"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000344.htm","external_links_name":"000344"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/2014-overview","external_links_name":"ped/2014"},{"Link":"https://patient.info/doctor/vitamin-d-deficiency-including-osteomalacia-and-rickets","external_links_name":"Rickets"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12259598x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12259598x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538879405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113950","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567048","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph916387&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian
Records of the Grand Historian
["1 History","1.1 Title","1.2 Textual history","1.3 Manuscripts","2 Contents","2.1 \"Basic Annals\"","2.2 \"Tables\"","2.3 \"Treatises\"","2.4 \"Hereditary Houses\"","2.5 \"Ranked Biographies\"","3 Style","4 Source materials","5 Reliability and accuracy","6 Transmission and supplementation by other writers","7 Editions","8 Notable translations","8.1 English","8.2 Non-English","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
1st-century BC history of ancient China "Shi Ji" redirects here. For the Three Kingdoms period general, see Shi Ji (Eastern Wu). For the goddess, see Shiji Niangniang. Records of the Grand Historian Printed copy by Zhonghua Book Company (1982)AuthorSima QianOriginal title太史公書 (Tàishǐgōng shū)史記 (Shǐjì)LanguageClassical ChineseSubjectHistoryPublication datec. 91 BCPublication placeChina Records of the Grand HistorianShiji written in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese charactersTraditional Chinese史記Simplified Chinese史记Literal meaning"Scribal Records"TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShǐjìWade–GilesShih3-chi4IPAWuRomanizationSy-ciYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationSí-geiJyutpingSi2-gei3IPASouthern MinHokkien POJSú-kìMiddle ChineseMiddle Chineseʂí-kìOld ChineseBaxter–Sagart (2014)s-rəʔ C.krəʔ-sAlternative Chinese nameTraditional Chinese太史公書Literal meaning"Records of the Grand Historian"TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTàishǐgōng shūWade–GilesT'ai4-shih3-kung1 shu1IPAYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationTaisígōng syūJyutpingTai3-si2-gong1 syu1Southern MinHokkien POJThài-sú-kong suMiddle ChineseMiddle ChineseTʰài ʂí kuwng shoOld ChineseBaxter–Sagart (2014)*l̥ˤat-s s-rəʔ C.qˤung s-ta Records of the Grand Historian, also known by its Chinese name Shiji, is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's Twenty-Four Histories. The Records were written in the late 2nd century BC to early 1st century BC by the historian Sima Qian, whose father Sima Tan had begun it several decades earlier. The work covers a 2,500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time, and describes the world as it was known to the Chinese of the Western Han dynasty. The Records has been called a "foundational text in Chinese civilization". After Confucius and Qin Shi Huang, "Sima Qian was one of the creators of Imperial China, not least because by providing definitive biographies, he virtually created the two earlier figures." The Records set the model for all subsequent dynastic histories of China. In contrast to Western historiographical conventions, the Records do not treat history as "a continuous, sweeping narrative", but rather break it up into smaller, overlapping units dealing with famous leaders, individuals, and major topics of significance. History Title The original title of the work, as given by the author in the postface, is Taishigongshu (太史公書), or Records of the Grand Historian. However, the Records was also known by a variety of other titles, including Taishigongji (太史公記) and Taishigongzhuan (太史公傳) in ancient times. Eventually, Shiji (史記), or Historical Records became the most commonly used title in Chinese. This title was originally used to refer to any general historical text, although after the Three Kingdoms period, Shiji gradually began to be used exclusively to refer to Sima Qian's work. In English, the original title, Records of the Grand Historian, is in common use, although Historical Records, The Grand Scribe's Records, and Records of the Historian are also used. Textual history Further information: Chinese historiography The work that became Records of the Grand Historian was begun by Sima Tan, who was Grand Historian (Tàishǐ 太史, also translated "Grand Scribe") of the Han dynasty court during the late 2nd century BC. Sima Tan drafted plans for the ambitious work and left behind some fragments and notes that may have been incorporated into the final text. After Sima's death in 110 BC, Records was continued and completed by his son and successor Sima Qian, who is generally credited as the work's author. The exact date of the Records's completion is unknown. It is certain that Sima Qian completed it before his death in approximately 86 BC, with one copy residing in the imperial capital of Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) and the other copy probably being stored in Sima's home. Little is known about the Records' early reception and circulation. Several 1st-century BC authors, such as the scholar Chu Shaosun (褚少孫; fl. 32–7 BC), added interpolations to it. Ten of the Records's original 130 chapters were lost in the Eastern Han period (AD 25–220) and seem to have been reconstructed later. The first commentaries to the Records date from the Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) and the early Tang dynasty (618–907). Most historical editions of the Records included the commentaries of Pei Yin (裴駰, 5th century), Sima Zhen (early 8th century), and Zhang Shoujie (張守節, early 8th century). The primary modern edition of the Records is the ten-volume Zhonghua Book Company edition published in 1959 (revised in 1982), which is based on an edition created in the early 1930s by the Chinese historian Gu Jiegang. Manuscripts There are two known surviving fragments of pre-Tang dynasty Records manuscripts, both of which are held in the Ishiyama-dera temple in Ōtsu, Japan. Portions of at least nine Tang dynasty manuscripts survive: three fragments discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the early 20th century, and six manuscripts preserved in Japanese temples and museums, such as the Kōzan-ji temple in Kyoto and the Tōyō Bunko museum in Tokyo. Several woodblock printed editions of the Records survive, the earliest of which date to the Song dynasty (960–1279). Contents An early printed edition See also: List of Records of the Grand Historian chapters In all, the Records is about 526,500 Chinese characters long, making it four times longer than Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War and longer than the Old Testament. Sima Qian conceived and composed his work in self-contained units, with a good deal of repetition between them. His manuscript was written on bamboo slips with about 24 to 36 characters each, and assembled into bundles of around 30 slips. Even after the manuscript was allowed to circulate or be copied, the work would have circulated as bundles of bamboo slips or small groups. Endymion Wilkinson calculates that there were probably between 466 and 700 bundles, whose total weight would have been 88–132 pounds (40–60 kg), which would have been difficult to access and hard to transport. Later copies on silk would have been much lighter, but also expensive and rare. Until the work was transferred to paper many centuries later, circulation would have been difficult and piecemeal, which accounts for many of the errors and variations in the text. Sima Qian organized the chapters of Records of the Grand Historian into five categories, which each comprise a section of the book. "Basic Annals" The "Basic Annals" (běnjì 本紀) make up the first 12 chapters of the Records, and are largely similar to records from the ancient Chinese court chronicle tradition, such as the Spring and Autumn Annals. The first five cover either periods, such as the Five Emperors, or individual dynasties, such as the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The last seven cover individual rulers, starting with the First Emperor of Qin and progressing through the first emperors of the Han dynasty. In this section, Sima chose to also include de facto rulers of China, such as Xiang Yu and Empress Dowager Lü, while excluding rulers who never held any real power, such as Emperor Yi of Chu and Emperor Hui of Han. "Tables" Chapters 13 to 22 are the "Tables" (biǎo 表), which comprise one genealogical table and nine other chronological tables. They show reigns, important events, and royal lineages in table form, which Sima Qian stated that he did because "the chronologies are difficult to follow when different genealogical lines exist at the same time." Each table except the last one begins with an introduction to the period it covers. "Treatises" The "Treatises" (shū 書, sometimes called "Monographs") is the shortest of the five Records sections, and contains eight chapters (23–30) on the historical evolution of ritual, music, pitch pipes, the calendar, astronomy, sacrifices, rivers and waterways, and financial administration. "Hereditary Houses" The "Hereditary Houses" (shìjiā 世家) is the second largest of the five Records sections, and comprises chapters 31 to 60. Within this section, the earlier chapters are very different in nature than the later chapters. Many of the earlier chapters are chronicle-like accounts of the leading states of the Zhou dynasty, such as the states of Qin and Lu, and two of the chapters go back as far as the Shang dynasty. The later chapters, which cover the Han dynasty, contain biographies. "Ranked Biographies" The "Ranked Biographies" (lièzhuàn 列傳, usually shortened to "Biographies") is the largest of the five Records sections, covering chapters 61 to 130, and accounts for 42% of the entire work. The 69 "Biographies" chapters mostly contain biographical profiles of about 130 outstanding ancient Chinese men, ranging from the moral paragon Boyi from the end of the Shang dynasty to some of Sima Qian's near contemporaries. About 40 of the chapters are dedicated to one particular man, but some are about two related figures, while others cover small groups of figures who shared certain roles, such as assassins, caring officials, or Confucian scholars. Unlike most modern biographies, the accounts in the "Biographies" give profiles using anecdotes to depict morals and character, with "unforgettably lively impressions of people of many different kinds and of the age in which they lived." The "Biographies" have been popular throughout Chinese history, and have provided a large number of set phrases still used in modern Chinese. Style Sima Qian Unlike subsequent official historical texts that adopted Confucian doctrine, proclaimed the divine rights of the emperors, and degraded any failed claimant to the throne, Sima Qian's more liberal and objective prose has been renowned and followed by poets and novelists. Most volumes of Liezhuan are vivid descriptions of events and persons. Sima Qian sought out stories from those who might have closer knowledge of certain historical events, using them as sources to balance the reliability and accuracy of historical records. For instance, the material on Jing Ke's attempt at assassinating the King of Qin incorporates an eye-witness account by Xia Wuju (夏無且), a physician to the king of Qin who happened to be attending the diplomatic ceremony for Jing Ke, and this account was passed on to Sima Qian by those who knew Xia. It has been observed that the diplomatic Sima Qian has a way of accentuating the positive in his treatment of rulers in the Basic Annals, but slipping negative information into other chapters, and so his work must be read as a whole to obtain full information. For example, the information that Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han), in a desperate attempt to escape in a chase from Xiang Yu's men, pushed his own children off his carriage to lighten it, is not given in the emperor's biography, but in the biography of Xiang Yu. He is also careful to balance the negative with the positive, for example, in the biography of Empress Dowager Lu which contains startling accounts of her cruelty, he points out at the end that, despite whatever her personal life may have been, her rule brought peace and prosperity to the country. Source materials Sima's family were hereditary historians to the Han emperor. Sima Qian's father Sima Tan served as Grand Historian, and Sima Qian succeeded to his position. Thus he had access to the early Han dynasty archives, edicts, and records. Sima Qian was a methodical, skeptical historian who had access to ancient books, written on bamboo and wooden slips, from before the time of the Han dynasty. Many of the sources he used did not survive. He not only used archives and imperial records, but also interviewed people and traveled around China to verify information. In his first chapter, "Annals of the Five Emperors", he writes, 余嘗西至空桐，北過涿鹿，東漸於海，南浮江淮矣，至長老皆各往往稱黃帝、堯、舜之處，風教固殊焉，總之不離古文者近是。 I myself have travelled west as far as Kongtong, north past Zhuolu, east to the sea, and in the south I have sailed the Yangtze and Huai Rivers. The elders and old men of these various lands frequently pointed out to me the places where the Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun had lived, and in these places the manners and customs seemed quite different. In general those of their accounts which do not differ from the ancient texts seem to be near to the truth. — Sima Qian, translation by Burton Watson The Grand Historian used The Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝系諜) and the Classic of History as source materials to make genealogies from the time of the Yellow Emperor until that of the Gonghe regency (841–828 BC). Sima Qian often cites his sources. For example, in the first chapter, "Annals of the Five Emperors", he writes, "I have read the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Guoyu." In his 13th chapter, "Genealogical Table of the Three Ages", Sima Qian writes, "I have read all the genealogies of the kings (dieji 諜記) that exist since the time of the Yellow Emperor." In his 14th chapter, "Yearly Chronicle of the Feudal Lords", he writes, "I have read all the royal annals (chunqiu li pudie 春秋曆譜諜) up until the time of King Li of Zhou." In his 15th chapter, "Yearly Chronicle of the Six States", he writes, "I have read the Annals of Qin (qin ji 秦記), and they say that the Quanrong defeated King You of Zhou ." In the 19th chapter, he writes, "I have occasion to read over the records of enfeoffment and come to the case of Wu Qian, the marquis of Bian...." (The father of Marquis Bian, Wu Rui, was named king (wang) of Changsha for his loyalty to Gaozu.) In his chapter on the patriotic minister and poet Qu Yuan, Sima Qian writes, "I have read Li Sao, Tianwen ("Heaven Asking"), Zhaohun (summoning the soul), and Ai Ying (Lament for Ying)". In the 62nd chapter, "Biography of Guan and of Yan", he writes, "I have read Guan's Mu Min (牧民 - "Government of the People", a chapter in the Guanzi), Shan Gao ("The Mountains Are High"), Chengma (chariot and horses; a long section on war and economics), Qingzhong (Light and Heavy; i.e. "what is important"), and Jiufu (Nine Houses), as well as the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yanzi." In his 64th chapter, "Biography of Sima Rangju", the Grand Historian writes, "I have read Sima's Art of War." In the 121st chapter, "Biographies of Scholars", he writes, "I read the Imperial Decrees that encouraged education officials." Chapter 2, Annals of Xia (Ming dynasty edition) Sima Qian wrote of the problems with incomplete, fragmentary and contradictory sources. For example, he mentioned in the preface to chapter 15 that the chronicle records of the feudal states kept in the Zhou dynasty's archive were burnt by Qin Shi Huang because they contained criticisms and ridicule of the Qin state, and that the Qin annals were brief and incomplete. In the 13th chapter he mentioned that the chronologies and genealogies of different ancient texts "disagree and contradict each other throughout". In his 18th chapter, Sima Qian writes, "I have set down only what is certain, and in doubtful cases left a blank." Reliability and accuracy Scholars have questioned the historicity of legendary kings of the ancient periods given by Sima Qian. Sima Qian began the Shiji with an account of the five rulers of supreme virtue, the Five Emperors, who modern scholars, such as those from the Doubting Antiquity School, believe to be originally local deities of the peoples of ancient China. Sima Qian sifted out elements of the supernatural and fantastic which seemed to contradict their existence as actual human monarchs, and was therefore criticized for turning myths and folklore into sober history. However, according to Joseph Needham, who wrote in 1954 on Sima Qian's accounts of the kings of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC): It was commonly maintained that Ssuma Chhien could not have adequate historical materials for his account of what had happened more than a thousand years earlier. One may judge of the astonishment of many, therefore, when it appeared that no less than twenty-three of the thirty rulers' name were to be clearly found on the indisputably genuine Anyang bones. It must be, therefore, that Ssuma Chhien did have fairly reliable materials at his disposal—a fact which underlines once more the deep historical-mindedness of the Chinese—and that the Shang dynasty is perfectly acceptable.— Joseph Needham While the king names in Sima Qian's history of the Shang dynasty are supported by inscriptions on the oracle bones, there is, as yet, no archaeological corroboration of Sima Qian's history of the Xia dynasty. There are also discrepancies of fact such as dates between various portions of the work. This may be a result of Sima Qian's use of different source texts. Transmission and supplementation by other writers After ca. 91 BC, the more-or-less completed manuscript was hidden in the residence of the author's daughter, Sima Ying (司馬英), to avoid destruction under Emperor Wu and his immediate successor Emperor Zhao. The Shiji was finally disseminated during the reign of Emperor Xuan by Sima Qian's grandson (through his daughter), Yang Yun (楊惲), after a hiatus of around twenty years. The changes in the manuscript of the Shiji during this hiatus have always been disputed among scholars. That the text was more or less complete by ca. 91 BC is established in the Letter to Ren'an (報任安書), composed in the Zhenghe (征和) era of Emperor Wu's reign. In this letter, Sima Qian describes his work as "spanning from the time of the Yellow Emperor to the present age and consisting of ten tables, twelve basic annals, eight treatises, thirty chapters on hereditary houses, and seventy biographies, together totaling 130 chapters." These numbers are likewise given in the postface to Shiji. After his death (presumably only a few years later), few people had the opportunity to see the whole work. However, various additions were still made to it. The historian Liu Zhiji reported the names of a total of fifteen scholars supposed to have added material to the Shiji during the period after the death of Sima Qian. Only the additions by Chu Shaosun (褚少孫, c. 105 – c. 30 BC) are clearly indicated by adding "Mr Chu said," (Chu xiansheng yue, 褚先生曰). Already in the first century AD, Ban Biao and Ban Gu claimed that ten chapters in Records of the Grand Historian were lacking. A large number of chapters dealing with the first century of the Han dynasty (i.e. the 2nd century BC) correspond exactly to the relevant chapters from the Book of Han (Hanshu). It is unclear whether those chapters initially came from the Shiji or from the Hanshu. Researchers Yves Hervouet (1921–1999) and A. F. P. Hulsewé argued that the originals of those chapters of the Shiji were lost and they were later reconstructed using the corresponding chapters from the Hanshu. Editions The earliest extant copy of Records of the Grand Historian, handwritten, was made during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420–589 AD). The earliest printed edition, called Shiji jijie (史記集解, literally Scribal Records, Collected Annotations), was published during the Northern Song dynasty. Huang Shanfu's edition, printed under the Southern Song dynasty, is the earliest collection of the Sanjiazhu commentaries on Records of the Grand Historian (三家注, literally: The Combined Annotations of the Three Experts). In modern times, the Zhonghua Book Company in Beijing has published the book in both simplified Chinese for mass consumption and traditional Chinese for scholarly study. The 1959 (2nd ed., 1982) Sanjiazhu edition in traditional Chinese (based upon the Jinling Publishing House edition, see below) contains commentaries interspersed among the main text and is considered to be an authoritative modern edition. The most well-known editions of the Shiji (all woodblock printed) are: Year Publisher Notes Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) Huang Shanfu Abbreviated as the Huang Shanfu edition (黄善夫本) Ming dynasty, between the times of the Jiajing and Wanli Emperors (between 1521 and 1620) The Northern and Southern Imperial Academy Published in 21 Shi. Abbreviated as the Jian edition (监本) Ming dynasty Bibliophile Mao Jin (毛晋), 1599–1659) and his studio Ji Gu Ge (汲古閣 or the Drawing from Ancient Times Studio) Published in 17 Shi. Abbreviated as the Mao Ke edition (毛刻本) or the Ji Gu Ge edition (汲古閣本) Qing dynasty, in the time of the Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) Wu Yingdian Published in the Twenty-Four Histories, abbreviated as the Wu Yingdian edition (武英殿本) Qing dynasty, in the time of the Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875) Jinling Publishing House (in Nanjing) Proofreading and copy editing done by Zhang Wenhu. Published with the Sanjiazhu commentaries, 130 volumes in total. Abbreviated as the Jinling Ju or Jinling Publishing edition (金陵局本) Notable translations English Herbert J. Allen, Ssŭma Ch‘ien's Historical Records, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1894, p. 269-294; 1895, p. 93-110, 601-611, available online. (The first English translation of the first three chapters). Watson, Burton, trans. (1961). Records of the Grand Historian of China. New York: Columbia University Press. Second edition, 1993 (Records of the Grand Historian). Translates roughly 90 out of 130 chapters. Qin Dynasty, ISBN 978-0-231-08169-6. Han Dynasty, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-231-08165-8. Han Dynasty, Volume 2, ISBN 978-0-231-08167-2. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang (1974), Records of the Historians. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. Reprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Contains biographies of Confucius and Laozi. ISBN 978-0835106184 Raymond Stanley Dawson (1994). Historical Records. New York: Oxford University Press. Reprinted, 2007 (The First Emperor : Selections from the Historical Records). Translates only Qin-related material. ISBN 9780199574391 William H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed. (1994– ). The Grand Scribe's Records, 9 vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Ongoing translation, and being translated out of order. As of 2020, translates 92 out of 130 chapters. I. The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China (2018), ISBN 978-0-253-03855-5. II. The Basic Annals of the Han Dynasty (2018), ISBN 978-0-253-03909-5. V. part 1. The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China (2006), ISBN 978-0-253-34025-2. VI. The Hereditary Houses, III (2022), ISBN 978-0-253-06418-9. (edited with Masha Kobzeva) VII. The Memoirs of Pre-Han China (1995), ISBN 978-0-253-34027-6. VIII. The Memoirs of Han China, Part I (2008), ISBN 978-0-253-34028-3. IX. The Memoirs of Han China, Part II (2010), ISBN 978-0-253-35590-4. X. The Memoirs of Han China, Part III (2016), ISBN 978-0-253-01931-8. XI. The Memoirs of Han China, Part IV (2019), ISBN 978-0-253-04610-9. Non-English (in French) Chavannes, Édouard, trans. (1895–1905). Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien , 6 vols.; rpt. (1967–1969) 7 vols., Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve. Left uncompleted at Chavannes' death. William Nienhauser calls it a "landmark" and "the standard by which all subsequent renditions... must be measured.". Accessible online at Se-ma Ts'ien: Les Mémoires Historiques - Bibliothèque Chine ancienne and La bibliothèque numérique Les Classiques des sciences sociales - Collection «Les auteur(e)s classiques» - La Chine ancienne - Les auteurs chinois. (in French) Chavannes, Édouard, Maxime Kaltenmark Jacques Pimpaneau, translators. (2015) Les Mémoires historiques de Se-Ma Ts'ien , 9 vols.; Éditions You Feng, Paris. This is the completed full translation of the Shiji (in Russian) full translation in 9 vols: Vyatkin, Rudolf V., trans. . Istoricheskie Zapiski (Shi-czi) , 8 vols. Moscow: Nauka (1972–2002); 9th volume: Vyatkin, Anatoly R., trans. (2010), Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. This is the first complete translation into any European language. Full text available online: Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки (Ши цзи). (in Mandarin Chinese) Yang, Zhongxian 杨钟贤; Hao, Zhida 郝志达, eds. (1997). Quanjiao quanzhu quanyi quanping Shiji 全校全注全译全评史记 , 6 vols. Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe. (in Mandarin Chinese) Yang, Yanqi 杨燕起; eds. (2001). “Shi Ji Quan Yi" 史记全译, 12 vols. Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe 贵州人民出版社 . (in Mandarin Chinese) Xu, Jialu 许嘉璐; An, Pingqiu 安平秋, eds. (2003). Ershisishi quanyi: Shiji 二十四史全译：史记, 2 vols. Beijing: Hanyudacidian chubanshe. (in Japanese) Mizusawa, Toshitada 水澤利忠; Yoshida, Kenkō 吉田賢抗, trans. (1996–1998). Shiki 史記 , 12 vols. Tokyo: Kyūko. (in Polish) Mieczysław J. Künstler, trans. (2000). Sy-ma Ts'ien, Syn smoka. Fragmenty Zapisków historyka, Warszawa: Czytelnik; ISBN 83-07-02780-2. Selected chapters only. (in Danish) Svane, Gunnar O., trans. (2007). Historiske Optegnelser: Kapitlerne 61-130, Biografier 1-70. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag. (in German) Gregor Kneussel, Alexander Saechtig, trans. (2016). Aus den Aufzeichnungen des Chronisten, 3 vols. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur (Foreign Languages Press); ISBN 978-7-119-09676-6. (in Italian) Cannata, Vincenzo, translator. (2024) Memorie Storiche di Sima Qian , 4 vols.; Luni Editrice, Milano This is the completed full translation of the Shiji; ISBN 9-788879-848220. See also Twenty-Four Histories Notes ^ The Three Kingdoms period scholar Wang Su (AD 195–256) appears to be among the earliest to apply the name Shiji to Sima Qian's work. References Citations ^ Nienhauser (2011), pp. 463-464. ^ Hardy (1999), p. xiii. ^ Hardy (1999), pp. xiii, 3. ^ Durrant (1986), p. 689. ^ a b Sima, Qian (December 1992). Records of the grand historian. Han dynasty. Translated by Watson, Burton (Rev. ed.). Hong Kong: Columbia University Press (published 1993). ISBN 0231081642. OCLC 26674054. ^ Sima, Qian (1994). Historical records. Translated by Dawson, Raymond Stanley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192831151. OCLC 28799204. ^ Sima, Qian (1994). The grand scribe's records. Translated by Nienhauser, William H.; Cheng, Tsai Fa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253340217. OCLC 30508745. ^ Sima, Qian (1969). Records of the historian; chapters from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien . Translated by Watson, Burton; Takigawa, Kametarō. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231033214. OCLC 332024. ^ Hulsewé (1993), pp. 405–06. ^ Durrant (2001), pp. 502–03. ^ a b c Knechtges (2014), p. 897. ^ Kern (2010), p. 102. ^ a b Knechtges (2014), p. 898. ^ Hulsewé (1993), p. 407. ^ Hulsewé (1993), p. 409. ^ Hardy, Grant (1994). "Can an Ancient Chinese Historian Contribute to Modern Western Theory? The Multiple Narratives of Ssu-Ma Ch'ien". History and Theory. 33 (1): 20–38. doi:10.2307/2505650. JSTOR 2505650. ^ a b Wilkinson (2012), p. 708. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wilkinson (2012), p. 706. ^ Watson (1958), pp. 111–112. ^ Shiji 130: 3319, cited in Wilkinson (2012), p. 706. ^ Watson (1958), pp. 191, 240. ^ Watson (1958), pp. 95–98. ^ "Annals of the Five Emperors" 五帝本紀. ctext.org. Chinese Text Project. 余嘗西至空桐，北過涿鹿，東漸於海，南浮江淮矣，至長老皆各往往稱黃帝、堯、舜之處，風教固殊焉，總之不離古文者近是。 ^ Watson (1958), p. 183. ^ 六國年表 . ctext.org. Chinese Text Project. 秦既得意，燒天下詩書，諸侯史記尤甚，為其有所刺譏也。詩書所以復見者，多藏人家，而史記獨藏周室，以故滅。惜哉，惜哉！獨有秦記，又不載日月，其文略不具。 ^ a b Watson (1958), pp. 16–17. ^ Needham, Joseph. (1954). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-521-05799-X. ^ Watson (1958), p. 113. ^ 報任少卿書 . Wikisource (in Chinese). 報任少卿書：『上計軒轅，下至于茲，為十表，本紀十二，書八章，世家三十，列傳七十，凡百三十篇。』 ^ Watson (1958), pp. 56–67. ^ Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 8–25. ISBN 90-04-05884-2. ^ Classe, Olive, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1282. ISBN 9781884964367. Sources Works cited Durrant, Stephen (1986). "Shih-chi 史記". In William H. Nienhauser Jr. (ed.). The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-32983-7. OCLC 11841260. Durrant, Stephen (2001). "The Literary Features of Historical Writing". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 493–510. ISBN 0-231-10984-9. Hardy, Grant (1999). Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11304-5. Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1993). "Shih chi 史記". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Study of Early China; University of California, Berkeley. pp. 405–414. ISBN 1-55729-043-1. Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. ISBN 978-0-521-11677-0. Knechtges, David R. (2014). "Shi ji 史記". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Tai-ping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature, A Reference Guide: Part Two. Leiden: Brill. pp. 897–904. ISBN 978-90-04-19240-9. Nienhauser, William (2011). "Sima Qian and the Shiji". In Feldherr, Andrew; Hardy, Grant (eds.). The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 1: Beginnings to AD 600. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–484. ISBN 978-0-19-103678-1. Watson, Burton (1958). Ssu Ma Ch'ien Grand Historian Of China. Columbia University Press. Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese History: A New Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 84. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute; Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-06715-8. Further reading Schaab-Hanke, Dorothee. Review of 'Politik und Geschichtsschreibung im alten China: Pan-ma i-t’ung 班馬異同' by Hans van Ess (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014). T’oung Pao 102-1-3 (2016), pp. 225–235. Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154. External links Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: Records of the Grand Historian (in Chinese) Xu Jialu (許嘉璐); An Pingqiu (安平秋), eds. (2004). Records of the Grand Historian, Original and Modern Chinese Translation (in Chinese). Century Publishing Group – via Internet Archive. "Shiji" 史記 (in Chinese and English). Chinese Text Project. "Shiji (Simplified Chinese version)" 史记 (in Chinese and English). Chinese Text Project. The Original Text in its Entirety (Chinese) CHINAKNOWLEDGE Shiji 史記 Records of the Grand Scribe. Ssuma Ch'ien at Internet Sacred Text Archive. Chapters 1–3, Ssuma Ch'ien's Historical Records, translated by Herbert J. Allen: "Introductory Chapter" (1894), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26 (2): 269–295. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00143916. (text) "The Hsia Dynasty" (1895), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 27 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00022784. (text) "The Yin Dynasty" (1895), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 27 (3): 601–615. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00145083. (text) Part of chapter 63 The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Volume XII: Medieval China, ed. Charles F. Horne, 1917, pp. 396–398. vteTwenty-Four Histories Records of the Grand Historian (Sima Qian) Book of Han (Ban Gu) Book of the Later Han (Fan Ye) Records of the Three Kingdoms (Chen Shou) Book of Jin (Fang Xuanling et al.) Book of Song (Shen Yue) Book of Qi (Xiao Zixian) Book of Liang (Yao Silian) Book of Chen (Yao Silian) Book of Wei (Wei Shou) Book of Northern Qi (Li Baiyao) Book of Zhou (Linghu Defen et al.) Book of Sui (Wei Zheng et al.) History of the Southern Dynasties (Li Yanshou) History of the Northern Dynasties (Li Yanshou) Old Book of Tang (Liu Xu et al.) New Book of Tang (Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi et al.) Old History of the Five Dynasties (Xue Juzheng et al.) Historical Records of the Five Dynasties (Ouyang Xiu) History of Song (Toqto'a et al.) History of Liao (Toqto'a et al.) History of Jin (Toqto'a et al.) History of Yuan (Song Lian et al.) History of Ming (Zhang Tingyu et al.) vteHan dynasty topicsHistory Chu–Han Contention (Feast at Swan Goose Gate) Lü Clan disturbance Rebellion of the Seven States Han dynasty in Inner Asia Han–Xiongnu War War of the Heavenly Horses Han conquest of Gojoseon Four Commanderies Southward expansion (Han–Minyue War Han conquest of Nanyue Han conquest of Dian First Chinese domination of Vietnam Trung sisters' rebellion Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) Xin dynasty Red Eyebrows and Lulin Chengjia Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions Way of the Five Pecks of Rice Yellow Turban Rebellion End of the Han dynasty Battle of Red Cliffs Society and culture Ban Gu Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Book of Han Book of the Later Han Records of the Three Kingdoms Flying Horse of Gansu Huainanzi Eight Immortals of Huainan Mawangdui Silk Texts Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals Yiwu Zhi Old Texts Han poetry Fu Eastern Han Chinese Government and military Ban Chao Ma Yuan Emperor list Family tree Three Lords and Nine Ministers Nine Ministers Three Ducal Ministers Kings Provinces and commanderies Protectorate of the Western Regions (Chief Official) Translation of government titles Economy Coinage Ancient Chinese coinage Silk Road Sino-Roman relations Science and technology Cai Lun Cai Yong Ding Huan Du Shi Hua Tuo Liu An Liu Xiang Liu Xin Luoxia Hong Sima Tan Wang Chong Zhang Heng Zhang Zhongjing Texts Balanced Discourse Book of Origins Book on Numbers and Computation Fangyan Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art Huangdi Neijing Shuowen Jiezi Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders Zhoubi Suanjing vteChinese mythologyOverview topics Creation myth Godly world concepts Astrology Dragons Shenmo fiction Gods and immortals Tian Pangu Ghosts Chinese folk religion Major personages Gods and immortals Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Eight Immortals Youchao Shennong Yellow Emperor Yan Emperor Chiyou Chang'e Hou Yi Kuafu Mythological creatures Four Symbols Black Tortoise Azure Dragon White Tiger Vermilion Bird Yellow Dragon Four Holy Beasts Qilin Fenghuang Yinglong Spirit turtle Bixi Huli jing (Fox spirit) Chinese guardian lions Pixiu (Bixie) Nian Horses Hundun Xiezhi Wuzhiqi Yeren Fox spirit Four Perils (Four Evildoers) Peng (mythology) Nine-headed Bird Tianma Nine-tailed fox more... Places Buzhou Diyu Eight Pillars Gate of the Ghosts Fusang Jade Mountain Kunlun Mountain Longmen Moving Sands Penglai Red River Weak River Youdu Items Gu Peaches of Immortality Literary works Classic of Mountains and Seas Shi Yi Ji Bowuzhi Liexian Zhuan Shenxian Zhuan Shenyi Jing The Peach Blossom Spring The Four Journeys Investiture of the Gods The Sorcerer's Revolt Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio Journey to the West In Search of the Supernatural What the Master Would Not Discuss Heavenly Questions (Chu Ci) Huainanzi Records of the Grand Historian Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations Other folk tales Legend of the White Snake Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl The Magic Lotus Lantern Mulian Rescues His Mother Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shi Ji (Eastern Wu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Ji_(Eastern_Wu)"},{"link_name":"Shiji Niangniang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiji_Niangniang"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"history of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Four Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories"},{"link_name":"Sima Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"},{"link_name":"Sima Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Tan"},{"link_name":"Yellow Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Western Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENienhauser2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpYM3AwAAQBAJqShijipgPA486_463-464]-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii-2"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Qin Shi Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1999xiii,_3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrant1986689-4"}],"text":"\"Shi Ji\" redirects here. For the Three Kingdoms period general, see Shi Ji (Eastern Wu). For the goddess, see Shiji Niangniang.Records of the Grand Historian, also known by its Chinese name Shiji, is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's Twenty-Four Histories. The Records were written in the late 2nd century BC to early 1st century BC by the historian Sima Qian, whose father Sima Tan had begun it several decades earlier. The work covers a 2,500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time, and describes the world as it was known to the Chinese of the Western Han dynasty.[1]The Records has been called a \"foundational text in Chinese civilization\".[2] After Confucius and Qin Shi Huang, \"Sima Qian was one of the creators of Imperial China, not least because by providing definitive biographies, he virtually created the two earlier figures.\"[3] The Records set the model for all subsequent dynastic histories of China. In contrast to Western historiographical conventions, the Records do not treat history as \"a continuous, sweeping narrative\", but rather break it up into smaller, overlapping units dealing with famous leaders, individuals, and major topics of significance.[4]","title":"Records of the Grand Historian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-translated-Watson-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Title","text":"The original title of the work, as given by the author in the postface, is Taishigongshu (太史公書), or Records of the Grand Historian. However, the Records was also known by a variety of other titles, including Taishigongji (太史公記) and Taishigongzhuan (太史公傳) in ancient times. Eventually, Shiji (史記), or Historical Records became the most commonly used title in Chinese. This title was originally used to refer to any general historical text, although after the Three Kingdoms period,[note 1] Shiji gradually began to be used exclusively to refer to Sima Qian's work. In English, the original title, Records of the Grand Historian, is in common use,[5] although Historical Records,[6] The Grand Scribe's Records,[7] and Records of the Historian[8] are also used.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography"},{"link_name":"Sima Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Tan"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sima Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsew%C3%A91993405%E2%80%9306-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrant2001502%E2%80%9303-11"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern2010102-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-12"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014897-12"},{"link_name":"Sima Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Zhen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014898-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsew%C3%A91993407-15"},{"link_name":"Zhonghua Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company"},{"link_name":"Gu Jiegang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Jiegang"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsew%C3%A91993409-16"}],"sub_title":"Textual history","text":"Further information: Chinese historiographyThe work that became Records of the Grand Historian was begun by Sima Tan, who was Grand Historian (Tàishǐ 太史, also translated \"Grand Scribe\") of the Han dynasty court during the late 2nd century BC. Sima Tan drafted plans for the ambitious work and left behind some fragments and notes that may have been incorporated into the final text. After Sima's death in 110 BC, Records was continued and completed by his son and successor Sima Qian, who is generally credited as the work's author.[9][10] The exact date of the Records's completion is unknown. It is certain that Sima Qian completed it before his death in approximately 86 BC, with one copy residing in the imperial capital of Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) and the other copy probably being stored in Sima's home.[11]Little is known about the Records' early reception and circulation.[12] Several 1st-century BC authors, such as the scholar Chu Shaosun (褚少孫; fl. 32–7 BC), added interpolations to it. Ten of the Records's original 130 chapters were lost in the Eastern Han period (AD 25–220) and seem to have been reconstructed later.[11]The first commentaries to the Records date from the Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) and the early Tang dynasty (618–907).[11] Most historical editions of the Records included the commentaries of Pei Yin (裴駰, 5th century), Sima Zhen (early 8th century), and Zhang Shoujie (張守節, early 8th century).[13][14] The primary modern edition of the Records is the ten-volume Zhonghua Book Company edition published in 1959 (revised in 1982), which is based on an edition created in the early 1930s by the Chinese historian Gu Jiegang.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishiyama-dera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishiyama-dera"},{"link_name":"Ōtsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Kōzan-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dzan-ji"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Tōyō Bunko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Bunko"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2014898-14"}],"sub_title":"Manuscripts","text":"There are two known surviving fragments of pre-Tang dynasty Records manuscripts, both of which are held in the Ishiyama-dera temple in Ōtsu, Japan. Portions of at least nine Tang dynasty manuscripts survive: three fragments discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the early 20th century, and six manuscripts preserved in Japanese temples and museums, such as the Kōzan-ji temple in Kyoto and the Tōyō Bunko museum in Tokyo. Several woodblock printed editions of the Records survive, the earliest of which date to the Song dynasty (960–1279).[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiji.jpg"},{"link_name":"List of Records of the Grand Historian chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Records_of_the_Grand_Historian_chapters"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Thucydides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides"},{"link_name":"History of the Peloponnesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708-18"},{"link_name":"bamboo slips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_slips"},{"link_name":"Endymion Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012708-18"}],"text":"An early printed editionSee also: List of Records of the Grand Historian chaptersIn all, the Records is about 526,500 Chinese characters long, making it four times longer than Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War and longer than the Old Testament.[16][17]Sima Qian conceived and composed his work in self-contained units, with a good deal of repetition between them. His manuscript was written on bamboo slips with about 24 to 36 characters each, and assembled into bundles of around 30 slips. Even after the manuscript was allowed to circulate or be copied, the work would have circulated as bundles of bamboo slips or small groups. Endymion Wilkinson calculates that there were probably between 466 and 700 bundles, whose total weight would have been 88–132 pounds (40–60 kg), which would have been difficult to access and hard to transport. Later copies on silk would have been much lighter, but also expensive and rare. Until the work was transferred to paper many centuries later, circulation would have been difficult and piecemeal, which accounts for many of the errors and variations in the text.[17]Sima Qian organized the chapters of Records of the Grand Historian into five categories, which each comprise a section of the book.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spring and Autumn Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"Five Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors#Five_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"First Emperor of Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Yi of Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hui of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958111%E2%80%93112-20"}],"sub_title":"\"Basic Annals\"","text":"The \"Basic Annals\" (běnjì 本紀) make up the first 12 chapters of the Records, and are largely similar to records from the ancient Chinese court chronicle tradition, such as the Spring and Autumn Annals.[18] The first five cover either periods, such as the Five Emperors, or individual dynasties, such as the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.[18] The last seven cover individual rulers, starting with the First Emperor of Qin and progressing through the first emperors of the Han dynasty.[18] In this section, Sima chose to also include de facto rulers of China, such as Xiang Yu and Empress Dowager Lü, while excluding rulers who never held any real power, such as Emperor Yi of Chu and Emperor Hui of Han.[19]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"}],"sub_title":"\"Tables\"","text":"Chapters 13 to 22 are the \"Tables\" (biǎo 表), which comprise one genealogical table and nine other chronological tables.[18] They show reigns, important events, and royal lineages in table form, which Sima Qian stated that he did because \"the chronologies are difficult to follow when different genealogical lines exist at the same time.\"[20] Each table except the last one begins with an introduction to the period it covers.[18]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pitch pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_pipe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"}],"sub_title":"\"Treatises\"","text":"The \"Treatises\" (shū 書, sometimes called \"Monographs\") is the shortest of the five Records sections, and contains eight chapters (23–30) on the historical evolution of ritual, music, pitch pipes, the calendar, astronomy, sacrifices, rivers and waterways, and financial administration.[18]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"}],"sub_title":"\"Hereditary Houses\"","text":"The \"Hereditary Houses\" (shìjiā 世家) is the second largest of the five Records sections, and comprises chapters 31 to 60. Within this section, the earlier chapters are very different in nature than the later chapters.[18] Many of the earlier chapters are chronicle-like accounts of the leading states of the Zhou dynasty, such as the states of Qin and Lu, and two of the chapters go back as far as the Shang dynasty.[18] The later chapters, which cover the Han dynasty, contain biographies.[18]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"Boyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyi_and_Shuqi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2012706-19"}],"sub_title":"\"Ranked Biographies\"","text":"The \"Ranked Biographies\" (lièzhuàn 列傳, usually shortened to \"Biographies\") is the largest of the five Records sections, covering chapters 61 to 130, and accounts for 42% of the entire work.[18] The 69 \"Biographies\" chapters mostly contain biographical profiles of about 130 outstanding ancient Chinese men, ranging from the moral paragon Boyi from the end of the Shang dynasty to some of Sima Qian's near contemporaries.[18] About 40 of the chapters are dedicated to one particular man, but some are about two related figures, while others cover small groups of figures who shared certain roles, such as assassins, caring officials, or Confucian scholars.[18] Unlike most modern biographies, the accounts in the \"Biographies\" give profiles using anecdotes to depict morals and character, with \"unforgettably lively impressions of people of many different kinds and of the age in which they lived.\"[18] The \"Biographies\" have been popular throughout Chinese history, and have provided a large number of set phrases still used in modern Chinese.[18]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sima_Qian_(painted_portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"Jing Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_Ke"},{"link_name":"King of Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958191,_240-22"},{"link_name":"Liu Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_Zhi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195895%E2%80%9398-23"}],"text":"Sima QianUnlike subsequent official historical texts that adopted Confucian doctrine, proclaimed the divine rights of the emperors, and degraded any failed claimant to the throne, Sima Qian's more liberal and objective prose has been renowned and followed by poets and novelists. Most volumes of Liezhuan are vivid descriptions of events and persons. Sima Qian sought out stories from those who might have closer knowledge of certain historical events, using them as sources to balance the reliability and accuracy of historical records. For instance, the material on Jing Ke's attempt at assassinating the King of Qin incorporates an eye-witness account by Xia Wuju (夏無且), a physician to the king of Qin who happened to be attending the diplomatic ceremony for Jing Ke, and this account was passed on to Sima Qian by those who knew Xia.[21]It has been observed that the diplomatic Sima Qian has a way of accentuating the positive in his treatment of rulers in the Basic Annals, but slipping negative information into other chapters, and so his work must be read as a whole to obtain full information. For example, the information that Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han), in a desperate attempt to escape in a chase from Xiang Yu's men, pushed his own children off his carriage to lighten it, is not given in the emperor's biography, but in the biography of Xiang Yu. He is also careful to balance the negative with the positive, for example, in the biography of Empress Dowager Lu which contains startling accounts of her cruelty, he points out at the end that, despite whatever her personal life may have been, her rule brought peace and prosperity to the country.[22]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sima Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Tan"},{"link_name":"bamboo and wooden slips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kongtong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongtong_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Zhuolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuolu_Town"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"link_name":"Huai Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"Yellow Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yao"},{"link_name":"Shun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)"},{"link_name":"Burton Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Watson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958183-25"},{"link_name":"Classic of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_History"},{"link_name":"Yellow Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Gonghe regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonghe_(regency)"},{"link_name":"Spring and Autumn Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals"},{"link_name":"Guoyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu_(book)"},{"link_name":"King Li of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Li_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Quanrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanrong"},{"link_name":"King You of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_You_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Wu Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Rui"},{"link_name":"Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Qu Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Li Sao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Sao"},{"link_name":"Tianwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen"},{"link_name":"Lament for Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament_for_Ying"},{"link_name":"Guanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanzi_(text)"},{"link_name":"chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot"},{"link_name":"Sima Rangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Rangju"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qin Shi Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-translated-Watson-6"}],"text":"Sima's family were hereditary historians to the Han emperor. Sima Qian's father Sima Tan served as Grand Historian, and Sima Qian succeeded to his position. Thus he had access to the early Han dynasty archives, edicts, and records. Sima Qian was a methodical, skeptical historian who had access to ancient books, written on bamboo and wooden slips, from before the time of the Han dynasty. Many of the sources he used did not survive. He not only used archives and imperial records, but also interviewed people and traveled around China to verify information. In his first chapter, \"Annals of the Five Emperors\", he writes,[23]余嘗西至空桐，北過涿鹿，東漸於海，南浮江淮矣，至長老皆各往往稱黃帝、堯、舜之處，風教固殊焉，總之不離古文者近是。\n\nI myself have travelled west as far as Kongtong, north past Zhuolu, east to the sea, and in the south I have sailed the Yangtze and Huai Rivers. The elders and old men of these various lands frequently pointed out to me the places where the Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun had lived, and in these places the manners and customs seemed quite different. In general those of their accounts which do not differ from the ancient texts seem to be near to the truth.\n\n— Sima Qian, translation by Burton Watson[24]The Grand Historian used The Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝系諜) and the Classic of History as source materials to make genealogies from the time of the Yellow Emperor until that of the Gonghe regency (841–828 BC). Sima Qian often cites his sources. For example, in the first chapter, \"Annals of the Five Emperors\", he writes, \"I have read the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Guoyu.\" In his 13th chapter, \"Genealogical Table of the Three Ages\", Sima Qian writes, \"I have read all the genealogies of the kings (dieji 諜記) that exist since the time of the Yellow Emperor.\" In his 14th chapter, \"Yearly Chronicle of the Feudal Lords\", he writes, \"I have read all the royal annals (chunqiu li pudie 春秋曆譜諜) up until the time of King Li of Zhou.\" In his 15th chapter, \"Yearly Chronicle of the Six States\", he writes, \"I have read the Annals of Qin (qin ji 秦記), and they say that the Quanrong [a barbarian tribe] defeated King You of Zhou [ca 771 BC].\"In the 19th chapter, he writes, \"I have occasion to read over the records of enfeoffment and come to the case of Wu Qian, the marquis of Bian....\" (The father of Marquis Bian, Wu Rui, was named king (wang) of Changsha for his loyalty to Gaozu.) In his chapter on the patriotic minister and poet Qu Yuan, Sima Qian writes, \"I have read [Qu Yuan's works] Li Sao, Tianwen (\"Heaven Asking\"), Zhaohun (summoning the soul), and Ai Ying (Lament for Ying)\". In the 62nd chapter, \"Biography of Guan and of Yan\", he writes, \"I have read Guan's Mu Min (牧民 - \"Government of the People\", a chapter in the Guanzi), Shan Gao (\"The Mountains Are High\"), Chengma (chariot and horses; a long section on war and economics), Qingzhong (Light and Heavy; i.e. \"what is important\"), and Jiufu (Nine Houses), as well as the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yanzi.\" In his 64th chapter, \"Biography of Sima Rangju\", the Grand Historian writes, \"I have read Sima's Art of War.\" In the 121st chapter, \"Biographies of Scholars\", he writes, \"I read the Imperial Decrees that encouraged education officials.\"Chapter 2, Annals of Xia (Ming dynasty edition)Sima Qian wrote of the problems with incomplete, fragmentary and contradictory sources. For example, he mentioned in the preface to chapter 15 that the chronicle records of the feudal states kept in the Zhou dynasty's archive were burnt by Qin Shi Huang because they contained criticisms and ridicule of the Qin state, and that the Qin annals were brief and incomplete.[25] In the 13th chapter he mentioned that the chronologies and genealogies of different ancient texts \"disagree and contradict each other throughout\". In his 18th chapter, Sima Qian writes, \"I have set down only what is certain, and in doubtful cases left a blank.\"[5]","title":"Source materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Doubting Antiquity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195816%E2%80%9317-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195816%E2%80%9317-27"},{"link_name":"Joseph Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Anyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyang"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bones"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-needham-28"},{"link_name":"Xia dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1958113-29"}],"text":"Scholars have questioned the historicity of legendary kings of the ancient periods given by Sima Qian. Sima Qian began the Shiji with an account of the five rulers of supreme virtue, the Five Emperors, who modern scholars, such as those from the Doubting Antiquity School, believe to be originally local deities of the peoples of ancient China.[26] Sima Qian sifted out elements of the supernatural and fantastic which seemed to contradict their existence as actual human monarchs, and was therefore criticized for turning myths and folklore into sober history.[26]However, according to Joseph Needham, who wrote in 1954 on Sima Qian's accounts of the kings of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC):It was commonly maintained that Ssuma Chhien [Sima Qian] could not have adequate historical materials for his account of what had happened more than a thousand years earlier. One may judge of the astonishment of many, therefore, when it appeared that no less than twenty-three of the thirty rulers' name were to be clearly found on the indisputably genuine Anyang bones. It must be, therefore, that Ssuma Chhien [Sima Qian] did have fairly reliable materials at his disposal—a fact which underlines once more the deep historical-mindedness of the Chinese—and that the Shang dynasty is perfectly acceptable.— Joseph Needham[27]While the king names in Sima Qian's history of the Shang dynasty are supported by inscriptions on the oracle bones, there is, as yet, no archaeological corroboration of Sima Qian's history of the Xia dynasty.There are also discrepancies of fact such as dates between various portions of the work. This may be a result of Sima Qian's use of different source texts.[28]","title":"Reliability and accuracy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Emperor Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195856%E2%80%9367-31"},{"link_name":"Liu Zhiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhiji"},{"link_name":"Ban Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Biao"},{"link_name":"Ban Gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Gu"},{"link_name":"Book of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Han"},{"link_name":"A. F. P. Hulsewé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._F._P._Hulsew%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"After ca. 91 BC, the more-or-less completed manuscript was hidden in the residence of the author's daughter, Sima Ying (司馬英), to avoid destruction under Emperor Wu and his immediate successor Emperor Zhao. The Shiji was finally disseminated during the reign of Emperor Xuan by Sima Qian's grandson (through his daughter), Yang Yun (楊惲), after a hiatus of around twenty years.The changes in the manuscript of the Shiji during this hiatus have always been disputed among scholars. That the text was more or less complete by ca. 91 BC is established in the Letter to Ren'an (報任安書), composed in the Zhenghe (征和) era of Emperor Wu's reign. In this letter, Sima Qian describes his work as \"spanning from the time of the Yellow Emperor to the present age and consisting of ten tables, twelve basic annals, eight treatises, thirty chapters on hereditary houses, and seventy biographies, together totaling 130 chapters.\"[29] These numbers are likewise given in the postface to Shiji.[30]After his death (presumably only a few years later), few people had the opportunity to see the whole work. However, various additions were still made to it. The historian Liu Zhiji reported the names of a total of fifteen scholars supposed to have added material to the Shiji during the period after the death of Sima Qian. Only the additions by Chu Shaosun (褚少孫, c. 105 – c. 30 BC) are clearly indicated by adding \"Mr Chu said,\" (Chu xiansheng yue, 褚先生曰). Already in the first century AD, Ban Biao and Ban Gu claimed that ten chapters in Records of the Grand Historian were lacking. A large number of chapters dealing with the first century of the Han dynasty (i.e. the 2nd century BC) correspond exactly to the relevant chapters from the Book of Han (Hanshu). It is unclear whether those chapters initially came from the Shiji or from the Hanshu. Researchers Yves Hervouet (1921–1999) and A. F. P. Hulsewé argued that the originals of those chapters of the Shiji were lost and they were later reconstructed using the corresponding chapters from the Hanshu.[31]","title":"Transmission and supplementation by other writers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern and Northern Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"Northern Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Huang Shanfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shanfu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhonghua Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese"},{"link_name":"editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_collecting"},{"link_name":"woodblock printed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing"}],"text":"The earliest extant copy of Records of the Grand Historian, handwritten, was made during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420–589 AD). The earliest printed edition, called Shiji jijie (史記集解, literally Scribal Records, Collected Annotations), was published during the Northern Song dynasty. Huang Shanfu's edition, printed under the Southern Song dynasty, is the earliest collection of the Sanjiazhu commentaries on Records of the Grand Historian (三家注, literally: The Combined Annotations of the Three Experts).In modern times, the Zhonghua Book Company in Beijing has published the book in both simplified Chinese for mass consumption and traditional Chinese for scholarly study. The 1959 (2nd ed., 1982) Sanjiazhu edition in traditional Chinese (based upon the Jinling Publishing House edition, see below) contains commentaries interspersed among the main text and is considered to be an authoritative modern edition.The most well-known editions of the Shiji (all woodblock printed) are:","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert J. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_J._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"available online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/smc/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Watson, Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Watson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-08169-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08169-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-08165-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08165-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-08167-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2"},{"link_name":"Yang Hsien-yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Xianyi"},{"link_name":"Gladys Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Yang"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0835106184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835106184"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199574391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199574391"},{"link_name":"William H. Nienhauser, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Nienhauser,_Jr."},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-03855-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03855-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-03909-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03909-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-34025-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34025-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-06418-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06418-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-34027-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34027-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-34028-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34028-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-35590-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35590-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-01931-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01931-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-04610-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04610-9"}],"sub_title":"English","text":"Herbert J. Allen, Ssŭma Ch‘ien's Historical Records, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1894, p. 269-294; 1895, p. 93-110, 601-611, available online. (The first English translation of the first three chapters).\nWatson, Burton, trans. (1961). Records of the Grand Historian of China. New York: Columbia University Press.\nSecond edition, 1993 (Records of the Grand Historian). Translates roughly 90 out of 130 chapters.\nQin Dynasty, ISBN 978-0-231-08169-6.\nHan Dynasty, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-231-08165-8.\nHan Dynasty, Volume 2, ISBN 978-0-231-08167-2.\nYang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang (1974), Records of the Historians. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.\nReprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Contains biographies of Confucius and Laozi. ISBN 978-0835106184\nRaymond Stanley Dawson (1994). Historical Records. New York: Oxford University Press.\nReprinted, 2007 (The First Emperor : Selections from the Historical Records). Translates only Qin-related material. ISBN 9780199574391\nWilliam H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed. (1994– ). The Grand Scribe's Records, 9 vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Ongoing translation, and being translated out of order. As of 2020, translates 92 out of 130 chapters.\nI. The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China (2018), ISBN 978-0-253-03855-5.\nII. The Basic Annals of the Han Dynasty (2018), ISBN 978-0-253-03909-5.\nV. part 1. The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China (2006), ISBN 978-0-253-34025-2.\nVI. The Hereditary Houses, III (2022), ISBN 978-0-253-06418-9. (edited with Masha Kobzeva)\nVII. The Memoirs of Pre-Han China (1995), ISBN 978-0-253-34027-6.\nVIII. The Memoirs of Han China, Part I (2008), ISBN 978-0-253-34028-3.\nIX. The Memoirs of Han China, Part II (2010), ISBN 978-0-253-35590-4.\nX. The Memoirs of Han China, Part III (2016), ISBN 978-0-253-01931-8.\nXI. The Memoirs of Han China, Part IV (2019), ISBN 978-0-253-04610-9.","title":"Notable translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chavannes, Édouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Se-ma Ts'ien: Les Mémoires Historiques - Bibliothèque Chine ancienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chineancienne.fr/traductions/se-ma-ts-ien-les-m%C3%A9moires-historiques/"},{"link_name":"La bibliothèque numérique Les Classiques des sciences sociales - Collection «Les auteur(e)s classiques» - La Chine ancienne - Les auteurs chinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chine_ancienne/auteurs_chinois.html"},{"link_name":"Chavannes, Édouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes"},{"link_name":"Maxime Kaltenmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Kaltenmark"},{"link_name":"Jacques Pimpaneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Pimpaneau"},{"link_name":"Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки (Ши цзи)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/I/Syma_Tsjan/index.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-07-02780-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-07-02780-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-7-119-09676-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-09676-6"},{"link_name":"Cannata, Vincenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Cannata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9-788879-848220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-788879-848220"}],"sub_title":"Non-English","text":"(in French) Chavannes, Édouard, trans. (1895–1905). Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien [The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian], 6 vols.; rpt. (1967–1969) 7 vols., Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve. Left uncompleted at Chavannes' death. William Nienhauser calls it a \"landmark\" and \"the standard by which all subsequent renditions... must be measured.\".[32] Accessible online at Se-ma Ts'ien: Les Mémoires Historiques - Bibliothèque Chine ancienne and La bibliothèque numérique Les Classiques des sciences sociales - Collection «Les auteur(e)s classiques» - La Chine ancienne - Les auteurs chinois.\n(in French) Chavannes, Édouard, Maxime Kaltenmark Jacques Pimpaneau, translators. (2015) Les Mémoires historiques de Se-Ma Ts'ien [The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian], 9 vols.; Éditions You Feng, Paris. This is the completed full translation of the Shiji\n(in Russian) full translation in 9 vols: Vyatkin, Rudolf V., trans. . Istoricheskie Zapiski (Shi-czi) [Исторические записки (Ши-цзи)], 8 vols. Moscow: Nauka (1972–2002); 9th volume: Vyatkin, Anatoly R., trans. (2010), Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. This is the first complete translation into any European language. Full text available online: Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки (Ши цзи).\n(in Mandarin Chinese) Yang, Zhongxian 杨钟贤; Hao, Zhida 郝志达, eds. (1997). Quanjiao quanzhu quanyi quanping Shiji 全校全注全译全评史记 [Shiji: Fully Collated, Annotated, Translated, and Evaluated], 6 vols. Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe.\n(in Mandarin Chinese) Yang, Yanqi 杨燕起; eds. (2001). “Shi Ji Quan Yi\" 史记全译, 12 vols. Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe 贵州人民出版社 .\n(in Mandarin Chinese) Xu, Jialu 许嘉璐; An, Pingqiu 安平秋, eds. (2003). Ershisishi quanyi: Shiji 二十四史全译：史记, 2 vols. Beijing: Hanyudacidian chubanshe.\n(in Japanese) Mizusawa, Toshitada 水澤利忠; Yoshida, Kenkō 吉田賢抗, trans. (1996–1998). Shiki 史記 [Shiji], 12 vols. Tokyo: Kyūko.\n(in Polish) Mieczysław J. Künstler, trans. (2000). Sy-ma Ts'ien, Syn smoka. Fragmenty Zapisków historyka, Warszawa: Czytelnik; ISBN 83-07-02780-2. Selected chapters only.\n(in Danish) Svane, Gunnar O., trans. (2007). Historiske Optegnelser: Kapitlerne 61-130, Biografier 1-70. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.\n(in German) Gregor Kneussel, Alexander Saechtig, trans. (2016). Aus den Aufzeichnungen des Chronisten, 3 vols. Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur (Foreign Languages Press); ISBN 978-7-119-09676-6.\n(in Italian) Cannata, Vincenzo, translator. (2024) Memorie Storiche di Sima Qian [Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian], 4 vols.; Luni Editrice, Milano This is the completed full translation of the Shiji; ISBN 9-788879-848220.","title":"Notable translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Wang Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)"}],"text":"^ The Three Kingdoms period scholar Wang Su (AD 195–256) appears to be among the earliest to apply the name Shiji to Sima Qian's work.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Hanshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanshu"},{"link_name":"Hou Hanshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Hanshu"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1792829154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1792829154"}],"text":"Schaab-Hanke, Dorothee. Review of 'Politik und Geschichtsschreibung im alten China: Pan-ma i-t’ung 班馬異同' by Hans van Ess (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014). T’oung Pao 102-1-3 (2016), pp. 225–235.\nYap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"An early printed edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shiji.jpg/170px-Shiji.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sima Qian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/220px-Sima_Qian_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chapter 2, Annals of Xia (Ming dynasty edition)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg/170px-Records_of_the_Grand_Historian.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Twenty-Four Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories"}]
[{"reference":"Sima, Qian (December 1992). Records of the grand historian. Han dynasty. Translated by Watson, Burton (Rev. ed.). Hong Kong: Columbia University Press (published 1993). ISBN 0231081642. OCLC 26674054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231081642","url_text":"0231081642"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26674054","url_text":"26674054"}]},{"reference":"Sima, Qian (1994). Historical records. Translated by Dawson, Raymond Stanley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192831151. OCLC 28799204.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192831151","url_text":"0192831151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28799204","url_text":"28799204"}]},{"reference":"Sima, Qian (1994). The grand scribe's records. Translated by Nienhauser, William H.; Cheng, Tsai Fa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253340217. OCLC 30508745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253340217","url_text":"0253340217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30508745","url_text":"30508745"}]},{"reference":"Sima, Qian (1969). Records of the historian; chapters from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien . Translated by Watson, Burton; Takigawa, Kametarō. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231033214. OCLC 332024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/recordsofhistori0000ssum","url_text":"Records of the historian; chapters from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231033214","url_text":"0231033214"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/332024","url_text":"332024"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Grant (1994). \"Can an Ancient Chinese Historian Contribute to Modern Western Theory? The Multiple Narratives of Ssu-Ma Ch'ien\". History and Theory. 33 (1): 20–38. doi:10.2307/2505650. JSTOR 2505650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505650","url_text":"10.2307/2505650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505650","url_text":"2505650"}]},{"reference":"\"Annals of the Five Emperors\" 五帝本紀. ctext.org. Chinese Text Project. 余嘗西至空桐，北過涿鹿，東漸於海，南浮江淮矣，至長老皆各往往稱黃帝、堯、舜之處，風教固殊焉，總之不離古文者近是。","urls":[{"url":"http://ctext.org/shiji/wu-di-ben-ji","url_text":"\"Annals of the Five Emperors\" 五帝本紀"}]},{"reference":"六國年表 [Chronological table of the six kingdoms]. ctext.org. Chinese Text Project. 秦既得意，燒天下詩書，諸侯史記尤甚，為其有所刺譏也。詩書所以復見者，多藏人家，而史記獨藏周室，以故滅。惜哉，惜哉！獨有秦記，又不載日月，其文略不具。","urls":[{"url":"https://ctext.org/shiji/liu-guo-nian-biao#n5146","url_text":"六國年表"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Joseph. (1954). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-521-05799-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lNXZGQVdz_gC&pg=PA88","url_text":"Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05799-X","url_text":"0-521-05799-X"}]},{"reference":"報任少卿書 [Letter to Ren'an]. Wikisource (in Chinese). 報任少卿書：『上計軒轅，下至于茲，為十表，本紀十二，書八章，世家三十，列傳七十，凡百三十篇。』","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E4%BB%BB%E5%B0%91%E5%8D%BF%E6%9B%B8","url_text":"報任少卿書"}]},{"reference":"Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 8–25. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2","url_text":"90-04-05884-2"}]},{"reference":"Classe, Olive, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1282. ISBN 9781884964367.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&q=Shi+Ji+Chavannes&pg=PA1283","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964367","url_text":"9781884964367"}]},{"reference":"Durrant, Stephen (1986). \"Shih-chi 史記\". In William H. Nienhauser Jr. (ed.). The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-32983-7. OCLC 11841260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32983-7","url_text":"978-0-253-32983-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11841260","url_text":"11841260"}]},{"reference":"Durrant, Stephen (2001). \"The Literary Features of Historical Writing\". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 493–510. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_H._Mair","url_text":"Mair, Victor H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryc00mair","url_text":"The Columbia History of Chinese Literature"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryc00mair/page/n519","url_text":"493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10984-9","url_text":"0-231-10984-9"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Grant (1999). Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11304-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BeVS1n4iTmcC","url_text":"Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11304-5","url_text":"978-0-231-11304-5"}]},{"reference":"Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1993). \"Shih chi 史記\". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Study of Early China; University of California, Berkeley. pp. 405–414. ISBN 1-55729-043-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.P._Hulsew%C3%A9","url_text":"Hulsewé, A. F. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55729-043-1","url_text":"1-55729-043-1"}]},{"reference":"Kern, Martin (2010). \"Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han\". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. ISBN 978-0-521-11677-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11677-0","url_text":"978-0-521-11677-0"}]},{"reference":"Knechtges, David R. (2014). \"Shi ji 史記\". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Tai-ping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature, A Reference Guide: Part Two. Leiden: Brill. pp. 897–904. ISBN 978-90-04-19240-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Knechtges","url_text":"Knechtges, David R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19240-9","url_text":"978-90-04-19240-9"}]},{"reference":"Nienhauser, William (2011). \"Sima Qian and the Shiji\". In Feldherr, Andrew; Hardy, Grant (eds.). The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 1: Beginnings to AD 600. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–484. ISBN 978-0-19-103678-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103678-1","url_text":"978-0-19-103678-1"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Burton (1958). Ssu Ma Ch'ien Grand Historian Of China. Columbia University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ssumachiengrandh012602mbp","url_text":"Ssu Ma Ch'ien Grand Historian Of China"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese History: A New Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 84. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute; Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-06715-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson","url_text":"Wilkinson, Endymion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_History:_A_New_Manual","url_text":"Chinese History: A New Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8","url_text":"978-0-674-06715-8"}]},{"reference":"Xu Jialu (許嘉璐); An Pingqiu (安平秋), eds. (2004). Records of the Grand Historian, Original and Modern Chinese Translation (in Chinese). Century Publishing Group – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ShijiClassicalAndVernacular","url_text":"Records of the Grand Historian, Original and Modern Chinese Translation"}]},{"reference":"\"Shiji\" 史記 (in Chinese and English). Chinese Text Project.","urls":[{"url":"http://ctext.org/shiji","url_text":"\"Shiji\" 史記"}]},{"reference":"\"Shiji (Simplified Chinese version)\" 史记 (in Chinese and English). Chinese Text Project.","urls":[{"url":"http://ctext.org/shiji/ens","url_text":"\"Shiji (Simplified Chinese version)\" 史记"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/smc/index.htm","external_links_name":"available online"},{"Link":"https://www.chineancienne.fr/traductions/se-ma-ts-ien-les-m%C3%A9moires-historiques/","external_links_name":"Se-ma Ts'ien: Les Mémoires Historiques - Bibliothèque Chine ancienne"},{"Link":"http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chine_ancienne/auteurs_chinois.html","external_links_name":"La bibliothèque numérique Les Classiques des sciences sociales - Collection «Les auteur(e)s classiques» - La Chine ancienne - Les auteurs chinois"},{"Link":"https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/I/Syma_Tsjan/index.htm","external_links_name":"Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки (Ши цзи)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYM3AwAAQBAJ&q=Shiji&pg=PA486","external_links_name":"463-464"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26674054","external_links_name":"26674054"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28799204","external_links_name":"28799204"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30508745","external_links_name":"30508745"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/recordsofhistori0000ssum","external_links_name":"Records of the historian; chapters from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/332024","external_links_name":"332024"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505650","external_links_name":"10.2307/2505650"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505650","external_links_name":"2505650"},{"Link":"http://ctext.org/shiji/wu-di-ben-ji","external_links_name":"\"Annals of the Five Emperors\" 五帝本紀"},{"Link":"https://ctext.org/shiji/liu-guo-nian-biao#n5146","external_links_name":"六國年表"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lNXZGQVdz_gC&pg=PA88","external_links_name":"Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations"},{"Link":"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E4%BB%BB%E5%B0%91%E5%8D%BF%E6%9B%B8","external_links_name":"報任少卿書"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8","external_links_name":"China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&q=Shi+Ji+Chavannes&pg=PA1283","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11841260","external_links_name":"11841260"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryc00mair","external_links_name":"The Columbia History of Chinese Literature"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryc00mair/page/n519","external_links_name":"493"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BeVS1n4iTmcC","external_links_name":"Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/ssumachiengrandh012602mbp","external_links_name":"Ssu Ma Ch'ien Grand Historian Of China"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ShijiClassicalAndVernacular","external_links_name":"Records of the Grand Historian, Original and Modern Chinese Translation"},{"Link":"http://ctext.org/shiji","external_links_name":"\"Shiji\" 史記"},{"Link":"http://ctext.org/shiji/ens","external_links_name":"\"Shiji (Simplified Chinese version)\" 史记"},{"Link":"http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sjml.htm","external_links_name":"The Original Text in its Entirety (Chinese)"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/shiji.html","external_links_name":"CHINAKNOWLEDGE Shiji 史記 Records of the Grand Scribe."},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/smc/index.htm","external_links_name":"Ssuma Ch'ien"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi71irelgoog#page/n287","external_links_name":"\"Introductory Chapter\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00143916","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0035869X00143916"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1894-10.htm","external_links_name":"text"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi74irelgoog#page/n109","external_links_name":"\"The Hsia Dynasty\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00022784","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0035869X00022784"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1895-03.htm","external_links_name":"text"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi74irelgoog#page/n633","external_links_name":"\"The Yin Dynasty\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00145083","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0035869X00145083"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1895-17.htm","external_links_name":"text"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksearly12hornuoft"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksearly12hornuoft","external_links_name":"The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Volume XII: Medieval China"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/175869244","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4251775-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008982889805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081033","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2012736139&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/174411898","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bag
Thermal bag
["1 Shopping bags","2 Medical use","3 Materials","4 See also","5 References"]
Thermally insulated bag with ice packs Example of a thermal bag Example of a thermal bag A thermal bag is a type of thermally insulated shipping container in the form of a bag which can be carried, usually made of thermally insulating materials and sometimes a refrigerant gel. It is used to help maintain the temperature of its contents, keeping cold items cold, and hot items hot. Insulated bags have been in use for many years in industry, medical/pharmaceutical use, food delivery, lunch bags, etc. Several designs have been available. Shopping bags Commercial thermal shopping bags, to carry temperature-sensitive purchases home without breaking the cold chain, were first introduced by grocery and other shops in Europe in the mid 1980s. A thermal bag to keep pizzas being delivered hot was invented by Ingrid Kosar in 1983, and is commonly used now. A cool box is very similar in concept, but typically larger and in the form of a rigid box. Medical use Thermal pharmaceutical bags are designed to transport temperature-sensitive medications, protecting them from damaging temperatures, shocks, and light. Many vaccines are delicate biological substances that can lose part or all of their effectiveness if they are frozen, allowed to get too hot, or exposed to bright light. Such vaccines must be kept within a specified temperature range, typically 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F), from manufacture to use. According to the World Health Organization, at least 7% of temperature-sensitive medical products suffer significant degradation in potency in transit. Materials Thermal bags are usually manufactured with varying quantities of the following materials: PET film (biaxially oriented) (Mylar, etc.) Styrofoam Fabric Nonwovens Polyethylene Polyurethane Polypropylene gel packs See also Food safety HACCP Heat transfer Packaging Temperature control Insulated shipping container References ^ US 6913389, Kannankeril, Charles; Arora, Atul & Wormwood, Dale, "Metallic laminated gusseted insulated bag", published 2005-07-05, assigned to Sealed Air Corp.  ^ US 4343158, Campbell, June H., "Portable pouch for insulin", published 1982-08-10  ^ US 6018143, Check, Robert, "Heat thermal bag", published 2000-01-25  ^ US 5720338, Larson, Ralph I. & Phillips, Richard L., "Two-phase thermal bag component cooler", published 1998-02-24, assigned to Aavid Laboratories Inc.  ^ "She's got it 'in the bag'". My Sunday News. 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2015-03-21. ^ Basecamp. "Life of Pie — The Distance". Thedistance.com. Retrieved 2015-03-21. vteBags and flexible containersCarried Bayong Bindle Briefcase Bugout bag Dillybag Dromedary bag Flight bag Gaji bag Grocery bag Hambiliya Handbag Haversack Laundry bag Medical bag Money bag Nuclear briefcase Plastic shopping bag Red box (government) Reticule Reusable shopping bag Shell purse Shopping bag String bag Survival bag Swag Tote bag Tucker bag Worn Backpack (Canoe pack, Duluth pack) Bandolier bag Bivouac sack Book bag Fanny pack Golf bag Lightweight Rucksack Medicine bag Messenger bag Pack basket Pasiking Randoseru Sabretache Satchel Sporran Takiding Luggage Bug-out bag Carpet bag Diaper bag Diplomatic bag / pouch Duffel bag Garment bag Gig bag Gladstone bag Hobo bag Holdall Nomadic bag Norfolk case Portmanteau Saddlebag Suitcase Toiletry bag Train case Travel pack Trunk Postal Catcher pouch Mail bag Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Mochila Padded envelope Portmanteau Containers Antistatic bag Bag-in-box Bin bag Biodegradable bag Bota bag Coffee bag Flexible intermediate bulk container Boil-in-bag Fuel bladder Mashk Milk bag Packet (container) Paper bag Paper sack Parfleche Pastry bag Pipe bag Plastic bag Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags Reusable shopping bag Sachet Security bag Shopping bag Stand-up pouch Thermal bag Tobacco pouch Trash bag Wineskin Zipper storage bag Purses/handbags Bayong Birkin bag Coin purse Evening bag Gaji bag Gucci Diana Handbag It bag Kelly bag Kinchaku Lady Dior Messenger bag Minaudière Money bag Reticule Tote bag Wallet Wristlet Other Body bag Burn bag Cowboy bedroll Doggy bag Dry bag Electronic flight bag Feedbag Flour sack Gamow bag Gunny sack Poop bag Sandbag Schultüte Showbag Sickness bag Sleeping bag Stuff sack Throw bag vtePackagingGeneraltopics Active packaging Child-resistant packaging Contract packager Edible packaging Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging Overpackaging Package delivery Package pilferage Package testing Package theft Packaging engineering Resealable packaging Reusable packaging Reuse of bottles Shelf life Shelf-ready packaging Shelf-stable Sustainable packaging Tamper-evident Tamper resistance Wrap rage Productpackages Alternative wine closure Ammunition box Banana box Beer bottle Box wine Case-ready meat Coffee bag Cosmetic packaging Currency packaging Disposable food packaging Drink can Egg carton Evidence packaging Field ration Flour sack Foam food container Food packaging Fuel container Gas cylinder Glass milk bottle Growler Juicebox Low plastic water bottle Luxury packaging Milk bag Optical disc packaging Oyster pail Popcorn bag Pharmaceutical packaging Plastic milk container Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags Sand bag Seasonal packaging Self-heating food packaging Screw cap (wine) Single-serve coffee container Spray paint Toothpaste pump dispenser Water bottle Wine bottle Containers Aerosol spray dispenser Aluminium bottle Aluminum can Ampoule Antistatic bag Bag-in-box Bag Barrel Biodegradable bag Blister pack Boil-in-bag Bottle Box Bulk box Cage Case Carboy Carton Chub Clamshell Corrugated box design Crate Disposable cup Drum Endcap Envelope Euro container Flexible intermediate bulk container Flexi-bag Folding carton Glass bottle Gunny sack Inhaler Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container Jar Jerrycan Jug Keg Mesh bag Multilayered packaging Multi-pack Packet (container) Padded envelope Pail Paper bag Paper sack Plastic bag Plastic bottle Retort pouch Salvage drum Sachet Water sachet Security bag Shipping container Shipping tube Skin pack Spray bottle Squround Stand-up pouch Steel and tin cans Tetra Brik Thermal bag Tub (container) Tube Unit load Vial Wooden box Materialsandcomponents Adhesive Aluminium foil Bail handle Bioplastic Biodegradable plastic BoPET Bubble wrap Bung Cellophane Closure Coated paper Coating Coextrusion Corrugated fiberboard Corrugated plastic Cushioning Desiccant Double seam Flip-top Foam peanut Gel pack Glass Hot-melt adhesive Humidity indicator card Kraft paper Label Lid Linear low-density polyethylene Liquid packaging board Living hinge Low-density polyethylene Meat diaper Metallised film Modified atmosphere Molded pulp Nonwoven fabric Overwrap Oxygen scavenger Package handle Packaging gas Pallet Paper Paper pallet Paperboard Plastic-coated paper Plastic film Plastic pallet Plastic wrap Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Pressure-sensitive tape Pump dispenser Screw cap Screw cap (wine) Security printing Security tape Shock detector Shock and vibration data logger Shrink wrap Slip sheet Staple (fastener) Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Tamper-evident band Tear tape Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator Tinplate Velostat Processes Aseptic processing Authentication Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal Blow molding Calendering Canning Coating Containerization Converting Corona treatment Curtain coating Die cutting Die forming (plastics) Electronic article surveillance Extrusion Extrusion coating Flame treatment Glass production Graphic design Hazard analysis and critical control points Hermetic seal Induction sealing Injection moulding Lamination Laser cutting Molding Package tracking Papermaking Plastic extrusion Plastic welding Printing Product development Production control Quality assurance Radio-frequency identification Roll slitting Shearing (manufacturing) Thermoforming Track and trace Ultrasonic welding Vacuum forming Vacuum packaging Verification and validation Machinery Barcode printer Barcode reader Bottling line Calender Can seamer Cap torque tester Cartoning machine Case sealer Check weigher Conveyor system Drum pump Extended core stretch wrapper Filler Heat gun Heat sealer Industrial robot Injection molding machine Label printer applicator Lineshaft roller conveyor Logistics automation Material-handling equipment Mechanical brake stretch wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital stretch wrapper Packaging machinery Pallet inverter Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Seed-counting machine Shrink tunnel Staple gun Tape dispenser Turntable stretch wrapper Vertical form fill sealing machine Environment,post-use Biodegradation Can collecting Closed-loop box reuse Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life-cycle assessment Litter Packaging waste Paper recycling PET bottle recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management  Category: Packaging
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cool_Green_Bag_Large.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hot_Cold_Bag_Small.jpg"},{"link_name":"insulated shipping container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container"},{"link_name":"thermally insulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation"},{"link_name":"gel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel"},{"link_name":"food delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_delivery"},{"link_name":"lunch bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunchbox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Example of a thermal bagExample of a thermal bagA thermal bag is a type of thermally insulated shipping container in the form of a bag which can be carried, usually made of thermally insulating materials and sometimes a refrigerant gel. It is used to help maintain the temperature of its contents, keeping cold items cold, and hot items hot.Insulated bags have been in use for many years in industry, medical/pharmaceutical use, food delivery, lunch bags, etc. Several designs have been available.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Thermal bag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cold chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_chain"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Kosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Kosar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cool box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooler"}],"text":"Commercial thermal shopping bags, to carry temperature-sensitive purchases home without breaking the cold chain, were first introduced by grocery and other shops in Europe in the mid 1980s. A thermal bag to keep pizzas being delivered hot was invented by Ingrid Kosar in 1983, and is commonly used now.[5][6] A cool box is very similar in concept, but typically larger and in the form of a rigid box.","title":"Shopping bags"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Thermal pharmaceutical bags are designed to transport temperature-sensitive medications, protecting them from damaging temperatures, shocks, and light. Many vaccines are delicate biological substances that can lose part or all of their effectiveness if they are frozen, allowed to get too hot, or exposed to bright light. Such vaccines must be kept within a specified temperature range, typically 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F), from manufacture to use. According to the World Health Organization, at least 7% of temperature-sensitive medical products suffer significant degradation in potency in transit.[citation needed]","title":"Medical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PET film (biaxially oriented)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_film_(biaxially_oriented)"},{"link_name":"Styrofoam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam"},{"link_name":"Fabric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric"},{"link_name":"Nonwovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonwovens"},{"link_name":"Polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"Polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"},{"link_name":"Polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"gel packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_pack"}],"text":"Thermal bags are usually manufactured with varying quantities of the following materials:PET film (biaxially oriented) (Mylar, etc.)\nStyrofoam\nFabric\nNonwovens\nPolyethylene\nPolyurethane\nPolypropylene\ngel packs","title":"Materials"}]
[{"image_text":"Thermally insulated bag with ice packs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ice-packs_2.JPG/220px-Ice-packs_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Example of a thermal bag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cool_Green_Bag_Large.jpg/220px-Cool_Green_Bag_Large.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example of a thermal bag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hot_Cold_Bag_Small.jpg/220px-Hot_Cold_Bag_Small.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Food safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety"},{"title":"HACCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HACCP"},{"title":"Heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"title":"Packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"title":"Temperature control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_control"},{"title":"Insulated shipping container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container"}]
[{"reference":"\"She's got it 'in the bag'\". My Sunday News. 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2015-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mysundaynews.com/2014/07/03/shes-got-it-in-the-bag/","url_text":"\"She's got it 'in the bag'\""}]},{"reference":"Basecamp. \"Life of Pie — The Distance\". Thedistance.com. Retrieved 2015-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedistance.com/thermal-bags-by-ingrid/","url_text":"\"Life of Pie — The Distance\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6913389","external_links_name":"US 6913389"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4343158","external_links_name":"US 4343158"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6018143","external_links_name":"US 6018143"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5720338","external_links_name":"US 5720338"},{"Link":"http://www.mysundaynews.com/2014/07/03/shes-got-it-in-the-bag/","external_links_name":"\"She's got it 'in the bag'\""},{"Link":"https://thedistance.com/thermal-bags-by-ingrid/","external_links_name":"\"Life of Pie — The Distance\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta
Head of the Charles Regatta
["1 Course","2 Racing regulations","3 History","3.1 First year","3.2 Charity program","3.3 Cancellations","4 Awards","5 Course records","6 Notes","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°21′45″N 71°7′1″W / 42.36250°N 71.11694°W / 42.36250; -71.11694Rowing race on the Charles River, Boston/Cambridge This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Head of the Charles Regatta" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Head of the Charles RegattaDatePenultimate Weekend of OctoberLocationBoston, Massachusetts, U.S.Event typeHead raceDistance3 milesPrimary sponsorBNY MellonEstablished1965Official sitewww.hocr.orgParticipants2,271 entries; 790 clubs The Middlebury College rowing team in the 2007 Regatta. Spectators lining the bank of the Charles River in 2003 Presentation Brothers College, Irish crew, competing in Alumni 8 in 2011. Queen's University Belfast, a crew from Northern Ireland, racing in the Head of the Charles in 2003 Kennedy School women's team outside the Weld Boathouse preparing to row the Head of the Charles in 1996, though that year the race was cancelled due to bad weather. The Head of the Charles Regatta, also known as HOCR, is a rowing head race held on the penultimate complete weekend of October (i.e., on the Friday that falls between the 16th and the 22nd of the month, and on the Saturday and Sunday immediately afterwards) each year on the Charles River, which separates Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts United States. It is the largest 3-day regatta in the world, with 11,000 athletes rowing in over 1,900 boats in 61 events. According to the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau, the three-day event brings 225,000 people to the Greater Boston area and $72 million to the local economy. The last races of the Regatta are generally the most prestigious: Championship 4s, and Championship 8s (both men and women). Championship sculling events (1x/single and 2x/double) race on Saturday afternoon. The Championship events usually include U.S. National Team athletes, as well as national team athletes from other top rowing nations. The competitive field includes individual and team competitors from colleges, high schools, and clubs from nearly all American states and various countries. The 2006 field included rowers from China, South Africa, Croatia, Ireland, and the Netherlands. The age of athletes spans from 14 to 85 years old with experience levels from novice to Olympic. In 2007, approximately 10% of the field was international. Regattas such as the Head of the Charles in Boston and the Head of the Schuylkill in Philadelphia are to the rowing world what the New York City Marathon and the Boston Marathon are to running.— Susan Saint Sing, The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew Course The course is three miles (4,800 meters) long and stretches from the start at Boston University's DeWolfe Boathouse near the Charles River Basin to the finish just after the Eliot Bridge and before Northeastern University's Henderson Boathouse. The course is renowned for being challenging for crews to navigate without incident or penalty. The course contains six bridges, which appear in this order from the start: Boston University/Grand Junction Railroad Bridges River Street Bridge Western Avenue Bridge John W. Weeks Footbridge Anderson Memorial Bridge Eliot Bridge The Weeks and Eliot Bridges fall at sharp turns in the course, and collisions occur here more than any other part of the course. Racing regulations Crews start the race at 15-second intervals. The starting order is based on the crew's finishing time in the previous year, with the top finisher from the prior year leaving first, the second finisher leaving second, and so on. Crews that did not compete in the prior year are seeded after all prior year entrants in a random order, although race organizers have some discretion in the seeding process. Having presumably faster crews start ahead of presumably slower crews reduces the amount of passing boats must make during the race, reducing the potential for boating accidents. However, passing almost always occurs, and penalties are imposed on crews that do not follow passing regulations, such as failing to yield to a boat that closes to within one boat length of open water. History First year The Head of the Charles Regatta was first organized in 1965 by Cambridge Boat Club members D'Arcy MacMahon, Howard McIntyre, and Jack Vincent. The members of the boat club thought that a fall regatta would be an entertaining way to break up the monotony of the training season for colleges and boat clubs in the area. D'Arcy MacMahon had been the captain of the University of Pennsylvania's lightweight varsity three seasons earlier. They initially had little hope the regatta would be a success, it was the wrong time of year and it wasn't expected to draw any spectators. Harvard University sculling instructor Ernest Arlett provided the idea for the head race. George Ernest Arlett came to the US because in England only "gentlemen" could race. Even when Arlett brought Northeastern University's rowing team to Henley Royal Regatta and the team members were invited, the team entered by the front door and Mr. Arlett still had to enter by the rear or servants door. Class snobbery or pedigree was still in force. Despite their reservations, the founders of the regatta were determined to see it become a success. In an interview with New York Times, Jerry Olrich and MacMahon identified that this regatta was "destined to become a classic" The Regatta expanded to a two-day event in 1997. In 1991, Frederick V. Schoch was appointed Executive Director of the Regatta, and he continues to oversee the event. Charity program Since 1998, the Head of the Charles Regatta's Charity Program has generated over $1,000,000 for its official charities, which include Cambridge Community Foundation and Community Rowing, Inc. The Charity Program allows competitors to gain an automatic entry into the Regatta in exchange for raising $1250 per person, per entry. Under official rules, any single, double, four, or eight is eligible to enter. Cancellations The race has been cancelled only twice: in 1996 due to storm bringing heavy rain and wind, and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (An online version in the fall of 2020 replaced the in-person race.) Awards First place medals are awarded to winning competitors in each event category of the race. The first place medals are struck bronze medallions that are 2.5 inches in diameter. They show a single sculler from above on the front, and are engraved with the year and event on the back. Only the first place medals are distributed at the Regatta on Saturday and Sunday evenings following the races. Medals for second and third place medallions are of the same design, but are 1.75 inches in diameter. The Regatta issues additional subordinate medals according to the number of entries in the race as well. 1-9 Entries: up to 1st place awarded 10-19 Entries: up to 2nd place awarded 20-29 Entries: up to 3rd place awarded 30-39 Entries: up to 4th place awarded 40+ Entries: up to 5th place awarded Special winner medals (2.5 inches in diameter) engraved (a) COLLEGE-CHAMPIONSHIP, (b) LIGHTWEIGHT, (c) CLUB, or (d) UNDER-17 shall be awarded respectively to (a) the fastest crew made up of undergraduates representing accredited/chartered Colleges or Universities in each event-division of the Championship 2x, Championship 4+ and Championship 8+, (b) the fastest Lightweight crew in the Championship 2x, (c) the fastest crew unaffiliated with an academic institution in each event-division of the Club 4+ and Club 8+, (d) the fastest U17 crew in the Youth Single, Youth Double, Youth Coxed Quad, Youth Four, and Youth Eight, and (e) the fastest JV entry in the Men’s and Women’s Championship Eight. Special medals are also issued to the most competitive Grand-Veteran scullers in the Senior-Veteran Singles Event; the fastest Veteran crews in the Senior-Master 2x, 4+, and 8+ events; the fastest Grand-Master crews in the Senior-Master 2x, 4+, and 8+ events. Because of the 2020 cancellation caused by the global pandemic, the 2021 regatta awarded a special medal to the fastest Class of 2020 crew in the Alumni Four and Alumni Eight (crew must be at least 75% 2020 graduates, coxswain excluded). Winners of special medals will not be awarded subordinate medals should they qualify. No special medal will be awarded if the first place medal winner also qualifies for a special medal. Course records Event Men Women Mixed event Club Singles Kieran Edwards 17:54.795 (2023) Mary Kaleta 20:07.040 (2022) Club Fours Dartmouth University 16:01.965 (2023) Calgary RC 17:47.415 (2021) Club Eights Brown University 14:13.412 (2023) Brown University 16:09.902 (2014) Youth Singles Isaiah Harrison 18:13.853 (2021) Anna Matthes 19:30.596 (2017) Youth Doubles Nikhil Ramaraju/ Charles Boldt 16:40.350 (2022) Delaney Evans/ Caroline Sharis 17:47.577 (2017) Youth Fours Sacramento State Aquatic Center 16:07.357 (2019) South Niagara RC 17:58.361 (2010) Youth Coxed Quads New Canaan Crew (2017) Danske Studenters Roklub 18:09.808 (2019) Youth Eights St Paul's School, London 14:12.127 (2017) Saugatuck Rowing Club, LLC 16:24.895 (2017) Master Singles Andrew Hashway 18:13.613 (2017) Gevvie Stone 19:10.913 (2022) Master Doubles N. Kelly, J. Watkins 16:55.843 (2022) T. Zarzeczny-Bell/ S. Remmler 18:49.721 (2008) Master Fours Ex Nemo 16:35.649 (2022) Saugatuck Rowing Club 18:20.360 (2013) Master Eights Shannon Rowing Club 14:46.602 (2014) Capital 17:08.954 (2022) Grand Master Singles Greg Benning 18:15.165 (2014) Saiya Remmler 20:35.912 (2013) Grand Master Doubles R. Colven, M. Biery 18:12.378 (2023) Wilkie, Black 19:49.192 (2023) Grand-Master Fours Sammamish Rowing Assoc. 18:04.515 (2017) Chinook 20:08.48 (2017) Grand-Master Eights Upper Yarra 15:55.952 (2022) Lucky Charms 18:20.350 (2022) Senior Master Singles Thomas Graves 18:15.477 (2022) Shannon Kaplan 19:42.638 (2022) Senior-Master Doubles Smith, Gorriaran 17:16.197 (2013) Pearlstein, Gradek 19:02.956 (2023) Senior-Master Fours Wallingford 17:05.64 (2017) Cambridge Boat Club 18:45.4 (2017) Senior-Master Eights Ex Nemo 15:12.030 (2022) Chinook 17:22.9 (2017) Veteran Singles Greg Benning 18:46.718 (2023) Margarite Zezza (60) 20:53.91 (2017) Senior Veteran Singles R. Kendall 20:31.75 (adjusted) (2001) Catherine Widgery 23:34.029 (2023) Collegiate Fours University of North Carolina 16:04.425 (2017) Florida Institute of Technology 17:50.817 (2019) Collegiate Eights Drexel 14:20.496 (2022) Bates College 16:01.182 (2017) Lightweight Singles Paul Fuchs 17:24.8 (1984) Teresa Zarzeczny 19:00.58 (1992) Lightweight Fours Yale University 15:42.932 (2017) Undine Barge Club 17:54.864 (2010) Lightweight Eights Princeton University 13:49.679 (2017) Stanford University 15:46.726 (2017) Championship Singles Sorin Koszyk 16:57.782 (2023) Kathleen Bertko 18:33.015 (2013) Championship Doubles Martin Sinković and Valent Sinković 15:40.56 (2014) E. Hogerwerf, I. Janssen 17:27.510 (2014) Championship Fours USRowing Training Center 15:07.44 (2017) Brown University 17:08.207 (2017) Championship Eights USRowing 13:23.638 (2022) Sudbury 14:48.423 (2017) Alumni Fours BMA Boat Club 17:04.465 (2021) Brown Univ. Alumni 19:55.687 (2021) Alumni Eights University of Washington Alumni 14:35.782 (2021) Virginia Alumni 15:48.524 (2017) Mixed LTA Four US Para National Team 18:10.142 (2016) Mixed Inclusion Four Community Rowing, Inc. 19:37.897 (2016) Mixed Inclusion Double M. Houser, M. Scott 19:11.999 (2021) Trunk/Arms Double I. French, H. Roman 22:52.218 (2017) Notes ^ "53rd Head of the Charles". Regatta Central. Retrieved 21 October 2017. ^ Stendahl, Max (2018-10-11). "Head of the Charles could give record boost to Boston economy". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-10-12. ^ Saint Sing, Susan (2010). The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780312539238. Retrieved 10 November 2013. ^ "Head of the Charles Regatta Rules and Regulations". hocr.org. ^ Powers, John (2015). Head of the Charles Regatta, First 50 (3 ed.). HOCR. ISBN 9780692458570. ^ Powers, John (2015). The Head of the Charles; First 50. HOCR. ISBN 9780692458570. ^ A better source for the History of this regatta is in "Yankee Magazine", September/October issue 2013. ^ Head of the Charles Regatta called off over coronavirus ^ The 2020 Head of the Charles Regatta has been canceled ^ "Awards". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2022-07-06. ^ "Rules & Guidelines". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2022-07-06. ^ "Records | Head Of The Charles® Regatta". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2018-10-19. External links Head of the Charles Regatta Row2k Head of the Charles coverage 42°21′45″N 71°7′1″W / 42.36250°N 71.11694°W / 42.36250; -71.11694 vteRowingAustralian rowing Rowing Australia Rowing Championships Head of the River Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria) King's Cup Head of the River (New South Wales) Head of the River (Victoria) Head of the River (Western Australia) Canadian rowing Canadian Henley Rowing Canada Aviron Secondary School Rowing Association University Rowing Association Head of the Trent New Zealand rowing List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics Maadi Cup Rowing New Zealand The Great Race UK rowing Boston Marathon British Rowing British Rowing Championships Head of the River Race Henley Boat Races Henley Women's Regatta National Schools' Regatta Schools' Head of the River Race Scottish Boat Race Scottish Rowing The Boat Race University rowing Welsh Rowing Wingfield Sculls Women's Boat Race Women's Eights Head of the River Race Henley Royal Regatta Grand Challenge Cup Stewards' Challenge Cup Queen Mother Challenge Cup Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup Double Sculls Challenge Cup Diamond Challenge Sculls Ladies' Challenge Plate Visitors' Challenge Cup Prince of Wales Challenge Cup Thames Challenge Cup Wyfold Challenge Cup Britannia Challenge Cup Temple Challenge Cup Prince Albert Challenge Cup Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup Fawley Challenge Cup Remenham Challenge Cup Princess Grace Challenge Cup Princess Royal Challenge Cup US rowing College rowing CRASH-B Sprints Dad Vail Regatta Eastern Sprints Harvard–Yale Regatta Head of the Charles Regatta Head of the Fish Head of the Hooch Head of the Ohio Head of the Schuylkill Regatta Poughkeepsie Regatta Scholastic Rowing Association of America Stotesbury Cup NCAA Division I Rowing Championship Intercollegiate Rowing Association American Collegiate Rowing Association World Rowing Federation events Olympic Games Paralympic Games World Rowing Championships World Rowing Cup World Rowing Junior Championships World Rowing U23 Championships European Rowing Championships Asian Rowing Championships Universiade Pan American Games African Games Commonwealth Games Types of rowing Bumps race Coastal Indoor rower Lightweight Para Racing shell Sculling Stern sculling Sweep Rowing tank Women's Lists Glossary of rowing terms Club oars National oars Rowing boat manufacturers Rowing venues School and university oars World best times Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_charles_eb1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Middlebury College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeadoftheCharles.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-HC041-496_copy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headofthecharles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUBBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSG_1996_women.png"},{"link_name":"Kennedy School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Weld Boathouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_Boathouse"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"head race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_race"},{"link_name":"Charles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"regatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatta"},{"link_name":"Greater Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Head of the Schuylkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Schuylkill_Regatta"},{"link_name":"New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rowing race on the Charles River, Boston/CambridgeThe Middlebury College rowing team in the 2007 Regatta.Spectators lining the bank of the Charles River in 2003Presentation Brothers College, Irish crew, competing in Alumni 8 in 2011.Queen's University Belfast, a crew from Northern Ireland, racing in the Head of the Charles in 2003Kennedy School women's team outside the Weld Boathouse preparing to row the Head of the Charles in 1996, though that year the race was cancelled due to bad weather.The Head of the Charles Regatta, also known as HOCR, is a rowing head race held on the penultimate complete weekend of October (i.e., on the Friday that falls between the 16th and the 22nd of the month, and on the Saturday and Sunday immediately afterwards) each year on the Charles River, which separates Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts United States. It is the largest 3-day regatta in the world, with 11,000 athletes rowing in over 1,900 boats in 61 events. According to the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau, the three-day event brings 225,000 people to the Greater Boston area and $72 million to the local economy.[2]The last races of the Regatta are generally the most prestigious: Championship 4s, and Championship 8s (both men and women). Championship sculling events (1x/single and 2x/double) race on Saturday afternoon. The Championship events usually include U.S. National Team athletes, as well as national team athletes from other top rowing nations.The competitive field includes individual and team competitors from colleges, high schools, and clubs from nearly all American states and various countries. The 2006 field included rowers from China, South Africa, Croatia, Ireland, and the Netherlands. The age of athletes spans from 14 to 85 years old with experience levels from novice to Olympic. In 2007, approximately 10% of the field was international.Regattas such as the Head of the Charles in Boston and the Head of the Schuylkill in Philadelphia are to the rowing world what the New York City Marathon and the Boston Marathon are to running.— Susan Saint Sing, The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew[3]","title":"Head of the Charles Regatta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University_(Boston,_Massachusetts)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bu-bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Grand Junction Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railroad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_street_bridge_cambridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"River Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Street_Bridge_(Charles_River)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_avenue_bridge_cambridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Western Avenue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Avenue_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge,_MA.jpg"},{"link_name":"John W. Weeks Footbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Weeks_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anderson_Bridge_Cambridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anderson Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Memorial_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eliot_bridge_cambridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eliot Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Bridge"}],"text":"The course is three miles (4,800 meters) long and stretches from the start at Boston University's DeWolfe Boathouse near the Charles River Basin to the finish just after the Eliot Bridge and before Northeastern University's Henderson Boathouse. The course is renowned for being challenging for crews to navigate without incident or penalty. The course contains six bridges, which appear in this order from the start:Boston University/Grand Junction Railroad Bridges\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRiver Street Bridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWestern Avenue Bridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn W. Weeks Footbridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnderson Memorial Bridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEliot BridgeThe Weeks and Eliot Bridges fall at sharp turns in the course, and collisions occur here more than any other part of the course.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Crews start the race at 15-second intervals. The starting order is based on the crew's finishing time in the previous year, with the top finisher from the prior year leaving first, the second finisher leaving second, and so on. Crews that did not compete in the prior year are seeded after all prior year entrants in a random order, although race organizers have some discretion in the seeding process. Having presumably faster crews start ahead of presumably slower crews reduces the amount of passing boats must make during the race, reducing the potential for boating accidents. However, passing almost always occurs, and penalties are imposed on crews that do not follow passing regulations, such as failing to yield to a boat that closes to within one boat length of open water.[4]","title":"Racing regulations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Boat_Club"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Ernest Arlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Arlett"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"Henley Royal Regatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"First year","text":"The Head of the Charles Regatta was first organized in 1965 by Cambridge Boat Club members D'Arcy MacMahon, Howard McIntyre, and Jack Vincent. The members of the boat club thought that a fall regatta would be an entertaining way to break up the monotony of the training season for colleges and boat clubs in the area. D'Arcy MacMahon had been the captain of the University of Pennsylvania's lightweight varsity three seasons earlier. They initially had little hope the regatta would be a success, it was the wrong time of year and it wasn't expected to draw any spectators.[5]Harvard University sculling instructor Ernest Arlett provided the idea for the head race. George Ernest Arlett came to the US because in England only \"gentlemen\" could race. Even when Arlett brought Northeastern University's rowing team to Henley Royal Regatta and the team members were invited, the team entered by the front door and Mr. Arlett still had to enter by the rear or servants door. Class snobbery or pedigree was still in force.Despite their reservations, the founders of the regatta were determined to see it become a success. In an interview with New York Times, Jerry Olrich and MacMahon identified that this regatta was \"destined to become a classic\"[6]The Regatta expanded to a two-day event in 1997.In 1991, Frederick V. Schoch was appointed Executive Director of the Regatta, and he continues to oversee the event.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charity program","text":"Since 1998, the Head of the Charles Regatta's Charity Program has generated over $1,000,000 for its official charities, which include Cambridge Community Foundation and Community Rowing, Inc. The Charity Program allows competitors to gain an automatic entry into the Regatta in exchange for raising $1250 per person, per entry. Under official rules, any single, double, four, or eight is eligible to enter.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Cancellations","text":"The race has been cancelled only twice: in 1996 due to storm bringing heavy rain and wind,[8] and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (An online version in the fall of 2020 replaced the in-person race.)[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"First place medals are awarded to winning competitors in each event category of the race. The first place medals are struck bronze medallions that are 2.5 inches in diameter. They show a single sculler from above on the front, and are engraved with the year and event on the back. Only the first place medals are distributed at the Regatta on Saturday and Sunday evenings following the races. Medals for second and third place medallions are of the same design, but are 1.75 inches in diameter. The Regatta issues additional subordinate medals according to the number of entries in the race as well.1-9 Entries: up to 1st place awarded10-19 Entries: up to 2nd place awarded20-29 Entries: up to 3rd place awarded30-39 Entries: up to 4th place awarded40+ Entries: up to 5th place awarded[10]Special winner medals (2.5 inches in diameter) engraved (a) COLLEGE-CHAMPIONSHIP, (b) LIGHTWEIGHT, (c) CLUB, or (d) UNDER-17 shall be awarded respectively to (a) the fastest crew made up of undergraduates representing accredited/chartered Colleges or Universities in each event-division of the Championship 2x, Championship 4+ and Championship 8+, (b) the fastest Lightweight crew in the Championship 2x, (c) the fastest crew unaffiliated with an academic institution in each event-division of the Club 4+ and Club 8+, (d) the fastest U17 crew in the Youth Single, Youth Double, Youth Coxed Quad, Youth Four, and Youth Eight, and (e) the fastest JV entry in the Men’s and Women’s Championship Eight.Special medals are also issued to the most competitive Grand-Veteran scullers in the Senior-Veteran Singles Event; the fastest Veteran crews in the Senior-Master 2x, 4+, and 8+ events; the fastest Grand-Master crews in the Senior-Master 2x, 4+, and 8+ events.Because of the 2020 cancellation caused by the global pandemic, the 2021 regatta awarded a special medal to the fastest Class of 2020 crew in the Alumni Four and Alumni Eight (crew must be at least 75% 2020 graduates, coxswain excluded).Winners of special medals will not be awarded subordinate medals should they qualify. No special medal will be awarded if the first place medal winner also qualifies for a special medal.[11]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Course records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"53rd Head of the Charles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regattacentral.com/regatta/?job_id=4977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Head of the Charles could give record boost to Boston economy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/10/11/head-of-the-charles-expected-to-give-record-boost.html"},{"link_name":"Boston Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Business_Journal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/eightseasonintra00sain"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/eightseasonintra00sain/page/24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780312539238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312539238"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Head of the Charles Regatta Rules and Regulations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hocr.org/the-regatta/competitors/rules-and-regulations/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780692458570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692458570"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780692458570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692458570"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Head of the Charles Regatta called off over coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/29468539/head-charles-regatta-called-coronavirus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The 2020 Head of the Charles Regatta has been canceled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2020/07/15/head-of-the-charles-canceled"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hocr.org/competitors/awards/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Rules & Guidelines\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hocr.org/competitors/rules-guidelines/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Records | Head Of The Charles® Regatta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hocr.org/the-regatta/records/"}],"text":"^ \"53rd Head of the Charles\". Regatta Central. Retrieved 21 October 2017.\n\n^ Stendahl, Max (2018-10-11). \"Head of the Charles could give record boost to Boston economy\". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-10-12.\n\n^ Saint Sing, Susan (2010). The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780312539238. Retrieved 10 November 2013.\n\n^ \"Head of the Charles Regatta Rules and Regulations\". hocr.org.\n\n^ Powers, John (2015). Head of the Charles Regatta, First 50 (3 ed.). HOCR. ISBN 9780692458570.\n\n^ Powers, John (2015). The Head of the Charles; First 50. HOCR. ISBN 9780692458570.\n\n^ A better source for the History of this regatta is in \"Yankee Magazine\", September/October issue 2013.\n\n^ Head of the Charles Regatta called off over coronavirus\n\n^ The 2020 Head of the Charles Regatta has been canceled\n\n^ \"Awards\". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2022-07-06.\n\n^ \"Rules & Guidelines\". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2022-07-06.\n\n^ \"Records | Head Of The Charles® Regatta\". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Middlebury College rowing team in the 2007 Regatta.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Head_of_charles_eb1.JPG/250px-Head_of_charles_eb1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spectators lining the bank of the Charles River in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HeadoftheCharles.JPG/220px-HeadoftheCharles.JPG"},{"image_text":"Presentation Brothers College, Irish crew, competing in Alumni 8 in 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2011-HC041-496_copy.jpg/220px-2011-HC041-496_copy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen's University Belfast, a crew from Northern Ireland, racing in the Head of the Charles in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Headofthecharles.jpg/220px-Headofthecharles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kennedy School women's team outside the Weld Boathouse preparing to row the Head of the Charles in 1996, though that year the race was cancelled due to bad weather.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KSG_1996_women.png/220px-KSG_1996_women.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"53rd Head of the Charles\". Regatta Central. Retrieved 21 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regattacentral.com/regatta/?job_id=4977","url_text":"\"53rd Head of the Charles\""}]},{"reference":"Stendahl, Max (2018-10-11). \"Head of the Charles could give record boost to Boston economy\". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/10/11/head-of-the-charles-expected-to-give-record-boost.html","url_text":"\"Head of the Charles could give record boost to Boston economy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Business_Journal","url_text":"Boston Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"Saint Sing, Susan (2010). The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780312539238. Retrieved 10 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eightseasonintra00sain","url_text":"The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eightseasonintra00sain/page/24","url_text":"24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312539238","url_text":"9780312539238"}]},{"reference":"\"Head of the Charles Regatta Rules and Regulations\". hocr.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hocr.org/the-regatta/competitors/rules-and-regulations/","url_text":"\"Head of the Charles Regatta Rules and Regulations\""}]},{"reference":"Powers, John (2015). Head of the Charles Regatta, First 50 (3 ed.). HOCR. ISBN 9780692458570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692458570","url_text":"9780692458570"}]},{"reference":"Powers, John (2015). The Head of the Charles; First 50. HOCR. ISBN 9780692458570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692458570","url_text":"9780692458570"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards\". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2022-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hocr.org/competitors/awards/","url_text":"\"Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rules & Guidelines\". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2022-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://hocr.org/competitors/rules-guidelines/","url_text":"\"Rules & Guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records | Head Of The Charles® Regatta\". Head Of The Charles® Regatta. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hocr.org/the-regatta/records/","url_text":"\"Records | Head Of The Charles® Regatta\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta&params=42_21_45_N_71_7_1_W_type:event_scale:25000_region:US","external_links_name":"42°21′45″N 71°7′1″W / 42.36250°N 71.11694°W / 42.36250; -71.11694"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Head+of+the+Charles+Regatta%22","external_links_name":"\"Head of the Charles Regatta\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Head+of+the+Charles+Regatta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Head+of+the+Charles+Regatta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Head+of+the+Charles+Regatta%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Head+of+the+Charles+Regatta%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Head+of+the+Charles+Regatta%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.hocr.org/","external_links_name":"www.hocr.org"},{"Link":"https://www.regattacentral.com/regatta/?job_id=4977","external_links_name":"\"53rd Head of the Charles\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/10/11/head-of-the-charles-expected-to-give-record-boost.html","external_links_name":"\"Head of the Charles could give record boost to Boston economy\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eightseasonintra00sain","external_links_name":"The Eight: A Season in the Tradition of Harvard Crew"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eightseasonintra00sain/page/24","external_links_name":"24"},{"Link":"http://www.hocr.org/the-regatta/competitors/rules-and-regulations/","external_links_name":"\"Head of the Charles Regatta Rules and Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/29468539/head-charles-regatta-called-coronavirus","external_links_name":"Head of the Charles Regatta called off over coronavirus"},{"Link":"https://www.boston.com/sports/sports-news/2020/07/15/head-of-the-charles-canceled","external_links_name":"The 2020 Head of the Charles Regatta has been canceled"},{"Link":"https://www.hocr.org/competitors/awards/","external_links_name":"\"Awards\""},{"Link":"https://hocr.org/competitors/rules-guidelines/","external_links_name":"\"Rules & Guidelines\""},{"Link":"https://www.hocr.org/the-regatta/records/","external_links_name":"\"Records | Head Of The Charles® Regatta\""},{"Link":"https://www.hocr.org/","external_links_name":"Head of the Charles Regatta"},{"Link":"https://row2k.com/hotc","external_links_name":"Row2k Head of the Charles coverage"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta&params=42_21_45_N_71_7_1_W_type:event_scale:25000_region:US","external_links_name":"42°21′45″N 71°7′1″W / 42.36250°N 71.11694°W / 42.36250; -71.11694"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Wolf
Bronze Wolf Award
["1 History","2 Qualifications","3 Recipients","4 Description","5 References"]
The highest award in Scouting Bronze WolfAward with ribbon and "knot" badgeCountryWorldwideCreated2 August 1935FounderInternational CommitteeAwarded forOutstanding service to ScoutingRecipients385 (2022)  Scouting portal The Bronze Wolf Award is bestowed by the World Scout Committee (WSC) to acknowledge "outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement". It is the highest honor that can be given a volunteer Scout leader in the world and it is the only award given by the WSC. Since the award's creation in 1935, fewer than 400 of the several millions of Scouts throughout the world have received the award. History Scouting's founder, Robert Baden-Powell, initially recognized outstanding contributions to Scouting by any Scout with the bestowal of the Silver Wolf; although he was Chief Scout of the World, the Silver Wolf was associated with British Scouting. In 1924, the International Committee, predecessor of the WSC, determined that it needed an award to be given out in its own name and at its own recommendation. Baden-Powell wanted to limit the number of awards, but recognized that the concerns of the committee were valid. Conversation about the matter was re-opened in 1932, with a decision reached in June 1934. The WSC approved use of the award in Stockholm on 2 August 1935 and unanimously awarded the first Bronze Wolf to Baden-Powell. Qualifications The Bronze Wolf Award is the highest honor that is given to a volunteer Scout leader throughout the world. It is given in recognition to Scouters who have contributed exceptional, noteworthy, and extraordinary service to the World Scout Movement. It recognizes the individual's contributions, service, dedication, and many years of volunteer work in successfully implementing the Scouting program. Recipients Main article: List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award In order to keep the award a notable honor, the International Committee limited the number of awards within a two-year period to two; however, in practice, it was given even more rarely, with only 12 awards being bestowed between 1935 and 1955. As Scouting's numbers have increased, so have the number of awards bestowed. Between 1955 and 2015, the award was bestowed 346 times. The guidelines of the WSC dictate that the number of awards granted should be limited to "approximately one award for each 2,000,000 members worldwide". As of 2016, the World Scout Bureau estimates there are about 28 million Scouts worldwide. Eight Bronze Wolf Awards were given in 2017. Among the recipients have been heads of state such as Hamengkubuwono IX, Vice President of Indonesia, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Bhumibol Adulyadej and Philippine president Fidel V. Ramos. Description The Bronze Wolf award consists of a dark green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow from which descends a bronze pendant of a wolf, statant. The wolf bears the World Scout Emblem. References ^ a b c "The Bronze Wolf". World Scout Bureau. 2015. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2016. ^ a b Haru Matsukata Reischauer (1986). Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage. Harvard University Press. pp. 317–. ISBN 978-0-674-78801-5. ^ "Scouting Award Presented to President Thomas S. Monson - Ensign Nov. 1993". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016. ^ a b "Service Awards". historyofscouting.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2016. ^ Scouting. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. May–June 1990. p. 69. ^ Atterberry, Tara (1996). Awards, Honors & Prizes: International. Gale Group. ISBN 9780787678098. ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. Society. 1960. ^ "Awards & Recognition in the Scouting Program" (PDF). Monmouth Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016. ^ "Speech of President Ramos on the Scout Bronze Wolf Award | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 8 March 1993. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ "How many Scouts are there in the world?". members.scouts.org.uk. World Scout Bureau. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ "List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award". scout.org. WOSM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2019. ^ Ratna, Dewi (31 May 2016). "Prestasi keren Bapak Pramuka Indonesia, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX | merdeka.com". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ Hasist, Mohamad (14 August 2012). "Mengenang Bapak Pramuka Indonesia | merdeka.com". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ Tupchai, Suchada (1–7 July 2006). "His Majesty the King receives World Scout's highest award". Chiangmai Mail. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2008. vte Scouting and Guiding topicsMovement Scouting Scouting for Boys Scouting Round the World Scout method Scout Law Scout Promise Scout Motto Wood Badge Girl Guides Jamboree World Scout Jamboree World Scout Moot Scout Leader Non-aligned organisations Scouting controversy and conflict Traditional Scouting Scouting in popular culture List of Scouts List of highest awards in Scouting Sections Age groups in Scouting and Guiding Beavers Cub Scout Scout Venture Scout Rover Scout Rainbow Guides Brownie Guides Girl Guides Ranger Guides Air Scouts Extension Scouting Lone Scouts Lone Guides Sea Scout Pioneers Robert Baden-Powell Olave Baden-Powell Agnes Baden-Powell Daniel Carter Beard Frederick Russell Burnham Lawrie Dring Charles Eastman Bear Grylls William Hillcourt László Nagy Ernest Thompson Seton Jacques Sevin Francis Fletcher-Vane J. S. Wilson Places Baden-Powell House Brownsea Island Edith Macy Conference Center Foxlease Gilwell Park Kandersteg Pax Hill Philmont Scouting memorials Baden-Powell grave Scouting museums WAGGGS World Centres Kusafiri Nuestra Cabaña Our Chalet Pax Lodge Sangam Internationalorganisations Confederation of European Scouts International Catholic Conference of Scouting International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe International Scout and Guide Fellowship Order of World Scouts World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts World Federation of Independent Scouts World Organization of Independent Scouts World Organization of the Scout Movement Other B-P's footprint Ging Gang Goolie International Scouting Collectors Association Oldest Scout groups Outdoor Code Leave No Trace Religion in Scouting Scout handshake Scout prayers Scout sign and salute Scout Spirit Scouting memorabilia collecting The Handbook for Girl Guides The Hackney Scout Song Book The Jungle Book and Scouting The Wolf Cub's Handbook SPICES A Boy Scout Around the World World Scout Emblem Scouting portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Scout Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scout_Committee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reischauer1986-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Bronze Wolf Award is bestowed by the World Scout Committee (WSC) to acknowledge \"outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement\".[1] It is the highest honor that can be given a volunteer Scout leader in the world[2] and it is the only award given by the WSC.[3] Since the award's creation in 1935, fewer than 400 of the several millions of Scouts throughout the world have received the award.","title":"Bronze Wolf Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"Silver Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Wolf_Award_(The_Scout_Association)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serviceaward-4"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serviceaward-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Scouting's founder, Robert Baden-Powell, initially recognized outstanding contributions to Scouting by any Scout with the bestowal of the Silver Wolf; although he was Chief Scout of the World, the Silver Wolf was associated with British Scouting.[4]In 1924, the International Committee, predecessor of the WSC, determined that it needed an award to be given out in its own name and at its own recommendation. Baden-Powell wanted to limit the number of awards, but recognized that the concerns of the committee were valid. Conversation about the matter was re-opened in 1932, with a decision reached in June 1934. The WSC approved use of the award in Stockholm on 2 August 1935 and unanimously awarded the first Bronze Wolf to Baden-Powell.[4][5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reischauer1986-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Bronze Wolf Award is the highest honor that is given to a volunteer Scout leader throughout the world.[2][7] It is given in recognition to Scouters who have contributed exceptional, noteworthy, and extraordinary service to the World Scout Movement. It recognizes the individual's contributions, service, dedication, and many years of volunteer work in successfully implementing the Scouting program.[8][9]","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Wolf_Award&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolfie-11"},{"link_name":"Hamengkubuwono IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf"},{"link_name":"Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Bhumibol Adulyadej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej"},{"link_name":"Fidel V. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos"}],"text":"In order to keep the award a notable honor, the International Committee limited the number of awards within a two-year period to two; however, in practice, it was given even more rarely, with only 12 awards being bestowed between 1935 and 1955.[1] As Scouting's numbers have increased, so have the number of awards bestowed. Between 1955 and 2015, the award was bestowed 346 times. The guidelines of the WSC dictate that the number of awards granted should be limited to \"approximately one award for each 2,000,000 members worldwide\".[1] As of 2016[update], the World Scout Bureau estimates there are about 28 million Scouts worldwide.[10] Eight Bronze Wolf Awards were given in 2017.[11]Among the recipients have been heads of state such as Hamengkubuwono IX, Vice President of Indonesia,[12][13] Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Bhumibol Adulyadej and Philippine president Fidel V. Ramos.","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendant"},{"link_name":"World Scout Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scout_Emblem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Bronze Wolf award consists of a dark green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow from which descends a bronze pendant of a wolf, statant. The wolf bears the World Scout Emblem.[14]","title":"Description"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Bronze Wolf\". World Scout Bureau. 2015. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210213073142/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward","url_text":"\"The Bronze Wolf\""},{"url":"https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haru Matsukata Reischauer (1986). Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage. Harvard University Press. pp. 317–. ISBN 978-0-674-78801-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/samuraisilkjapan00reis","url_text":"Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/samuraisilkjapan00reis/page/317","url_text":"317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78801-5","url_text":"978-0-674-78801-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Scouting Award Presented to President Thomas S. Monson - Ensign Nov. 1993\". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1993/11/scouting-award-presented-to-president-thomas-s-monson?lang=eng","url_text":"\"Scouting Award Presented to President Thomas S. Monson - Ensign Nov. 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Service Awards\". historyofscouting.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200209015250/http://historyofscouting.com/awards/awards_service.htm","url_text":"\"Service Awards\""},{"url":"http://historyofscouting.com/awards/awards_service.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scouting. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. May–June 1990. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj46AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA69","url_text":"Scouting"}]},{"reference":"Atterberry, Tara (1996). Awards, Honors & Prizes: International. Gale Group. ISBN 9780787678098.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6DRPAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Awards, Honors & Prizes: International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787678098","url_text":"9780787678098"}]},{"reference":"Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. Society. 1960.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9g3yAAAAMAAJ&q=%22bronze+wolf%22","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Society of Arts"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards & Recognition in the Scouting Program\" (PDF). Monmouth Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100627/http://monmouthbsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014_Awards_and_Recognitions_for_Adult_Leaders.pdf","url_text":"\"Awards & Recognition in the Scouting Program\""},{"url":"https://monmouthbsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014_Awards_and_Recognitions_for_Adult_Leaders.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Speech of President Ramos on the Scout Bronze Wolf Award | GOVPH\". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 8 March 1993. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210108/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/03/08/speech-of-president-ramos-on-the-scout-bronze-wolf-award/","url_text":"\"Speech of President Ramos on the Scout Bronze Wolf Award | GOVPH\""},{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/03/08/speech-of-president-ramos-on-the-scout-bronze-wolf-award/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How many Scouts are there in the world?\". members.scouts.org.uk. World Scout Bureau. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.scouts.org.uk/supportresources/1625/how-many-scouts-are-there-in-the-world","url_text":"\"How many Scouts are there in the world?\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award\". scout.org. WOSM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053624/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list","url_text":"\"List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award\""},{"url":"https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/List","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ratna, Dewi (31 May 2016). \"Prestasi keren Bapak Pramuka Indonesia, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX | merdeka.com\". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merdeka.com/pendidikan/prestasi-keren-bapak-pramuka-indonesia-sri-sultan-hamengkubuwono-ix.html","url_text":"\"Prestasi keren Bapak Pramuka Indonesia, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX | merdeka.com\""}]},{"reference":"Hasist, Mohamad (14 August 2012). \"Mengenang Bapak Pramuka Indonesia | merdeka.com\". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/mengenang-bapak-pramuka-indonesia.html","url_text":"\"Mengenang Bapak Pramuka Indonesia | merdeka.com\""}]},{"reference":"Tupchai, Suchada (1–7 July 2006). \"His Majesty the King receives World Scout's highest award\". Chiangmai Mail. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015406/http://chiangmai-mail.com/193/features.shtml","url_text":"\"His Majesty the King receives World Scout's highest award\""},{"url":"http://www.chiangmai-mail.com/193/features.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Wolf_Award&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210213073142/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward","external_links_name":"\"The Bronze Wolf\""},{"Link":"https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/samuraisilkjapan00reis","external_links_name":"Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/samuraisilkjapan00reis/page/317","external_links_name":"317"},{"Link":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1993/11/scouting-award-presented-to-president-thomas-s-monson?lang=eng","external_links_name":"\"Scouting Award Presented to President Thomas S. Monson - Ensign Nov. 1993\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200209015250/http://historyofscouting.com/awards/awards_service.htm","external_links_name":"\"Service Awards\""},{"Link":"http://historyofscouting.com/awards/awards_service.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj46AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA69","external_links_name":"Scouting"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6DRPAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Awards, Honors & Prizes: International"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9g3yAAAAMAAJ&q=%22bronze+wolf%22","external_links_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Arts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100627/http://monmouthbsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014_Awards_and_Recognitions_for_Adult_Leaders.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Awards & Recognition in the Scouting Program\""},{"Link":"https://monmouthbsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014_Awards_and_Recognitions_for_Adult_Leaders.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210108/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/03/08/speech-of-president-ramos-on-the-scout-bronze-wolf-award/","external_links_name":"\"Speech of President Ramos on the Scout Bronze Wolf Award | GOVPH\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/03/08/speech-of-president-ramos-on-the-scout-bronze-wolf-award/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://members.scouts.org.uk/supportresources/1625/how-many-scouts-are-there-in-the-world","external_links_name":"\"How many Scouts are there in the world?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053624/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list","external_links_name":"\"List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/List","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.merdeka.com/pendidikan/prestasi-keren-bapak-pramuka-indonesia-sri-sultan-hamengkubuwono-ix.html","external_links_name":"\"Prestasi keren Bapak Pramuka Indonesia, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX | merdeka.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/mengenang-bapak-pramuka-indonesia.html","external_links_name":"\"Mengenang Bapak Pramuka Indonesia | merdeka.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015406/http://chiangmai-mail.com/193/features.shtml","external_links_name":"\"His Majesty the King receives World Scout's highest award\""},{"Link":"http://www.chiangmai-mail.com/193/features.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_whipping
Foot whipping
["1 Overview","2 Appearance","2.1 Regional","2.2 In history","2.3 Modern era","2.4 In literature","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
Method of corporal punishment "Bastinado" redirects here. For the Roman punishment of that name, involving stoning or cudgeling, see Fustuarium. Part of a series onCorporal punishment By place Domestic Judicial School By implementation Amputation Belting Birching Branding Caning Cat o' nine tails Flagellation Foot whipping Knout Paddle Scourge Sjambok Slippering Spanking Strapping Switch Tawse Riding crop Whip By country Afghanistan Brunei Iran Malaysia Qatar Singapore Taiwan United Arab Emirates United States Court cases CFCYL v. Canada Ingraham v. Wright S v Williams Tyrer v. the United Kingdom Politics Campaigns against corporal punishment vte Bastinado demonstration using a cane Foot whipping, falanga/falaka or bastinado is a method of inflicting pain and humiliation by administering a beating on the soles of a person's bare feet. Unlike most types of flogging, it is meant more to be painful than to cause actual injury to the victim. Blows are generally delivered with a light rod, knotted cord, or lash. Bastinado is also referred to as foot (bottom) caning or sole caning, depending on the instrument in use. The German term is Bastonade, deriving from the Italian noun bastonata (stroke with the use of a stick). In former times it was also referred to as Sohlenstreich (corr. striking the soles). The Chinese term is dǎ jiǎoxīn (打脚心 / 打腳心). Overview The first clearly identified written documentation of bastinado in Europe dates to 1537, and in China to 960. References to bastinado have been hypothesised to also be found in the Bible (Prov. 22:15; Lev. 19:20; Deut. 22:18), suggesting use of the practice since antiquity. Bastinado was practiced in the Third Reich era. In several German and Austrian institutions it was still practised during the 1950s. Appearance Regional Middle Eastern falaka using a plank; Iran, early 20th century Foot whipping was common practice as means of disciplinary punishment in different kinds of institutions throughout Central Europe until the 1950s, especially in German territories. In German prisons this method consistently served as the principal disciplinary punishment. Throughout the Nazi era it was frequently used in German penal institutions and labour camps.It was also inflicted on the population in occupied territories, notably Denmark and Norway. Bastinado is still practised in penal institutions of several countries around the world. In a 1967 survey 83% of the inmates in Greek prisons reported about frequent infliction of bastinado. It was also used against rioting students. In Spanish prisons 39% of the inmates reported about this kind of treatment. The French Sûreté reportedly used it to extract confessions. The British used it in Palestine, and the French in Algeria. Within Colonial India it was used to punish tax offenders. In history The Bastinado was a common punishment during Mexico's Porfirian era, when the Rurales secret police would commonly use bull penises for the task. In the United States, corporal punishment through foot whipping was reported from juvenile penal institutions until 1969, as for example in Massachusetts. Foot whipping was practised in juvenile institutions and protectories in Austria until the 1960s. In Nazi Germany caning the soles of a prisoner's bare feet was employed as a form of chastisement in concentration camps, prison camps and penitentiaries. Indian Imperial Police officer Charles Tegart is said to have instituted foot whipping, a practice derived from Ottoman times, in an interrogation centre established at Jerusalem in 1938 as part of the effort to suppress the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. Foot whipping was used by Fascist Blackshirts against Freemasons critical of Benito Mussolini as early as 1923 (Dalzell, 1961). It was used as a method of torture during the Greek Civil War of 1946 to 1949 and the regime of the Colonels from 1967 to 1974. Applied by the Soviet Union to Vsevolod Meyerhold in 1939. It was reported that Russian prisoners of war were "bastinadoed' at Afion camp by their Ottoman captors during World War I. However, British prisoners escaped this treatment. Foot whipping was, among other methods, used as a method of obtaining confession from alleged political criminals during the communist regime of Czechoslovakia Bahá'u'lláh (founder of the Baháʼí Faith) underwent foot whipping in August 1852. (Esslemont, 1937). Foot whipping was used at the S-21 prison in Phnom Penh during the rule of the Khmer Rouge and is mentioned in the ten regulations to prisoners now on display in the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. This punishment has, at various times, been used in China. "No crimes pass unpunished in China. The bastinado is the common punishment for slight faults, and the number of blows is proportionable to the nature of the fault... When the number of blows does not exceed twenty, it is accounted a fatherly correction. The emperor himself sometimes commands it to be inflicted on great persons, and afterwards sees them and treats them as usual." Modern era Foot whipping in an Iraqi prison; museum exhibit Foot whipping was a commonly reported torture method used by the security officers of Bahrain on its citizens between 1974 and 2001. See Torture in Bahrain. Falanga is allegedly used by the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) against persons suspected of involvement with the opposition Movement for Democratic Change parties (MDC-T and MDC-M). The Prime Minister of Eswatini, Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, threatened to use this form of torture (sipakatane) to punish South African activists who had taken part in a mass protest for democracy in that country. Reportedly used during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein in Iraq (1979–2003). Reportedly used in Tunisia by security forces. Recent research in imaging of torture victims confirms it is still used in several other countries. Foot whipping amongst other methods is still practised today in the torture of prisoners in Russia. Foot whipping is a common torture method in Saudi Arabia. In literature This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In act V, scene I of the Shakespearean comedy As You Like It, Touchstone threatens William with the line: "I will deal in poison with thee, or in bastinado, or in steel..." In act I, scene X of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera, Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), Osmin threatens Belmonte and Pedrillo with bastinado: "Sonst soll die Bastonade Euch gleich zu Diensten steh'n." (lit. "Or the bastonade will serve you soon."). In act I, scene XIX of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute, Sarastro orders Monostatos to be punished with 77 blows on the soles of his feet: "He! gebt dem Ehrenmann sogleich/nur sieben und siebenzig Sohlenstreich'." (lit. "Give the gentleman immediately just seventy-seven strokes on the soles.") In Chapter 8, Climatic Conditions, of Robert Irwin's novel The Arabian Nightmare, Sultan's doppelgänger is discovered and is questioned. "He was bastinadoed lightly to make him talk (for a heavy bastinado killed), but the man sobered up quickly and said nothing." In Chapter 58 of Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain, a member of Twain's party goes to collect a specimen from the face of the Sphinx and Twain sends a sheik to warn him of the consequences: "...by the laws of Egypt the crime he was attempting to commit was punishable with imprisonment or the bastinado." In Henri Charrière's Papillon, the author recalls having this done to him at Devil's Island, whereupon he had to be carried about in a wheelbarrow, with the soles of his feet resting against garden fork handles. In Tony Anthony's autobiography: Taming the Tiger, he was tortured and interrogated by Cyprian policemen using primarily this method, before being imprisoned in Nicosia central prison. When "Gonzo" journalist Hunter S. Thompson ran an unsuccessful campaign for Sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, in 1970, he said his plan for dealing with the illicit drug trade was that "My first act as Sheriff will be to install, on the courthouse lawn, a bastinado platform and a set of stocks in order to punish dishonest dope dealers in a proper public fashion." In Mario Puzo's novel of The Godfather, three corrupt home-repair workers are "thoroughly bastinadoed" by Sonny Corleone. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foot whipping. Barefoot Judicial corporal punishment Physical restraint Prisoners' rights References ^ "Flogging | punishment". ^ Rejali 2009, p. 274. ^ "Bastinado". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 6 March 2014. ^ a b "Wimmersdorf: 270 Schläge auf die Fußsohlen" (in German). kurier.at. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014. ^ a b "krone.at" vom 29. März 2012 Berichte über Folter im Kinderheim auf der Hohen Warte; 3 March 2014 ^ a b c d Rejali 2009, p. 275. ^ Ruxandra Cesereanu: An Overview of Political Torture in the Twentieth Century. p. 124f. ^ Hawkins, Francis Bisset (1839). Germany: The Spirit of Her History, Literature, Social Condition and National Economy : Illustrated by Reference to Her Physical, Moral, and Political Statistics, and by Comparison with Other Countries. Charles Jugel at the German and foreign library. p. 235. ^ McLynn, Frank (2001). Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution. Pimlico. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7126-6677-0. ^ „krone.at“ 29 March 2012 Berichte über Folter in Kinderheimen auf der Hohen Warte; 22 February 2014 ^ Vgl. Ruxandra Cesereanu: An Overview of Political Torture in the Twentieth Century. S. 124f. ^ "Weibliche Angelegenheiten": Handlungsräume von KZ-Aufseherinnen in Ravensbrück und Neubrandenburg ("Female Matters": Responsibilities of overseers in the concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Neubrandenburg): 1.6.2023 ^ "Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung": Helga Schwarz u. Gerda Szepansky: ... und dennoch blühten Blumen (S. 26) ("Brandenburg Central for political education": ... and yet the flowers bloomed p. 26) 1.6.2023 ^ Pericles Korovessis, The Method: A Personal Account of the Tortures in Greece, trans. Les Nightingale and Catherine Patrarkis (London: Allison & Busby, 1970); extract in William F. Schulz, The Phenomenon of Torture: Readings and Commentary, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, pp. 71-9. ^ Christopher Pugsley, Gallipoli: The New Zealand Story, Appendix 1, p. 357. ^ Kroupa, Mikuláš (10 March 2012). "Příběhy 20. století: Za vraždu estébáka se komunisté mstili torturou" . iDnes (in Czech). Retrieved 1 July 2012. ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks". ^ "E/CN.4/1997/7 Fifty-third session, Item 8(a) of the provisional agenda UN Doc., 10 January 1997". Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008. ^ "An Analysis of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Legal Cases, 1998-2006" Archived 21 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). ^ Sibongile Sukati (9 September 2010). "Sipakatane for rowdy foreigners". Times of Swaziland. Mbabane. ^ "Justice en Tunisie : un printemps inachevé". ACAT. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Miller, Christine; Popelka, Jessica; Griffin, Nicole (8 June 2014). "Confirming Torture: The Use of Imaging in Victims of Falanga". www.forensicmag.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017. ^ "Leaked Video Blows Lid off Torture in Russian Prisons". Human Rights Watch. Russia. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists | Amnesty International". Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019. ^ Barker, Christian (October 2016). "The Clothes of Hunter S. Thompson". The Rake. ^ Willis, David (3 September 2020). "When Hunter S. Thompson Ran for Sheriff". Literary Hub. Sources Rejali, Darius (2009). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691143330.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fustuarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustuarium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foot_whipping.JPG"},{"link_name":"flogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Bastinado\" redirects here. For the Roman punishment of that name, involving stoning or cudgeling, see Fustuarium.Bastinado demonstration using a caneFoot whipping, falanga/falaka or bastinado is a method of inflicting pain and humiliation by administering a beating on the soles of a person's bare feet. Unlike most types of flogging, it is meant more to be painful than to cause actual injury to the victim. Blows are generally delivered with a light rod, knotted cord, or lash.[1]Bastinado is also referred to as foot (bottom) caning or sole caning, depending on the instrument in use. The German term is Bastonade, deriving from the Italian noun bastonata (stroke with the use of a stick). In former times it was also referred to as Sohlenstreich (corr. striking the soles). The Chinese term is dǎ jiǎoxīn (打脚心 / 打腳心).","title":"Foot whipping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009274-2"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.biblegateway.com-3"},{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurier.at-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krone.at-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009275-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cesereanu-7"}],"text":"The first clearly identified written documentation of bastinado in Europe dates to 1537, and in China to 960.[2] References to bastinado have been hypothesised to also be found in the Bible (Prov. 22:15; Lev. 19:20; Deut. 22:18), suggesting use of the practice since antiquity.[3]Bastinado was practiced in the Third Reich era. In several German and Austrian institutions it was still practised during the 1950s.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoin_Sevruguin_12_Falak_Whipping_the_soles_of_a_criminal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurier.at-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krone.at-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009275-6"},{"link_name":"Sûreté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Colonial India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009275-6"}],"sub_title":"Regional","text":"Middle Eastern falaka using a plank; Iran, early 20th centuryFoot whipping was common practice as means of disciplinary punishment in different kinds of institutions throughout Central Europe until the 1950s, especially in German territories.[4][5] In German prisons this method consistently served as the principal disciplinary punishment.[8] Throughout the Nazi era it was frequently used in German penal institutions and labour camps.It was also inflicted on the population in occupied territories, notably Denmark and Norway.[6]Bastinado is still practised in penal institutions of several countries around the world. In a 1967 survey 83% of the inmates in Greek prisons reported about frequent infliction of bastinado. It was also used against rioting students. In Spanish prisons 39% of the inmates reported about this kind of treatment. The French Sûreté reportedly used it to extract confessions. The British used it in Palestine, and the French in Algeria. Within Colonial India it was used to punish tax offenders.[6]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Porfirian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiriato"},{"link_name":"Rurales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009275-6"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"prison camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruxandra-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Indian Imperial Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police"},{"link_name":"Charles Tegart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tegart"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Blackshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"regime of the Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967-1974"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Meyerhold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"communist regime of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bahá'u'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"S-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"In history","text":"The Bastinado was a common punishment during Mexico's Porfirian era, when the Rurales secret police would commonly use bull penises for the task.[9]\nIn the United States, corporal punishment through foot whipping was reported from juvenile penal institutions until 1969, as for example in Massachusetts.[6]\nFoot whipping was practised in juvenile institutions and protectories in Austria until the 1960s.[10]\nIn Nazi Germany caning the soles of a prisoner's bare feet was employed as a form of chastisement in concentration camps, prison camps and penitentiaries.[11][12][13]\nIndian Imperial Police officer Charles Tegart is said to have instituted foot whipping, a practice derived from Ottoman times, in an interrogation centre established at Jerusalem in 1938 as part of the effort to suppress the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine.\nFoot whipping was used by Fascist Blackshirts against Freemasons critical of Benito Mussolini as early as 1923 (Dalzell, 1961).\nIt was used as a method of torture during the Greek Civil War of 1946 to 1949 and the regime of the Colonels from 1967 to 1974.[14]\nApplied by the Soviet Union to Vsevolod Meyerhold in 1939.\nIt was reported that Russian prisoners of war were \"bastinadoed' at Afion camp by their Ottoman captors during World War I. However, British prisoners escaped this treatment.[15]\nFoot whipping was, among other methods, used as a method of obtaining confession from alleged political criminals during the communist regime of Czechoslovakia[16]\nBahá'u'lláh (founder of the Baháʼí Faith) underwent foot whipping in August 1852. (Esslemont, 1937).\nFoot whipping was used at the S-21 prison in Phnom Penh during the rule of the Khmer Rouge and is mentioned in the ten regulations to prisoners now on display in the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum.\nThis punishment has, at various times, been used in China. \"No crimes pass unpunished in China. The bastinado is the common punishment for slight faults, and the number of blows is proportionable to the nature of the fault... When the number of blows does not exceed twenty, it is accounted a fatherly correction. The emperor himself sometimes commands it to be inflicted on great persons, and afterwards sees them and treats them as usual.\"[17]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foot_whipping_in_Amna_Suraka_museum,_Sulaymaniyah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Torture in Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_in_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Republic Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police"},{"link_name":"MDC-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai"},{"link_name":"MDC-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Mutambara"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas_Sibusiso_Dlamini"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"Foot whipping in an Iraqi prison; museum exhibitFoot whipping was a commonly reported torture method used by the security officers of Bahrain on its citizens between 1974 and 2001.[18] See Torture in Bahrain.\nFalanga is allegedly used by the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) against persons suspected of involvement with the opposition Movement for Democratic Change parties (MDC-T and MDC-M).[19]\nThe Prime Minister of Eswatini, Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, threatened to use this form of torture (sipakatane) to punish South African activists who had taken part in a mass protest for democracy in that country.[20]\nReportedly used during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein in Iraq (1979–2003).\nReportedly used in Tunisia by security forces.[21]\nRecent research in imaging of torture victims confirms it is still used in several other countries.[22]\nFoot whipping amongst other methods is still practised today in the torture of prisoners in Russia.[23]\nFoot whipping is a common torture method in Saudi Arabia.[24]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespearean comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Die Entführung aus dem Serail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail"},{"link_name":"Seraglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraglio"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"Robert Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Arabian Nightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arabian_Nightmare"},{"link_name":"doppelgänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Innocents Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocents_Abroad"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Henri Charrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Charri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Papillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillon_(book)"},{"link_name":"Devil's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Hunter S. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Pitkin County, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitkin_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mario Puzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Puzo"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corleone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corleone"}],"sub_title":"In literature","text":"In act V, scene I of the Shakespearean comedy As You Like It, Touchstone threatens William with the line: \"I will deal in poison with thee, or in bastinado, or in steel...\"\nIn act I, scene X of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (\"The Abduction from the Seraglio\"), Osmin threatens Belmonte and Pedrillo with bastinado: \"Sonst soll die Bastonade Euch gleich zu Diensten steh'n.\" (lit. \"Or the bastonade will serve you soon.\").\nIn act I, scene XIX of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute, Sarastro orders Monostatos to be punished with 77 blows on the soles of his feet: \"He! gebt dem Ehrenmann sogleich/nur sieben und siebenzig Sohlenstreich'.\" (lit. \"Give the gentleman immediately just seventy-seven strokes on the soles.\")\nIn Chapter 8, Climatic Conditions, of Robert Irwin's novel The Arabian Nightmare, Sultan's doppelgänger is discovered and is questioned. \"He was bastinadoed lightly to make him talk (for a heavy bastinado killed), but the man sobered up quickly and said nothing.\"\nIn Chapter 58 of Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain, a member of Twain's party goes to collect a specimen from the face of the Sphinx and Twain sends a sheik to warn him of the consequences: \"...by the laws of Egypt the crime he was attempting to commit was punishable with imprisonment or the bastinado.\"\nIn Henri Charrière's Papillon, the author recalls having this done to him at Devil's Island, whereupon he had to be carried about in a wheelbarrow, with the soles of his feet resting against garden fork handles.\nIn Tony Anthony's autobiography: Taming the Tiger, he was tortured and interrogated by Cyprian policemen using primarily this method, before being imprisoned in Nicosia central prison.\nWhen \"Gonzo\" journalist Hunter S. Thompson ran an unsuccessful campaign for Sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, in 1970, he said his plan for dealing with the illicit drug trade was that \"My first act as Sheriff will be to install, on the courthouse lawn, a bastinado platform and a set of stocks in order to punish dishonest dope dealers in a proper public fashion.\"[25][26]\nIn Mario Puzo's novel of The Godfather, three corrupt home-repair workers are \"thoroughly bastinadoed\" by Sonny Corleone.","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0691143330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691143330"}],"text":"Rejali, Darius (2009). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691143330.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Bastinado demonstration using a cane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Foot_whipping.JPG/262px-Foot_whipping.JPG"},{"image_text":"Middle Eastern falaka using a plank; Iran, early 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Antoin_Sevruguin_12_Falak_Whipping_the_soles_of_a_criminal.jpg/220px-Antoin_Sevruguin_12_Falak_Whipping_the_soles_of_a_criminal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foot whipping in an Iraqi prison; museum exhibit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Foot_whipping_in_Amna_Suraka_museum%2C_Sulaymaniyah.jpg/220px-Foot_whipping_in_Amna_Suraka_museum%2C_Sulaymaniyah.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Foot whipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Foot_whipping"},{"title":"Barefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot"},{"title":"Judicial corporal punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment"},{"title":"Physical restraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_restraint"},{"title":"Prisoners' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights"}]
[{"reference":"\"Flogging | punishment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/flogging#ref177595","url_text":"\"Flogging | punishment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bastinado\". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/dictionaries/dict_meaning.php?source=1&wid=T0000469","url_text":"\"Bastinado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wimmersdorf: 270 Schläge auf die Fußsohlen\" (in German). kurier.at. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://kurier.at/chronik/niederoesterreich/wimmersdorf-270-schlaege-auf-die-fusssohlen/30.980.261","url_text":"\"Wimmersdorf: 270 Schläge auf die Fußsohlen\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Francis Bisset (1839). Germany: The Spirit of Her History, Literature, Social Condition and National Economy : Illustrated by Reference to Her Physical, Moral, and Political Statistics, and by Comparison with Other Countries. Charles Jugel at the German and foreign library. p. 235.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McLynn, Frank (2001). Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution. Pimlico. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7126-6677-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFGOJ2VYgT4C","url_text":"Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6677-0","url_text":"978-0-7126-6677-0"}]},{"reference":"Kroupa, Mikuláš (10 March 2012). \"Příběhy 20. století: Za vraždu estébáka se komunisté mstili torturou\" [Tales of the 20th century: For the murder of a state security officer, the communists took revenge with torture]. iDnes (in Czech). Retrieved 1 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://zpravy.idnes.cz/pribehy-20-stoleti-za-vrazdu-estebaka-se-komuniste-mstili-torturou-1dt-/domaci.aspx?c=A120309_150646_domaci_brm","url_text":"\"Příběhy 20. století: Za vraždu estébáka se komunisté mstili torturou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1680halde3.asp","url_text":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks\""}]},{"reference":"\"E/CN.4/1997/7 Fifty-third session, Item 8(a) of the provisional agenda UN Doc., 10 January 1997\". Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080209174652/http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-7.htm#Bahrain","url_text":"\"E/CN.4/1997/7 Fifty-third session, Item 8(a) of the provisional agenda UN Doc., 10 January 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-7.htm#Bahrain","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sibongile Sukati (9 September 2010). \"Sipakatane for rowdy foreigners\". Times of Swaziland. Mbabane.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.times.co.sz/index.php?news=20549","url_text":"\"Sipakatane for rowdy foreigners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice en Tunisie : un printemps inachevé\". ACAT. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140926182603/http://www.unmondetortionnaire.com/Justice-en-Tunisie-un-printemps","url_text":"\"Justice en Tunisie : un printemps inachevé\""},{"url":"http://www.unmondetortionnaire.com/Justice-en-Tunisie-un-printemps","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Christine; Popelka, Jessica; Griffin, Nicole (8 June 2014). \"Confirming Torture: The Use of Imaging in Victims of Falanga\". www.forensicmag.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2014/08/confirming-torture-use-imaging-victims-falanga","url_text":"\"Confirming Torture: The Use of Imaging in Victims of Falanga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leaked Video Blows Lid off Torture in Russian Prisons\". Human Rights Watch. Russia. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/30/leaked-video-blows-lid-torture-russian-prisons","url_text":"\"Leaked Video Blows Lid off Torture in Russian Prisons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists | Amnesty International\". Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190113154234/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/saudi-arabia-reports-of-torture-and-sexual-harassment-of-detained-activists/","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists | Amnesty International\""},{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/saudi-arabia-reports-of-torture-and-sexual-harassment-of-detained-activists/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Christian (October 2016). \"The Clothes of Hunter S. Thompson\". The Rake.","urls":[{"url":"https://therake.com/stories/icons/fear-clothing-hunter-s-thompson/","url_text":"\"The Clothes of Hunter S. Thompson\""}]},{"reference":"Willis, David (3 September 2020). \"When Hunter S. Thompson Ran for Sheriff\". Literary Hub.","urls":[{"url":"https://lithub.com/when-hunter-s-thompson-ran-for-sheriff/","url_text":"\"When Hunter S. Thompson Ran for Sheriff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Hub","url_text":"Literary Hub"}]},{"reference":"Rejali, Darius (2009). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691143330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691143330","url_text":"978-0691143330"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/flogging#ref177595","external_links_name":"\"Flogging | punishment\""},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/dictionaries/dict_meaning.php?source=1&wid=T0000469","external_links_name":"\"Bastinado\""},{"Link":"http://kurier.at/chronik/niederoesterreich/wimmersdorf-270-schlaege-auf-die-fusssohlen/30.980.261","external_links_name":"\"Wimmersdorf: 270 Schläge auf die Fußsohlen\""},{"Link":"http://www.krone.at/Oesterreich/Berichte_ueber_Folter_in_Kinder-Heim_auf_der_Hohen_Warte-Schwere_Vorwuerfe-Story-316489","external_links_name":"Berichte über Folter im Kinderheim auf der Hohen Warte"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFGOJ2VYgT4C","external_links_name":"Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution"},{"Link":"http://www.krone.at/Oesterreich/Berichte_ueber_Folter_in_Kinder-Heim_auf_der_Hohen_Warte-Schwere_Vorwuerfe-Story-316489","external_links_name":"Berichte über Folter in Kinderheimen auf der Hohen Warte"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV59DwAAQBAJ&dq=barfu%C3%9Fzwang&pg=PT275","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/system/files/downloads/ravensbrueck_0.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RSvAKgxEhuwC&dq=%22the+method%22+%22pericles+korovessis%22&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"Pericles Korovessis, The Method: A Personal Account of the Tortures in Greece"},{"Link":"http://zpravy.idnes.cz/pribehy-20-stoleti-za-vrazdu-estebaka-se-komuniste-mstili-torturou-1dt-/domaci.aspx?c=A120309_150646_domaci_brm","external_links_name":"\"Příběhy 20. století: Za vraždu estébáka se komunisté mstili torturou\""},{"Link":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1680halde3.asp","external_links_name":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080209174652/http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-7.htm#Bahrain","external_links_name":"\"E/CN.4/1997/7 Fifty-third session, Item 8(a) of the provisional agenda UN Doc., 10 January 1997\""},{"Link":"http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-7.htm#Bahrain","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hrforumzim.com/special_hrru/analysis_1998_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Analysis of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Legal Cases, 1998-2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080721200732/http://www.hrforumzim.com/special_hrru/analysis_1998_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.times.co.sz/index.php?news=20549","external_links_name":"\"Sipakatane for rowdy foreigners\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140926182603/http://www.unmondetortionnaire.com/Justice-en-Tunisie-un-printemps","external_links_name":"\"Justice en Tunisie : un printemps inachevé\""},{"Link":"http://www.unmondetortionnaire.com/Justice-en-Tunisie-un-printemps","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2014/08/confirming-torture-use-imaging-victims-falanga","external_links_name":"\"Confirming Torture: The Use of Imaging in Victims of Falanga\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/30/leaked-video-blows-lid-torture-russian-prisons","external_links_name":"\"Leaked Video Blows Lid off Torture in Russian Prisons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190113154234/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/saudi-arabia-reports-of-torture-and-sexual-harassment-of-detained-activists/","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia: Reports of torture and sexual harassment of detained activists | Amnesty International\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/saudi-arabia-reports-of-torture-and-sexual-harassment-of-detained-activists/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://therake.com/stories/icons/fear-clothing-hunter-s-thompson/","external_links_name":"\"The Clothes of Hunter S. Thompson\""},{"Link":"https://lithub.com/when-hunter-s-thompson-ran-for-sheriff/","external_links_name":"\"When Hunter S. Thompson Ran for Sheriff\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Opportunity_Program
Higher Education Opportunity Program
["1 Participating institutions","2 References"]
Program in the State of New York The Arthur O. Eve Higher Education Opportunity Program (HEOP) is a partnership between the State of New York and its independent colleges that provides scholarships to economically and educationally disadvantaged residents. It is mainly awarded to underrepresented minority students, such as African Americans and Hispanics. HEOP is funded jointly by participating colleges and the New York State Arthur O. Eve Higher Education Opportunity Program, and supported, in part, by a grant from the New York State Education Department. All HEOP students must be New York State residents (including undocumented immigrants) and must meet both financial and academic guidelines. The HEOP program was funded under Title V of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and was approved by Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York. The program provides grants ranging from $40,000-$70,000 a year to more than 50 colleges to fund students admitted through HEOP. HEOP ensures full need packaging for all HEOP students and can cover the cost of tuition, room and board, books and potential student fees. In order to be eligible for the Higher Education Opportunity Program, a student must have been a New York State resident for 1 year, have a high school or equivalent state-approved diploma (such as the Armed Forces), be academically disadvantaged (meaning the student would not be admitted according to regular admission standards), be financially disadvantaged (based on income cutoffs, varying by college), and demonstrate ambition to succeed. Participating institutions Alfred University Alliance University Bard College Barnard College Boricua College Canisius College Clarkson University College of Mount Saint Vincent College of Saint Rose Columbia University (Columbia College & School of Engineering and Applied Science) Cornell University Daemen University D'Youville University Five Towns College Fordham University Hamilton College Hilbert College Hobart and William Smith Colleges Ithaca College Keuka College Le Moyne College Long Island University (Brooklyn and C.W. Post campuses) Manhattan College Marist College Marymount Manhattan CollegeMedaille University Mercy College Mount Saint Mary College Nazareth University The New School New York Institute of Technology (Manhattan Center) New York University Niagara University Paul Smith's College Pratt Institute Rochester Institute of Technology Russell Sage College Sage College of Albany St. Bonaventure University St. John Fisher University St. Lawrence University St. Thomas Aquinas College Siena College Skidmore College Syracuse University (including continuing education) Trocaire College Union College University of Rochester Utica University Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology References ^ a b c Higher Education Opportunity Program (1970). "Higher Education Opportunity Program Final Report Part I". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "HEOP Grant RFP 2019-2024" (PDF). New York State Education Department. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ State Education Department. "HEOP 2012-2013 Program Brochure" (PDF). Retrieved July 10, 2012.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEOP_Report-1"},{"link_name":"Elementary and Secondary Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"Nelson Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEOP_Report-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEOP_Report-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEOP_Grant_RFP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEOP_Work-3"}],"text":"The Arthur O. Eve Higher Education Opportunity Program (HEOP) is a partnership between the State of New York and its independent colleges that provides scholarships to economically and educationally disadvantaged residents. It is mainly awarded to underrepresented minority students, such as African Americans and Hispanics.HEOP is funded jointly by participating colleges and the New York State Arthur O. Eve Higher Education Opportunity Program, and supported, in part, by a grant from the New York State Education Department.All HEOP students must be New York State residents (including undocumented immigrants) and must meet both financial and academic guidelines. [1] The HEOP program was funded under Title V of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and was approved by Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York.[1]The program provides grants ranging from $40,000-$70,000 a year to more than 50 colleges to fund students admitted through HEOP. [1] HEOP ensures full need packaging for all HEOP students and can cover the cost of tuition, room and board, books and potential student fees.[2]In order to be eligible for the Higher Education Opportunity Program, a student must have been a New York State resident for 1 year, have a high school or equivalent state-approved diploma (such as the Armed Forces), be academically disadvantaged (meaning the student would not be admitted according to regular admission standards), be financially disadvantaged (based on income cutoffs, varying by college), and demonstrate ambition to succeed.[3]","title":"Higher Education Opportunity Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_University"},{"link_name":"Alliance University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_University_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"Barnard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College"},{"link_name":"Boricua College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boricua_College"},{"link_name":"Canisius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canisius_College"},{"link_name":"Clarkson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_University"},{"link_name":"College of Mount Saint Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Mount_Saint_Vincent"},{"link_name":"College of Saint Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Saint_Rose"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"School of Engineering and Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Daemen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemen_University"},{"link_name":"D'Youville University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Youville_University"},{"link_name":"Five Towns College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Towns_College"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"Hamilton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College"},{"link_name":"Hilbert College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_College"},{"link_name":"Hobart and William Smith Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Ithaca College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_College"},{"link_name":"Keuka College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuka_College"},{"link_name":"Le Moyne College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Moyne_College"},{"link_name":"Long Island University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University"},{"link_name":"Manhattan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_College"},{"link_name":"Marist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_College"},{"link_name":"Marymount Manhattan CollegeMedaille University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount_Manhattan_College"},{"link_name":"Mercy College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_College_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Mary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Mary_College"},{"link_name":"Nazareth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_University"},{"link_name":"The New School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School"},{"link_name":"New York Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Niagara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_University"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Pratt Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_Institute"},{"link_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Russell Sage College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Sage_College"},{"link_name":"Sage College of Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_College_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"St. Bonaventure University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bonaventure_University"},{"link_name":"St. John Fisher University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Fisher_University"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_University"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Aquinas College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas_College"},{"link_name":"Siena College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College"},{"link_name":"Skidmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore_College"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"Trocaire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocaire_College"},{"link_name":"Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Utica University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica_University"},{"link_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughn_College_of_Aeronautics_and_Technology"}],"text":"Alfred University\nAlliance University\nBard College\nBarnard College\nBoricua College\nCanisius College\nClarkson University\nCollege of Mount Saint Vincent\nCollege of Saint Rose\nColumbia University (Columbia College & School of Engineering and Applied Science)\nCornell University\nDaemen University\nD'Youville University\nFive Towns College\nFordham University\nHamilton College\nHilbert College\nHobart and William Smith Colleges\nIthaca College\nKeuka College\nLe Moyne College\nLong Island University (Brooklyn and C.W. Post campuses)\nManhattan College\nMarist College\nMarymount Manhattan CollegeMedaille University\nMercy College\nMount Saint Mary College\nNazareth University\nThe New School\nNew York Institute of Technology (Manhattan Center)\nNew York University\nNiagara University\nPaul Smith's College\nPratt Institute\nRochester Institute of Technology\nRussell Sage College\nSage College of Albany\nSt. Bonaventure University\nSt. John Fisher University\nSt. Lawrence University\nSt. Thomas Aquinas College\nSiena College\nSkidmore College\nSyracuse University (including continuing education)\nTrocaire College\nUnion College\nUniversity of Rochester\nUtica University\nVaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","title":"Participating institutions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Higher Education Opportunity Program (1970). \"Higher Education Opportunity Program Final Report Part I\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"HEOP Grant RFP 2019-2024\" (PDF). New York State Education Department. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/heop-grant-rfp-2019-final.pdf","url_text":"\"HEOP Grant RFP 2019-2024\""}]},{"reference":"State Education Department. \"HEOP 2012-2013 Program Brochure\" (PDF). Retrieved July 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highered.nysed.gov/kiap/colldev/HEOP/documents/HEOPWebBrochure2012-13.pdf","url_text":"\"HEOP 2012-2013 Program Brochure\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/heop-grant-rfp-2019-final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HEOP Grant RFP 2019-2024\""},{"Link":"http://www.highered.nysed.gov/kiap/colldev/HEOP/documents/HEOPWebBrochure2012-13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HEOP 2012-2013 Program Brochure\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailways_Transportation_System
Trailways Transportation System
["1 History","2 Current members","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Network of American bus service operators Carolina Trailways bus in Philadelphia in 2009Founded1936HeadquartersFairfax, Virginia, U.S.Service areaUnited StatesCanadaGermanyNetherlandsService typeIntercity coach service, Charter bus serviceOperatorCooperativeWebsitewww.trailways.com The Trailways Transportation System is a public transport bus service in the United States. It operates as network of approximately 70 independent bus companies. The company is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. History The predecessor to Trailways Transportation System was founded February 5, 1936, by Burlington Transportation Company, Santa Fe Trails Transportation Company, Missouri Pacific Stages, Safeway Lines, Inc., and Frank Martz Coach Company. 1949 matchbook cover art The system originated with coast-to-coast service as the National Trailways Bus System (NTBS). Greyhound Lines had grown so quickly in the 1920s and 1930s that the Interstate Commerce Commission encouraged smaller independent operators to form the NTBS to provide competition. Unlike Greyhound, which centralized ownership, Trailways member companies became a formidable competitor while staying an association of almost 100 separate companies. In the 1950s, Morgan W. Walker, Sr., of Alexandria, Louisiana, became head of the southern division of the company. He had entered the business on a small scale during World War II as the Interurban Transportation Company of Alexandria. During the 1950s and 1960s, consolidation among bus operators resulted in four of the five original Trailways members becoming part of a new company, Continental Trailways, which eventually operated the majority of Trailways routes. In 1968, under the leadership of major stockholder Kemmons Wilson, Holiday Inn acquired Continental Trailways, which remained a subsidiary of Holiday Inn until 1979, when Holiday Inn sold Trailways to private investor Henry Lea Hillman Sr., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the years during which Trailways was a subsidiary of Holiday Inn, television commercials for Holiday Inn frequently showed a Trailways bus stopping at a Holiday Inn hotel. Regular route bus ridership in the United States had been declining steadily since World War II despite minor gains during the 1973 and 1979 energy crises. By 1986, the Greyhound Bus Line had been spun off from the parent company to new owners, which resulted in Greyhound Lines becoming solely a bus transportation company. It was sold off to new owners headed by Fred Currey, a former executive with the largest member of the National Trailways Bus System. The old Greyhound parent had changed its name to Dial Corporation. Under the new ownership in 1987, led by Currey, Greyhound Lines later acquired the former Continental Trailways company, the largest member of the Trailways system, effectively eliminating a large portion of bus competition. Although Greyhound negotiated cooperative schedules with Carolina Coach Company and Southeastern Trailways, two of the larger members of the Trailways system, many smaller carriers were effectively forced out of business. Greyhound later acquired Carolina and the intercity operations of Southeastern. Most of the survivors diversified into charters and tours. A Santa Fe bus used to transport workers to defense plants during World War II Japanese-American youths are transported to the Rohwer War Relocation Center aboard a Missouri Pacific Trailways bus, 1944 The Petersburg Trailways Bus Station in Petersburg, Virginia is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Trailways sign in Warrensburg, New York Continental Trailways bus outside the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, 1968 Current members Adirondack Trailways bus in Nanuet, New York U.S. Customs and Border Protection scans Fullington Trailways buses carrying delegates into the 2016 Democratic National Convention Dakota Trailways bus in Denver, 2016 Northwestern Trailways bus in Craigmont, Idaho Pine Hill Trailways bus "Trailways Bus Depot" art in 1949 Today Trailways members are spread across North America. They provide charter bus service, bus tours and scheduled route services, with some members providing regular route service to areas not served by any other bus company on an interlining basis with Greyhound Lines, each other, and independent companies. Members also offer motorcoach charters and tours in competitive markets. As of April 2023, Trailways members are: Amador Trailways of California – Sacramento, California Amador Trailways of Nevada – Reno, Nevada Aries Trailways – Naperville, Illinois Arrow Trailways of Texas – Killeen, Texas Burlington Trailways – West Burlington, Iowa Capital Trailways of Alabama – Montgomery, Alabama Capital Trailways of Huntsville – Madison, Alabama Colonial Trailways – Mobile, Alabama Dakota Trailways – Spearfish, South Dakota David Thomas Trailways – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dean Trailways – Lansing, Michigan Elbo Trailways, the Netherlands – Heino, Netherlands First Class Trailways – St. Petersburg, Florida Fullington Trailways – State College, Pennsylvania Gold Line Trailways – Tuxedo, Maryland Great Canadian Trailways – Kitchener, Ontario Harmon Brothers Trailways – Union City, Georgia Heartland Trailways – Kansas City, Missouri Huskey Trailways – Festus, Missouri Martz Group – Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania New York Trailways – Rochester, New York Northwestern Trailways – Spokane, Washington Pacific Coachways Trailways – Garden Grove, California Pine Hill Trailways – Hurley, New York Precious Cargo Trailways – Chagrin Falls, Ohio Red River Trailways – Shreveport, Louisiana Susquehanna Trailways – Williamsport, Pennsylvania Trailways of New York – Hurley, New York Thrasher Brothers Trailways – Birmingham, Alabama Utah Trailways – Salt Lake City, Utah VIA Trailways of Arizona – Tempe, Arizona VIA Trailways of Fresno – Fresno, California VIA Trailways of Merced – Merced, California Viking Trailways – Joplin, Missouri West Point Tours Trailways – Vails Gate, New York See also Virginia portalBuses portal Jefferson Lines Laidlaw List of bus transit systems in the United States Peter Pan Bus Lines References ^ "Home". Trailways Transportation System. Retrieved on June 30, 2010. "3554 Chain Bridge Road Suite 202 Fairfax VA 22030-2709". ^ Leslie (5 August 2006). "Deep Roots and High Branches – Walker Family History: Morgan Wailes Walker". longrootshighbranches.blogspot.com. ^ "Heads Bus System". The Courtland Journal. June 3, 1947. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ United Press (October 9, 1948). "American Buslines May Merge With Subsidiary". Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ "Would Take Over Line". St. Joseph News-Press. September 18, 1952. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ "INTERCITY BUS ROUTES – HISTORY". Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ "Trailways remembers Marvin E. Walsh October 27, 1906 – November 5, 2008" (PDF). Trailways Traveler. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ Thomas C. Hayes (June 20, 1987). "Greyhound in Deal for Trailways". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ "The Dispatch – Google News Archive Search". google.com. ^ "Greyhound Acquires Southeastern Trailways Business – Free Online Library". thefreelibrary.com. ^ "Trailways Carriers Bus Rental - U.S. - Canada - Europe". Trailways.com. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ "Trailways Charter Bus Network (TWYR) 2023–24 Charter Directory". www.Trailways.com. Retrieved April 9, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trailways Transportation System. Trailways website vteTrailways companiesEastern United States Martz Trailways Trailways of New York Midwestern United States Burlington Trailways Canada Great Canadian Coaches Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public transport bus service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service"},{"link_name":"Fairfax, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Trailways Transportation System is a public transport bus service in the United States. It operates as network of approximately 70 independent bus companies. The company is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia.[1]","title":"Trailways Transportation System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burlington Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Trails Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Missouri Pacific Stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Frank Martz Coach Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martz_Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22National_Trailways_Bus_System%22_ad_in_1949_-_Trailways_Bus_Company_-_Matchbook_cover_-_Allentown_PA_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Interstate Commerce Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kemmons Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmons_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Henry Lea Hillman Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hillman"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"television commercials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"1979 energy crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"Dial Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Trailways_bus_circa_World_War_II.JPG"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Closing_of_the_Jerome_Relocation_Center,_Denson,_Arkansas._Students_of_the_Denson_High_School_who_a_._._._-_NARA_-_539641.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rohwer War Relocation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohwer_War_Relocation_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trailways_Bus_Terminal;_Petersburg,_VA_-_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Petersburg Trailways Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg_Trailways_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"Petersburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trailways_sign_in_Warrensburg,_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warrensburg, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrensburg,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Continental_Trailways_bus_at_MSI_in_Chicago,_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Science and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"text":"The predecessor to Trailways Transportation System was founded February 5, 1936, by Burlington Transportation Company, Santa Fe Trails Transportation Company, Missouri Pacific Stages, Safeway Lines, Inc., and Frank Martz Coach Company.1949 matchbook cover artThe system originated with coast-to-coast service as the National Trailways Bus System (NTBS). Greyhound Lines had grown so quickly in the 1920s and 1930s that the Interstate Commerce Commission encouraged smaller independent operators to form the NTBS to provide competition. Unlike Greyhound, which centralized ownership, Trailways member companies became a formidable competitor while staying an association of almost 100 separate companies. In the 1950s, Morgan W. Walker, Sr., of Alexandria, Louisiana, became head of the southern division of the company. He had entered the business on a small scale during World War II as the Interurban Transportation Company of Alexandria.[2] During the 1950s and 1960s, consolidation among bus operators resulted in four of the five original Trailways members becoming part of a new company, Continental Trailways, which eventually operated the majority of Trailways routes.[3][4][5][6][7]In 1968, under the leadership of major stockholder Kemmons Wilson, Holiday Inn acquired Continental Trailways, which remained a subsidiary of Holiday Inn until 1979, when Holiday Inn sold Trailways to private investor Henry Lea Hillman Sr., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the years during which Trailways was a subsidiary of Holiday Inn, television commercials for Holiday Inn frequently showed a Trailways bus stopping at a Holiday Inn hotel.Regular route bus ridership in the United States had been declining steadily since World War II despite minor gains during the 1973 and 1979 energy crises. By 1986, the Greyhound Bus Line had been spun off from the parent company to new owners, which resulted in Greyhound Lines becoming solely a bus transportation company. It was sold off to new owners headed by Fred Currey, a former executive with the largest member of the National Trailways Bus System. The old Greyhound parent had changed its name to Dial Corporation.Under the new ownership in 1987, led by Currey, Greyhound Lines later acquired the former Continental Trailways company, the largest member of the Trailways system, effectively eliminating a large portion of bus competition.[8] Although Greyhound negotiated cooperative schedules with Carolina Coach Company and Southeastern Trailways, two of the larger members of the Trailways system, many smaller carriers were effectively forced out of business. Greyhound later acquired Carolina and the intercity operations of Southeastern.[9][10] Most of the survivors diversified into charters and tours.A Santa Fe bus used to transport workers to defense plants during World War II\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJapanese-American youths are transported to the Rohwer War Relocation Center aboard a Missouri Pacific Trailways bus, 1944\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Petersburg Trailways Bus Station in Petersburg, Virginia is listed on the National Register of Historic Places\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrailways sign in Warrensburg, New York\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tContinental Trailways bus outside the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, 1968","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adirondack_Trailways_MCI_102B3_62934.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Nanuet, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanuet,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PHL_DNC225_(28734693006).jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"2016 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dakota_Bus,_Trailways,_Denver,_CO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northwestern_Trailways_8732538754.jpg"},{"link_name":"Craigmont, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigmont,_Idaho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pine_Hill_Trailways_72932.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pine Hill Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailways_of_New_York#Pine_Hill_Trailways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Trailways_Bus_Depot%22_art_in_1949_-_Trailways_Bus_Company_-_Matchcover_-_Allentown_PA_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"motorcoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcoach"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailways_Transportation_System&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Reno, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Naperville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Killeen, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Burlington Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Trailways"},{"link_name":"West Burlington, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Burlington,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Madison, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Spearfish, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfish,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Heino, Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heino,_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"State College, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Tuxedo, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Kitchener, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Union City, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Festus, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festus,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Martz Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martz_Group"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"New York Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Spokane, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Garden Grove, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Grove,_California"},{"link_name":"Pine Hill Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Hill_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Hurley, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chagrin Falls, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagrin_Falls,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Williamsport, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Trailways of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailways_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hurley, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Tempe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Fresno, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California"},{"link_name":"Merced, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced,_California"},{"link_name":"Joplin, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Vails Gate, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vails_Gate,_New_York"}],"text":"Adirondack Trailways bus in Nanuet, New YorkU.S. Customs and Border Protection scans Fullington Trailways buses carrying delegates into the 2016 Democratic National ConventionDakota Trailways bus in Denver, 2016Northwestern Trailways bus in Craigmont, IdahoPine Hill Trailways bus\"Trailways Bus Depot\" art in 1949Today Trailways members are spread across North America. They provide charter bus service, bus tours and scheduled route services, with some members providing regular route service to areas not served by any other bus company on an interlining basis with Greyhound Lines, each other, and independent companies. Members also offer motorcoach charters and tours in competitive markets.As of April 2023[update], Trailways members are:[11][12]Amador Trailways of California – Sacramento, California\nAmador Trailways of Nevada – Reno, Nevada\nAries Trailways – Naperville, Illinois\nArrow Trailways of Texas – Killeen, Texas\nBurlington Trailways – West Burlington, Iowa\nCapital Trailways of Alabama – Montgomery, Alabama\nCapital Trailways of Huntsville – Madison, Alabama\nColonial Trailways – Mobile, Alabama\nDakota Trailways – Spearfish, South Dakota\nDavid Thomas Trailways – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nDean Trailways – Lansing, Michigan\nElbo Trailways, the Netherlands – Heino, Netherlands\nFirst Class Trailways – St. Petersburg, Florida\nFullington Trailways – State College, Pennsylvania\nGold Line Trailways – Tuxedo, Maryland\nGreat Canadian Trailways – Kitchener, Ontario\nHarmon Brothers Trailways – Union City, Georgia\nHeartland Trailways – Kansas City, Missouri\nHuskey Trailways – Festus, Missouri\nMartz Group – Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania\nNew York Trailways – Rochester, New York\nNorthwestern Trailways – Spokane, Washington\nPacific Coachways Trailways – Garden Grove, California\nPine Hill Trailways – Hurley, New York\nPrecious Cargo Trailways – Chagrin Falls, Ohio\nRed River Trailways – Shreveport, Louisiana\nSusquehanna Trailways – Williamsport, Pennsylvania\nTrailways of New York – Hurley, New York\nThrasher Brothers Trailways – Birmingham, Alabama\nUtah Trailways – Salt Lake City, Utah\nVIA Trailways of Arizona – Tempe, Arizona\nVIA Trailways of Fresno – Fresno, California\nVIA Trailways of Merced – Merced, California\nViking Trailways – Joplin, Missouri\nWest Point Tours Trailways – Vails Gate, New York","title":"Current members"}]
[{"image_text":"1949 matchbook cover art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%22National_Trailways_Bus_System%22_ad_in_1949_-_Trailways_Bus_Company_-_Matchbook_cover_-_Allentown_PA_%28cropped%29.jpg/262px-%22National_Trailways_Bus_System%22_ad_in_1949_-_Trailways_Bus_Company_-_Matchbook_cover_-_Allentown_PA_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adirondack Trailways bus in Nanuet, New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adirondack_Trailways_MCI_102B3_62934.jpg/220px-Adirondack_Trailways_MCI_102B3_62934.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection scans Fullington Trailways buses carrying delegates into the 2016 Democratic National Convention","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PHL_DNC225_%2828734693006%29.jpg/220px-PHL_DNC225_%2828734693006%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dakota Trailways bus in Denver, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dakota_Bus%2C_Trailways%2C_Denver%2C_CO.jpg/220px-Dakota_Bus%2C_Trailways%2C_Denver%2C_CO.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northwestern Trailways bus in Craigmont, Idaho","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Northwestern_Trailways_8732538754.jpg/220px-Northwestern_Trailways_8732538754.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pine Hill Trailways bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pine_Hill_Trailways_72932.JPG/220px-Pine_Hill_Trailways_72932.JPG"},{"image_text":"\"Trailways Bus Depot\" art in 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%22Trailways_Bus_Depot%22_art_in_1949_-_Trailways_Bus_Company_-_Matchcover_-_Allentown_PA_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%22Trailways_Bus_Depot%22_art_in_1949_-_Trailways_Bus_Company_-_Matchcover_-_Allentown_PA_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Virginia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Virginia"},{"title":"Buses portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buses"},{"title":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"title":"Laidlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laidlaw"},{"title":"List of bus transit systems in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Peter Pan Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_Bus_Lines"}]
[{"reference":"Leslie (5 August 2006). \"Deep Roots and High Branches – Walker Family History: Morgan Wailes Walker\". longrootshighbranches.blogspot.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://longrootshighbranches.blogspot.com/2006/08/morgan-wailes-walker.html","url_text":"\"Deep Roots and High Branches – Walker Family History: Morgan Wailes Walker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heads Bus System\". The Courtland Journal. June 3, 1947. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bqBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SCgQAAAAIBAJ&pg=2528,2803536&dq=santa-fe-trails+transcontinental+bus+system&hl=en","url_text":"\"Heads Bus System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courtland_Journal","url_text":"The Courtland Journal"}]},{"reference":"United Press (October 9, 1948). \"American Buslines May Merge With Subsidiary\". Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press","url_text":"United Press"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jj4bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3746,3508557&hl=en","url_text":"\"American Buslines May Merge With Subsidiary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press","url_text":"Pittsburgh Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Would Take Over Line\". St. Joseph News-Press. September 18, 1952. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NS9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TToNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2932,4054650&hl=en","url_text":"\"Would Take Over Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_News-Press","url_text":"St. Joseph News-Press"}]},{"reference":"\"INTERCITY BUS ROUTES – HISTORY\". Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.me.com/willvdv/chirailfan/greyhrar.html","url_text":"\"INTERCITY BUS ROUTES – HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailways remembers Marvin E. Walsh October 27, 1906 – November 5, 2008\" (PDF). Trailways Traveler. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021111910/http://www.trailways.com/Traveler_09.pdf","url_text":"\"Trailways remembers Marvin E. Walsh October 27, 1906 – November 5, 2008\""},{"url":"http://trailways.com/Traveler_09.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas C. Hayes (June 20, 1987). \"Greyhound in Deal for Trailways\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/20/business/greyhound-in-deal-for-trailways.html","url_text":"\"Greyhound in Deal for Trailways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dispatch – Google News Archive Search\". google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z-cbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tFIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2320,883849","url_text":"\"The Dispatch – Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greyhound Acquires Southeastern Trailways Business – Free Online Library\". thefreelibrary.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Greyhound%20Acquires%20Southeastern%20Trailways%20Business-a020867687","url_text":"\"Greyhound Acquires Southeastern Trailways Business – Free Online Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailways Carriers Bus Rental - U.S. - Canada - Europe\". Trailways.com. Retrieved April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://trailways.com/our-carriers/","url_text":"\"Trailways Carriers Bus Rental - U.S. - Canada - Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailways Charter Bus Network (TWYR) 2023–24 Charter Directory\". www.Trailways.com. Retrieved April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trailways-digital.com/twyr/2023-2024_charter_directory/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=2&folio=2#pg3","url_text":"\"Trailways Charter Bus Network (TWYR) 2023–24 Charter Directory\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.trailways.com/","external_links_name":"www.trailways.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trailways_Transportation_System&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.trailways.com/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"http://longrootshighbranches.blogspot.com/2006/08/morgan-wailes-walker.html","external_links_name":"\"Deep Roots and High Branches – Walker Family History: Morgan Wailes Walker\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bqBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SCgQAAAAIBAJ&pg=2528,2803536&dq=santa-fe-trails+transcontinental+bus+system&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Heads Bus System\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jj4bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3746,3508557&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"American Buslines May Merge With Subsidiary\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NS9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TToNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2932,4054650&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Would Take Over Line\""},{"Link":"http://web.me.com/willvdv/chirailfan/greyhrar.html","external_links_name":"\"INTERCITY BUS ROUTES – HISTORY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021111910/http://www.trailways.com/Traveler_09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trailways remembers Marvin E. Walsh October 27, 1906 – November 5, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://trailways.com/Traveler_09.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/20/business/greyhound-in-deal-for-trailways.html","external_links_name":"\"Greyhound in Deal for Trailways\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z-cbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tFIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2320,883849","external_links_name":"\"The Dispatch – Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Greyhound%20Acquires%20Southeastern%20Trailways%20Business-a020867687","external_links_name":"\"Greyhound Acquires Southeastern Trailways Business – Free Online Library\""},{"Link":"https://trailways.com/our-carriers/","external_links_name":"\"Trailways Carriers Bus Rental - U.S. - Canada - Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.trailways-digital.com/twyr/2023-2024_charter_directory/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=2&folio=2#pg3","external_links_name":"\"Trailways Charter Bus Network (TWYR) 2023–24 Charter Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.trailways.com/","external_links_name":"Trailways website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1220147270406035700000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016110870","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D
Dojo
["1 History","2 In martial arts","2.1 Honbu dōjō","2.2 Other names for training halls","3 In other fields","3.1 Zen Buddhism","4 Explanatory notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Place for immersive learning, experiential learning or meditation For other uses, see Dojo (disambiguation). Dōjō"Dōjō" in kanjiJapanese nameKanji道場TranscriptionsRomanizationdōjō A dōjō (道場, Japanese pronunciation: ) is a hall or place for immersive learning, experiential learning, or meditation. This is traditionally in the field of martial arts. The term literally means "place of the Way" in Japanese. History The Ikenobō dōjō (right) next to Rokkaku-dō, Kyoto The word dōjō originates from Buddhism. Initially, dōjō were adjunct to temples and were formal training places for any of the Japanese arts ending in "-dō", from the Chinese Dao, meaning "way" or "path". Sometimes meditation halls where Zen Buddhists practice zazen meditation were called dōjō. The alternative term zen-do is more specific, and more widely used. European Sōtō Zen groups affiliated with the International Zen Association prefer to use dōjō instead of zendo to describe their meditation halls as did their founding master, Taisen Deshimaru. In Japan, any facility for physical training, including professional wrestling, may be called a dōjō. In the Western world, the term dōjō (when related to physical activity) is used exclusively for Japanese martial arts such as aikidō, jūdō, karate-dō, etc. In martial arts A kendō dōjō, Tokyo Traditional Dojo – Shurei no yakata, Karate Kaikan – in Tomigusuku near Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan A proper Japanese martial arts dōjō is considered special and is well cared for by its users. Shoes are not worn in a dōjō. In many styles it is traditional to conduct a ritual cleaning (sōji; 掃除) of the dōjō at the beginning and/or end of each training session. Besides the obvious hygienic benefits of regular cleaning it also serves to reinforce the fact that dōjō are supposed to be supported and managed by the student body (or by special students, e.g., uchi-deshi), not the school's instructional staff. This attitude has become lost in many modern dōjō that are founded and run by a small group of people or instructors. In fact, it is not uncommon that in traditional schools (koryu), dōjō are rarely used for training at all, instead being reserved for more symbolic or formal occasions. The actual training is conducted typically outdoors or in a less formal area. Many traditional dōjō follow a prescribed pattern with shomen (正面; "front") and various entrances that are used based on student and instructor rank laid out precisely. Typically students will enter in the lower-left corner of the dōjō (in reference to the shomen) with instructors in the upper right corner. Shomen typically contains a Shintō shrine with a sculpture, flower arrangement, or other artifacts. The term kamiza means "place of honor" and a related term, kamidana refers to the shrine itself. Other artifacts may be displayed throughout the dōjō, such as kanban (看板; signboard) that authorize the school in a style or strategy, and items such as taiko drums or armor (Ō-yoroi). It is not uncommon to find the name of the dōjō and the dōjō kun (roughly "dōjō rules") displayed prominently at shomen as well. Visitors may have a special place reserved, depending on their rank and station. Weapons and other training gear will normally be found on the back wall. Honbu dōjō A honbu dōjō (本部道場) is the central training facility and administrative headquarters of a particular martial arts style. Some well-known dōjō located in Japan are: Kodokan Judo Institute (Judo) Aikikai Hombu Dōjō (Aikido) Noma Dōjō (Kendo) Nakazato Karate Weapons Gym (Shōrin-ryū Shōrinkan) Other names for training halls Other names for training halls that are equivalent to "dōjō" include the following: Akhara (Indian martial arts) Dojang (Korean martial arts) Gelanggang (silat Melayu) Heya (sumo) Kalari (kalaripayat) Sasaran (pencak silat) Võ Đường (Viet vo dao) Wuguan (wushu) In other fields The term dōjō is also increasingly used for other forms of immersive-learning space. Zen Buddhism The term dōjō is sometimes used to describe the meditation halls where Zen Buddhists practice zazen seated meditation. The alternative term zen-do is more specific, and more widely used. European Sōtō Zen groups affiliated with the International Zen Association prefer to use dōjō instead of zendo to describe their meditation halls as did their founding master, Taisen Deshimaru. Sōtō Zen Dojo of La Gendronniére near Blois (France) Explanatory notes ^ Also . References ^ a b Daisetz Teitarō Suzuki (2007). "Chapter 9: The Meditation Hall and the Monk's Life". An Introduction to Zen Buddhism. Grove Press. pp. 118–132. ISBN 9780802130556. OCLC 1074773870. ^ "Meaning of Dojo". Kendo Basics. Kendo for Life. Retrieved 30 November 2013. ^ "Martial Arts". Japan Experience. Retrieved 13 November 2012. External links The dictionary definition of dojo at Wiktionary vteJapanese martial artsLists List of Japanese martial arts List of koryū schools of martial arts Professional wrestling in Japan promotions Kobudō Bajutsu Battōjutsu Bōjutsu Boryaku Hensōjutsu Hojōjutsu Iaijutsu Intonjutsu Jōjutsu Jujutsu Jittejutsu Kayakujutsu Kenjutsu Kusarigamajutsu Kyūjutsu Naginatajutsu Ninjutsu Okinawan Shugijutsu Shurikenjutsu Sōjutsu Suijutsu Taijutsu Tantojutsu Tenmon Tessenjutsu Yabusame Gendai budō Aikido Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu Iaido Jieitaikakutōjutsu Judo Jūkendō Karate Kendo Kūdō Kyūdō Nippon Kempo Shorinji Kempo Shoot boxing Sumo Taidō Taiho-jutsu Zero Range Combat Terms Aiki Atemi Budō Bugei jūhappan Dojo Heya Kenpō Kuzushi Maai Mushin Randori Ryū Ko-ryū Uchi-deshi Zanshin Japanese martial arts Japan Martial arts
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dojo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"道場","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%A0%B4"},{"link_name":"[doꜜː(d)ʑoː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"immersive learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersive_learning"},{"link_name":"experiential learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential_learning"},{"link_name":"meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"}],"text":"For other uses, see Dojo (disambiguation).A dōjō (道場, Japanese pronunciation: [doꜜː(d)ʑoː][note 1]) is a hall or place for immersive learning, experiential learning, or meditation. This is traditionally in the field of martial arts. The term literally means \"place of the Way\" in Japanese.","title":"Dojo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rokkaku-dou_Ikenobou_doujou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ikenobō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikenob%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Rokkaku-dō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokkaku-d%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temple"},{"link_name":"Dao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"zazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzuki-2"},{"link_name":"zen-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendo"},{"link_name":"Sōtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Taisen Deshimaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_terms#S"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kendo_for_Life-3"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Japanese martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"aikidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"link_name":"jūdō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"karate-dō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ikenobō dōjō (right) next to Rokkaku-dō, KyotoThe word dōjō originates from Buddhism. Initially, dōjō were adjunct to temples and were formal training places for any of the Japanese arts ending in \"-dō\", from the Chinese Dao, meaning \"way\" or \"path\". Sometimes meditation halls where Zen Buddhists practice zazen meditation were called dōjō.[1] The alternative term zen-do is more specific, and more widely used. European Sōtō Zen groups affiliated with the International Zen Association prefer to use dōjō instead of zendo to describe their meditation halls as did their founding master, Taisen Deshimaru.In Japan, any facility for physical training, including professional wrestling, may be called a dōjō.[2] In the Western world, the term dōjō (when related to physical activity) is used exclusively for Japanese martial arts such as aikidō, jūdō, karate-dō, etc.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noma_Dojo,_2006.JPG"},{"link_name":"kendō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kend%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_Dojo_-_Karate_Kaikan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"uchi-deshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchi-deshi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"koryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shintō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"kamiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiza"},{"link_name":"place of honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_honor"},{"link_name":"kamidana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamidana"},{"link_name":"taiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor"},{"link_name":"Ō-yoroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi"},{"link_name":"dōjō kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_kun"}],"text":"A kendō dōjō, TokyoTraditional Dojo – Shurei no yakata, Karate Kaikan – in Tomigusuku near Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, JapanA proper Japanese martial arts dōjō is considered special and is well cared for by its users. Shoes are not worn in a dōjō. In many styles it is traditional to conduct a ritual cleaning (sōji; 掃除) of the dōjō at the beginning and/or end of each training session. Besides the obvious hygienic benefits of regular cleaning it also serves to reinforce the fact that dōjō are supposed to be supported and managed by the student body (or by special students, e.g., uchi-deshi), not the school's instructional staff. This attitude has become lost in many modern dōjō that are founded and run by a small group of people or instructors.[citation needed] In fact, it is not uncommon that in traditional schools (koryu), dōjō are rarely used for training at all, instead being reserved for more symbolic or formal occasions. The actual training is conducted typically outdoors or in a less formal area.[citation needed]Many traditional dōjō follow a prescribed pattern with shomen (正面; \"front\") and various entrances that are used based on student and instructor rank laid out precisely. Typically students will enter in the lower-left corner of the dōjō (in reference to the shomen) with instructors in the upper right corner. Shomen typically contains a Shintō shrine with a sculpture, flower arrangement, or other artifacts. The term kamiza means \"place of honor\" and a related term, kamidana refers to the shrine itself. Other artifacts may be displayed throughout the dōjō, such as kanban (看板; signboard) that authorize the school in a style or strategy, and items such as taiko drums or armor (Ō-yoroi). It is not uncommon to find the name of the dōjō and the dōjō kun (roughly \"dōjō rules\") displayed prominently at shomen as well. Visitors may have a special place reserved, depending on their rank and station. Weapons and other training gear will normally be found on the back wall.","title":"In martial arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kodokan Judo Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"Aikikai Hombu Dōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikikai_Hombu_Dojo"},{"link_name":"Aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"link_name":"Noma Dōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noma_D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo"},{"link_name":"Shōrin-ryū Shōrinkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drin-ry%C5%AB_Sh%C5%8Drinkan"}],"sub_title":"Honbu dōjō","text":"A honbu dōjō (本部道場) is the central training facility and administrative headquarters of a particular martial arts style.Some well-known dōjō located in Japan are:Kodokan Judo Institute (Judo)\nAikikai Hombu Dōjō (Aikido)\nNoma Dōjō (Kendo)\nNakazato Karate Weapons Gym (Shōrin-ryū Shōrinkan)","title":"In martial arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhara"},{"link_name":"Indian martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Dojang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojang"},{"link_name":"Korean martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"silat Melayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silat_Melayu"},{"link_name":"sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo"},{"link_name":"Kalari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalari"},{"link_name":"kalaripayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaripayat"},{"link_name":"pencak silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat"},{"link_name":"Viet vo dao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"wushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungfu"}],"sub_title":"Other names for training halls","text":"Other names for training halls that are equivalent to \"dōjō\" include the following:Akhara (Indian martial arts)\nDojang (Korean martial arts)\nGelanggang (silat Melayu)\nHeya (sumo)\nKalari (kalaripayat)\nSasaran (pencak silat)\nVõ Đường (Viet vo dao)\nWuguan (wushu)","title":"In martial arts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The term dōjō is also increasingly used for other forms of immersive-learning space.","title":"In other fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"zazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzuki-2"},{"link_name":"zen-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendo"},{"link_name":"Sōtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Taisen Deshimaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC03218_Gendo_lang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC03218_Gendo_lang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sōtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"}],"sub_title":"Zen Buddhism","text":"The term dōjō is sometimes used to describe the meditation halls where Zen Buddhists practice zazen seated meditation.[1] The alternative term zen-do is more specific, and more widely used. European Sōtō Zen groups affiliated with the International Zen Association prefer to use dōjō instead of zendo to describe their meditation halls as did their founding master, Taisen Deshimaru.Sōtō Zen Dojo of La Gendronniére near Blois (France)","title":"In other fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"[doː(d)ʑoː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"}],"text":"^ Also [doː(d)ʑoː].","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Ikenobō dōjō (right) next to Rokkaku-dō, Kyoto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rokkaku-dou_Ikenobou_doujou.jpg/220px-Rokkaku-dou_Ikenobou_doujou.jpg"},{"image_text":"A kendō dōjō, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Noma_Dojo%2C_2006.JPG/220px-Noma_Dojo%2C_2006.JPG"},{"image_text":"Traditional Dojo – Shurei no yakata, Karate Kaikan – in Tomigusuku near Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Traditional_Dojo_-_Karate_Kaikan.jpg/220px-Traditional_Dojo_-_Karate_Kaikan.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Daisetz Teitarō Suzuki (2007). \"Chapter 9: The Meditation Hall and the Monk's Life\". An Introduction to Zen Buddhism. Grove Press. pp. 118–132. ISBN 9780802130556. OCLC 1074773870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.T._Suzuki","url_text":"Daisetz Teitarō Suzuki"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqvjhah6BPYC&pg=PA118","url_text":"\"Chapter 9: The Meditation Hall and the Monk's Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Zen_Buddhism","url_text":"An Introduction to Zen Buddhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802130556","url_text":"9780802130556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1074773870","url_text":"1074773870"}]},{"reference":"\"Meaning of Dojo\". Kendo Basics. Kendo for Life. Retrieved 30 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kendo-guide.com/meaning_of_dojo.html","url_text":"\"Meaning of Dojo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martial Arts\". Japan Experience. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e634.html","url_text":"\"Martial Arts\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqvjhah6BPYC&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 9: The Meditation Hall and the Monk's Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1074773870","external_links_name":"1074773870"},{"Link":"http://www.kendo-guide.com/meaning_of_dojo.html","external_links_name":"\"Meaning of Dojo\""},{"Link":"http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e634.html","external_links_name":"\"Martial Arts\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_built-up_area
Reading built-up area
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 51°26′N 0°54′W / 51.44°N 0.90°W / 51.44; -0.90 class=notpageimage| Reading/Wokingham Urban Area within Berkshire The Reading Built-up Area or Reading/Wokingham Urban Area is a name given by the Office for National Statistics to a conurbation in Berkshire, England, with a population of 318,014. This was a significant decrease from the population according to the 2001 census of 369,804 due to Bracknell no longer being considered part of the built-up area, but forming part of the Greater London Urban Area instead. Map of Reading's built-up area with local government boundaries Its largest population centre is Reading, and it also includes Arborfield, Woodley, Theale, Crowthorne, Earley and Wokingham. Part of the urban area, Crowthorne, is just to the north of Sandhurst, part of the Farnborough/Aldershot Urban Area, and its eastern extremity is just west of Bracknell part of the Greater London Urban Area. References ^ "2011 Census - Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 1 July 2013. ^ Census 2001 Key Statistics, Urban areas in England and Wales. Ons.gov.uk (2004-06-17). Retrieved on 2013-07-17. ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-part-5.pdf 51°26′N 0°54′W / 51.44°N 0.90°W / 51.44; -0.90 vteLondon commuter beltHome counties Berkshire Buckinghamshire Essex Hertfordshire Kent Surrey Sussex Urban areas Greater London Built-up Area Farnborough/Aldershot Built-up Area High Wycombe Urban Area Luton/Dunstable Urban Area Medway Towns Urban Area Reading/Wokingham Urban Area Southend Urban Area Cities and towns(100k+) Chelmsford Crawley Guildford High Wycombe London Luton Maidstone Reading Slough Southend-on-Sea Towns(25k–99k) Aldershot Ashford, Surrey Aylesbury Basildon Basingstoke Billericay Bishop's Stortford Borehamwood Bracknell Brentwood Burgess Hill Camberley Canvey Island Chatham Cheshunt Dartford Dunstable Epsom Ewell Earley Farnborough Farnham Fleet Gillingham Gravesend Grays Harlow Harpenden Hatfield Hemel Hempstead Horsham Hitchin Leighton Buzzard Letchworth Loughton Maidenhead Rayleigh Redhill Rochester Royal Tunbridge Wells Sittingbourne St Albans Stevenage Strood Sunbury-on-Thames Tonbridge Ware Watford Welwyn Garden City Wickford Windsor Woking Wokingham Woodley Towns(10k–25k) Addlestone Amersham Ashtead Baldock Beaconsfield Berkhamsted Broxbourne Buckhurst Hill Bushey Chertsey Chesham Chigwell Corringham Croxley Green Dorking East Grinstead East Malling Englefield Green Epping Frimley Frogmore Godalming Hadleigh Haywards Heath Hertford Hoddesdon Horley Houghton Regis Knaphill Leatherhead Marlow Potters Bar Reigate Rickmansworth Rochford Sandhurst Sevenoaks Snodland Shepperton South Benfleet Southborough, Kent Staines-upon-Thames Stanford-le-Hope Stanwell Swanley Thundersley Tilbury Tring Waltham Abbey Waltham Cross Woodford Green Yateley This Berkshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berkshire_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berkshire_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bracknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell"},{"link_name":"Greater London Urban Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReadingBUAMap.png"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Arborfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborfield"},{"link_name":"Woodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodley,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Theale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theale,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Crowthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowthorne"},{"link_name":"Earley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earley"},{"link_name":"Wokingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wokingham"},{"link_name":"Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Farnborough/Aldershot Urban Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Urban_Area"},{"link_name":"Bracknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell"},{"link_name":"Greater London Urban Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"class=notpageimage| Reading/Wokingham Urban Area within BerkshireThe Reading Built-up Area or Reading/Wokingham Urban Area is a name given by the Office for National Statistics to a conurbation in Berkshire, England, with a population of 318,014.[1] This was a significant decrease from the population according to the 2001 census of 369,804[2] due to Bracknell no longer being considered part of the built-up area, but forming part of the Greater London Urban Area instead.Map of Reading's built-up area with local government boundariesIts largest population centre is Reading, and it also includes Arborfield, Woodley, Theale, Crowthorne, Earley and Wokingham.Part of the urban area, Crowthorne, is just to the north of Sandhurst, part of the Farnborough/Aldershot Urban Area, and its eastern extremity is just west of Bracknell part of the Greater London Urban Area.[3]","title":"Reading built-up area"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Reading's built-up area with local government boundaries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ReadingBUAMap.png/400px-ReadingBUAMap.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2011 Census - Built-up areas\". ONS. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx","url_text":"\"2011 Census - Built-up areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"ONS"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Reading_built-up_area&params=51.44_N_0.9_W_type:city_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°26′N 0°54′W / 51.44°N 0.90°W / 51.44; -0.90"},{"Link":"http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2011 Census - Built-up areas\""},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html","external_links_name":"Census 2001 Key Statistics, Urban areas in England and Wales"},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-part-5.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-part-5.pdf"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Reading_built-up_area&params=51.44_N_0.9_W_type:city_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°26′N 0°54′W / 51.44°N 0.90°W / 51.44; -0.90"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reading_built-up_area&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_LSU_Tigers_football_team
2003 LSU Tigers football team
["1 Schedule","2 Rankings","3 Roster","4 Game summaries","4.1 Louisiana–Monroe","4.2 Arizona","4.3 Western Illinois","4.4 Georgia","4.5 Mississippi State","4.6 Florida","4.7 South Carolina","4.8 Auburn","4.9 Louisiana Tech","4.10 Alabama","4.11 Ole Miss","4.12 Arkansas","4.13 SEC Championship Game","4.14 Sugar Bowl","5 LSU Tigers in the 2004 NFL Draft","6 References"]
American college football season 2003 LSU Tigers footballCoaches' Poll national championBCS national championNFF national championSEC championSEC Western Division co-championSugar Bowl championSEC Championship Game, W 34–13 vs. GeorgiaSugar Bowl (BCS NCG), W 21–14 vs. OklahomaConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceDivisionWestern DivisionRankingCoachesNo. 1APNo. 2Record13–1 (7–1 SEC)Head coachNick Saban (4th season)Offensive coordinatorJimbo Fisher (4th season)Offensive schemePro-styleDefensive coordinatorWill Muschamp (2nd season)Base defense4–3Home stadiumTiger StadiumSeasons← 20022004 → 2003 Southeastern Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team   W   L     W   L   Eastern Division No. 7 Georgia xy   6 – 2     11 – 3   No. 15 Tennessee x   6 – 2     10 – 3   No. 24 Florida x   6 – 2     8 – 5   South Carolina   2 – 6     5 – 7   Vanderbilt   1 – 7     2 – 10   Kentucky   1 – 7     4 – 8   Western Division No. 2 LSU xy$#   7 – 1     13 – 1   No. 13 Ole Miss x   7 – 1     10 – 3   Auburn   5 – 3     8 – 5   Arkansas   4 – 4     9 – 4   Alabama   2 – 6     4 – 9   Mississippi State   1 – 7     2 – 10   Championship: LSU 34, Georgia 13 # – BCS National Champion$ – BCS representative as conference championx – Division champion/co-championsy – Championship game participantRankings from AP Poll The 2003 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) during the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season. Coached by Nick Saban, the LSU Tigers played their home games at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Tigers compiled an 11–1 regular season record and then defeated the No. 5 Georgia Bulldogs in the SEC Championship Game, Afterward, LSU was invited to play the Oklahoma Sooners in the Sugar Bowl for the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) national title. LSU won the BCS National Championship Game, the first national football championship for LSU since 1958. The 2003 college football regular season ended with three one-loss teams in BCS contention: the LSU Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, and USC Trojans. USC ended the regular season ranked No. 1 and LSU No. 2 in both the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll. Media controversy ensued when the BCS computer-based selection system chose LSU and Oklahoma as the participants in the BCS title game, largely based on an assessment of the relative difficulty of the three teams' 2003 schedules. During the bowl games, LSU beat No. 3 Oklahoma 21–14 in the Sugar Bowl (designated as the BCS National Championship Game for the 2003–04 season), while USC defeated the No. 4 Michigan Wolverines 28–14 in the Rose Bowl. LSU was ranked No. 1 in the final Coaches' Poll (which was contractually obligated to rank the BCS champion No. 1) while USC remained No. 1 in the final AP Poll. Schedule DateTimeOpponentRankSiteTVResultAttendanceAugust 307:00 p.m.Louisiana–Monroe*No. 14Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LAW 49–789,148 September 69:00 p.m.at Arizona*No. 13Arizona StadiumTucson, AZTBSW 59–1346,110 September 137:00 p.m.Western Illinois*No. 12Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LAW 35–787,164 September 202:30 p.m.No. 7 GeorgiaNo. 11Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (College GameDay)CBSW 17–1092,251 September 278:00 p.m.at Mississippi StateNo. 7Davis Wade StadiumStarkville, MS (rivalry)ESPN2W 41–645,835 October 112:30 p.m.FloridaNo. 6Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (rivalry)CBSL 7–1992,077 October 186:45 p.m.at South CarolinaNo. 10Williams–Brice StadiumColumbia, SCESPN2W 33–782,525 October 257:00 p.m.No. 17 AuburnNo. 9Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (Tiger Bowl)ESPNW 31–792,085 November 17:00 p.m.Louisiana Tech*No. 7Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LAPPVW 49–1091,879 November 156:45 p.m.at AlabamaNo. 3Bryant–Denny StadiumTuscaloosa, AL (rivalry)ESPNW 27–383,818 November 222:30 p.m.at No. 15 Ole MissNo. 3Vaught–Hemingway StadiumOxford, MS (Magnolia Bowl)CBSW 17–1462,552 November 281:30 p.m.ArkansasNo. 3Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (Battle for the Golden Boot)CBSW 55–2492,213 December 68:00 p.m.vs. No. 5 GeorgiaNo. 3Georgia DomeAtlanta, GA (SEC Championship Game) (College GameDay)CBSW 34–1374,913 January 4, 20047:15 p.m.vs. No. 3 Oklahoma*No. 2Louisiana SuperdomeNew Orleans, LA (Sugar Bowl) (College GameDay)ABCW 21–1479,342 *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time Rankings See also: 2003 NCAA Division I-A football rankings Ranking movementsLegend: ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking ( ) = First-place votesWeekPollPre123456789101112131415FinalAP141312117661097433332 (21)2 (17)Coaches151311107661098433332 (18)1 (60)BCSNot released127744332Not released Roster (LSUSports.net Official Roster) Quarterbacks 12 Marcus Randall 15 Matt Flynn 18 Matt Mauck 4 JaMarcus Russell 8 Ty Barrett 19 Michael Harrison Running backs 22 Torey Bennett 2 Shyrone Carey 23 Jason Spadoni 25 Justin Vincent 10 Joseph Addai 32 Barrington Edwards 22 Alley Broussard H-Backs Fullbacks 24 Tyler Olivier 49 Michael Ricks 35 Brandon Nowlin 40 Shawn Jordan 44 Kevin Steltz 11 Jason Lile Wide receivers 86 Junior Joseph 13 Steve Mares 14 Michael Clayton 9 Devery Henderson 87 Blain Bech 4 Michael Russo 81 Dwayne Bowe 85 Craig Davis 17 Bennie Brazell 38 Gino Giambelluca 8 Terrell Clayton 80 Schirra Fields 5 Skyler Green 1 Amp Hill   Tight ends 47 Eric Edwards 82 David Jones 84 Andrew Wright 83 Kory Hebert 88 Demetri Robinson 89 Keith Zinger Center 59 Doug Planchard 55 Ben Wilkerson 61 Jimmy Courtenay Offensive line 65 Steve Arflin 62 Brandon Hurley 69 Garett Wibel 75 Brian Johnson 71 Nate Livings 68 Terrell McGill 72 Stephen Peterman 67 Bradley Sowa 74 Josh Dicharry 64 Rudy Niswanger 62 Harold Bicknell 73 Will Arnold 66 Jerry Sevin 76 Andrew Whitworth 63 Mac McLachlan 60 Rodney Reed 78 Paris Hodges 77 Peter Dyakowski Defensive line 59 Leo Desselle Defensive end 79 Sean Merrill 84 Marcus Spears 52 Ryan Willis 96 Carnell Stewart 97 Brandon Washington 94 Marquise Hill 48 Kirston Pittman 53 Tory Collins   Defensive tackle 98 Torran Williams 92 Bryce Wyatt 50 Jarrod Carter 89 Timothy Binion 90 Melvin Oliver 95 Kyle Williams 93 Chad Lavalais Linebackers 99 Jason LeDoux 45 Willie Demps 35 Mark Martin 19 Darius Ingram 63 Patrick McGibboney 57 Dave Peterson 34 Dorsett Buckels 27 Eric Alexander 40 Barrett Dupuy 52 Joey Noto 47 Dustin Adams 35 Micah Metrailer 91 Alonzo Manuel 56 Kenneth Hollis 42 Phillip Maxwell 46 Cameron Vaughn 58 Lionel Turner 51 Dominic Cooper 54 Brian West 55 Chris McCauley 7 Adrian Mayes Defensive backs 37 Daniel Francis 38 Vernon Russell, Jr. 6 Ryan Gilbert 28 Jeff Cook 39 Troy Hankton 9 Corey Meredith 28 Greg Hercules 44 Patrick Babinecz 30 LaRon Landry 33 Jonathan Zenon 26 Nick Child 31 Jessie Daniels 41 Marcques Lewis   Cornerbacks 13 Corey Webster 24 Keron Gordon 29 Travis Daniels 1 Ronnie Prude 21 Randall Gay Safeties 8 Jack Hunt 43 Chad White Punters 16 Ross Cockrell 80 Donnie Jones 36 Patrick Fisher Kickers 35 Andre Boagni 6 Colt David 41 Chris Jackson 39 Ryan Gaudet Long snappers 86 Steve Damen 70 Gant Petty Game summaries Louisiana–Monroe 1 234Total LA-Monroe 0 007 7 • LSU 0 21217 49 Date: August 30Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 8:00 p.m. EST Arizona 1 234Total • LSU 17 21714 59 Arizona 0 0013 13 Date: September 6Location: Arizona Stadium, Tucson, ArizonaGame start: 7:00 p.m. MSTTelevision network: TBS Western Illinois Western Illinois was ranked No. 1 in I-AA and played the Tigers close, only down 13–7 in the 3rd quarter. The Tigers had fumbled twice in the red zone, missed an extra point and a field goal and botched a punt. QB Matt Mauck had a career game to extend the lead in the second half. He set career highs with 305 yards passing and four touchdowns, giving LSU its first 3–0 start in five years. 1 234Total W Illinois 0 070 7 • LSU 6 7157 35 Date: September 13Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 8:00 p.m. ESTGame attendance: 87,164Game weather: 79 deg F, Wind E 5–10, 74% humidity Scoring summaryQ108:18LSUMichael Clayton 10 yd pass from Matt Mauck (Ryan Gaudet kick failed)LSU 6–0 Q20:42LSUShyrone Carey 1 yd run (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 13–0 Q310:08WIUTerrence Hall 3 yd pass from Russ Michna (Justin Langan kick)LSU 13-7 Q35:00LSUSkyler Green 8 yd pass from Matt Mauck (Matt Mauck rush)LSU 21–7 Q32:26LSUSkyler Green 40 yd pass from Matt Mauck (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 28-7 Q48:29AUBD. Henderson 16 yd pass from Matt Mauck (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 35–7 Georgia 1 234Total Georgia 3 007 10 • LSU 0 737 17 Date: September 20Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 2:30 p.m. CDTTV announcers (CBS): Verne Lundquist, Todd Blackledge and Jill Arrington Scoring summaryQ16:20UGABilly Bennett 33 yard field goalUGA 3–0 Q23:10LSUShyrone Carey 21 yard run (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 7–3 Q36:23LSURyan Gaudet 47 yard field goalLSU 10–3 Q44:25UGATyson Browning 93 yard pass from David Greene (Billy Bennett kick)Tie 10–10 Q41:22LSUSkyler Green 34 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 17–10 Mississippi State 1 234Total • LSU 7 17107 41 Mississippi St 0 006 6 Date: September 27Location: Davis Wade Stadium, Starkville, MississippiGame start: 9:00 p.m. EST Florida 1 234Total • Florida 10 360 19 LSU 7 000 7 Date: October 11Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 3:30 p.m. EST South Carolina 1 234Total • LSU 6 1377 33 South Carolina 0 070 7 Date: October 18Location: Williams–Brice Stadium, Columbia, South CarolinaGame start: 7:45 p.m. EST Auburn 1 234Total Auburn 0 007 7 • LSU 21 0100 31 Date: October 25Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 7:45 p.m. EST Scoring summaryQ113:01LSUDevery Henderson 64 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 7–0 Q17:43LSUMichael Clayton 18 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 14–0 Q12:58LSUAlley Broussard 5 yard run (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 21–0 Q38:28LSURyan Gaudet 33 yard field goalLSU 24–0 Q33:46LSUDevery Henderson 16 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 31–0 Q46:10AUBAnthony Mix 6 yard pass from Jason Campbell (Philip Yost kick)LSU 31–7 Louisiana Tech 1 234Total Louisiana Tech 0 370 10 • LSU 28 2100 49 Date: November 1Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 8:00 p.m. EST Alabama 1 234Total • LSU 10 773 27 Alabama 0 003 3 Date: November 15Location: Bryant–Denny Stadium, Tuscaloosa, AlabamaGame start: 7:45 p.m. EST Scoring summaryQ110:34LSUChris Jackson 20 yard field goalLSU 3–0 Q19:16LSUMichael Clayton 23 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 10–0 Q22:03LSUEric Edwards 3 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 17–0 Q39:15LSUAlley Broussard 4 yard run (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 24–0 Q410:11LSUChris Jackson 33 yard field goalLSU 27–0 Q46:39ALABrian Bostick 27 yard field goalLSU 27–3 Ole Miss 1 234Total • LSU 3 707 17 Ole Miss 7 007 14 Date: November 22Location: Vaught–Hemingway Stadium, Oxford, MississippiGame start: 2:30 p.m. CSTTV announcers (CBS): Verne Lundquist, Todd Blackledge and Jill Arrington Scoring summaryQ113:54MISSTravis Johnson 6 yard interception return (Jonathan Nichols kick)MISS 7–0 Q16:44LSUChris Jackson 45 yard field goalMISS 7–3 Q22:42LSUMichael Clayton 9 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 10–7 Q414:50LSUDevery Henderson 53 yard pass from Matt Mauck (Chris Jackson kick)LSU 17–7 Q410:51MISSBrandon Jacobs 10 yard pass from Eli Manning (Jonathan Nichols kick)LSU 17–14 Arkansas 1 234Total Arkansas 10 707 24 • LSU 10 24210 55 Date: November 28Location: Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaGame start: 1:30 p.m. CST SEC Championship Game 1 234Total • LSU 8 9710 34 Georgia 0 3100 13 Date: December 6Location: Georgia Dome, AtlantaGame start: 8:00 p.m. ESTGame weather: IndoorsTV announcers (CBS): Verne Lundquist, Todd Blackledge and Jill Arrington Sugar Bowl 1 234Total Oklahoma 0 707 14 • LSU 7 770 21 Date: January 4Location: Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, LouisianaGame start: 7:00 p.m. CSTGame attendance: 79,342Game weather: IndoorsReferee: Dennis HenniganTV announcers (ABC): Brent Musburger and Gary Danielson Scoring summaryQ111:38LSUSkyler Green 24 yard run (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 7–0 Q27:31OKLAKejuan Jones 1 yard run (Trey DiCarlo kick)Tie 7–7 Q24:21LSUJustin Vincent 18 yard run (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 14–7 Q314:13LSUMarcus Spears 20 yard interception return (Ryan Gaudet kick)LSU 21–7 Q411:01OKLAKejuan Jones 1 yard run (Trey DiCarlo kick)LSU 21–14 LSU Tigers in the 2004 NFL Draft Player Position Round Pick Overall NFL team Michael Clayton Wide receiver 1 15 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Devery Henderson Wide receiver 2 18 50 New Orleans Saints Marquise Hill Defensive end 2 31 63 New England Patriots Stephen Peterman Offensive Guard 3 20 83 Dallas Cowboys Chad Lavalais Defensive tackle 5 10 142 Atlanta Falcons Donnie Jones Punter 7 23 224 Seattle Seahawks Matt Mauck Quarterback 7 24 225 Denver Broncos https://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm Archived 2007-12-23 at the Wayback Machine References ^ "LSU Football Spring Guide" (PDF). LSU. LSU. Retrieved September 12, 2018. ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN Game Summary ^ Sidearm Sports - Scoring Summary ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN ^ ESPN vte2003 LSU Tigers football—BCS & USA Today/ESPN national champions Joseph Addai Eric Alexander Dwayne Bowe Bennie Brazell Alley Broussard Michael Clayton Tory Collins Travis Daniels Craig Davis Peter Dyakowski Matt Flynn Randall Gay Skyler Green Devery Henderson Marquise Hill Jack Hunt Donnie Jones LaRon Landry Chad Lavalais Nate Livings Matt Mauck Adrian Mayes Rudy Niswanger Melvin Oliver Stephen Peterman Chase Pittman Ronnie Prude Marcus Randall JaMarcus Russell Marcus Spears Craig Steltz Justin Vincent Corey Webster Andrew Whitworth Ben Wilkerson Kyle Williams Jonathan Zenon Keith Zinger Head coach: Nick Saban Assistant coaches: Harlon Barnett Scott Cochran James Coley Mike Collins Bo Davis Derek Dooley Jimbo Fisher Stan Hixon Travis Jones Will Muschamp Tommy Moffitt Stacy Searels Chad Walker Tim Walton vteLSU Tigers footballVenues State Field (1893–1924) Tiger Stadium (1924–present) Charles McClendon Practice Facility LSU Football Operations Center LSU Indoor Practice Facility Martin J. Broussard Center for Athletic Training LSU Academic Center for Student-Athletes Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Arkansas Auburn Florida Mississippi State Ole Miss: Magnolia Bowl Texas A&M Tulane: Battle for the Rag Culture & lore History Mike the Tiger LSU Tiger Marching Band Songs of LSU Golden Girls and Colorguard LSU Cheerleaders Jersey No. 18 Chinese Bandits Cannon's Halloween run Earthquake Game Bluegrass Miracle 2011 "Game of the Century" Highest scoring Division I game 2019 "Game of the Century" Bengal Punch People Head coaches All-Americans LSU Hall of Fame inductees College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold vteCollege football national champions (championship game era)Bowl Coalition 1992: Alabama 1993: Florida State 1994: Nebraska Bowl Alliance 1995: Nebraska 1996: Florida 1997: Michigan (AP, FWAA, NFF) / Nebraska (Bowl Alliance, Coaches) Bowl Championship Series 1998: Tennessee 1999: Florida State 2000: Oklahoma 2001: Miami (FL) 2002: Ohio State 2003: LSU (BCS, Coaches, NFF) / USC (AP, FWAA) 2004: USC (AP)(BCS vacated) 2005: Texas 2006: Florida 2007: LSU 2008: Florida 2009: Alabama 2010: Auburn 2011: Alabama 2012: Alabama 2013: Florida State College Football Playoff 2014: Ohio State 2015: Alabama 2016: Clemson 2017: Alabama 2018: Clemson 2019: LSU 2020: Alabama 2021: Georgia 2022: Georgia 2023: Michigan vteSoutheastern Conference football champions Alabama (1933) Alabama & Tulane (1934) LSU (1935) LSU (1936) Alabama (1937) Tennessee (1938) Georgia Tech, Tennessee, & Tulane (1939) Tennessee (1940) Mississippi State (1941) Georgia (1942) Georgia Tech (1943) Georgia Tech (1944) Alabama (1945) Georgia & Tennessee (1946) Ole Miss (1947) Georgia (1948) Tulane (1949) Kentucky (1950) Georgia Tech & Tennessee (1951) Georgia Tech (1952) Alabama (1953) Ole Miss (1954) Ole Miss (1955) Tennessee (1956) Auburn (1957) LSU (1958) Georgia (1959) Ole Miss (1960) Alabama & LSU (1961) Ole Miss (1962) Ole Miss (1963) Alabama (1964) Alabama (1965) Alabama & Georgia (1966) Tennessee (1967) Georgia (1968) Tennessee (1969) LSU (1970) Alabama (1971) Alabama (1972) Alabama (1973) Alabama (1974) Alabama (1975) Georgia (1976) Alabama (1977) Alabama (1978) Alabama (1979) Georgia (1980) Alabama & Georgia (1981) Georgia (1982) Auburn (1983) Florida (1984) vacated Tennessee (1985) LSU (1986) Auburn (1987) Auburn & LSU (1988) Alabama, Auburn, & Tennessee (1989) Tennessee (1990) Florida (1991) Alabama (1992) Florida (1993) Florida (1994) Florida (1995) Florida (1996) Tennessee (1997) Tennessee (1998) Alabama (1999) Florida (2000) LSU (2001) Georgia (2002) LSU (2003) Auburn (2004) Georgia (2005) Florida (2006) LSU (2007) Florida (2008) Alabama (2009) Auburn (2010) LSU (2011) Alabama (2012) Auburn (2013) Alabama (2014) Alabama (2015) Alabama (2016) Georgia (2017) Alabama (2018) LSU (2019) Alabama (2020) Alabama (2021) Georgia (2022) Alabama (2023) National championships in bold
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"2003 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"Nick Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Saban"},{"link_name":"Tiger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(LSU)"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Georgia Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"BCS National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"USC Trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_USC_Trojans_football_team"},{"link_name":"AP Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"Coaches' Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaches%27_Poll"},{"link_name":"Michigan Wolverines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Rose_Bowl"}],"text":"The 2003 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) during the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season. Coached by Nick Saban, the LSU Tigers played their home games at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Tigers compiled an 11–1 regular season record and then defeated the No. 5 Georgia Bulldogs in the SEC Championship Game, Afterward, LSU was invited to play the Oklahoma Sooners in the Sugar Bowl for the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) national title. LSU won the BCS National Championship Game, the first national football championship for LSU since 1958.The 2003 college football regular season ended with three one-loss teams in BCS contention: the LSU Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, and USC Trojans. USC ended the regular season ranked No. 1 and LSU No. 2 in both the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll. Media controversy ensued when the BCS computer-based selection system chose LSU and Oklahoma as the participants in the BCS title game, largely based on an assessment of the relative difficulty of the three teams' 2003 schedules. During the bowl games, LSU beat No. 3 Oklahoma 21–14 in the Sugar Bowl (designated as the BCS National Championship Game for the 2003–04 season), while USC defeated the No. 4 Michigan Wolverines 28–14 in the Rose Bowl. LSU was ranked No. 1 in the final Coaches' Poll (which was contractually obligated to rank the BCS champion No. 1) while USC remained No. 1 in the final AP Poll.","title":"2003 LSU Tigers football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 NCAA Division I-A football rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_rankings"}],"text":"See also: 2003 NCAA Division I-A football rankings","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Louisiana–Monroe","text":"[2]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"[3]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Mauck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mauck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Western Illinois","text":"Western Illinois was ranked No. 1 in I-AA and played the Tigers close, only down 13–7 in the 3rd quarter. The Tigers had fumbled twice in the red zone, missed an extra point and a field goal and botched a punt. QB Matt Mauck had a career game to extend the lead in the second half. He set career highs with 305 yards passing and four touchdowns, giving LSU its first 3–0 start in five years.[4][5]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Georgia","text":"[6]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Mississippi State","text":"[7]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Florida","text":"[8]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"South Carolina","text":"[9]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Auburn","text":"[10]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Louisiana Tech","text":"[11]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Alabama","text":"[12]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ole Miss","text":"[13]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Arkansas","text":"[14]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"SEC Championship Game","text":"[15]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sugar Bowl","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071223114213/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm Archived 2007-12-23 at the Wayback Machine","title":"LSU Tigers in the 2004 NFL Draft"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"LSU Football Spring Guide\" (PDF). LSU. LSU. Retrieved September 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lsusports.net/src/data/lsu/assets/docs/fb/pdf/03fbspring.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=5200","url_text":"\"LSU Football Spring Guide\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.lsusports.net/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID=27812&SPID=2164&DB_OEM_ID=5200&SORT_ORDER=6&Q_SEASON=2003","external_links_name":"(LSUSports.net Official Roster)"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071223114213/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/draft/2004.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lsusports.net/src/data/lsu/assets/docs/fb/pdf/03fbspring.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=5200","external_links_name":"\"LSU Football Spring Guide\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232420099","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232490012","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?id=232560099","external_links_name":"ESPN Game Summary"},{"Link":"https://lsu_ftp.sidearmsports.com/custompages/assets/docs/fb/03stats/ls03.htm","external_links_name":"Sidearm Sports - Scoring Summary"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232630099","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232700344","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232840099","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232902579","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=232980099","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=233050099","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=233190333","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=233260145","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=233320099","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=233400061","external_links_name":"ESPN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScreenTonic
Microsoft Advertising
["1 History","2 Technology","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Online advertising service Microsoft AdvertisingDeveloper(s)MicrosoftTypeOnline advertisingWebsiteads.microsoft.com Microsoft Advertising (formerly Bing Ads) is an online advertising platform developed by Microsoft, where advertisers bid to display brief ads, service offers, product listings and videos to web users. It provides pay per click advertising on search engines Bing, Yahoo! and DuckDuckGo, as well as on other websites, mobile apps, and videos. In 2021, Microsoft Advertising surpassed US$10 billion in annual revenue. History Microsoft was the last of the "big three" search engines (which also includes Google and Yahoo!) to develop its own system for delivering pay per click (PPC) ads. Until the beginning of 2006, all of the ads displayed on the MSN Search engine were supplied by Overture (and later Yahoo!). MSN collected a portion of the ad revenue in return for displaying Yahoo!'s ads on its search engine. As search marketing grew, Microsoft began developing its own system, MSN adCenter, for selling PPC advertisements directly to advertisers. As the system was phased in, MSN Search (now Bing) showed Yahoo! and adCenter advertising in its search results. Microsoft effort to create AdCenter was led by Tarek Najm, then general manager of the MSN division of Microsoft. In June 2006, the contract between Yahoo! and Microsoft had expired and Microsoft was displaying only ads from adCenter until 2010. Part of a series onInternet marketing Search engine optimization Local search engine optimisation Social media marketing Email marketing Referral marketing Content marketing Native advertising Search engine marketing Pay-per-click Cost per impression Search analytics Web analytics Display advertising Ad blocking Contextual advertising Behavioral targeting Affiliate marketing Cost per action Revenue sharing Mobile advertisingvte In November 2006 Microsoft acquired Deep Metrix, a company situated in Gatineau, Canada, that created web-analytics software. Microsoft has built a new product adCenter Analytics based on the acquired technology. In October, 2007 the beta version of Microsoft Project Gatineau was released to a limited number of participants. In May 2007, Microsoft agreed to purchase the digital marketing solutions parent company, aQuantive, for roughly $6 billion. Microsoft later resold Atlas, a key piece of the aQuantive acquisition, to Facebook in 2013. Microsoft acquired ScreenTonic on May 3, 2007, AdECN on July 26, 2007, and YaData on February 27, 2008, and merged their technologies into adCenter. On February 23, 2009, the Publisher Leadership Council was created under the umbrella of Microsoft Advertising. The council was responsible for delivering the next-generation advertising platform for the publishers of digital media resulting in the formation of Microsoft pubCenter. In January 2010, Microsoft announced a deal in which it would take over the functional operation of Yahoo! Search, and set up a joint venture to sell advertising on both Yahoo! Search and Bing known as the Microsoft Search Alliance. A complete transition of all Yahoo! sponsored ad clients to Microsoft adCenter occurred in October 2010. On September 10, 2012, adCenter was renamed to Bing Ads, and the Search Alliance was renamed the Yahoo! Bing Network. In April 2015, the Yahoo! partnership was modified; Yahoo! Search will only have to feature Bing results on the "majority" of desktop traffic, leaving the company open to "enhance the search experience" non-exclusively on both desktop and mobile. Additionally, Microsoft will take over as the exclusive seller of ads delivered through Bing; Yahoo! will sell its own ads through its new in-house Gemini platform. On June 29, 2015, AOL Inc. announced a deal and partnership to take over the majority of Microsoft's ad sales business. Under the pact, AOL will take over the sale of display, video, and mobile ads on various Microsoft platforms in nine countries, including Brazil, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As many as 1200 Microsoft employees involved with the business will be transferred to AOL. In turn, AOL's properties will replace Google Search with Bing, and display Bing Ads sold by Microsoft. In May 2018, Bing Ads released additional productivity and time-saving tools for users managing their campaigns via Bing Ads Editor. On April 30, 2019, Bing Ads was re-branded to Microsoft Ads. On August 5, 2019, Microsoft acquired PromoteIQ, a leading provider of vendor marketing technology to online retailers and brands. On December 21, 2021, Microsoft announced its plans to acquire Xandr from AT&T. Six months later, Microsoft disclosed that the acquisition had been completed. Technology Similar to Google Ads, Microsoft Ads uses both the maximum amount an advertiser is willing to pay per click (PPC) on their ad and the advertisement's click-through rate (CTR) to determine how frequently an advertisement is shown. This system encourages advertisers to write effective ads and to advertise only on searches which are relevant to their advertisement. In 2021, Microsoft Ads began rolling out LinkedIn audience observation and bid management targeting, allowing advertisers to monitor and bid against common LinkedIn Ads audiences, including company size, industry, job function, as well as lists of individual companies. Similar to Google Ads Editor, Microsoft Ads provides a desktop tool to manage campaigns offline, called Microsoft Ads Editor. Using this editor you can make offline changes to your campaigns and later sync it online. Microsoft Ads also provides APIs that can be used to manage advertising campaigns. See also Microsoft adCenter Analytics References ^ "Microsoft's ad revenue hit $10B, and it's investing — is it a sleeping giant about to wake?". DIGIDAY. Retrieved 2022-06-12. ^ Peterson, Kim (2006-05-04). "Microsoft's adCenter is Google, Yahoo! rival". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-01-12. ^ "Microsoft Project Gatineau - Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-12. ^ "Microsoft's Web Analytics Product Project Gatineau Now In Private Beta". Search Engine Land. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-12. ^ "Microsoft Pays $6 billion for aQuantive: Massive Ad Network Consolidation Is Occuring ". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2008-01-12. ^ "Sold! (Finally) Facebook Takes Atlas from Microsoft, So It Can Get Serious About Ads". ^ "Microsoft Acquires European Mobile Ad Firm - ClickZ". Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-04-15. ^ "Microsoft to Acquire AdECN, Inc". Stories. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23. ^ Schonfeld, Erick (2008-02-27). "Microsoft Picks Up Israeli Ad-Targetting Software Startup YaData for a Reported $20 Million to $30 Million". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-11-23. ^ Microsoft Advertising Announces Formation of Publisher Leadership Council, February 23, 2009, News Press Release, Microsoft ^ "Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal". BBC News. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2012-11-10. ^ Foley, Mary Jo. "Microsoft gives Yahoo name top billing in Microsoft advertising rebrand". ZDnet. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ "Microsoft loses exclusivity in shaken up Yahoo search deal". Ars Technica. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015. ^ "Ad Tech And Mobile In Focus In Microsoft And Yahoo's Renewed Search Deal". TechCrunch. Retrieved 30 June 2015. ^ "AOL in Deal With Microsoft to Take Over Display Ad Business". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015. ^ "AOL Takes Over Majority of Microsoft's Ad Business, Swaps Google Search For Bing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 June 2015. ^ "Bing Ads Editor adds labels for Mac users & other features for Windows users - Search Engine Land". Search Engine Land. 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-06-13. ^ "Bing Ads Re-branded to Microsoft Advertising". Beebom. 2019-04-30. Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-04-30. ^ "PromoteIQ acquired by Microsoft". Microsoft. 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2022-06-12. ^ "Microsoft, AT&T's Xandr acquisition complete". Search Engine Land. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-06-12. ^ "Microsoft Ads LinkedIn Account Targeting". External links Official website Microsoft Ads Editor vteMicrosoft BingServices Health Images Maps News Translator Travel Videos Webmaster Tools Advertising Mobile Predictions Software applications Bing Bar Bing Desktop Finance Food & Drink Health & Fitness Maps News Sports Translator Travel Weather Discontinued services Academic Books Club Bing Product Upload Shopping xRank
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copywriting"},{"link_name":"pay per click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click"},{"link_name":"Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Bing"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search"},{"link_name":"DuckDuckGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Microsoft Advertising (formerly Bing Ads) is an online advertising platform developed by Microsoft, where advertisers bid to display brief ads, service offers, product listings and videos to web users. It provides pay per click advertising on search engines Bing, Yahoo! and DuckDuckGo, as well as on other websites, mobile apps, and videos.In 2021, Microsoft Advertising surpassed US$10 billion in annual revenue.[1]","title":"Microsoft Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"pay per click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)"},{"link_name":"adCenter Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_adCenter_Analytics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"digital marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_marketing"},{"link_name":"aQuantive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQuantive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ScreenTonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScreenTonic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Microsoft pubCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_pubCenter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_and_Yahoo_seal_web_deal-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-bingads-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-april2015deal-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tc-changes-14"},{"link_name":"AOL Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Inc."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-aolads-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-bingaolads-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Xandr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xandr"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Microsoft was the last of the \"big three\" search engines (which also includes Google and Yahoo!) to develop its own system for delivering pay per click (PPC) ads. Until the beginning of 2006, all of the ads displayed on the MSN Search engine were supplied by Overture (and later Yahoo!). MSN collected a portion of the ad revenue in return for displaying Yahoo!'s ads on its search engine.[2]As search marketing grew, Microsoft began developing its own system, MSN adCenter, for selling PPC advertisements directly to advertisers. As the system was phased in, MSN Search (now Bing) showed Yahoo! and adCenter advertising in its search results. Microsoft effort to create AdCenter was led by Tarek Najm, then general manager of the MSN division of Microsoft. In June 2006, the contract between Yahoo! and Microsoft had expired and Microsoft was displaying only ads from adCenter until 2010.In November 2006 Microsoft acquired Deep Metrix, a company situated in Gatineau, Canada, that created web-analytics software. Microsoft has built a new product adCenter Analytics based on the acquired technology. In October, 2007 the beta version of Microsoft Project Gatineau was released to a limited number of participants.[3][4]In May 2007, Microsoft agreed to purchase the digital marketing solutions parent company, aQuantive, for roughly $6 billion.[5] Microsoft later resold Atlas, a key piece of the aQuantive acquisition, to Facebook in 2013.[6]Microsoft acquired ScreenTonic on May 3, 2007,[7] AdECN on July 26, 2007,[8] and YaData on February 27, 2008, and merged their technologies into adCenter.[9]On February 23, 2009, the Publisher Leadership Council was created under the umbrella of Microsoft Advertising. The council was responsible for delivering the next-generation advertising platform for the publishers of digital media resulting in the formation of Microsoft pubCenter.[10]In January 2010, Microsoft announced a deal in which it would take over the functional operation of Yahoo! Search, and set up a joint venture to sell advertising on both Yahoo! Search and Bing known as the Microsoft Search Alliance. A complete transition of all Yahoo! sponsored ad clients to Microsoft adCenter occurred in October 2010.[11]On September 10, 2012, adCenter was renamed to Bing Ads, and the Search Alliance was renamed the Yahoo! Bing Network.[12]In April 2015, the Yahoo! partnership was modified; Yahoo! Search will only have to feature Bing results on the \"majority\" of desktop traffic, leaving the company open to \"enhance the search experience\" non-exclusively on both desktop and mobile. Additionally, Microsoft will take over as the exclusive seller of ads delivered through Bing; Yahoo! will sell its own ads through its new in-house Gemini platform.[13][14]On June 29, 2015, AOL Inc. announced a deal and partnership to take over the majority of Microsoft's ad sales business. Under the pact, AOL will take over the sale of display, video, and mobile ads on various Microsoft platforms in nine countries, including Brazil, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As many as 1200 Microsoft employees involved with the business will be transferred to AOL. In turn, AOL's properties will replace Google Search with Bing, and display Bing Ads sold by Microsoft.[15][16]In May 2018, Bing Ads released additional productivity and time-saving tools for users managing their campaigns via Bing Ads Editor.[17]On April 30, 2019, Bing Ads was re-branded to Microsoft Ads.[18]On August 5, 2019, Microsoft acquired PromoteIQ, a leading provider of vendor marketing technology to online retailers and brands.[19]On December 21, 2021, Microsoft announced its plans to acquire Xandr from AT&T. Six months later, Microsoft disclosed that the acquisition had been completed.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads"},{"link_name":"pay per click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click"},{"link_name":"click-through rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click-through_rate"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Google Ads Editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords_Editor"},{"link_name":"APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"}],"text":"Similar to Google Ads, Microsoft Ads uses both the maximum amount an advertiser is willing to pay per click (PPC) on their ad and the advertisement's click-through rate (CTR) to determine how frequently an advertisement is shown. This system encourages advertisers to write effective ads and to advertise only on searches which are relevant to their advertisement.In 2021, Microsoft Ads began rolling out LinkedIn audience observation and bid management targeting, allowing advertisers to monitor and bid against common LinkedIn Ads audiences, including company size, industry, job function, as well as lists of individual companies.[21]Similar to Google Ads Editor, Microsoft Ads provides a desktop tool to manage campaigns offline, called Microsoft Ads Editor. Using this editor you can make offline changes to your campaigns and later sync it online.Microsoft Ads also provides APIs that can be used to manage advertising campaigns.","title":"Technology"}]
[]
[{"title":"Microsoft adCenter Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_adCenter_Analytics"}]
[{"reference":"\"Microsoft's ad revenue hit $10B, and it's investing — is it a sleeping giant about to wake?\". DIGIDAY. Retrieved 2022-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://digiday.com/media/microsofts-ad-revenue-hit-10b-and-its-investing-is-a-sleeping-giant-about-to-wake/","url_text":"\"Microsoft's ad revenue hit $10B, and it's investing — is it a sleeping giant about to wake?\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Kim (2006-05-04). \"Microsoft's adCenter is Google, Yahoo! rival\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002970721_microsoft04.html","url_text":"\"Microsoft's adCenter is Google, Yahoo! rival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Project Gatineau - Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions\". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116105120/http://advertising.microsoft.com/gatineau","url_text":"\"Microsoft Project Gatineau - Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions\""},{"url":"http://advertising.microsoft.com/gatineau","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft's Web Analytics Product Project Gatineau Now In Private Beta\". Search Engine Land. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080927034434/http://searchengineland.com/071030-103823.php","url_text":"\"Microsoft's Web Analytics Product Project Gatineau Now In Private Beta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Engine_Land","url_text":"Search Engine Land"},{"url":"http://searchengineland.com/071030-103823.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Pays $6 billion for aQuantive: Massive Ad Network Consolidation Is Occuring [sic]\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2008-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/18/microsoft-pays-6-billion-for-aquantive/","url_text":"\"Microsoft Pays $6 billion for aQuantive: Massive Ad Network Consolidation Is Occuring [sic]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sold! (Finally) Facebook Takes Atlas from Microsoft, So It Can Get Serious About Ads\".","urls":[{"url":"http://allthingsd.com/20130228/sold-finally-facebook-takes-atlas-from-microsoft-so-it-can-get-serious-about-ads/","url_text":"\"Sold! (Finally) Facebook Takes Atlas from Microsoft, So It Can Get Serious About Ads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Acquires European Mobile Ad Firm - ClickZ\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080507185333/http://www.clickz.com/showPage.html?page=3625762","url_text":"\"Microsoft Acquires European Mobile Ad Firm - ClickZ\""},{"url":"http://www.clickz.com/showPage.html?page=3625762","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft to Acquire AdECN, Inc\". Stories. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.microsoft.com/2007/07/26/microsoft-to-acquire-adecn-inc/","url_text":"\"Microsoft to Acquire AdECN, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"Schonfeld, Erick (2008-02-27). \"Microsoft Picks Up Israeli Ad-Targetting Software Startup YaData for a Reported $20 Million to $30 Million\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2008/02/27/microsoft-picks-up-israeli-ad-targetting-software-startup-yadata-for-a-reported-20-million-to-30-million/","url_text":"\"Microsoft Picks Up Israeli Ad-Targetting Software Startup YaData for a Reported $20 Million to $30 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal\". BBC News. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2012-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8174763.stm","url_text":"\"Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Mary Jo. \"Microsoft gives Yahoo name top billing in Microsoft advertising rebrand\". ZDnet. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-gives-yahoo-name-top-billing-in-microsoft-advertising-rebrand-7000003938/","url_text":"\"Microsoft gives Yahoo name top billing in Microsoft advertising rebrand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft loses exclusivity in shaken up Yahoo search deal\". Ars Technica. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/04/microsoft-loses-exclusivity-in-shaken-up-yahoo-search-deal/","url_text":"\"Microsoft loses exclusivity in shaken up Yahoo search deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ad Tech And Mobile In Focus In Microsoft And Yahoo's Renewed Search Deal\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/16/microsoft-and-yahoo-renew-search-allian/","url_text":"\"Ad Tech And Mobile In Focus In Microsoft And Yahoo's Renewed Search Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"AOL in Deal With Microsoft to Take Over Display Ad Business\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/business/aol-in-deal-with-microsoft-to-take-over-display-ad-business.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"AOL in Deal With Microsoft to Take Over Display Ad Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"AOL Takes Over Majority of Microsoft's Ad Business, Swaps Google Search For Bing\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/06/29/aol-takes-over-majority-of-microsofts-ad-business-swaps-google-search-for-bing/","url_text":"\"AOL Takes Over Majority of Microsoft's Ad Business, Swaps Google Search For Bing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bing Ads Editor adds labels for Mac users & other features for Windows users - Search Engine Land\". Search Engine Land. 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://searchengineland.com/bing-ads-editor-adds-new-features-for-apple-users-298551","url_text":"\"Bing Ads Editor adds labels for Mac users & other features for Windows users - Search Engine Land\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bing Ads Re-branded to Microsoft Advertising\". Beebom. 2019-04-30. Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430180017/https://app.beebom.com/bing-ads-re-branded-microsoft-advertising/","url_text":"\"Bing Ads Re-branded to Microsoft Advertising\""},{"url":"https://app.beebom.com/bing-ads-re-branded-microsoft-advertising/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PromoteIQ acquired by Microsoft\". Microsoft. 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2022-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.ads.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/post/august-2019/microsoft-acquires-promoteiq","url_text":"\"PromoteIQ acquired by Microsoft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft, AT&T's Xandr acquisition complete\". Search Engine Land. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://searchengineland.com/microsoft-atts-xandr-acquisition-complete-385631","url_text":"\"Microsoft, AT&T's Xandr acquisition complete\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Ads LinkedIn Account Targeting\".","urls":[{"url":"https://business.linkedin.com/marketing-solutions/ad-targeting/account-targeting?trk=nw_ml_at","url_text":"\"Microsoft Ads LinkedIn Account Targeting\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ads.microsoft.com/","external_links_name":"ads.microsoft.com"},{"Link":"https://digiday.com/media/microsofts-ad-revenue-hit-10b-and-its-investing-is-a-sleeping-giant-about-to-wake/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft's ad revenue hit $10B, and it's investing — is it a sleeping giant about to wake?\""},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002970721_microsoft04.html","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft's adCenter is Google, Yahoo! rival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116105120/http://advertising.microsoft.com/gatineau","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Project Gatineau - Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions\""},{"Link":"http://advertising.microsoft.com/gatineau","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080927034434/http://searchengineland.com/071030-103823.php","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft's Web Analytics Product Project Gatineau Now In Private Beta\""},{"Link":"http://searchengineland.com/071030-103823.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/18/microsoft-pays-6-billion-for-aquantive/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Pays $6 billion for aQuantive: Massive Ad Network Consolidation Is Occuring [sic]\""},{"Link":"http://allthingsd.com/20130228/sold-finally-facebook-takes-atlas-from-microsoft-so-it-can-get-serious-about-ads/","external_links_name":"\"Sold! (Finally) Facebook Takes Atlas from Microsoft, So It Can Get Serious About Ads\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080507185333/http://www.clickz.com/showPage.html?page=3625762","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Acquires European Mobile Ad Firm - ClickZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.clickz.com/showPage.html?page=3625762","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.microsoft.com/2007/07/26/microsoft-to-acquire-adecn-inc/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft to Acquire AdECN, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2008/02/27/microsoft-picks-up-israeli-ad-targetting-software-startup-yadata-for-a-reported-20-million-to-30-million/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Picks Up Israeli Ad-Targetting Software Startup YaData for a Reported $20 Million to $30 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2009/feb09/02-23PublisherAdCouncilPR.mspx?rss_fdn=Press%20Releases","external_links_name":"Microsoft Advertising Announces Formation of Publisher Leadership Council"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8174763.stm","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-gives-yahoo-name-top-billing-in-microsoft-advertising-rebrand-7000003938/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft gives Yahoo name top billing in Microsoft advertising rebrand\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/04/microsoft-loses-exclusivity-in-shaken-up-yahoo-search-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft loses exclusivity in shaken up Yahoo search deal\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/16/microsoft-and-yahoo-renew-search-allian/","external_links_name":"\"Ad Tech And Mobile In Focus In Microsoft And Yahoo's Renewed Search Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/business/aol-in-deal-with-microsoft-to-take-over-display-ad-business.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"AOL in Deal With Microsoft to Take Over Display Ad Business\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/06/29/aol-takes-over-majority-of-microsofts-ad-business-swaps-google-search-for-bing/","external_links_name":"\"AOL Takes Over Majority of Microsoft's Ad Business, Swaps Google Search For Bing\""},{"Link":"https://searchengineland.com/bing-ads-editor-adds-new-features-for-apple-users-298551","external_links_name":"\"Bing Ads Editor adds labels for Mac users & other features for Windows users - Search Engine Land\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430180017/https://app.beebom.com/bing-ads-re-branded-microsoft-advertising/","external_links_name":"\"Bing Ads Re-branded to Microsoft Advertising\""},{"Link":"https://app.beebom.com/bing-ads-re-branded-microsoft-advertising/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://about.ads.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/post/august-2019/microsoft-acquires-promoteiq","external_links_name":"\"PromoteIQ acquired by Microsoft\""},{"Link":"https://searchengineland.com/microsoft-atts-xandr-acquisition-complete-385631","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft, AT&T's Xandr acquisition complete\""},{"Link":"https://business.linkedin.com/marketing-solutions/ad-targeting/account-targeting?trk=nw_ml_at","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Ads LinkedIn Account Targeting\""},{"Link":"https://ads.microsoft.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://about.ads.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/tools/editor","external_links_name":"Microsoft Ads Editor"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)
University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)
["1 History","2 Campuses","2.1 Saint Paul","2.2 Minneapolis","2.3 Daniel C. Gainey Conference Center (Owatonna)","2.4 Bernardi (Rome)","3 Academics","3.1 Schools and colleges","4 Athletics","5 Student life","5.1 Student housing","6 Controversy","6.1 Desmond Tutu","6.2 Demolition of Foley Theater","7 Notable faculty and staff","8 Notable alumni","8.1 Academia and education","8.2 Arts and entertainment","8.3 Athletics","8.4 Business and leadership","8.5 Law, politics, government, and military","8.6 Religion","8.7 Other","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°56′35″N 93°11′25″W / 44.94306°N 93.19028°W / 44.94306; -93.19028Catholic university in St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota University of St. ThomasFormer namesCollege of St. Thomas (1885–1990)MottoAll for the common goodTypePrivate universityEstablished1885; 139 years ago (1885)Religious affiliationCatholic ChurchAcademic affiliations ACCUICUSTANAICU ACTCSpace-grant Endowment$874.35 million (2023)Budget$374 million (2016)PresidentRobert K. VischerProvostEddy M. RojasAcademic staff704Administrative staff1,041Students9,347 (2021)Undergraduates6,067 (2021)Postgraduates3,280 (2021)LocationSt. Paul–Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States44°56′35″N 93°11′25″W / 44.94306°N 93.19028°W / 44.94306; -93.19028CampusUrban: 78 acres (32 ha)ColorsPurple   and   GrayNicknameTommiesSporting affiliations NCAA Division I FCS – Pioneer Football League Summit League CCHA WCHA MascotTommieAthletics11 men's and 11 women's varsity teamsWebsitewww.stthomas.edu Academic rankingsNationalForbes258U.S. News & World Report163Washington Monthly201WSJ/College Pulse301 The University of St. Thomas (also known as UST or simply St. Thomas) is a private Catholic research university with campuses in St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Founded in 1885 as a Catholic seminary, it is named after Thomas Aquinas, the medieval Catholic theologian and philosopher who is the patron saint of students. As of fall 2021, St. Thomas enrolled 9,347 students, making it Minnesota's largest private, nonprofit university. History Founded in 1885 by John Ireland, archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, St. Thomas began as an all-male, Catholic seminary. In 1894, the liberal arts program became an independent college through a gift from local railroad tycoon James J. Hill, who provided funds to establish the Saint Paul Seminary apart from the college. In 1903, the College of St. Thomas established a military program on campus, and it was officially termed a military school by the U.S. War Department in 1906. Initially, the school gave out two-year diplomas in commercial and classical programs before awarding its first academic degrees in 1915. In 1922, military training became optional. From the late 1920s through the mid-1930s, the Holy Cross Fathers, who run the University of Notre Dame, controlled the college's administration. The diocese called those priests in to help with the school's financial problems; those priests were known as a crisis intervention team of sorts for parochial schools of that time. During World War II, St. Thomas served as a training base for naval officers, which kept the school open when men who would have attended college were fighting in the war. After the war, in 1948, the college established "Tom Town" on the eastern end of the lower quadrant, which is currently the site to the O'Shaughnessey-Frey Library and O'Shaughnessey Education Center. Tom Town, made of 20 double-dwelling huts, consisted of white, barracks-like housing units for faculty, students, and their families. The units helped to meet housing demand after World War II. In the latter half of the 20th century, St. Thomas started two of its most notable graduate programs, education in 1950 and business administration in 1974. The school became co-educational in 1977, and although women were not allowed to enroll until then, female students from St. Catherine University (then the College of St. Catherine) often took classes at St. Thomas. Women were also present as instructors and administrators on campus, but the staff, faculty, and administration have seen a vast increase in female employment since the move to co-education. In 1990, the College of St. Thomas became the University of St. Thomas and the following year, the university opened the Minneapolis campus. In 2001, St. Thomas reinstated its School of Law at its Minneapolis campus; it had been shut down during the Great Depression. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was the speaker at the grand opening. Campuses Saint Paul Arched entryway to the St. Paul campus The St. Paul campus is the main campus and is home to most undergraduate students. The main campus, built on a farm site once considered "far removed from town", is located where St. Paul's Summit Avenue meets the Mississippi River. The site was farmed by ex-Fort Snelling soldier William Finn, who received the property as a pension settlement after he accidentally shot himself in the hand while on guard duty. The western edge of the campus borders the Mississippi Gorge Regional Park. Summit Avenue, which runs through the middle of the campus, is the country's longest span of Victorian homes. This tree-lined avenue includes the Governor's Mansion, F. Scott Fitzgerald's townhome, and James J. Hill's mansion. Murray-Herrick Center In 2005, a new apartment-style residence hall was built on an existing parking lot. McNeely Hall was also built the following year. It is a large classroom building for business that replaced the smaller building of the same name. A new residential village, more parking ramps, and general planning all have been negotiated successfully with the surrounding neighborhood. These developments are expected to begin within the next five years. In early 2012, St. Thomas completed the final stage of its three-building expansion on the St. Paul campus. The two main additions that were completed are the Anderson Athletic and Recreation Center (AARC) and the Anderson Student Center. These projects were completed in the summer of 2010 and January 2012, respectively. The Anderson Athletic and Recreation Center has a field house, basketball arena, weight room, and swimming pool. The track in the field house is home to the most dominant track team in the MIAC conference. Other St. Thomas sports that use the AARC's facilities have also had recent success, including a playoff run for the football team, and a national championship for the men's basketball team. The new Anderson Student Center is home to new food venues, as well as entertainment options, including a game room and bowling alley, and a coffee shop. An art gallery on the second floor is home to the American Museum of Asmat Art. St Thomas' newest dormitories, Frey Residence Hall and Tommie North Residence Hall, opened on north campus in 2020. Frey Residence Hall is a 5-story facility which houses 260 second-year and transfer students. Tommie North is also a 5-story facility, houses 480 residents and has a 116-stall underground parking ramp. It is connected to the Iverson Center for Faith and Ireland Hall via tunnel and sits on the site of the former John Paul II dormitory. In 2021, St. Thomas moved forward with plans for a new $110 million, 130,000 square foot building on South Campus called Schoenecker Center. A dedication ceremony to celebrate the latest addition to campus was held on May 8, 2024. The new facility will focus on STEAM fields. The 126-year-old Loras Hall, most recently used as an administrative building, was demolished to make way for Schoenecker Center. In 2023, the university announced plans for a $175 million on-campus indoor arena known as Lee and Penny Anderson Arena. The 6,000-seat arena is planned to be the home of the basketball and hockey teams in addition to hosting other events such as commencement. Cretin Hall, McCarthy Gymnasium and the Service Center are to be demolished to make way for the arena. Minneapolis Downtown Minneapolis Campus In fall 1992, the university opened a permanent 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) campus at 1000 LaSalle Ave. in Minneapolis. The first building, named Terrence Murphy Hall in May 2000, is headquarters to the university's Opus College of Business. Artist Mark Balma created one of the largest frescoes in the United States on the arched ceiling of its atrium. The seven-panel, 1,904 square feet (176.9 m2) fresco was completed in the summer of 1994 and portrays the seven virtues discussed in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas. The Minneapolis campus also holds St. Thomas' School of Education, the School of Law, and Schulze School of Entrepreneurship. Daniel C. Gainey Conference Center (Owatonna) As announced on May 15, 2014, the Daniel C. Gainey Conference Center was to be sold to Meridian Behavioral Health, LLC, with a plan to convert it to a treatment facility for addiction and behavioral disorders. The deal closed in August 2014. The deal included the entire 180-acre property and all the buildings except for the Winton Guest House, which was designed by architect Frank Gehry. St. Thomas then sold the house at auction and it was moved from the site. Bernardi (Rome) Since 1999, the University of St. Thomas has been the only university in the United States to have a formal affiliation with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum). Academics Each year, the university awards almost 2,500 degrees, including five different bachelor's degrees (B.A., B.M., B.S., B.S.M.E. and B.S.E.E.). It has 88 major fields at the undergraduate level, with 59 minor fields of study and seven preprofessional programs. At the graduate and professional level, the university offers 41 master's degrees, 2 education specialist degree, 1 juris doctor, and 5 doctorates. Schools and colleges Frey Science and Engineering Center The university offers its degree programs through nine divisions. The College of Arts and Sciences includes undergraduate departments in the arts, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences, plus a number of interdisciplinary programs. The Opus College of Business has seven departments offering graduate and undergraduate curricula including Executive Education and Professional Development at University of St. Thomas, and is one of six AACSB accredited business schools in Minnesota. St. Thomas also houses the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity, which offers master's- and doctoral-level degrees oriented to theological study and the practice of ministry. Saint John Vianney Seminary, a minor college seminary, is also at St. Thomas. Other schools include the School of Education, the School of Engineering, and the School of Social Work. The Master of Social Work is offered as a double degree program with the St. Catherine University. School of Law Schools housed on the Minneapolis campus include the Graduate School of Professional Psychology, Undergraduate and Graduate Schools of Education, Graduate Programs in Software Engineering, and the School of Law, which was re-opened in 1999 after a 66-year hiatus. The University of St. Thomas is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities (ACTC), a consortium of five private liberal arts colleges. This program allows students to take classes at one of the associated colleges for no additional cost. Other schools include Hamline University, St. Catherine University, Macalester College, and Augsburg University. In the Princeton Review 2023 rankings for best undergraduate entrepreneurship programs the St. Thomas Schulze School of Entrepreneurship was ranked 18th in the country. Athletics Main article: St. Thomas (Minnesota) Tommies Tommie/Johnnie football in 2005 MIAC Basketball Finals versus Carleton in 2006 St. Thomas's school colors are purple and gray, and the athletic teams are called the Tommies. The mascot for these teams is "Tommie". "Tommy" was changed to the "ie" spelling when women were accepted as full-time students, to be more inclusive. For most of its athletic history, St. Thomas was a member of the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC), which performs at the NCAA Division III level. Since 1885, athletics have been present on St. Thomas' campus. The first sports teams that became popular were intramural. The top intramural baseball teams in the 1890s were the "Blues" and "Grays", which is where the school colors come from. Varsity sports did not begin until 1904, and UST was a founding member of the MIAC in 1920. St. Thomas celebrated its 100th year of varsity athletics in 2003–2004. St. Thomas' longtime archrival was Saint John's University from Collegeville, Minnesota. Recent national titles include men's basketball in 2011 and 2016; men's baseball in 2009 and 2001; women's softball in 2005 and 2004; men's lacrosse (MCLA Division II) in 2019, 2016, 2013, 2012, 2010 and 2009; women's volleyball in 2012; and dance team in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2008 and 2006. St. Thomas also won national championships with women's basketball in 1991; men's cross country in 1986 and 1984; men's indoor track in 1985; and women's cross country in 1987, 1986, 1984 and 1982. In 2012, St. Thomas played for the first time in the Stagg Bowl in Salem, Virginia, which is the Division III Football National Championship game, against the University of Mount Union, losing 28-10. In 2015, St. Thomas reached the Stagg Bowl for the second time, prompting another championship match against Mount Union. St. Thomas ultimately ended up losing the game, with a final score of 49-35. WCCO has broadcast radio coverage of Tommies football games since 2011. On May 22, 2019 it was announced that St. Thomas was "involuntarily removed" from the MIAC. St. Thomas was to have been allowed to remain as a member of the conference until the spring of 2021 while they searched for a new conference had that become necessary but would be allowed to leave at an earlier date should a new conference accept them prior to spring 2021 or should they have decided to become an independent. On October 4, 2019, St. Thomas announced that it had been invited to the Summit League, an NCAA Division I conference. This announcement also noted that St. Thomas had applied for a waiver from the NCAA to move directly from Division III to Division I beginning with the 2021-22 season. While the process of transitioning from Division III to Division I normally takes 12 years and requires transitioning through Division II, on July 15, 2020, the NCAA announced they had approved St. Thomas's application to move directly to Division I. As the Summit League does not sponsor football or ice hockey, St. Thomas joined the Pioneer Football League for football, the CCHA for men's hockey and the WCHA for women's hockey. Starting in the 2026-2027 season, St. Thomas will join the NCHC for men's hockey. Student life Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 Race and ethnicity Total White 74% 74  Other 8% 8  Hispanic 7% 7  Asian 5% 5  Black 4% 4  Foreign national 3% 3  Economic diversity Low-income 22% 22  Affluent 78% 78  Student housing Cretin Hall, built in 1894 Undergraduate housing is found on the St. Paul Campus. Approximately 2,400 residents live in 10 traditional halls and apartments. Additionally, St. John Vianney College Seminary holds approximately 140 students. All residence halls are co-ed. Residence halls on campus are named after Archbishops of St. Paul-Minneapolis, such as William O. Brady, Austin Dowling, and John Ireland. Built in 1894, Cretin Hall is the oldest hall on campus and was designed (along with Loras and Grace halls) by Emmanuel Louis Masqueray. Recently the department of residence life has purchased additional buildings on what they are calling 'mid-campus' in the area between Grand and Summit Avenues. These buildings house men and women transfer students in one of two buildings. There are two apartment complexes that are specifically designed for sophomores. Students are also housed in the residence above the Child Development Center, a day-care facility on campus. Morrison Hall is connected to Koch Commons with a skyway. The University of St. Thomas offers special interest floors, or floors that are intended to house specific residents with similar interests or class standing. Almost one-third of all floors are First Year Experience floors, which consist of only freshmen. This practice attempts to create a cohesive community by placing students together who will have a similar experience. First year students have the opportunity to participate in Living Learning Communities (LLCs). These include Sustainability, Aquinas Scholars, Tommies Do Well(ness), Pathways to Engineering, eMedia, Bridging Divides, Catholic Studies, Major Explorers, and Business for the Common Good. Controversy Desmond Tutu In 2007, the president of the University of St. Thomas, Father Dennis Dease, cancelled a planned speech by Nobel Peace Prize laureate and anti-apartheid figure, Desmond Tutu, on the grounds that his presence might offend some members of the local Jewish community. Many faculty members of Voice for Peace led an email campaign calling on St. Thomas to reconsider its decision, which the president did and invited Tutu to campus. Tutu declined the re-invitation, speaking instead at the Minneapolis Convention Center at an event hosted by Metropolitan State University. However, he addressed the issue two days later while making his final appearance at Metro State. Demolition of Foley Theater In 2008, plans were announced to the public that the theater department at the University of St. Thomas was to be dissolved and that the school would no longer offer this major. Declining numbers of theater majors was publicly cited as the reason. However, during this same time, plans were underway to make space for a new student center to be named after the Anderson family, then the largest single donors to a single private institution in United States history. Despite protests from senior faculty and students, the decision was made to demolish the theater and dissolve the department the same semester; though, according to the Dean of St. Thomas's College of Arts and Sciences, Marisa Kelly, the two decisions were "completely unrelated". Notable faculty and staff See also: Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) faculty John Abraham – professor in the School of Engineering Michael Murphy Andregg – geneticist and peace activist Archbishop William Brady Don J. Briel – Professor of Catholic Studies Glenn Caruso – head football coach Andrew H. Cozzens – Professor of Divinity Robert Delahunty – internationally recognized professor of law David Durenberger – U.S. Senator from Minnesota Massimo Faggioli – theology professor Michael Joncas - professor of Catholic Studies Ellen J. Kennedy – genocide scholar John Jeremiah Lawler – Professor of Divinity Nekima Levy-Pounds – President of the Minneapolis NAACP Whitney MacMillan – former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Cargill Eugene McCarthy – U.S. Senator and Representative Eoin McKiernan – early scholar in Irish Studies Harry Mehre – football and basketball coach Thomas Mengler – Dean of the School of Law Larry Miggins – baseball coach Leslie Adrienne Miller – poet Charles Morerod – Director of the Rome Program in Catholic Studies Rachel Paulose – Visiting Professor of Law Mary Rose O'Reilley – poet Mark Osler – Professor of Law Bishop Lee A. Piché – theology David Renz – Professor of Public Policy John A. Ryan – moral theologian Patrick J. Schiltz – U.S. federal judge Katarina Schuth – Professor for the Social Scientific Study of Religion Brandon Staley - Head Coach of the Los Angeles Chargers David Strom – Professor of Political Philosophy Peter Vaill – Professor of Management Notable alumni This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (February 2024) See also: Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) alumni Academia and education Tim Callahan – geologist Dennis Dease – former President of the University of St. Thomas Richard DeMillo – computer scientist Mark Dienhart – educator Tom Dooher – president of Education Minnesota Abraham Kaplan – philosopher Rick Krueger – educator Stephen A. McCarthy – director of the Cornell University libraries John A. Ryan – theologian Edward J. Walsh – journalist Arts and entertainment Felix Biederman – writer, gamer, co-host of Chapo Trap House Larry Bond – game designer and author Dottie Cannon – Miss Minnesota USA 2006 Vince Flynn – author T. R. Knight – actor Glenn Lindgren – TV chef and food writer Thomas Melchior – author T.D. Mischke – radio talk show host Evan Schwartz – author Ali Selim – film director Joe Soucheray – radio talk show host John Vachon – photographer Athletics Adrian Baril – professional football player Brady Beeson – professional football player Jim Brandt – professional football player Herb Franta – professional football player Courtney George – professional curler Tommy Gibbons – Hall of Fame boxer, sheriff of Ramsey County, Minnesota 1934–1959 Neal Guggemos – professional football player Red Hardy – professional baseball player Walt Kiesling – professional football player and coach, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame John Kundla – first coach for the Minneapolis Lakers Horace LaBissoniere – professional football player Jake Mauer – professional baseball player and coach Chuck Reichow – professional football player Isaac Rosefelt – American-Israeli basketball player Don Simensen – football player Larry Steinbach – football player Roy Vassau – professional football player Joe Warren – professional soccer player Business and leadership Ben Anderson – entrepreneur Robert Buss – managing director, Disciplined Growth Investors Jack Casey – business professional Ron Fowler – owner, San Diego Padres John Schneider – general manager of the Seattle Seahawks Bob Short – businessman, sport teams owner and politician Ann Winblad – venture capitalist Law, politics, government, and military Semhar Araia – social activist James N. Azim Jr. – Wisconsin State Assemblyman Mike Beard – member, Minnesota House of Representatives William V. Belanger Jr. – Minnesota State Senator Michelle Benson – Minnesota State Senator David H. Bieter – mayor of Boise, Idaho John E. Boland – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Stephen F. Burkard – attorney Michael Ciresi – attorney Ted Daley – Minnesota State Senator Gary DeCramer – Minnesota State Senator Terry Dempsey – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Joe Dunn – California State Senator Sondra Erickson – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Peter Fischer – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Burke Harr – Nebraska State Senator John Harrington – chief of metro transit police in Minneapolis/St. Paul Brian H. Hook – former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Paul Kohls – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Charles B. Kornmann – United States federal judge Arthur Lenroot Jr. – Wisconsin State Senator Patrick Lucey – Governor of Wisconsin Erin Maye Quade – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Mike McFadden – 2014 Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from Minnesota Pam Myhra – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Jim Oberstar – former U.S. Congressman James Hugh O'Neill – brigadier general, U.S. Army Cindy Pugh – member, Minnesota House of Representatives Patrick J. Ryan – chief of chaplains of the U.S. Army Henry Timothy ("Tim") Vakoc – first U.S. military chaplain to die from wounds received in the Iraq War Conrado Vega – Minnesota State Senator D.D. Wozniak – former chief judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals Religion Joseph John Annabring William Henry Bullock James Joseph Byrne – Archdiocese of Dubuque Frederick F. Campbell Robert J. Carlson – Archdiocese of St. Louis Peter F. Christensen Leonard Philip Cowley Blase J. Cardinal Cupich – Archdiocese of Chicago John Francis Doerfler Paul Vincent Dudley Paul D. Etienne Lawrence Alexander Glenn David Haas Hilary Baumann Hacker Lambert Anthony Hoch Edward Howard James Keane Francis Martin Kelly Arthur Kennedy John Francis Kinney Louis Benedict Kucera Raymond W. Lessard John M. LeVoir Raymond Alphonse Lucker Lawrence James McNamara John Jeremiah McRaith William Theodore Mulloy Gerald Francis O'Keefe Richard Pates Lee A. Piché John Roach – Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis Alexander King Sample – Archdiocese of Portland Francis Joseph Schenk Alphonse James Schladweiler Fulton J. Sheen – titular see of Newport, Wales George Henry Speltz Rose Thering – social activist Sylvester William Treinen Nicolas Eugene Walsh Thomas Anthony Welch Stephen S. Woznicki Other Dan Buettner – explorer, educator, author Daerek "LemonNation" Hart – professional League of Legends player Hussein Samatar – politician, banker, and community organizer Will Steger – polar explorer See also United States portal List of colleges and universities in Minnesota Higher education in Minnesota Notes ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum. References ^ a b "Quick Facts". About University of St. Thomas. University of St. Thomas. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ As of June 30, 2023. "University of St. Thomas Financial Statements: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023 with Report of Independent Auditors" (PDF). University of St. Thomas. ^ Kennedy, Patrick. "Minnesota Nonprofit 100". StarTribune News. Minneapolis StarTribune. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ Newsroom, The (December 19, 2022). "Rob Vischer Named 16th President of University of St. Thomas". University of St. Thomas. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ a b c "Class of 2025: St. Thomas Makes Strides Toward Diversity Goals". University of St. Thomas Newsroom. University of St. Thomas. October 12, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2022. ^ "Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023". Forbes. Retrieved September 22, 2023. ^ "2023-2024 Best National Universities". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 22, 2023. ^ "2023 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved February 10, 2024. ^ "2024 Best Colleges in the U.S." The Wall Street Journal/College Pulse. Retrieved January 27, 2024. ^ a b Jarchow 1973, pp. 39–40. ^ Murphy 2001, pp. 7. ^ "Summit Avenue". Project for Public Spaces. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. ^ "Take a look at new Selby Hall today, Sept. 6" (Press release). University of St. Thomas. September 6, 2005. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2012. ^ "McNeely Legacy Opens Doors" (Press release). University of St. Thomas. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2012. ^ "Construction Projects". University of St. Thomas. Retrieved December 12, 2012. ^ Kimball, Joe (October 18, 2012). "University of St. Thomas raises more than $500 million in capital campaign". Minn Post. Retrieved December 12, 2012. ^ "Anderson Athletic and Recreation Complex". University of St. Thomas. Retrieved December 12, 2012. ^ Jossi, Frank (January 19, 2012). "Building Blocks – University of St. Thomas' Anderson Student Center". Finance and Commerce. Minneapolis: Dolan Media. Retrieved May 1, 2017. ^ "University of St. Thomas Residence Hall". www.opus-group.com. Opus Group. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ "Tommie North Residence Hall". www.stthomas.edu. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ Brown, Noah (November 20, 2018). "University announces 2 new dorms, renovations to existing buildings". TommieMedia. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ Reilly, Mark. "University of St. Thomas to begin $100M STEAM research center in St. Paul". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ "Loras Hall Makes Way for STEAM Complex". University of St Thomas Newsroom. February 22, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ Navratil, Liz. "University of St. Thomas announces record-setting donation for new sports arena". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ Fedo, Michael (November 19, 1993). "Artist Mark Balma's Lasting Impression". The Christian Science Monitor: 12. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum, Handbook of Studies 2012- 2013, p. 303 http://www.pust.it/ Archived March 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine ^ "St. Thomas' Opus College of Business receives AACSB accreditation : Opus College of Business : University of St. Thomas". Stthomas.edu. Retrieved October 2, 2011. ^ Murphy 2001, pp. 8, 33. ^ "Top 50 Entrepreneurship: Ugrad | the Princeton Review". ^ "Traditions & Spirit". University of St. Thomas Athletics. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2008. ^ "St. Thomas pounds Wooster for D-III men's title". ESPN.com. March 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ "St. Thomas reaches Div. III title game". ESPN. December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Berkes, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Mount Union beats St. Thomas for 12th D3 title". SBNation.com. ^ "WCCO Radio to broadcast St. Thomas football games". WCCO.com. WCCO. May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011. ^ Medcalf, Myron (May 22, 2019). "St. Thomas wins too much, kicked out of MIAC". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ "CCHA Welcomes The University Of St. Thomas". Northern Michigan University. July 29, 2020. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Scoggins and Christensen, Chip and Joe. "St. Thomas announces intentions to go Division I after getting removed from MIAC". Star Tribune. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ Ryan, Megan. "St. Thomas gets approval from NCAA to go Division I". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 15, 2020. ^ "NCHC Adds University of St. Thomas as Newest Member Beginning in 2026-2027". nchchockey.com. May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024. ^ "College Scorecard: University of St. Thomas". United States Department of Education. Retrieved May 8, 2022. ^ "LLCs – Residence Life – University of St. Thomas – Minnesota". www.stthomas.edu. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ Furst, Randy (October 4, 2007). "St. Thomas won't host Tutu". Minneapolis Star Tribune. ^ Furst, Randy (October 15, 2007). "St. Thomas urged to reconsider its decision not to invite Tutu". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2007. ^ "UST president says he made wrong decision, invites Tutu to campus". University of St. Thomas Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007. ^ Mador, Jessica (April 12, 2008). "Desmond Tutu avoids politics while talking about peace". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved May 6, 2008. ^ Furst, Randy (October 9, 2008). "St. Thomas drops the curtain: Eliminates theater department, slates Foley Theater for destruction". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved February 24, 2014. Bibliography Jarchow, Merrill E. (1973). Private liberal arts colleges in Minnesota: their history and contributions. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 9780873510813. Murphy, Terrence J. (2001). A Catholic university: vision and opportunities. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict. ISBN 9780814651018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of St. Thomas (Minnesota). Official website Official athletics website vteColleges and universities in MinnesotaPublic: University of Minnesota System University of Minnesota Duluth Crookston Morris Rochester Public: Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system Bemidji State Metropolitan State Minnesota State, Mankato MSU Moorhead St. Cloud State Southwest Minnesota State Winona State Private institutions Adler Augsburg Bethany Lutheran Bethel Carleton Concordia (Moorhead) Concordia (St. Paul) Crossroads Crown Dunwoody Free Lutheran Bible College Gustavus Adolphus Hamline Luther Seminary Macalester Minneapolis College of Art and Design Martin Luther North Central Northwestern Northwestern Health Sciences Oak Hills St. Benedict/St. John's St. Catherine Saint Mary's St. Olaf St. Scholastica St. Thomas Community/technical collegesMinnesota North College Hibbing Itasca Mesabi Range Rainy River Vermilion Alexandria TC Anoka TC Anoka-Ramsey CC Central Lakes Century Dakota County TC Fond du Lac Tribal CC Hennepin TC Inver Hills CC Lake Superior Leech Lake Tribal Minneapolis CTC MSC-Southeast Technical Minnesota State CTC Minnesota West CTC Normandale CC North Hennepin CC Northland CTC Pine TC Red Lake Nation CC Ridgewater Riverland CC Rochester CTC St. Cloud TCC Saint Paul CTC South Central White Earth Tribal CC vteSummit LeagueFull members Denver Pioneers Kansas City Roos North Dakota Fighting Hawks North Dakota State Bison Omaha Mavericks Oral Roberts Golden Eagles St. Thomas Tommies South Dakota Coyotes South Dakota State Jackrabbits Baseball affiliate Northern Colorado Bears Men's soccer affiliate Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens (joining in 2025) Men's tennis affiliates Drake Bulldogs Illinois State Redbirds Men's golf affiliates Northern Colorado Bears Weber State Wildcats (both joining in 2024) Swimming & diving affiliates Eastern Illinois Panthers Lindenwood Lions (leaving in 2024) Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles Championships and awards Conference championships vteInternational Council of Universities of Saint Thomas AquinasAfrica Universidade Católica de Angola Ethiopian Catholic University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Universidade São Tomás de Moçambique Catholic University of Nigeria Americas Universidad Católica Argentina Universidad Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino Ohio Dominican University Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra Universidad Santo Tomás (Bogotá) Universidad Santo Tomás (Chile) Universidad Santo Tomás (Honduras) Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino Saint Thomas University Thomas Aquinas College University of Saint Thomas (Texas) University of Saint Thomas (Minnesota) Asia-Pacific Australian Catholic University Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomás, Manila University of Santo Tomas–Legazpi Sei Katarina Daigaku Sei Tomasu Daigaku Universitas Katolik St. Thomas Sumatera Utara Europe Institut catholique d’études supérieures Facultà di Teología di Lugano Mary Immaculate College Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas CEU San Pablo University CEU Abat Oliba University CEU Cardinal Herrera University Catholicism portal vteAssociated Colleges of the Twin Cities Augsburg Hamline Macalester Saint Catherine St. Thomas vteRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and MinneapolisOrdinaries Bishops Joseph Crétin Thomas Grace Archbishops John Ireland Austin Dowling John Gregory Murray William O. Brady Leo Binz John Roach Harry Joseph Flynn John Clayton Nienstedt Bernard Hebda Coadjutor archbishop Leo Christopher Byrne Auxiliary bishops John Jeremiah Lawler James J. Byrne Leonard Philip Cowley Gerald Francis O'Keefe James P. Shannon John Roach Raymond Alphonse Lucker Paul Vincent Dudley John Francis Kinney William Henry Bullock James Richard Ham Robert James Carlson Joseph Charron Lawrence Welsh Frederick F. Campbell Richard Pates Lee A. Piché Andrew H. Cozzens Joseph Andrew Williams Michael Izen Churches Cathedrals Cathedral of Saint Paul Basilica of Saint Mary Parishes Guardian Angels Church, Chaska Saint Peter's Church, Mendota Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Minneapolis Church of Saint Stephen, Minneapolis Church of St. Wenceslaus, New Prague Church of Saint Mary, New Trier Church of St. Michael, St. Michael Church of the Assumption, St. Paul Church of St. Agnes, St. Paul Church of St. Bernard, St. Paul Church of St. Casimir, St. Paul Saint Mary's Church of the Purification, Marystown Church of the Annunciation, Webster Township Church of the Most Holy Trinity, Wheatland Township Historic Church of St. Hubertus, Chanhassen Chapel Our Lady of Victory Chapel Education Higher education St. Catherine University University of St. Thomas Seminaries Saint John Vianney College Seminary Saint Paul Seminary Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary (defunct) High schools Academy of Holy Angels, Richfield Benilde-St. Margaret's, St. Louis Park Bethlehem Academy, Faribault Chesterton Academy, Edina Convent of the Visitation, Mendota Heights Cretin-Derham Hall, St. Paul Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Minneapolis DeLaSalle High School, Minneapolis Hill-Murray School, Maplewood Holy Family Catholic High School, Victoria Providence Academy, Plymouth Saint Agnes K-12 School, St. Paul Saint Thomas Academy, Mendota Heights Totino-Grace High School, Fridley Priests Joseph Francis Busch Peter F. Christensen Alexander Christie Jozef Cieminski James Louis Connolly Timothy J. Corbett Donald DeGrood James Albert Duffy Hilary Baumann Hacker Patrick Richard Heffron Michael Joncas James Keane John M. LeVoir James McGolrick Francis Missia Thomas O'Gorman James O'Reilly Jakub W.J. Pacholski John A. Ryan Francis Joseph Schenk Alphonse James Schladweiler John Shanley Paul Sirba John Stariha Tim Vakoc Thomas Anthony Welch Catholicism portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz place
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"}],"text":"Catholic university in St. Paul and Minneapolis, MinnesotaThe University of St. Thomas (also known as UST or simply St. Thomas) is a private Catholic research university with campuses in St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Founded in 1885 as a Catholic seminary, it is named after Thomas Aquinas, the medieval Catholic theologian and philosopher who is the patron saint of students. As of fall 2021, St. Thomas enrolled 9,347 students, making it Minnesota's largest private, nonprofit university.","title":"University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(archbishop)"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarchow197339%E2%80%9340-10"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"James J. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jerome_Hill"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarchow197339%E2%80%9340-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy20017-11"},{"link_name":"School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Antonin Scalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia"}],"text":"Founded in 1885 by John Ireland, archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, St. Thomas began as an all-male, Catholic seminary.[10] In 1894, the liberal arts program became an independent college through a gift from local railroad tycoon James J. Hill, who provided funds to establish the Saint Paul Seminary apart from the college.[10] In 1903, the College of St. Thomas established a military program on campus, and it was officially termed a military school by the U.S. War Department in 1906. Initially, the school gave out two-year diplomas in commercial and classical programs before awarding its first academic degrees in 1915. In 1922, military training became optional.From the late 1920s through the mid-1930s, the Holy Cross Fathers, who run the University of Notre Dame, controlled the college's administration. The diocese called those priests in to help with the school's financial problems; those priests were known as a crisis intervention team of sorts for parochial schools of that time. During World War II, St. Thomas served as a training base for naval officers, which kept the school open when men who would have attended college were fighting in the war. After the war, in 1948, the college established \"Tom Town\" on the eastern end of the lower quadrant, which is currently the site to the O'Shaughnessey-Frey Library and O'Shaughnessey Education Center. Tom Town, made of 20 double-dwelling huts, consisted of white, barracks-like housing units for faculty, students, and their families. The units helped to meet housing demand after World War II.In the latter half of the 20th century, St. Thomas started two of its most notable graduate programs, education in 1950 and business administration in 1974. The school became co-educational in 1977, and although women were not allowed to enroll until then, female students from St. Catherine University (then the College of St. Catherine) often took classes at St. Thomas. Women were also present as instructors and administrators on campus, but the staff, faculty, and administration have seen a vast increase in female employment since the move to co-education. In 1990, the College of St. Thomas became the University of St. Thomas[11] and the following year, the university opened the Minneapolis campus. In 2001, St. Thomas reinstated its School of Law at its Minneapolis campus; it had been shut down during the Great Depression. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was the speaker at the grand opening.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Thomas_campus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Summit Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Avenue_(St._Paul)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Gorge Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Gorge_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"James J. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Hill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murray-Herrick_Center.JPG"},{"link_name":"residence hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_hall"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"parking ramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_ramp"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Asmat Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Asmat_Art"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finance_&_Commerce_2012-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"STEAM fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_fields"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lee and Penny Anderson Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_and_Penny_Anderson_Arena"},{"link_name":"Cretin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretin_Hall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Saint Paul","text":"Arched entryway to the St. Paul campusThe St. Paul campus is the main campus and is home to most undergraduate students. The main campus, built on a farm site once considered \"far removed from town\", is located where St. Paul's Summit Avenue meets the Mississippi River. The site was farmed by ex-Fort Snelling soldier William Finn, who received the property as a pension settlement after he accidentally shot himself in the hand while on guard duty.The western edge of the campus borders the Mississippi Gorge Regional Park. Summit Avenue, which runs through the middle of the campus, is the country's longest span of Victorian homes. This tree-lined avenue includes the Governor's Mansion, F. Scott Fitzgerald's townhome, and James J. Hill's mansion.[12]Murray-Herrick CenterIn 2005, a new apartment-style residence hall was built on an existing parking lot.[13] McNeely Hall was also built the following year. It is a large classroom building for business that replaced the smaller building of the same name.[14] A new residential village, more parking ramps, and general planning all have been negotiated successfully with the surrounding neighborhood. These developments are expected to begin within the next five years.[citation needed]In early 2012, St. Thomas completed the final stage of its three-building expansion on the St. Paul campus.[15] The two main additions that were completed are the Anderson Athletic and Recreation Center (AARC) and the Anderson Student Center. These projects were completed in the summer of 2010 and January 2012, respectively.[16] The Anderson Athletic and Recreation Center has a field house, basketball arena, weight room, and swimming pool.[17] The track in the field house is home to the most dominant track team in the MIAC conference. Other St. Thomas sports that use the AARC's facilities have also had recent success, including a playoff run for the football team, and a national championship for the men's basketball team.[citation needed] The new Anderson Student Center is home to new food venues, as well as entertainment options, including a game room and bowling alley, and a coffee shop. An art gallery on the second floor is home to the American Museum of Asmat Art.[18]St Thomas' newest dormitories, Frey Residence Hall and Tommie North Residence Hall, opened on north campus in 2020. Frey Residence Hall is a 5-story facility which houses 260 second-year and transfer students. Tommie North is also a 5-story facility, houses 480 residents and has a 116-stall underground parking ramp.[19] It is connected to the Iverson Center for Faith and Ireland Hall via tunnel and sits on the site of the former John Paul II dormitory.[20][21]In 2021, St. Thomas moved forward with plans for a new $110 million, 130,000 square foot building on South Campus called Schoenecker Center.[22] A dedication ceremony to celebrate the latest addition to campus was held on May 8, 2024. The new facility will focus on STEAM fields. The 126-year-old Loras Hall, most recently used as an administrative building, was demolished to make way for Schoenecker Center.[23]In 2023, the university announced plans for a $175 million on-campus indoor arena known as Lee and Penny Anderson Arena. The 6,000-seat arena is planned to be the home of the basketball and hockey teams in addition to hosting other events such as commencement. Cretin Hall, McCarthy Gymnasium and the Service Center are to be demolished to make way for the arena.[24]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:051907-018-UST-MPLS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Opus College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"seven virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_virtues"},{"link_name":"School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_School_of_Law"}],"sub_title":"Minneapolis","text":"Downtown Minneapolis CampusIn fall 1992, the university opened a permanent 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) campus at 1000 LaSalle Ave. in Minneapolis. The first building, named Terrence Murphy Hall in May 2000, is headquarters to the university's Opus College of Business. Artist Mark Balma created one of the largest frescoes in the United States on the arched ceiling of its atrium.[25] The seven-panel, 1,904 square feet (176.9 m2) fresco was completed in the summer of 1994 and portrays the seven virtues discussed in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas. The Minneapolis campus also holds St. Thomas' School of Education, the School of Law, and Schulze School of Entrepreneurship.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Gehry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry"}],"sub_title":"Daniel C. Gainey Conference Center (Owatonna)","text":"As announced on May 15, 2014, the Daniel C. Gainey Conference Center was to be sold to Meridian Behavioral Health, LLC, with a plan to convert it to a treatment facility for addiction and behavioral disorders. The deal closed in August 2014.\nThe deal included the entire 180-acre property and all the buildings except for the Winton Guest House, which was designed by architect Frank Gehry. St. Thomas then sold the house at auction and it was moved from the site.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_(Angelicum)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Bernardi (Rome)","text":"Since 1999, the University of St. Thomas has been the only university in the United States to have a formal affiliation with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum).[26]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bachelor's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"B.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.M."},{"link_name":"B.S.M.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering#Education"},{"link_name":"B.S.E.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.S.E.E."},{"link_name":"juris doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctor"}],"text":"Each year, the university awards almost 2,500 degrees, including five different bachelor's degrees (B.A., B.M., B.S., B.S.M.E. and B.S.E.E.). It has 88 major fields at the undergraduate level, with 59 minor fields of study and seven preprofessional programs. At the graduate and professional level, the university offers 41 master's degrees, 2 education specialist degree, 1 juris doctor, and 5 doctorates.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frey_Science_and_Engineering.JPG"},{"link_name":"Opus College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"AACSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_Seminary_School_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Saint John Vianney Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Vianney_Seminary_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Master of Social Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"double degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_degree"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_St_Thomas_School_of_Law.jpg"},{"link_name":"School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Colleges_of_the_Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"Hamline University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamline_University"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine_University"},{"link_name":"Macalester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macalester_College"},{"link_name":"Augsburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_University"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy20018,_33-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Schools and colleges","text":"Frey Science and Engineering CenterThe university offers its degree programs through nine divisions. The College of Arts and Sciences includes undergraduate departments in the arts, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences, plus a number of interdisciplinary programs. The Opus College of Business has seven departments offering graduate and undergraduate curricula including Executive Education and Professional Development at University of St. Thomas, and is one of six AACSB accredited business schools in Minnesota.[27] St. Thomas also houses the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity, which offers master's- and doctoral-level degrees oriented to theological study and the practice of ministry. Saint John Vianney Seminary, a minor college seminary, is also at St. Thomas. Other schools include the School of Education, the School of Engineering, and the School of Social Work. The Master of Social Work is offered as a double degree program with the St. Catherine University.School of LawSchools housed on the Minneapolis campus include the Graduate School of Professional Psychology, Undergraduate and Graduate Schools of Education, Graduate Programs in Software Engineering, and the School of Law, which was re-opened in 1999 after a 66-year hiatus.The University of St. Thomas is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities (ACTC), a consortium of five private liberal arts colleges. This program allows students to take classes at one of the associated colleges for no additional cost. Other schools include Hamline University, St. Catherine University, Macalester College, and Augsburg University.[28]In the Princeton Review 2023 rankings for best undergraduate entrepreneurship programs the St. Thomas Schulze School of Entrepreneurship was ranked 18th in the country.[29]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommie_Johnnie_Football.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johnnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Saint_Benedict_and_Saint_John%27s_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UST_Bball_Final.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_College"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"intramural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramural"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-athletics-30"},{"link_name":"Saint John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Saint_Benedict_and_Saint_John%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Collegeville, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegeville,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Stagg Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagg_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Salem, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Division III Football National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"University of Mount Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Union_Purple_Raiders_football"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"WCCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCO_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Summit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_League"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League"},{"link_name":"CCHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"WCHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"NCHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Hockey_Conference"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Tommie/Johnnie football in 2005MIAC Basketball Finals versus Carleton in 2006St. Thomas's school colors are purple and gray, and the athletic teams are called the Tommies. The mascot for these teams is \"Tommie\". \"Tommy\" was changed to the \"ie\" spelling when women were accepted as full-time students, to be more inclusive.For most of its athletic history, St. Thomas was a member of the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC), which performs at the NCAA Division III level. Since 1885, athletics have been present on St. Thomas' campus. The first sports teams that became popular were intramural. The top intramural baseball teams in the 1890s were the \"Blues\" and \"Grays\", which is where the school colors come from. Varsity sports did not begin until 1904, and UST was a founding member of the MIAC in 1920. St. Thomas celebrated its 100th year of varsity athletics in 2003–2004.[30]St. Thomas' longtime archrival was Saint John's University from Collegeville, Minnesota. Recent national titles include men's basketball in 2011 and 2016;[31] men's baseball in 2009 and 2001; women's softball in 2005 and 2004; men's lacrosse (MCLA Division II) in 2019, 2016, 2013, 2012, 2010 and 2009; women's volleyball in 2012; and dance team in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2008 and 2006. St. Thomas also won national championships with women's basketball in 1991; men's cross country in 1986 and 1984; men's indoor track in 1985; and women's cross country in 1987, 1986, 1984 and 1982. In 2012, St. Thomas played for the first time in the Stagg Bowl in Salem, Virginia, which is the Division III Football National Championship game, against the University of Mount Union, losing 28-10.[32] In 2015, St. Thomas reached the Stagg Bowl for the second time, prompting another championship match against Mount Union. St. Thomas ultimately ended up losing the game, with a final score of 49-35.[33]WCCO has broadcast radio coverage of Tommies football games since 2011.[34]On May 22, 2019 it was announced that St. Thomas was \"involuntarily removed\" from the MIAC.[35] St. Thomas was to have been allowed to remain as a member of the conference until the spring of 2021 while they searched for a new conference had that become necessary but would be allowed to leave at an earlier date should a new conference accept them prior to spring 2021 or should they have decided to become an independent. On October 4, 2019, St. Thomas announced that it had been invited to the Summit League, an NCAA Division I conference. This announcement also noted that St. Thomas had applied for a waiver from the NCAA to move directly from Division III to Division I beginning with the 2021-22 season. While the process of transitioning from Division III to Division I normally takes 12 years and requires transitioning through Division II, on July 15, 2020, the NCAA announced they had approved St. Thomas's application to move directly to Division I. As the Summit League does not sponsor football or ice hockey, St. Thomas joined the Pioneer Football League for football, the CCHA for men's hockey[36] and the WCHA for women's hockey. [37][38] Starting in the 2026-2027 season, St. Thomas will join the NCHC for men's hockey.[39]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cretinhall.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. John Vianney College Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Vianney_Seminary_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Archbishops of St. Paul-Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"William O. Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Brady"},{"link_name":"Austin Dowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Dowling"},{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(archbishop)"},{"link_name":"Cretin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Louis Masqueray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Louis_Masqueray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morrison_Hall_(Minnesota).JPG"},{"link_name":"skyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway"},{"link_name":"First Year Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Year_Experience"},{"link_name":"freshmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_year"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Student housing","text":"Cretin Hall, built in 1894Undergraduate housing is found on the St. Paul Campus. Approximately 2,400 residents live in 10 traditional halls and apartments. Additionally, St. John Vianney College Seminary holds approximately 140 students. All residence halls are co-ed. Residence halls on campus are named after Archbishops of St. Paul-Minneapolis, such as William O. Brady, Austin Dowling, and John Ireland. Built in 1894, Cretin Hall is the oldest hall on campus and was designed (along with Loras and Grace halls) by Emmanuel Louis Masqueray.Recently the department of residence life has purchased additional buildings on what they are calling 'mid-campus' in the area between Grand and Summit Avenues. These buildings house men and women transfer students in one of two buildings. There are two apartment complexes that are specifically designed for sophomores. Students are also housed in the residence above the Child Development Center, a day-care facility on campus.Morrison Hall is connected to Koch Commons with a skyway.The University of St. Thomas offers special interest floors, or floors that are intended to house specific residents with similar interests or class standing. Almost one-third of all floors are First Year Experience floors, which consist of only freshmen. This practice attempts to create a cohesive community by placing students together who will have a similar experience. First year students have the opportunity to participate in Living Learning Communities (LLCs). These include Sustainability, Aquinas Scholars, Tommies Do Well(ness), Pathways to Engineering, eMedia, Bridging Divides, Catholic Studies, Major Explorers, and Business for the Common Good.[41]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Father Dennis Dease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Dennis_Dease"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Voice for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice_for_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Desmond Tutu","text":"In 2007, the president of the University of St. Thomas, Father Dennis Dease, cancelled a planned speech by Nobel Peace Prize laureate and anti-apartheid figure, Desmond Tutu, on the grounds that his presence might offend some members of the local Jewish community.[42] Many faculty members of Voice for Peace led an email campaign calling on St. Thomas to reconsider its decision,[43] which the president did and invited Tutu to campus.[44] Tutu declined the re-invitation, speaking instead at the Minneapolis Convention Center at an event hosted by Metropolitan State University.[45] However, he addressed the issue two days later while making his final appearance at Metro State.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marisa Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Demolition of Foley Theater","text":"In 2008, plans were announced to the public that the theater department at the University of St. Thomas was to be dissolved and that the school would no longer offer this major. Declining numbers of theater majors was publicly cited as the reason. However, during this same time, plans were underway to make space for a new student center to be named after the Anderson family, then the largest single donors to a single private institution in United States history. Despite protests from senior faculty and students, the decision was made to demolish the theater and dissolve the department the same semester; though, according to the Dean of St. Thomas's College of Arts and Sciences, Marisa Kelly, the two decisions were \"completely unrelated\".[46]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)_faculty"},{"link_name":"John Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abraham_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Murphy Andregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Murphy_Andregg"},{"link_name":"Archbishop William Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brady_(Archbishop_of_Saint_Paul)"},{"link_name":"Don J. Briel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_J._Briel"},{"link_name":"Glenn Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Caruso"},{"link_name":"Andrew H. Cozzens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_H._Cozzens"},{"link_name":"Robert Delahunty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delahunty"},{"link_name":"David Durenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Durenberger"},{"link_name":"Massimo Faggioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Faggioli"},{"link_name":"Michael Joncas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Joncas"},{"link_name":"Ellen J. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_J._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John Jeremiah Lawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeremiah_Lawler"},{"link_name":"Nekima Levy-Pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekima_Levy-Pounds"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"Whitney MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill"},{"link_name":"Eugene McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Eoin McKiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_McKiernan"},{"link_name":"Harry Mehre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mehre"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mengler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mengler"},{"link_name":"Larry Miggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Miggins"},{"link_name":"Leslie Adrienne Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Adrienne_Miller"},{"link_name":"Charles Morerod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Morerod"},{"link_name":"Rachel Paulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Paulose"},{"link_name":"Mary Rose O'Reilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rose_O%27Reilley"},{"link_name":"Mark Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Osler"},{"link_name":"Lee A. Piché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_A._Pich%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"David Renz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Renz"},{"link_name":"John A. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Ryan"},{"link_name":"Patrick J. Schiltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Schiltz"},{"link_name":"Katarina Schuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Schuth"},{"link_name":"Brandon Staley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Staley"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"David Strom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strom"},{"link_name":"Peter Vaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vaill"}],"text":"See also: Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) facultyJohn Abraham – professor in the School of Engineering\nMichael Murphy Andregg – geneticist and peace activist\nArchbishop William Brady\nDon J. Briel – Professor of Catholic Studies\nGlenn Caruso – head football coach\nAndrew H. Cozzens – Professor of Divinity\nRobert Delahunty – internationally recognized professor of law\nDavid Durenberger – U.S. Senator from Minnesota\nMassimo Faggioli – theology professor\nMichael Joncas - professor of Catholic Studies\nEllen J. Kennedy – genocide scholar\nJohn Jeremiah Lawler – Professor of Divinity\nNekima Levy-Pounds – President of the Minneapolis NAACP\nWhitney MacMillan – former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Cargill\nEugene McCarthy – U.S. Senator and Representative\nEoin McKiernan – early scholar in Irish Studies\nHarry Mehre – football and basketball coach\nThomas Mengler – Dean of the School of Law\nLarry Miggins – baseball coach\nLeslie Adrienne Miller – poet\nCharles Morerod – Director of the Rome Program in Catholic Studies\nRachel Paulose – Visiting Professor of Law\nMary Rose O'Reilley – poet\nMark Osler – Professor of Law\nBishop Lee A. Piché – theology\nDavid Renz – Professor of Public Policy\nJohn A. Ryan – moral theologian\nPatrick J. Schiltz – U.S. federal judge\nKatarina Schuth – Professor for the Social Scientific Study of Religion\nBrandon Staley - Head Coach of the Los Angeles Chargers\nDavid Strom – Professor of Political Philosophy\nPeter Vaill – Professor of Management","title":"Notable faculty and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)_alumni"}],"text":"See also: Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) alumni","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Callahan_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Dease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dease"},{"link_name":"Richard DeMillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_DeMillo"},{"link_name":"Mark Dienhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dienhart"},{"link_name":"Tom Dooher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dooher"},{"link_name":"Education Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Abraham Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"Rick Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Krueger"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._McCarthy"},{"link_name":"John A. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Ryan"},{"link_name":"Edward J. Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Walsh_(journalist)"}],"sub_title":"Academia and education","text":"Tim Callahan – geologist\nDennis Dease – former President of the University of St. Thomas\nRichard DeMillo – computer scientist\nMark Dienhart – educator\nTom Dooher – president of Education Minnesota\nAbraham Kaplan – philosopher\nRick Krueger – educator\nStephen A. McCarthy – director of the Cornell University libraries\nJohn A. Ryan – theologian\nEdward J. Walsh – journalist","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felix Biederman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Biederman"},{"link_name":"Chapo Trap House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapo_Trap_House"},{"link_name":"Larry Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bond"},{"link_name":"Dottie Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottie_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Miss Minnesota USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Minnesota_USA"},{"link_name":"Vince Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Flynn"},{"link_name":"T. R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._R._Knight"},{"link_name":"Glenn Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"Thomas Melchior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Melchior"},{"link_name":"T.D. Mischke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.D._Mischke"},{"link_name":"Evan Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Schwartz_(author)"},{"link_name":"Ali Selim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Selim"},{"link_name":"Joe Soucheray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Soucheray"},{"link_name":"John Vachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vachon"}],"sub_title":"Arts and entertainment","text":"Felix Biederman – writer, gamer, co-host of Chapo Trap House\nLarry Bond – game designer and author\nDottie Cannon – Miss Minnesota USA 2006\nVince Flynn – author\nT. R. Knight – actor\nGlenn Lindgren – TV chef and food writer\nThomas Melchior – author\nT.D. Mischke – radio talk show host\nEvan Schwartz – author\nAli Selim – film director\nJoe Soucheray – radio talk show host\nJohn Vachon – photographer","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrian Baril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Baril"},{"link_name":"Brady Beeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Beeson"},{"link_name":"Jim Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brandt_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Herb Franta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Franta"},{"link_name":"Courtney George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_George"},{"link_name":"Tommy Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Ramsey County, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Neal Guggemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Guggemos"},{"link_name":"Red Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Walt Kiesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Kiesling"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"John Kundla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kundla"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Horace LaBissoniere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_LaBissoniere"},{"link_name":"Jake Mauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Mauer"},{"link_name":"Chuck Reichow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Reichow"},{"link_name":"Isaac Rosefelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Rosefelt"},{"link_name":"Don Simensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Simensen"},{"link_name":"Larry Steinbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Steinbach"},{"link_name":"Roy Vassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Vassau"},{"link_name":"Joe Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Warren_(goalkeeper)"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Adrian Baril – professional football player\nBrady Beeson – professional football player\nJim Brandt – professional football player\nHerb Franta – professional football player\nCourtney George – professional curler\nTommy Gibbons – Hall of Fame boxer, sheriff of Ramsey County, Minnesota 1934–1959\nNeal Guggemos – professional football player\nRed Hardy – professional baseball player\nWalt Kiesling – professional football player and coach, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame\nJohn Kundla – first coach for the Minneapolis Lakers\nHorace LaBissoniere – professional football player\nJake Mauer – professional baseball player and coach\nChuck Reichow – professional football player\nIsaac Rosefelt – American-Israeli basketball player\nDon Simensen – football player\nLarry Steinbach – football player\nRoy Vassau – professional football player\nJoe Warren – professional soccer player","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Anderson_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Robert Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buss"},{"link_name":"Disciplined Growth Investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplined_Growth_Investors"},{"link_name":"Jack Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Casey"},{"link_name":"Ron Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Fowler"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"John Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schneider_(American_football_executive)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"Bob Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Short"},{"link_name":"Ann Winblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Winblad"}],"sub_title":"Business and leadership","text":"Ben Anderson – entrepreneur\nRobert Buss – managing director, Disciplined Growth Investors\nJack Casey – business professional\nRon Fowler – owner, San Diego Padres\nJohn Schneider – general manager of the Seattle Seahawks\nBob Short – businessman, sport teams owner and politician\nAnn Winblad – venture capitalist","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semhar Araia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semhar_Araia"},{"link_name":"James N. Azim Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_N._Azim_Jr."},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Mike Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Beard_(politician)"},{"link_name":"William V. Belanger Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_V._Belanger_Jr."},{"link_name":"Michelle Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Benson"},{"link_name":"David H. Bieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Bieter"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"John E. Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Boland"},{"link_name":"Stephen F. Burkard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Burkard"},{"link_name":"Michael Ciresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ciresi"},{"link_name":"Ted Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Daley"},{"link_name":"Gary DeCramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_DeCramer"},{"link_name":"Terry Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Joe Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dunn_(California)"},{"link_name":"Sondra Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondra_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Peter Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fischer_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Burke Harr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Harr"},{"link_name":"John Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrington_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Brian H. Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_H._Hook"},{"link_name":"Paul Kohls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kohls"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Kornmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Kornmann"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lenroot Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lenroot_Jr."},{"link_name":"Patrick Lucey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lucey"},{"link_name":"Erin Maye Quade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Maye_Quade"},{"link_name":"Mike McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McFadden"},{"link_name":"Pam Myhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Myhra"},{"link_name":"Jim Oberstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Oberstar"},{"link_name":"James Hugh O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hugh_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Cindy Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Patrick J. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Ryan_(chaplain)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Henry Timothy (\"Tim\") Vakoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Vakoc"},{"link_name":"Conrado Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrado_Vega"},{"link_name":"D.D. Wozniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.D._Wozniak"}],"sub_title":"Law, politics, government, and military","text":"Semhar Araia – social activist\nJames N. Azim Jr. – Wisconsin State Assemblyman\nMike Beard – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nWilliam V. Belanger Jr. – Minnesota State Senator\nMichelle Benson – Minnesota State Senator\nDavid H. Bieter – mayor of Boise, Idaho\nJohn E. Boland – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nStephen F. Burkard – attorney\nMichael Ciresi – attorney\nTed Daley – Minnesota State Senator\nGary DeCramer – Minnesota State Senator\nTerry Dempsey – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nJoe Dunn – California State Senator\nSondra Erickson – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nPeter Fischer – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nBurke Harr – Nebraska State Senator\nJohn Harrington – chief of metro transit police in Minneapolis/St. Paul\nBrian H. Hook – former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs\nPaul Kohls – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nCharles B. Kornmann – United States federal judge\nArthur Lenroot Jr. – Wisconsin State Senator\nPatrick Lucey – Governor of Wisconsin\nErin Maye Quade – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nMike McFadden – 2014 Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from Minnesota\nPam Myhra – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nJim Oberstar – former U.S. Congressman\nJames Hugh O'Neill – brigadier general, U.S. Army\nCindy Pugh – member, Minnesota House of Representatives\nPatrick J. Ryan – chief of chaplains of the U.S. Army\nHenry Timothy (\"Tim\") Vakoc – first U.S. military chaplain to die from wounds received in the Iraq War\nConrado Vega – Minnesota State Senator\nD.D. Wozniak – former chief judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph John Annabring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Annabring"},{"link_name":"William Henry Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bullock"},{"link_name":"James Joseph Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Frederick F. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_F._Campbell"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Carlson"},{"link_name":"Peter F. Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_F._Christensen"},{"link_name":"Leonard Philip Cowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Philip_Cowley"},{"link_name":"Blase J. Cardinal Cupich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blase_J._Cupich"},{"link_name":"John Francis Doerfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Doerfler"},{"link_name":"Paul Vincent Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vincent_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Paul D. Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_D._Etienne"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Alexander Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alexander_Glenn"},{"link_name":"David Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Haas"},{"link_name":"Hilary Baumann Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Baumann_Hacker"},{"link_name":"Lambert Anthony Hoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Anthony_Hoch"},{"link_name":"Edward Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Howard_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"James Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Keane_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Francis Martin Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Martin_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Arthur Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kennedy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"John Francis Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Kinney"},{"link_name":"Louis Benedict Kucera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Benedict_Kucera"},{"link_name":"Raymond W. Lessard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_W._Lessard"},{"link_name":"John M. LeVoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._LeVoir"},{"link_name":"Raymond Alphonse Lucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Alphonse_Lucker"},{"link_name":"Lawrence James McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_James_McNamara"},{"link_name":"John Jeremiah McRaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeremiah_McRaith"},{"link_name":"William Theodore Mulloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Theodore_Mulloy"},{"link_name":"Gerald Francis O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Francis_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"Richard Pates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pates"},{"link_name":"Lee A. Piché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_A._Pich%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"John Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roach_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Alexander King Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_King_Sample"},{"link_name":"Francis Joseph Schenk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Joseph_Schenk"},{"link_name":"Alphonse James Schladweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_James_Schladweiler"},{"link_name":"Fulton J. Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen"},{"link_name":"George Henry Speltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Speltz"},{"link_name":"Rose Thering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Thering"},{"link_name":"Sylvester William Treinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_William_Treinen"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Eugene Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Eugene_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Thomas Anthony Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Anthony_Welch"},{"link_name":"Stephen S. Woznicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Woznicki"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Joseph John Annabring\nWilliam Henry Bullock\nJames Joseph Byrne – Archdiocese of Dubuque\nFrederick F. Campbell\nRobert J. Carlson – Archdiocese of St. Louis\nPeter F. Christensen\nLeonard Philip Cowley\nBlase J. Cardinal Cupich – Archdiocese of Chicago\nJohn Francis Doerfler\nPaul Vincent Dudley\nPaul D. Etienne\nLawrence Alexander Glenn\nDavid Haas\nHilary Baumann Hacker\nLambert Anthony Hoch\nEdward Howard\nJames Keane\nFrancis Martin Kelly\nArthur Kennedy\nJohn Francis Kinney\nLouis Benedict Kucera\nRaymond W. Lessard\nJohn M. LeVoir\nRaymond Alphonse Lucker\nLawrence James McNamara\nJohn Jeremiah McRaith\nWilliam Theodore Mulloy\nGerald Francis O'Keefe\nRichard Pates\nLee A. Piché\nJohn Roach – Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis\nAlexander King Sample – Archdiocese of Portland\nFrancis Joseph Schenk\nAlphonse James Schladweiler\nFulton J. Sheen – titular see of Newport, Wales\nGeorge Henry Speltz\nRose Thering – social activist\nSylvester William Treinen\nNicolas Eugene Walsh\nThomas Anthony Welch\nStephen S. Woznicki","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Buettner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Buettner"},{"link_name":"Daerek \"LemonNation\" Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerek_%22LemonNation%22_Hart"},{"link_name":"League of Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends"},{"link_name":"Hussein Samatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Samatar"},{"link_name":"Will Steger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Steger"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Dan Buettner – explorer, educator, author\nDaerek \"LemonNation\" Hart – professional League of Legends player\nHussein Samatar – politician, banker, and community organizer\nWill Steger – polar explorer","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Multiracial Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Pell grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_grant"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"American middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class"}],"text":"^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.\n\n^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.\n\n^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Private liberal arts colleges in Minnesota: their history and contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=C_pPIKcRXikC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780873510813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873510813"},{"link_name":"A Catholic university: vision and opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zZq9cugG7E4C&pg=PA33"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814651018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814651018"}],"text":"Jarchow, Merrill E. (1973). Private liberal arts colleges in Minnesota: their history and contributions. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 9780873510813.\nMurphy, Terrence J. (2001). A Catholic university: vision and opportunities. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict. ISBN 9780814651018.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Arched entryway to the St. Paul campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/St_Thomas_campus.jpg/220px-St_Thomas_campus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Murray-Herrick Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Murray-Herrick_Center.JPG/220px-Murray-Herrick_Center.JPG"},{"image_text":"Downtown Minneapolis Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/051907-018-UST-MPLS.jpg/220px-051907-018-UST-MPLS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frey Science and Engineering Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frey_Science_and_Engineering.JPG/220px-Frey_Science_and_Engineering.JPG"},{"image_text":"School of Law","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/University_of_St_Thomas_School_of_Law.jpg/220px-University_of_St_Thomas_School_of_Law.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tommie/Johnnie football in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tommie_Johnnie_Football.jpg/220px-Tommie_Johnnie_Football.jpg"},{"image_text":"MIAC Basketball Finals versus Carleton in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UST_Bball_Final.jpg/220px-UST_Bball_Final.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cretin Hall, built in 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cretinhall.jpg/220px-Cretinhall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morrison Hall is connected to Koch Commons with a skyway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Morrison_Hall_%28Minnesota%29.JPG/220px-Morrison_Hall_%28Minnesota%29.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis.svg/100px-Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of colleges and universities in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Minnesota"},{"title":"Higher education in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Minnesota"}]
[{"reference":"\"Quick Facts\". About University of St. Thomas. University of St. Thomas. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stthomas.edu/aboutust/quickfacts/","url_text":"\"Quick Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of St. Thomas Financial Statements: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023 with Report of Independent Auditors\" (PDF). University of St. Thomas.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stthomas.edu/_media-library/_documents/budgeting/stthomas-2023-audited-financial-statements.pdf","url_text":"\"University of St. Thomas Financial Statements: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023 with Report of Independent Auditors\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Patrick. \"Minnesota Nonprofit 100\". StarTribune News. Minneapolis StarTribune. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/nonprofit-100/460547793/","url_text":"\"Minnesota Nonprofit 100\""}]},{"reference":"Newsroom, The (December 19, 2022). \"Rob Vischer Named 16th President of University of St. Thomas\". University of St. Thomas. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.stthomas.edu/dec-19-2022-announcement/","url_text":"\"Rob Vischer Named 16th President of University of St. Thomas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class of 2025: St. Thomas Makes Strides Toward Diversity Goals\". University of St. Thomas Newsroom. University of St. Thomas. October 12, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.stthomas.edu/class-of-2025-st-thomas-makes-strides-toward-diversity-goals/","url_text":"\"Class of 2025: St. Thomas Makes Strides Toward Diversity Goals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023\". Forbes. Retrieved September 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/","url_text":"\"Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"2023-2024 Best National Universities\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities","url_text":"\"2023-2024 Best National Universities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 National University Rankings\". Washington Monthly. Retrieved February 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/2023-college-guide/national/","url_text":"\"2023 National University Rankings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly","url_text":"Washington Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Best Colleges in the U.S.\" The Wall Street Journal/College Pulse. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/best-colleges-2024","url_text":"\"2024 Best Colleges in the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Summit Avenue\". Project for Public Spaces. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120930080039/http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=494","url_text":"\"Summit Avenue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_Public_Spaces","url_text":"Project for Public Spaces"},{"url":"http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=494","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Take a look at new Selby Hall today, Sept. 6\" (Press release). University of St. Thomas. September 6, 2005. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183328/http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2005/09/06/take-a-look-at-new-selby-hall-today-sept-6/","url_text":"\"Take a look at new Selby Hall today, Sept. 6\""},{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2005/09/06/take-a-look-at-new-selby-hall-today-sept-6/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"McNeely Legacy Opens Doors\" (Press release). University of St. Thomas. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183326/http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2006/11/15/mcneely-legacy-opens-doors/","url_text":"\"McNeely Legacy Opens Doors\""},{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2006/11/15/mcneely-legacy-opens-doors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Construction Projects\". University of St. Thomas. Retrieved December 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/construction/","url_text":"\"Construction Projects\""}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Joe (October 18, 2012). \"University of St. Thomas raises more than $500 million in capital campaign\". Minn Post. Retrieved December 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minnpost.com/political-agenda/2012/10/university-st-thomas-raises-more-500-million-capital-campaign","url_text":"\"University of St. Thomas raises more than $500 million in capital campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson Athletic and Recreation Complex\". University of St. Thomas. Retrieved December 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/aarc/","url_text":"\"Anderson Athletic and Recreation Complex\""}]},{"reference":"Jossi, Frank (January 19, 2012). \"Building Blocks – University of St. Thomas' Anderson Student Center\". Finance and Commerce. Minneapolis: Dolan Media. Retrieved May 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://finance-commerce.com/2012/01/building-blocks-university-of-st-thomas-anderson-student-center/","url_text":"\"Building Blocks – University of St. Thomas' Anderson Student Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_and_Commerce","url_text":"Finance and Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"University of St. Thomas Residence Hall\". www.opus-group.com. Opus Group. Retrieved April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opus-group.com/Work/University-of-St-Thomas-Residence-Hall","url_text":"\"University of St. Thomas Residence Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tommie North Residence Hall\". www.stthomas.edu. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stthomas.edu/residence-life/halls/tommie-north/","url_text":"\"Tommie North Residence Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Noah (November 20, 2018). \"University announces 2 new dorms, renovations to existing buildings\". TommieMedia. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tommiemedia.com/university-announces-2-new-dorms-renovations-to-existing-buildings/","url_text":"\"University announces 2 new dorms, renovations to existing buildings\""}]},{"reference":"Reilly, Mark. \"University of St. Thomas to begin $100M STEAM research center in St. Paul\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2021/11/09/st-thomas-steam-center-st-paul.html","url_text":"\"University of St. Thomas to begin $100M STEAM research center in St. Paul\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loras Hall Makes Way for STEAM Complex\". University of St Thomas Newsroom. February 22, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.stthomas.edu/loras-hall-update/","url_text":"\"Loras Hall Makes Way for STEAM Complex\""}]},{"reference":"Navratil, Liz. \"University of St. Thomas announces record-setting donation for new sports arena\". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/university-of-st-thomas-announces-record-setting-donation-for-new-sports-facilities/600244109/","url_text":"\"University of St. Thomas announces record-setting donation for new sports arena\""}]},{"reference":"Fedo, Michael (November 19, 1993). \"Artist Mark Balma's Lasting Impression\". The Christian Science Monitor: 12. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved December 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/1119/19121.html","url_text":"\"Artist Mark Balma's Lasting Impression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729","url_text":"0882-7729"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Thomas' Opus College of Business receives AACSB accreditation : Opus College of Business : University of St. Thomas\". Stthomas.edu. Retrieved October 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/business/media/newsroom/pressreleases/20110105_aacsb.html?WT.ac=ocb4-Jan-2011.usthp","url_text":"\"St. Thomas' Opus College of Business receives AACSB accreditation : Opus College of Business : University of St. Thomas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Entrepreneurship: Ugrad | the Princeton Review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings?rankings=top-50-entrepreneurship-ugrad","url_text":"\"Top 50 Entrepreneurship: Ugrad | the Princeton Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditions & Spirit\". University of St. Thomas Athletics. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071227043424/http://www.stthomas.edu/athletics/spirit/default.html","url_text":"\"Traditions & Spirit\""},{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/athletics/spirit/default.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Thomas pounds Wooster for D-III men's title\". ESPN.com. March 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/news/story?id=6237233","url_text":"\"St. Thomas pounds Wooster for D-III men's title\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Thomas reaches Div. III title game\". ESPN. December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/8727205/st-thomas-tommies-beat-wisconsin-oshkosh-titans-advance-first-division-iii-championship-game","url_text":"\"St. Thomas reaches Div. III title game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Berkes, Peter (December 18, 2015). \"Mount Union beats St. Thomas for 12th D3 title\". SBNation.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2015/12/18/10625222/mount-union-national-championship-2015-d-3-stagg-bowl-st-thomas","url_text":"\"Mount Union beats St. Thomas for 12th D3 title\""}]},{"reference":"\"WCCO Radio to broadcast St. Thomas football games\". WCCO.com. WCCO. May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/05/11/wcco-radio-to-broadcast-st-thomas-football-games/#comment-144154","url_text":"\"WCCO Radio to broadcast St. Thomas football games\""}]},{"reference":"Medcalf, Myron (May 22, 2019). \"St. Thomas wins too much, kicked out of MIAC\". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved October 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/26801838/st-thomas-wins-too-much-kicked-miac","url_text":"\"St. Thomas wins too much, kicked out of MIAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCHA Welcomes The University Of St. Thomas\". Northern Michigan University. July 29, 2020. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724004054/https://nmuwildcats.com/sports/mice/2020-21/releases/202007299lcxex","url_text":"\"CCHA Welcomes The University Of St. Thomas\""},{"url":"https://nmuwildcats.com/sports/mice/2020-21/releases/202007299lcxex","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scoggins and Christensen, Chip and Joe. \"St. Thomas announces intentions to go Division I after getting removed from MIAC\". Star Tribune. Retrieved October 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/university-of-st-thomas-wants-to-go-division-i-gets-invitation-to-summit-league/562174952/","url_text":"\"St. Thomas announces intentions to go Division I after getting removed from MIAC\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Megan. \"St. Thomas gets approval from NCAA to go Division I\". Star Tribune. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/st-thomas-gets-approval-from-ncaa-to-go-division-i/571780492/","url_text":"\"St. Thomas gets approval from NCAA to go Division I\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCHC Adds University of St. Thomas as Newest Member Beginning in 2026-2027\". nchchockey.com. May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://nchchockey.com/news/2024/5/14/mens-ice-hockey-nchc-adds-university-of-st-thomas-as-newest-member-beginning-in-2026-2027.aspx","url_text":"\"NCHC Adds University of St. Thomas as Newest Member Beginning in 2026-2027\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Scorecard: University of St. Thomas\". United States Department of Education. Retrieved May 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?174914-University-of-St-Thomas","url_text":"\"College Scorecard: University of St. Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education","url_text":"United States Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"LLCs – Residence Life – University of St. Thomas – Minnesota\". www.stthomas.edu. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926175631/http://www.stthomas.edu/livinglearningcommunities/","url_text":"\"LLCs – Residence Life – University of St. Thomas – Minnesota\""},{"url":"https://www.stthomas.edu/livinglearningcommunities/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Furst, Randy (October 4, 2007). \"St. Thomas won't host Tutu\". Minneapolis Star Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/462/story/1463394.html","url_text":"\"St. Thomas won't host Tutu\""}]},{"reference":"Furst, Randy (October 15, 2007). \"St. Thomas urged to reconsider its decision not to invite Tutu\". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090323234440/http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html","url_text":"\"St. Thomas urged to reconsider its decision not to invite Tutu\""},{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UST president says he made wrong decision, invites Tutu to campus\". University of St. Thomas Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013055725/http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm","url_text":"\"UST president says he made wrong decision, invites Tutu to campus\""},{"url":"http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mador, Jessica (April 12, 2008). \"Desmond Tutu avoids politics while talking about peace\". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved May 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/04/12/tutu2/","url_text":"\"Desmond Tutu avoids politics while talking about peace\""}]},{"reference":"Furst, Randy (October 9, 2008). \"St. Thomas drops the curtain: Eliminates theater department, slates Foley Theater for destruction\". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved February 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/09/st-thomas-drops-curtain-eliminates-theater-department-slates-foley-theater-destru","url_text":"\"St. Thomas drops the curtain: Eliminates theater department, slates Foley Theater for destruction\""}]},{"reference":"Jarchow, Merrill E. (1973). Private liberal arts colleges in Minnesota: their history and contributions. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 9780873510813.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_pPIKcRXikC","url_text":"Private liberal arts colleges in Minnesota: their history and contributions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873510813","url_text":"9780873510813"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Terrence J. (2001). A Catholic university: vision and opportunities. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict. ISBN 9780814651018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZq9cugG7E4C&pg=PA33","url_text":"A Catholic university: vision and opportunities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814651018","url_text":"9780814651018"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)&params=44_56_35_N_93_11_25_W_","external_links_name":"44°56′35″N 93°11′25″W / 44.94306°N 93.19028°W / 44.94306; -93.19028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)&params=44_56_35_N_93_11_25_W_","external_links_name":"44°56′35″N 93°11′25″W / 44.94306°N 93.19028°W / 44.94306; -93.19028"},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/","external_links_name":"www.stthomas.edu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.stthomas.edu/aboutust/quickfacts/","external_links_name":"\"Quick Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.stthomas.edu/_media-library/_documents/budgeting/stthomas-2023-audited-financial-statements.pdf","external_links_name":"\"University of St. Thomas Financial Statements: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023 with Report of Independent Auditors\""},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/nonprofit-100/460547793/","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota Nonprofit 100\""},{"Link":"https://news.stthomas.edu/dec-19-2022-announcement/","external_links_name":"\"Rob Vischer Named 16th President of University of St. Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://news.stthomas.edu/class-of-2025-st-thomas-makes-strides-toward-diversity-goals/","external_links_name":"\"Class of 2025: St. Thomas Makes Strides Toward Diversity Goals\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities","external_links_name":"\"2023-2024 Best National Universities\""},{"Link":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/2023-college-guide/national/","external_links_name":"\"2023 National University Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/best-colleges-2024","external_links_name":"\"2024 Best Colleges in the U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120930080039/http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=494","external_links_name":"\"Summit Avenue\""},{"Link":"http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=494","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183328/http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2005/09/06/take-a-look-at-new-selby-hall-today-sept-6/","external_links_name":"\"Take a look at new Selby Hall today, Sept. 6\""},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2005/09/06/take-a-look-at-new-selby-hall-today-sept-6/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183326/http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2006/11/15/mcneely-legacy-opens-doors/","external_links_name":"\"McNeely Legacy Opens Doors\""},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/news/2006/11/15/mcneely-legacy-opens-doors/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/construction/","external_links_name":"\"Construction Projects\""},{"Link":"http://www.minnpost.com/political-agenda/2012/10/university-st-thomas-raises-more-500-million-capital-campaign","external_links_name":"\"University of St. Thomas raises more than $500 million in capital campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/aarc/","external_links_name":"\"Anderson Athletic and Recreation Complex\""},{"Link":"http://finance-commerce.com/2012/01/building-blocks-university-of-st-thomas-anderson-student-center/","external_links_name":"\"Building Blocks – University of St. Thomas' Anderson Student Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.opus-group.com/Work/University-of-St-Thomas-Residence-Hall","external_links_name":"\"University of St. Thomas Residence Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.stthomas.edu/residence-life/halls/tommie-north/","external_links_name":"\"Tommie North Residence Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.tommiemedia.com/university-announces-2-new-dorms-renovations-to-existing-buildings/","external_links_name":"\"University announces 2 new dorms, renovations to existing buildings\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2021/11/09/st-thomas-steam-center-st-paul.html","external_links_name":"\"University of St. Thomas to begin $100M STEAM research center in St. Paul\""},{"Link":"https://news.stthomas.edu/loras-hall-update/","external_links_name":"\"Loras Hall Makes Way for STEAM Complex\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/university-of-st-thomas-announces-record-setting-donation-for-new-sports-facilities/600244109/","external_links_name":"\"University of St. Thomas announces record-setting donation for new sports arena\""},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/1119/19121.html","external_links_name":"\"Artist Mark Balma's Lasting Impression\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729","external_links_name":"0882-7729"},{"Link":"http://www.pust.it/","external_links_name":"http://www.pust.it/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180314052843/http://pust.it/#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/business/media/newsroom/pressreleases/20110105_aacsb.html?WT.ac=ocb4-Jan-2011.usthp","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas' Opus College of Business receives AACSB accreditation : Opus College of Business : University of St. Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings?rankings=top-50-entrepreneurship-ugrad","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Entrepreneurship: Ugrad | the Princeton Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071227043424/http://www.stthomas.edu/athletics/spirit/default.html","external_links_name":"\"Traditions & Spirit\""},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/athletics/spirit/default.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/news/story?id=6237233","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas pounds Wooster for D-III men's title\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/8727205/st-thomas-tommies-beat-wisconsin-oshkosh-titans-advance-first-division-iii-championship-game","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas reaches Div. III title game\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2015/12/18/10625222/mount-union-national-championship-2015-d-3-stagg-bowl-st-thomas","external_links_name":"\"Mount Union beats St. Thomas for 12th D3 title\""},{"Link":"http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/05/11/wcco-radio-to-broadcast-st-thomas-football-games/#comment-144154","external_links_name":"\"WCCO Radio to broadcast St. Thomas football games\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/26801838/st-thomas-wins-too-much-kicked-miac","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas wins too much, kicked out of MIAC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724004054/https://nmuwildcats.com/sports/mice/2020-21/releases/202007299lcxex","external_links_name":"\"CCHA Welcomes The University Of St. Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://nmuwildcats.com/sports/mice/2020-21/releases/202007299lcxex","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/university-of-st-thomas-wants-to-go-division-i-gets-invitation-to-summit-league/562174952/","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas announces intentions to go Division I after getting removed from MIAC\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/st-thomas-gets-approval-from-ncaa-to-go-division-i/571780492/","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas gets approval from NCAA to go Division I\""},{"Link":"http://nchchockey.com/news/2024/5/14/mens-ice-hockey-nchc-adds-university-of-st-thomas-as-newest-member-beginning-in-2026-2027.aspx","external_links_name":"\"NCHC Adds University of St. Thomas as Newest Member Beginning in 2026-2027\""},{"Link":"https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?174914-University-of-St-Thomas","external_links_name":"\"College Scorecard: University of St. Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926175631/http://www.stthomas.edu/livinglearningcommunities/","external_links_name":"\"LLCs – Residence Life – University of St. Thomas – Minnesota\""},{"Link":"https://www.stthomas.edu/livinglearningcommunities/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/462/story/1463394.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas won't host Tutu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090323234440/http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas urged to reconsider its decision not to invite Tutu\""},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013055725/http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm","external_links_name":"\"UST president says he made wrong decision, invites Tutu to campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/04/12/tutu2/","external_links_name":"\"Desmond Tutu avoids politics while talking about peace\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/09/st-thomas-drops-curtain-eliminates-theater-department-slates-foley-theater-destru","external_links_name":"\"St. Thomas drops the curtain: Eliminates theater department, slates Foley Theater for destruction\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_pPIKcRXikC","external_links_name":"Private liberal arts colleges in Minnesota: their history and contributions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zZq9cugG7E4C&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"A Catholic university: vision and opportunities"},{"Link":"http://www.stthomas.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.tommiesports.com/","external_links_name":"Official athletics website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/670957/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122185518","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000040467044X","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131195240","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10165771-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585570805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91095575","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/9339f078-7aaf-4add-a83d-3339084ffef7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia
Portuguese language in Asia
["1 Geographic distribution","2 CPLP","3 Instituto Camões","4 Local norms and phonology","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Portuguese language in Asia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Portuguese language is spoken in Asia by small communities either in regions which formerly served as colonies to Portugal, notably Macau and East Timor where the language is official albeit not widely spoken, Lusophone immigrants, notably the Brazilians in Japan or by some Afro-Asians and Luso-Asians. In Larantuka, Indonesia and Daman and Diu, India, Portuguese has a religious connotation, according to Damanese Portuguese-Indian Association, there are 10 – 12,000 Portuguese speakers in the territory. Geographic distribution Bilingual sign in Macau Portuguese and Chinese, seen on this street sign, are official languages in Macau Multilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi, Japan. Return immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a large Portuguese-speaking community in the town. Sri Lanka: Formerly known as Ceylon (Ceilão in Portuguese), the island's first European visitors were Portuguese people, who gave the island its original name. The island is home to a Portuguese Burgher minority who speaks Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole. Sri Lanka participated in the Jogos da Lusofonia in 2006 and 2014. India: The state of Goa was a part of the Portuguese Empire until 1961. India participated in the Jogos da Lusofonia in 2006 and 2014. Goa is awaiting the permission of the Indian Government to join the CPLP as an observer. In Goa, most of the relatively few speakers of Portuguese are older people. The Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu was also part of Portuguese India. As in Goa, the dwindling number of Portuguese speakers are also older people. Daman and Diu are also home to Indo-Portuguese Creoles. It is estimated that there are 3% – 5% of fluent speakers of Portuguese in Goa, Daman and Diu. The language is still spoken by about 10,000 people, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Malaysia and Singapore: The Malaysian state of Malacca and city-state of Singapore are homes to the Gente Kristang a community of Eurasians who claim Portuguese descent and speak Papia Kristang, a Portuguese-lexified Creole. The Portuguese settlement at Malacca is a source of tourism for the state and the Lusophone heritage is visible in cuisine, architecture and folklore of the Kristang people. Pending approval from the Malaysian Government, Malacca may join the CPLP as an associate observer. Macau: Portuguese is a co-official language alongside Chinese in the Chinese special administrative region of Macau. It has become the centre for Portuguese learning in Asia and has become the focus through which China relates diplomatically to the member states of CPLP. Macau was the host city for the first Lusophone games in 2006. While the Macanese Language is by now critically endangered with less than a hundred speakers, the number of speakers of Portuguese has also decreased since the handover in 1999. But enrollments for private Portuguese classes have tripled, to 1,000, since 2002; that prompted public schools here to offer Portuguese, drawing more than 5,000 students. It is now estimated that about 3% of the population speak Portuguese as their first language, while 7% professes fluency. East Timor: The Southeast Asian country added Portuguese as an official language as it gained independence from Indonesia in 2002. According to a 2004 census, 36 percent of respondents said they had "a capability in Portuguese". The inter-ethnic lingua franca, Tetum has a large number of loanwords derived from Portuguese making the latter relatively easy to learn for speakers of the former. Japan: As of 2023, there were approximately 210,563 (in June, 2023) Brazilians living in Japan. CPLP Various regions in Asia have expressed interest in participating in the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (the CPLP). The Malaysian state of Malacca, Macau, and the Indian state of Goa have all applied for observer or associate member status and are awaiting the permission of the Malaysian, Chinese, and Indian governments, respectively. East Timor joined the CPLP shortly after its independence at the turn of the 21st century. Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan has also expressed interest in joining the CPLP. Instituto Camões The Instituto Camões maintains language centres in Macau, Goa, Busan Tokyo and Dili. Local norms and phonology In Asia, Standard European Portuguese (português-padrão) forms the basis for the written and spoken norm, exclusively to East Timor and Macau. See also East Timorese Portuguese Goan Portuguese Macau Portuguese References ^ "About the Archdiocese – Goa DCSCM". ^ Carvalho, Daniela de (1 February 2013). Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin. ISBN 978-1-135-78765-3. ^ "CPLP: Galiza com estatuto de observador associado só com "sim" de Madrid – Notícias Lusa – Sapo Notícias". Noticias.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-29. ^ "1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa". Revistamacau.com. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015. ^ China Sees Advantages in Macao's Portuguese Past, New York Times, October 21, 2004 ^ Leach, Michael (2007), "talking Portuguese; China and East Timor", Arena Magazine, retrieved 2011-05-18 ^ A New Country’s Tough Non-Elective: Portuguese 101, Seth Mydans, New York Times, July 31, 2007 ^ 令和５年６月末現在における在留外国人数について ^ "The Portuguese in Southeast Asia". 25 January 2012. ^ "Promising future for Portuguese language in China | Macao Magazine". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-02. ^ In Macau, the official spelling of the Portuguese language is fixed by Decree-Law No. 103/99/M External links Issues of Asian Portuguese-Speaking Spaces and Lusotopias Is There One Goan Identity,Several or None? Papia, Relijang e Tradisang The Portuguese Eurasians in Malaysia : Bumiquest, A Search for Self Identity The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka China’s Portuguese Connection Talking Portuguese: China and East Timor As Maravilhas de Portugal no Mundo – Fortaleza de Damão, Índia As Maravilhas de Portugal no Mundo – Basílica do Bom Jesus de Goa vteModern PortugueseAfrican(African) Angolan Cape Verdean Guinean Mozambican São Tomean Pan-American(Pan-American) Brazilian: Caipira Central Northeastern Florianopolitan/Manês Gaúcho Mineiro North Coast/Cearense Paulistano Sertanejo  Curitibano/Sulista  Carioca  Serra amazônica  Brasiliense  Recifense  Portuguese language Outside Brazil: Uruguayan Asian(Asian) East Timorese Goan Macau European(European) Açoriano  Alentejan Algarvio  Estremenho Nortenho Oliventine Transmontano  Judaeo-Portuguese See also Geographic distribution of Portuguese Brazilian diaspora Portuguese diaspora Portuguese phonology Portuguese vocabulary Phonology Portuñol vteRomance languages (classification)Major branches Eastern Italo-Western Italo-Dalmatian Western Southern Eastern Aromanian Istro-Romanian Megleno-Romanian Daco-Romanian dialects Banat Bukovinian Crișana Maramureș Moldavian Oltenian Transylvanian Wallachian Common Romanian Italo-DalmatianCentral Central Italian Central Marchigiano Ancona Fabriano Macerata Central−Northern Latian Romanesco Sabino Corsican Gallurese Italian Italo-Australian Maltese Italian Regional Italian Swiss Italian Sassarese Tuscan Florentine Southern Extreme Southern Italian Central−Southern Calabrian Salentino Manduriano Sicilian Pantesco Neapolitan–Calabrese Neapolitan Barese Benevento Castelmezzano Cilentan Irpinian Arianese Molisan Southern Latian Tarantino Vastese Northern Calabrian Others Dalmatian Romance Dalmatian Istriot Judaeo-Italian WesternGallo-Italic Emilian–Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Parmigiano Romagnol Forlivese Sammarinese Gallo-Italic of Basilicata Gallo-Italic of Sicily Gallo-Picene Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Royasc Tabarchino Judeo-Italian Lombard Eastern Bergamasque Cremish Western Brianzöö Canzés Bustocco–Legnanese Comasco–Lecchese Comasco Laghée Lecchese Vallassinese Milanese Ossolano Southwestern Cremunés Novarese Pavese Ticinese Varesino Old Lombard Piedmontese Judaeo-Piedmontese Gallo-RomanceLanguesd'oïl Angevin Berrichon Bourbonnais Burgundian Champenois Ardennais Rémois Frainc-Comtou Gallo French Jersey Legal Meridional North American dialects Canadian Acadian Chiac St. Marys Bay French Brayon Newfoundland Quebec Joual Magoua Franco-Ontarian Métis Muskrat New England Frenchville Louisiana Houma Missouri French Creoles Lorrain Gaumais Vosgien Welche Mayennais Norman Anglo-Norman Auregnais Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Law French Augeron Cauchois Cotentinais Orléanais Paydret Picard Poitevin–Saintongeais Poitevin Saintongeais Walloon West Walloon Wisconsin Walloon Franco-Provençal/Arpitan Faetar Savoyard Valdôtain Moselle Romance Ibero-Romance(WestIberian)Asturleonese Asturian Western Asturian Cantabrian Leonese Mirandese Galician–Portuguese Fala Galician Galician–Asturian/Eonavian Minderico Portugis Portuguese dialects African Asian Brazilian Mineiro European Estremenho Uruguayan Creoles Judaeo-Portuguese Castilian Amazonic Spanish Extremaduran Judaeo-Spanish Spanish dialects Equatoguinean Latin American Chilean Chilean Chilote Peruvian Peruvian Ribereño Rioplatense Peninsular Andalusian Llanito Castilian Castrapo Castúo Murcian Philippine Saharan Creoles Old Spanish Pyrenean–Mozarabic Andalusi Romance Navarro-Aragonese Aragonese Judaeo-Aragonese Others Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish) Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) Occitano-Romance Catalan dialects Eastern Algherese Balearic Mallorcan Menorcan Central Northern Judaeo-Catalan Patuet Western Catalan Ribagorçan Valencian Occitan Auvergnat Gascon Aranese Béarnese Landese Judeo-Gascon Judeo-Provençal Languedocien Limousin Provençal Niçard Vivaro-Alpine Gardiol Mentonasc Old Occitan Old Catalan Rhaeto-Romance Friulian Fornes Ladin Cadorino Nones Romansh Jauer Putèr Surmiran Sursilvan Vallader Others Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin) Venetian (unknown further classification) Chipilo Fiuman Talian Triestine Others African Romance British Latin Pannonian Latin Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese Reconstructed Proto-Romance Italics indicate extinct languages Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Lusophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophone"},{"link_name":"Brazilians in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilians_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Afro-Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asians"},{"link_name":"Luso-Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luso-Asians"},{"link_name":"Larantuka, Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larantuka"},{"link_name":"Daman and Diu, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Portuguese language is spoken in Asia by small communities either in regions which formerly served as colonies to Portugal, notably Macau and East Timor where the language is official albeit not widely spoken, Lusophone immigrants, notably the Brazilians in Japan or by some Afro-Asians and Luso-Asians. In Larantuka, Indonesia and Daman and Diu, India, Portuguese has a religious connotation, according to Damanese Portuguese-Indian Association, there are 10 – 12,000 Portuguese speakers in the territory.[1]","title":"Portuguese language in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macau-Chinese%26Portuguese.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bilingual sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_sign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CalcadaSaoPaulomacau.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Oizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oizumi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japanese Brazilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Portuguese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Burgher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole"},{"link_name":"Jogos da Lusofonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophony_Games"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jogos da Lusofonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophony_Games"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"Portuguese India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India"},{"link_name":"Indo-Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"link_name":"Gente Kristang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people"},{"link_name":"Papia Kristang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papia_Kristang"},{"link_name":"Portuguese settlement at Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Settlement,_Malacca"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"special administrative region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Macanese Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patu%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brazilians living in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilians_in_Japan"}],"text":"Bilingual sign in MacauPortuguese and Chinese, seen on this street sign, are official languages in MacauMultilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi, Japan. Return immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a large Portuguese-speaking community in the town.[2]Sri Lanka: Formerly known as Ceylon (Ceilão in Portuguese), the island's first European visitors were Portuguese people, who gave the island its original name. The island is home to a Portuguese Burgher minority who speaks Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole. Sri Lanka participated in the Jogos da Lusofonia in 2006 and 2014.\nIndia: The state of Goa was a part of the Portuguese Empire until 1961. India participated in the Jogos da Lusofonia in 2006 and 2014. Goa is awaiting the permission of the Indian Government to join the CPLP as an observer.[3] In Goa, most of the relatively few speakers of Portuguese are older people. The Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu was also part of Portuguese India. As in Goa, the dwindling number of Portuguese speakers are also older people. Daman and Diu are also home to Indo-Portuguese Creoles. It is estimated that there are 3% – 5% of fluent speakers of Portuguese in Goa, Daman and Diu. The language is still spoken by about 10,000 people, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa.[4]\nMalaysia and Singapore: The Malaysian state of Malacca and city-state of Singapore are homes to the Gente Kristang a community of Eurasians who claim Portuguese descent and speak Papia Kristang, a Portuguese-lexified Creole. The Portuguese settlement at Malacca is a source of tourism for the state and the Lusophone heritage is visible in cuisine, architecture and folklore of the Kristang people. Pending approval from the Malaysian Government, Malacca may join the CPLP as an associate observer.\nMacau: Portuguese is a co-official language alongside Chinese in the Chinese special administrative region of Macau. It has become the centre for Portuguese learning in Asia and has become the focus through which China relates diplomatically to the member states of CPLP. Macau was the host city for the first Lusophone games in 2006. While the Macanese Language is by now critically endangered with less than a hundred speakers, the number of speakers of Portuguese has also decreased since the handover in 1999. But enrollments for private Portuguese classes have tripled, to 1,000, since 2002; that prompted public schools here to offer Portuguese, drawing more than 5,000 students.[5] It is now estimated that about 3% of the population speak Portuguese as their first language, while 7% professes fluency.[6]\nEast Timor: The Southeast Asian country added Portuguese as an official language as it gained independence from Indonesia in 2002. According to a 2004 census, 36 percent of respondents said they had \"a capability in Portuguese\".[7] The inter-ethnic lingua franca, Tetum has a large number of loanwords derived from Portuguese making the latter relatively easy to learn for speakers of the former.\nJapan: As of 2023, there were approximately 210,563 (in June, 2023)[8] Brazilians living in Japan.","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"CPLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLP"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"Various regions in Asia have expressed interest in participating in the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (the CPLP). The Malaysian state of Malacca, Macau, and the Indian state of Goa have all applied for observer or associate member status and are awaiting the permission of the Malaysian, Chinese, and Indian governments, respectively. East Timor joined the CPLP shortly after its independence at the turn of the 21st century. Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan has also expressed interest in joining the CPLP.","title":"CPLP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instituto Camões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan"}],"text":"The Instituto Camões maintains language centres in Macau, Goa, Busan Tokyo and Dili.","title":"Instituto Camões"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In Asia, Standard European Portuguese (português-padrão) forms the basis for the written and spoken norm, exclusively to East Timor and Macau.[9][10][11]","title":"Local norms and phonology"}]
[{"image_text":"Bilingual sign in Macau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macau-Chinese%26Portuguese.jpg/250px-Macau-Chinese%26Portuguese.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portuguese and Chinese, seen on this street sign, are official languages in Macau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CalcadaSaoPaulomacau.jpg/220px-CalcadaSaoPaulomacau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Multilingual sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi, Japan. Return immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a large Portuguese-speaking community in the town.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG/220px-Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG"}]
[{"title":"East Timorese Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese"},{"title":"Goan Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_Portuguese"},{"title":"Macau Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Portuguese"}]
[{"reference":"\"About the Archdiocese – Goa DCSCM\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archgoadaman.com/about-the-archdiocese/","url_text":"\"About the Archdiocese – Goa DCSCM\""}]},{"reference":"Carvalho, Daniela de (1 February 2013). Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin. ISBN 978-1-135-78765-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nlxybOVae8C&q=oizumi+brazilians&pg=PT150","url_text":"Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78765-3","url_text":"978-1-135-78765-3"}]},{"reference":"\"CPLP: Galiza com estatuto de observador associado só com \"sim\" de Madrid – Notícias Lusa – Sapo Notícias\". Noticias.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221142453/http://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/540e9ba4b19eb7b555b54b.html","url_text":"\"CPLP: Galiza com estatuto de observador associado só com \"sim\" de Madrid – Notícias Lusa – Sapo Notícias\""},{"url":"https://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/540e9ba4b19eb7b555b54b.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa\". Revistamacau.com. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/","url_text":"\"1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa\""}]},{"reference":"Leach, Michael (2007), \"talking Portuguese; China and East Timor\", Arena Magazine, retrieved 2011-05-18","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6469/is_92/ai_n29406744/","url_text":"\"talking Portuguese; China and East Timor\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Portuguese in Southeast Asia\". 25 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2012/01/25/the-portuguese-in-southeast-asia/","url_text":"\"The Portuguese in Southeast Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Promising future for Portuguese language in China | Macao Magazine\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702230400/https://www.macaomagazine.net/china/promising-future-portuguese-language-china","url_text":"\"Promising future for Portuguese language in China | Macao Magazine\""},{"url":"https://www.macaomagazine.net/china/promising-future-portuguese-language-china","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Portuguese+language+in+Asia%22","external_links_name":"\"Portuguese language in Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Portuguese+language+in+Asia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Portuguese+language+in+Asia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Portuguese+language+in+Asia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Portuguese+language+in+Asia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Portuguese+language+in+Asia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archgoadaman.com/about-the-archdiocese/","external_links_name":"\"About the Archdiocese – Goa DCSCM\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nlxybOVae8C&q=oizumi+brazilians&pg=PT150","external_links_name":"Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221142453/http://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/540e9ba4b19eb7b555b54b.html","external_links_name":"\"CPLP: Galiza com estatuto de observador associado só com \"sim\" de Madrid – Notícias Lusa – Sapo Notícias\""},{"Link":"https://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/540e9ba4b19eb7b555b54b.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/","external_links_name":"\"1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E1D8103AF932A15753C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"China Sees Advantages in Macao's Portuguese Past"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6469/is_92/ai_n29406744/","external_links_name":"\"talking Portuguese; China and East Timor\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/world/asia/31timor.html","external_links_name":"A New Country’s Tough Non-Elective: Portuguese 101"},{"Link":"https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00036.html","external_links_name":"令和５年６月末現在における在留外国人数について"},{"Link":"https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2012/01/25/the-portuguese-in-southeast-asia/","external_links_name":"\"The Portuguese in Southeast Asia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702230400/https://www.macaomagazine.net/china/promising-future-portuguese-language-china","external_links_name":"\"Promising future for Portuguese language in China | Macao Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.macaomagazine.net/china/promising-future-portuguese-language-china","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/50/declei103.asp","external_links_name":"Decree-Law No. 103/99/M"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003153146/http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/coutodezouzaA.pdf","external_links_name":"Issues of Asian Portuguese-Speaking Spaces and Lusotopias"},{"Link":"http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/souzaT.pdf","external_links_name":"Is There One Goan Identity,Several or None?"},{"Link":"http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/fernandis.pdf","external_links_name":"Papia, Relijang e Tradisang The Portuguese Eurasians in Malaysia : Bumiquest, A Search for Self Identity"},{"Link":"http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/jayasuriya.pdf","external_links_name":"The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091009100602/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article/?id=7634","external_links_name":"China’s Portuguese Connection"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091013163720/https://www.mmiets.org.au/news/documents/Leach_Talking_Portuguese.pdf","external_links_name":"Talking Portuguese: China and East Timor"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmR5nDHmUtY","external_links_name":"As Maravilhas de Portugal no Mundo – Fortaleza de Damão, Índia"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdLFHgSX0dg","external_links_name":"As Maravilhas de Portugal no Mundo – Basílica do Bom Jesus de Goa"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSM_Myth
Myth (gamer)
["1 Career","1.1 Streaming","1.2 Boxing","2 Boxing record","2.1 Exhibitions","2.2 Chessboxing record","3 See also","4 References"]
American live streamer (born 1999) MythKabbani in 2021Personal informationBornAli Kabbani (1999-05-24) May 24, 1999 (age 25)Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.Career informationGames Fortnite Valorant Team history2018–2022Team SoloMid YouTube informationChannel Myth Years active2013–presentSubscribers4.48 millionTotal views390 million Creator Awards100,000 subscribers1,000,000 subscribers Twitch informationChannel Myth Years active2016–2022Followers7.3 millionLast updated: April 5, 2024 Ali Kabbani (born May 24, 1999), better known as Myth, is an American YouTube live streamer and former professional Fortnite Battle Royale player. Kabbani has over 4.5 million subscribers on his YouTube channel. Career Streaming Kabbani's YouTube account was created on November 3, 2013. He started live streaming on Twitch in 2016 and mainly streamed Paragon, a third-person multiplayer online battle arena developed by Epic Games. His streams became much more popular when he started streaming Fortnite Battle Royale in the latter half of 2017. At the end of January 2018, Kabbani had over 200,000 followers on Twitch and by the end of June of the same year, the number had increased to over 3.2 million. Kabbani joined Team SoloMid (TSM) in 2018 and captained a team that consisted of himself, Daequan, Darryle "Hamlinz" Hamlin and Juan "CaMiLLs" Camilla (sub). Kabbani participated in the Ninja Vegas Tournament in April 2018. Additionally, Kabbani's streams have included a variety of other popular streamers including, Pokimane and summit1g. Kabbani compares Fortnite building/editing mechanics to a shooter version of chess. In March 2019, Ninja was paid $1 million to stream Apex Legends while Kabbani was paid an undisclosed amount. Kabbani played as TSM's team leader in the game Valorant during the Twitch Rivals series. As of July 2021, he has over 7.4 million followers and over 158 million views on Twitch. On December 28, 2021, Kabbani announced that he would not be renewing his contract with TSM, citing the loss of a family environment, upon the departures of friends Bjergsen and Leena. In July 2022, Kabbani announced an exclusivity contract with YouTube. Boxing In December 2022, Kabbani participated in Ludwig Ahgren's chess boxing event titled "Mogul Chessboxing Championship" at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California, U.S. Kabbani fought and defeated Cherdleys via checkmate in the sixth round. In April 2023, Kabbani made his traditional boxing debut on Creator Clash 2 against Hundar at the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida, U.S. Kabbani defeated Hundar via technical knockout in the first round. Boxing record Exhibitions 1 fight 1 win 0 losses By decision 1 0 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 1 Win 1–0 Hundar TKO 1 (5), 2:00 April 15, 2023 Amalie Arena, Tampa, Florida, U.S. Chessboxing record Chess boxing record 1 Fights, 1 Wins (0 KOs, 1 CMs) Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2022-12-11 Win Cherdleys Mogul Chessboxing Championship Galen Center, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Checkmate 6 Legend:   Win   Loss   Draw/No contest   Notes See also List of most-followed Twitch channels References ^ a b c "About Myth". YouTube. ^ Schechner, Sam; Grind, Kirsten; West, John (July 14, 2020). "Searching for Video? Google Pushes YouTube Over Rivals". WSJ. Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ Bishop, Sam (February 5, 2018). "Team SoloMid recruits full Fortnite team". gamereactor. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ Thier, Dave (March 18, 2018). "'Fortnite' Pro 'Myth' On Weapons, How To Improve And Why 'Fortnite' Is Like Chess". Forbes. Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ Fingas, Jon (March 13, 2019). "EA reportedly paid Ninja $1 million to stream 'Apex Legends'". Engadget. Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ Erzberger, Tyler (June 8, 2020). "VALORANT Twitch Rivals -- what we learned". ESPN. Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ "Top 50 Twitch users sorted by Followers". Social Blade. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020. ^ Sterling Cyre, Clayton (December 28, 2021). "Myth Has Left TSM". Game Rant. Retrieved January 26, 2022. ^ McIntyre, Max Miceli, Isaac (11 July 2022). "Myth joins YouTube Gaming after 7 years of streaming on Twitch". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2022-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Polhamus, Blaine (2022-12-11). "Ludwig Chessboxing event: Start time, fight card, live results". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "Creator Clash 2 results: Alex Wassabi takes decision over iDubbbz, John Hennigan knocks out Harley Morenstein". www.sportingnews.com. 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"live streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_live_streaming"},{"link_name":"Fortnite Battle Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj._Sear-2"}],"text":"Ali Kabbani (born May 24, 1999), better known as Myth, is an American YouTube live streamer and former professional Fortnite Battle Royale player.[2] Kabbani has over 4.5 million subscribers on his YouTube channel.","title":"Myth (gamer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTubeStatsMyth-1"},{"link_name":"live streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming"},{"link_name":"Twitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_(service)"},{"link_name":"Paragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"},{"link_name":"Fortnite Battle Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale"},{"link_name":"Team SoloMid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_SoloMid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pokimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokimane"},{"link_name":"summit1g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit1g"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forb_'For-4"},{"link_name":"Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_(streamer)"},{"link_name":"Apex Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_Legends"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enga_EAre-5"},{"link_name":"Valorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valorant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn_VALO-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bjergsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjergsen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Streaming","text":"Kabbani's YouTube account was created on November 3, 2013.[1] He started live streaming on Twitch in 2016 and mainly streamed Paragon, a third-person multiplayer online battle arena developed by Epic Games. His streams became much more popular when he started streaming Fortnite Battle Royale in the latter half of 2017. At the end of January 2018, Kabbani had over 200,000 followers on Twitch and by the end of June of the same year, the number had increased to over 3.2 million.Kabbani joined Team SoloMid (TSM) in 2018 and captained a team that consisted of himself, Daequan, Darryle \"Hamlinz\" Hamlin and Juan \"CaMiLLs\" Camilla (sub).[3] Kabbani participated in the Ninja Vegas Tournament in April 2018. Additionally, Kabbani's streams have included a variety of other popular streamers including, Pokimane and summit1g. Kabbani compares Fortnite building/editing mechanics to a shooter version of chess.[4]In March 2019, Ninja was paid $1 million to stream Apex Legends while Kabbani was paid an undisclosed amount.[5] Kabbani played as TSM's team leader in the game Valorant during the Twitch Rivals series.[6] As of July 2021, he has over 7.4 million followers and over 158 million views on Twitch.[7]On December 28, 2021, Kabbani announced that he would not be renewing his contract with TSM, citing the loss of a family environment, upon the departures of friends Bjergsen and Leena.[8] In July 2022, Kabbani announced an exclusivity contract with YouTube.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Ahgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Ahgren"},{"link_name":"chess boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_boxing"},{"link_name":"Galen Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Center"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_California"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"boxing debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"Creator Clash 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_Clash"},{"link_name":"Amalie Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Arena"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"technical knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_knockout"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Boxing","text":"In December 2022, Kabbani participated in Ludwig Ahgren's chess boxing event titled \"Mogul Chessboxing Championship\" at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California, U.S. Kabbani fought and defeated Cherdleys via checkmate in the sixth round.[10]In April 2023, Kabbani made his traditional boxing debut on Creator Clash 2 against Hundar at the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida, U.S. Kabbani defeated Hundar via technical knockout in the first round.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Exhibitions","title":"Boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chessboxing record","title":"Boxing record"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of most-followed Twitch channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-followed_Twitch_channels"}]
[{"reference":"\"About Myth\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/Myth_YT/about","url_text":"\"About Myth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Schechner, Sam; Grind, Kirsten; West, John (July 14, 2020). \"Searching for Video? Google Pushes YouTube Over Rivals\". WSJ. Retrieved August 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-steers-users-to-youtube-over-rivals-11594745232","url_text":"\"Searching for Video? Google Pushes YouTube Over Rivals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"WSJ"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Sam (February 5, 2018). \"Team SoloMid recruits full Fortnite team\". gamereactor. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamereactor.eu/esports/631363/Team+SoloMid+recruits+full+Fortnite+team/","url_text":"\"Team SoloMid recruits full Fortnite team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamereactor","url_text":"gamereactor"}]},{"reference":"Thier, Dave (March 18, 2018). \"'Fortnite' Pro 'Myth' On Weapons, How To Improve And Why 'Fortnite' Is Like Chess\". Forbes. Retrieved August 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2018/03/18/fortnite-pro-myth-on-weapons-how-to-improve-and-why-fortnite-is-like-chess/#953b0e552e4d","url_text":"\"'Fortnite' Pro 'Myth' On Weapons, How To Improve And Why 'Fortnite' Is Like Chess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Fingas, Jon (March 13, 2019). \"EA reportedly paid Ninja $1 million to stream 'Apex Legends'\". Engadget. Retrieved August 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2019-03-13-ea-paid-ninja-1-million-to-stream-apex-legends.html","url_text":"\"EA reportedly paid Ninja $1 million to stream 'Apex Legends'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"Erzberger, Tyler (June 8, 2020). \"VALORANT Twitch Rivals -- what we learned\". ESPN. Retrieved August 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/29282051/valorant-twitch-rivals-learned","url_text":"\"VALORANT Twitch Rivals -- what we learned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Twitch users sorted by Followers\". Social Blade. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialblade.com/twitch/top/50","url_text":"\"Top 50 Twitch users sorted by Followers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Blade","url_text":"Social Blade"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20201020045942/https://socialblade.com/twitch/top/50","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sterling Cyre, Clayton (December 28, 2021). \"Myth Has Left TSM\". Game Rant. Retrieved January 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamerant.com/myth-leaving-tsm/","url_text":"\"Myth Has Left TSM\""}]},{"reference":"McIntyre, Max Miceli, Isaac (11 July 2022). \"Myth joins YouTube Gaming after 7 years of streaming on Twitch\". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2022-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/myth-joins-youtube-gaming-after-seven-years-on-twitch","url_text":"\"Myth joins YouTube Gaming after 7 years of streaming on Twitch\""}]},{"reference":"Polhamus, Blaine (2022-12-11). \"Ludwig Chessboxing event: Start time, fight card, live results\". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-chessboxing-event-start-time-fight-card-live-results","url_text":"\"Ludwig Chessboxing event: Start time, fight card, live results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creator Clash 2 results: Alex Wassabi takes decision over iDubbbz, John Hennigan knocks out Harley Morenstein\". www.sportingnews.com. 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/us/boxing/news/creator-clash-2-fight-live-results-highlights-2023-youtube-boxing/eagjufmufk3qyq70mvxqhymv","url_text":"\"Creator Clash 2 results: Alex Wassabi takes decision over iDubbbz, John Hennigan knocks out Harley Morenstein\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/Myth_YT","external_links_name":"Myth"},{"Link":"https://www.twitch.tv/Myth","external_links_name":"Myth"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/Myth_YT/about","external_links_name":"\"About Myth\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-steers-users-to-youtube-over-rivals-11594745232","external_links_name":"\"Searching for Video? Google Pushes YouTube Over Rivals\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamereactor.eu/esports/631363/Team+SoloMid+recruits+full+Fortnite+team/","external_links_name":"\"Team SoloMid recruits full Fortnite team\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2018/03/18/fortnite-pro-myth-on-weapons-how-to-improve-and-why-fortnite-is-like-chess/#953b0e552e4d","external_links_name":"\"'Fortnite' Pro 'Myth' On Weapons, How To Improve And Why 'Fortnite' Is Like Chess\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2019-03-13-ea-paid-ninja-1-million-to-stream-apex-legends.html","external_links_name":"\"EA reportedly paid Ninja $1 million to stream 'Apex Legends'\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/29282051/valorant-twitch-rivals-learned","external_links_name":"\"VALORANT Twitch Rivals -- what we learned\""},{"Link":"https://socialblade.com/twitch/top/50","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Twitch users sorted by Followers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20201020045942/https://socialblade.com/twitch/top/50","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gamerant.com/myth-leaving-tsm/","external_links_name":"\"Myth Has Left TSM\""},{"Link":"https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/myth-joins-youtube-gaming-after-seven-years-on-twitch","external_links_name":"\"Myth joins YouTube Gaming after 7 years of streaming on Twitch\""},{"Link":"https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-chessboxing-event-start-time-fight-card-live-results","external_links_name":"\"Ludwig Chessboxing event: Start time, fight card, live results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportingnews.com/us/boxing/news/creator-clash-2-fight-live-results-highlights-2023-youtube-boxing/eagjufmufk3qyq70mvxqhymv","external_links_name":"\"Creator Clash 2 results: Alex Wassabi takes decision over iDubbbz, John Hennigan knocks out Harley Morenstein\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
["1 Title","2 Characters","3 Synopsis","4 Summary","4.1 Act One","4.2 Act Two","4.3 Act Three","5 Motifs and ideas","5.1 Absurdity","5.2 Art vs. reality","5.3 Metatheatre","6 Notable productions","6.1 United Kingdom and Ireland","6.2 Broadway and Off-Broadway","6.3 Other worldwide productions","6.4 Radio adaptations","6.5 Film adaptation","7 Works inspired by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
1966 play by Tom Stoppard This article is about Tom Stoppard's play. For the 1990 film, see Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are DeadWritten byTom StoppardCharactersRosencrantzGuildensternThe PlayerAlfredHamletTragediansKing ClaudiusGertrudePoloniusOpheliaHoratioFortinbrasSoldiers, courtiers, and musiciansDate premiered24 August 1966Place premieredEdinburgh FringeOriginal languageEnglishGenreTragicomedysurreal humourblack comedySettingShakespeare's Hamlet Josip Zovko as Hamlet, HNK Split Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is an absurdist, existential tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard, first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1966. The play expands upon the exploits of two minor characters from Shakespeare's Hamlet, the courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and the main setting is Denmark. The action of Stoppard's play takes place mainly "in the wings" of Shakespeare's Hamlet, with brief appearances of major characters from Hamlet who enact fragments of the original's scenes. Between these episodes, the two protagonists voice their confusion at the progress of events occurring onstage without them in Hamlet, of which they have no direct knowledge. Comparisons have also been drawn with Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, for the presence of two central characters who almost appear to be two halves of a single character. Many plot features are similar as well: the characters pass time by playing Questions, impersonating other characters, and interrupting each other or remaining silent for long periods of time. Title The title is taken directly from the final scene of Shakespeare's Hamlet. In an earlier scene, Prince Hamlet has been exiled to England by the treacherous King of Denmark (his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father to obtain the throne). En route to England, Hamlet discovers a letter from King Claudius which is being carried to England by Hamlet's old but now untrusted friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The letter commands that Hamlet be put to death upon his arrival in England. Hamlet rewrites the letter to command that instead, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern be put to death. He then escapes back to Denmark. By the end of Shakespeare's play, Prince Hamlet, Laertes, Ophelia, Polonius, King Claudius, and Queen Gertrude all lie dead. An ambassador from England arrives on the scene to bluntly report "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead" (Hamlet. Act V, Scene II, line 411); they join the stabbed, poisoned and drowned key characters. By the end of Hamlet, Horatio is the only main figure left alive. A previous, satirical play of a similar nature named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was written by W. S. Gilbert in 1874 and performed in 1891. Characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: childhood friends of Hamlet. The Player: a travelling actor. Hamlet: the Prince of Denmark, nephew to Claudius. Tragedians: travelling with the Player, including Alfred. King Claudius: the King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle and stepfather. Gertrude: the Queen of Denmark, and Hamlet's mother. Polonius: Claudius's chief adviser. Laertes: Polonius's son Ophelia: Polonius's daughter. Horatio: friend of Hamlet. Fortinbras: nephew of the King of Norway. Synopsis With William Shakespeare's play Hamlet as the backdrop, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead concerns the musings and mishaps of the titular characters. The play is structured as the inverse of Hamlet, in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two minor characters who were childhood friends of the Prince; instead, the duo remains the focus and Hamlet himself is a minor role whose actions occur largely offstage, with the exception of a few short scenes in which the dramatic plays converge. In Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern operate under the King's command in an attempt to discover Hamlet's motives and plot against him. Hamlet, however, derisively mocks and outwits them, so that they, rather than he, are sentenced to death in the end. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead explores these events from the perspective of the duo; their actions seem largely nonsensical because they are superseded and, therefore, determined by Hamlet's plot. After witnessing a performance of The Murder of Gonzago – the play within the play in Hamlet – they find themselves on a ship, transporting Prince Hamlet to the King in England, with the troupe that staged the performance also on board as stowaways. They are supposed to give the King a letter with an instruction to execute Hamlet, who discovers this and replaces the letter with another one. During the voyage, the ship is hijacked by pirates, after which it is discovered that Hamlet has disappeared and the letter now instructs the English monarch to execute them instead. The troupe recreates the duel scene from Hamlet with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, at the end, accepting quo fata ferunt ("whither the fates carry "). The play concludes with the final scene from Hamlet in which the English Ambassador arrives and announces that "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead". Summary Act One Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are betting on coin flips. Rosencrantz, who bets heads each time, wins 92 flips in a row. The extreme unlikeliness of this event according to the laws of probability leads Guildenstern to suggest that they may be "within un-, sub- or supernatural forces". It is revealed that the duo are journeying to court on the orders of the King. Guildenstern theorizes on the nature of reality, focusing on how an event becomes increasingly real as more people witness it. A troupe of Tragedians arrives and offers the two men a show. They seem capable only of performances involving bloodbaths. The next two scenes at court are from the plot of Hamlet. The first, involving Hamlet and Ophelia, takes place offstage in Hamlet—the stage directions repeat exactly the words with which Ophelia describes the event to Polonius in Hamlet. The second is taken directly from Hamlet: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's first appearance in that play. The Danish king and queen, Claudius and Gertrude, ask the two to discover the nature of Hamlet's recent madness. The royal couple demonstrate an inability to distinguish the two courtiers from one another, as do the characters themselves (to their irritation). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attempt to practise for their meeting with the Prince by one pretending to be Hamlet and the other asking him questions, but they glean no new information from it. The act closes with another scene from Hamlet in which they finally meet the Prince face to face. Act Two The conversation ends between Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Hamlet. Guildenstern tries to be optimistic, while Rosencrantz admits that the pair made no progress and Hamlet entirely outwitted them. The Player returns to the stage. He is angry that the pair did not stay to watch their play earlier because, without an audience, his Tragedians are nothing. He tells them to stop questioning their existence because life appears too chaotic to comprehend upon examination. The Player, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern lose themselves in another illogical conversation that demonstrates the limits of language. The Player leaves to prepare for his production of The Murder of Gonzago, set to be put on in front of Hamlet and the King and Queen. Claudius and Gertrude enter and begin another short scene taken directly from Hamlet: they ask about the duo's encounter with the Prince, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern inform them about his interest in the Tragedians' production. After Claudius and Gertrude leave, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern contemplate their job. They see Hamlet walk by but fail to seize the opportunity to interrogate him. The Tragedians return and perform their dress rehearsal of The Murder of Gonzago. Their play moves beyond the scope of what the reader sees in Hamlet; characters resembling Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are seen taking a sea voyage and meeting their deaths at the hands of English courtiers, foreshadowing the duo's true fate. Rosencrantz does not quite make the connection, but Guildenstern is frightened into a verbal attack on the Tragedians' inability to capture the real essence of death. The stage becomes dark. When the stage is once again visible, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern lie in the same position as had the actors portraying their deaths. The duo are upset that they have become the pawns of the royal couple. Claudius enters again and tells them to find where Hamlet has hidden Polonius's corpse. After many false starts, they eventually find Hamlet, who leaves with Claudius. Rosencrantz is delighted to find that his mission is complete, but Guildenstern knows it has not ended. Hamlet enters, speaking with a Norwegian soldier. Rosencrantz decides that he is happy to accompany Hamlet to England because it means freedom from the orders of the Danish court. Guildenstern understands that wherever they go, they are still trapped in this world. Act Three Rosencrantz and Guildenstern find themselves on a ship that has already set sail. The pair seem to have no knowledge of how they got there. At first, they try to determine whether they are still alive, before they recognize that they are not dead and are on board a boat. They remember that Claudius has given them a letter to deliver to England. After some brief confusion over who actually has the letter, they find it and eventually open it. They realize that Claudius has asked for Hamlet to be killed. While Rosencrantz seems hesitant to follow their orders now, Guildenstern convinces him that they are not worthy of interfering with fate and the plans of kings. The stage darkens and, presumably, the characters go to sleep. Hamlet switches the letter with one he has written himself, an act which takes place offstage in Hamlet. The pair discovers that the Tragedians are hidden ("impossibly", according to the stage directions) in several barrels on deck. They are fleeing Denmark because their play offended Claudius. When Rosencrantz complains that there is not enough action, pirates attack. Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the Player all hide in separate barrels. The lights dim. When the lights come on again, Hamlet has vanished (in Hamlet it is reported that he was kidnapped by pirates from the ship). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern panic, then re-read the letter to find that it now calls for them to be put to death instead of the prince. Guildenstern cannot understand why he and Rosencrantz are so important as to necessitate their executions. The Player tells Guildenstern that all paths end in death. Guildenstern snaps and draws the Player's dagger from his belt, shouting that his portrayals of death do not do justice to the real thing. He stabs the Player and the Player appears to die. Guildenstern fully believes that he has killed the Player. Seconds later, the Tragedians begin to clap and the Player stands up and bows, revealing the knife to be a theatrical one with a retractable blade. The Tragedians then act out the deaths from the final scene of Hamlet. The lighting shifts so that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern appear alone. Rosencrantz still does not understand why they must die, yet he resigns himself to his fate and he disappears. Guildenstern wonders when he passed the point where he could have stopped the series of events that has brought him to this point. He disappears as well. The final scene features the last few lines from Shakespeare's Hamlet, as the Ambassador from England announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. Motifs and ideas Absurdity Stoppard emphasizes the randomness of the world. In the beginning of Act One, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern bet on coin flips and Rosencrantz wins with heads ninety-two times in a row. Guildenstern creates a series of syllogisms in order to interpret this phenomenon, but nothing truly coincides with probability theory. Art vs. reality The players help demonstrate the conflict between art and reality. The world in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern live lacks order, but art allows people to create artificial order. As the Player says, "There's a design at work in all art." Art and the real world are in conflict. In order to reach out to the only reality he can be sure of, Guildenstern exclaims, "No one gets up after death—there is no applause—there is only silence and some second-hand clothes, and that's death." Stoppard also uses his characters to comment on the believability of theatre. While Guildenstern criticises the Player for his portrayal of death, he believes the Player's performance when Guildenstern thinks he has stabbed him with a knife. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern believe exactly what the actors want them to believe. Metatheatre Metatheatre is a central structural element of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Scenes that are staged as plays, dumb shows, or commentaries on dramatic theory and practice are prominent in both Stoppard's play and Shakespeare's original tragedy Hamlet. In Hamlet, metatheatrical elements include the Player's speech (2.2), Hamlet's advice to the Players (3.2), and the meta-play "The Mousetrap" (3.3). Since Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are characters from Hamlet itself, Stoppard's entire play can be considered a piece of metatheatre. Bernardina da Silveira Pinheiro observes that Stoppard uses metatheatrical devices to produce a "parody" of the key elements of Shakespeare's Hamlet that includes foregrounding two minor characters considered "nonentities" in the original tragedy. Notable productions United Kingdom and Ireland The play had its first incarnation as a 1964 one-act titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear. The expanded version under the current title was first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe on 24 August 1966, by the Oxford Theatre Group. The play debuted in London with a production at the Old Vic directed by Derek Goldby, designed by Desmond Heeley, and scored by Marc Wilkinson. It premiered on 11 April 1967, with John Stride as Rosencrantz, Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern, Graham Crowden as the Player, and John McEnery as Hamlet. The play returned to the National Theatre on 14 December 1995 and this production with Adrian Scarborough as Rosencrantz and Simon Russell Beale as Guildenstern subsequently toured to Belfast, Cork, Bath, Newcastle, Sheffield and Bradford. In 2011 the play was revived in a production directed by Sir Trevor Nunn, opening at Chichester Festival Theatre before transferring to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London's West End (June–August 2011). It starred Samuel Barnett and Jamie Parker. Tim Curry was originally scheduled to appear as The Player, but dropped out during preview performances at Chichester Festival Theatre due to ill health and was replaced by Chris Andrew Mellon. In 2013, an excerpt of the play was performed by Benedict Cumberbatch (Rosencrantz) and Kobna Holdbrook-Smith (Guildenstern) on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the National Theatre. From 25 February to 6 May 2017 the play returned to The Old Vic in a production celebrating its 50th anniversary, directed by David Leveaux and starring Daniel Radcliffe as Rosencrantz, Joshua McGuire as Guildenstern and David Haig as The Player. Broadway and Off-Broadway The Royal National Theatre production of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had a year-long Broadway run from 9 October 1967, through 19 October 1968, initially at the Alvin Theatre, then transferring to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on 8 January 1968. The production, which was Stoppard's first on Broadway, totalled eight previews and 420 performances. It was directed by Derek Goldby and designed by Desmond Heeley and starred Paul Hecht as the Player, Brian Murray as Rosencrantz and John Wood as Guildenstern. The play was nominated for eight Tony Awards, and won four: Best Play, Scenic Design, Costume Design and Producer; the director and the three leading actors, all nominated for Tonys, did not win. The play also won Best Play from the New York Drama Critics Circle in 1968, and Outstanding Production from the Outer Critics Circle in 1969. Clive Barnes of The New York Times described the play as "very funny, very brilliant, very chilling." The play was profiled in the William Goldman book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway. The play had a 1987 New York revival by Roundabout Theatre at the Union Square Theatre, directed by Robert Carsen and featuring John Wood as the Player, Stephen Lang as Rosencrantz and John Rubinstein as Guildenstern. It ran for 40 performances from 29 April to 28 June 1987. Several times since 1995, the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, with the same actors performing the same roles in each; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were "directed, designed, and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations". Halifax's Neptune Theatre company began a production of the play in January 2024 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and collaborated with Mirvish Productions for a Toronto, Ontario run beginning in March 2024—the latter of which was extended twice before the first production due to high sales. Both runs featured Billy Boyd as Guildenstern, Dominic Monaghan as Rosencrantz, and Michael Blake as the Player, with the Toronto Star describing them as "a trio of brilliant performances" and awarding the production 3.5/4 stars. Other worldwide productions In 2013, Sydney Theatre Company presented a production directed by Simon Phillips with a cast featuring Tim Minchin as Rosencrantz and Toby Schmitz as Guildenstern from 6 August to 7 September 2013. Radio adaptations The play has been adapted three times for BBC Radio: 24 December 1978, an adaptation by Stoppard himself, directed by John Tydeman; the cast included Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern, Edward Hardwicke as Rosencrantz, Freddie Jones as The Player, Robert Lang as Claudius, Maxine Audley as Gertrude, Angela Pleasence as Ophelia, and Martin Jarvis as Hamlet. 15 July 2007 as part of a celebration of Stoppard's 70th birthday, another version of Stoppard's adaptation, this time directed by Peter Kavanagh; the cast included Danny Webb as Rosencrantz, Andrew Lincoln as Guildenstern, Desmond Barrit as The Player, John Rowe as Polonius, Abigail Hollick as Ophelia, Liza Sadovy as Gertrude, Simon Treves as Claudius and John Dougall as Hamlet. A two-part adaptation broadcast 30 and 31 March 2019 on BBC Radio 4, directed by Emma Harding; the cast included Mathew Baynton as Rosencrantz, Andrew Buchan as Guildenstern, Toby Jones as The Player, Sam Dale as Tragedian, Ronny Jhutti as Alfred, Sarah Ovens as Ophelia, Michael Bertenshaw as Polonius, Parth Thakerar as Hamlet, Don Gilet as Claudius and Clare Corbett as Gertrude. A 1983 radio adaptation was broadcast on the BBC World Service on 17 October directed by Gordon House, with Nigel Anthony as Rosencrantz, Nicky Henson as Guildenstern, Jack May as The Player, John Duttine as Hamlet, Peter Vaughan as Claudius, Marcia Warren as Gertrude, Eileen Tully as Ophelia, Cyril Shaps as Polonius and Alex Jennings as a Tragedian. In June 2022, a production directed by Rosalind Ayres for the L.A. Theatre Works was broadcast from and recorded at the Invisible Studios, West Hollywood. The cast included Adhir Kalyan as Rosencrantz, Matthew Wolf as Guildenstern, Martin Jarvis as The Player, Anna Lyse Erikson as Alfred/Ophelia, Seamus Dever as Hamlet, JD Cullum as Claudius/Soldier, Andre Sogliuzzo as Polonius/Player-King/Horatio/Ambassador and Susan Sullivan as Gertrude. Film adaptation Main article: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film) Film rights to the play were originally bought by MGM in 1968 for a reported $350,000 plus 10% of the profits. John Boorman was announced as director with Bob Chartoff and Irwin Winkler to produce. The film was not made, however. The play was eventually adapted for a film released in February 1990, with screenplay and direction by Stoppard. The motion picture is Stoppard's only film directing credit: "t began to become clear that it might be a good idea if I did it myself—at least the director wouldn't have to keep wondering what the author meant. It just seemed that I'd be the only person who could treat the play with the necessary disrespect." The cast included Gary Oldman as Rosencrantz, Tim Roth as Guildenstern, Richard Dreyfuss as the Player, Joanna Roth as Ophelia, Ian Richardson as Polonius, Joanna Miles as Gertrude, Donald Sumpter as Claudius, and Iain Glen as Hamlet. Works inspired by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead A 2022 play Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are (Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead) is an irreverent and absurd one-act in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern realize they are characters in a meta-play written by Tom Stoppard. Subsequently he realizes that he is a character in a meta-meta-play written by Etai Shuchatowitz. The 2004 Disney direct-to-video film The Lion King 1½ shares many features of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, being a re-telling of the original 1994 film The Lion King (itself based largely on the plot of Hamlet) from the perspective of the characters Timon and Pumbaa and occasionally featuring major characters and plot points from the original film. The 1999 video game Half-Life: Opposing Force was inspired by the play, as stated by one of the lead developers. It is an expansion pack to the original Half-Life that retells the events from the perspective of a different character, Adrian Shepherd, that features events and plot points from the original game. References ^ "Edinburgh: Cradle of shows that conquered the world". The Independent. 2 August 2010. ^ a b c Michael H. Hutchins (14 August 2006). "A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology". The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide. Retrieved 23 June 2008. ^ Jim Hunter (2000). Tom Stoppard: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead, Jumpers, Travesties, Arcadia. Macmillan. ISBN 9780571197828. ^ Garrett Ziegler (2008). "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Themes, Motifs & Symbols". SparkNotes. Retrieved 23 June 2008. ^ Johnston, Ian (10 April 1997). "Lecture on Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead". Retrieved 21 June 2019. ^ See John Fleming's analysis in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" (2017) ^ Pinheiro, Bernardina da Silveira (2002). "Stoppard's and Shakespeare's Views on Metatheater". In Resende, Aimara da Cunha; Burns, Thomas LaBorie (eds.). Foreign Accents: Brazilian Readings of Shakespeare. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. pp. 185, 194. ISBN 978-0-87413-753-8. ^ a b Alberge, Dalya (2 November 2013). "National Theatre: Night of the stars celebrates 50 years". The Guardian. ^ Michael Berry (24 May 2004). "Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead". Michael Berry's Web Pages. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008. ^ National Theatre programme for this production printed by Batley Brothers Printers, Clapham, London SW4 0JN, 1995 ^ "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts – PUM Presses Universitaires du Midi". ^ See Marianne Drugeon's analysis of Leveaux' production in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (Toulouse, 2017) http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html# ^ "Glenda Jackson leads Old Vic season". www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2016. ^ "Daniel Radcliffe to play Rosencrantz in Sir Tom Stoppard play at Old Vic". BBC News. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016. ^ Billington, Michael (8 March 2017). "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead review—Daniel Radcliffe shines in Stoppard's sprightly comedy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tony Award Info". BroadwayWorld. 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008. ^ Kabatchnik, Amnon. Blood on the Stage, 1975–2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection. p. 344. ^ Goldman, William (1984) . The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway. New York: Limelight Editions. pp. 114. ISBN 9780879100230. ^ Warren, Jim. "Director's Notes". American Shakespeare Center. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2009. ^ Chong, Joshua (12 March 2024). "Former hobbits Dominic Monaghan and Billy Boyd are stupendous in 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead'". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead starring Tim Minchin and Toby Schmitz | Stage Whispers". www.stagewhispers.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2024. ^ "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead". The Radio Times (2876): 31. 21 December 1978. ^ "BBC – (none) – Drama on 3 – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead". ^ "BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 1)". BBC. ^ "BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 2)". BBC. ^ "Catalog | LATW". ^ A. H. WEILER (25 February 1968). "Only Die Twice". The New York Times. p. D17. ^ Brunette, Peter (20 February 1991). "Stoppard Finds the Right Man to Direct His Film". Los Angeles Times. ^ "WOOF: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are // Superlike: The Musical". Brooklyn Comedy Collective. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ Pitts, Russ (28 March 2012). "From 'Half-Life' to 'Borderlands': Gearbox rides the rocket". The Verge. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2023. Further reading Stoppard, Tom (1967). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 228670971. Stoppard, Tom (2017). John Fleming; Nathalie Rivere de Carles (eds.). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. ​Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead​ at the Internet Broadway Database Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (film) at IMDb ​Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead​ at the Playbill Vault (archive) A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology at sondheimguide.com. vteWilliam Shakespeare's HamletCharacters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies "To be, or not to be" "Mortal coil" "What a piece of work is a man" "Speak the speech" Words and phrases "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" "Thy name is" Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution SourcesCriticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2011 AdaptationsFilms The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Television Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet "Lyle the Kindly Viking" To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure "Tales from the Public Domain" The Skinhead Hamlet Songs "My Robin is to the greenwood gone" (16th century) "Pull Me Under" (1992) "Song for Athene" (1997) Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean) In popular cultureFilms To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (2012) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) "The Undiscovered" (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Television "The Producer" (1966) "The Conscience of the King" (1966) "Born to Be King" (1983) "Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow" (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) Video games Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Books Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe's Havoc Art Ophelia (Millais) Ophelia (Cabanel) Affe mit Schädel Ophelia (Waterhouse) Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski The River Bank (Ophelia) Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber "Symphony No. 65" (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy vteTom StoppardList of awards and nominationsStage plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Enter a Free Man The Real Inspector Hound After Magritte Jumpers Travesties Dirty Linen and New-Found-Land Professional Foul Every Good Boy Deserves Favour Night and Day Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth 15-Minute Hamlet Undiscovered Country On the Razzle The Real Thing Rough Crossing Dalliance Hapgood Arcadia Indian Ink The Invention of Love The Coast of Utopia Rock 'n' Roll The Hard Problem Leopoldstadt Radio plays Artist Descending a Staircase The Dog It Was That Died In the Native State Darkside Screenplays The Romantic Englishwoman Three Men in a Boat The Boundary Despair Squaring the Circle Brazil Empire of the Sun Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (also directed) The Russia House Billy Bathgate Poodle Springs Shakespeare in Love Enigma Anna Karenina Parade's End Tulip Fever Awards for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead vteJohn Whiting Award1967–1969 Tom Stoppard for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Wole Soyinka for The Interpreters (shared) (1967) Peter Nichols for A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (1967) Peter Barnes for The Ruling Class and Edward Bond for Narrow Road to the Deep North (shared) (1968) Howard Brenton for Christie in Love (1969) 1970–1979 Freehold Company and Peter Hulton (joint) for Freehold on Antigone (1970) Mustapha Matura for As Time Goes By (1971) Heathcote Williams for AC/DC (1972) John Arden (1973) David Rudkin (1974) David Edgar for Destiny (1975) David Lan for The Winter Dancers (1976) David Halliwell and Snoo Wilson for The Glad Hand (shared) (1978) Stephen Bill (1979) 1980–1989 David Pownall for Beef (1981) Karim Alrawi for Migrations (1982) Peter Flannery for Our Friends in the North (1983) Ron Hutchinson for The Rat in the Skull (1984) Guy Hibbert for On the Edge and Heidi Thomas for Shamrocks & Crocodiles (shared) (1985) Nick Dear for The Art of Success (1986) Iain Heggie for American Bagpipes (1988) Billy Roche for A Handful of Stars (1989) 1990–1999 Lucy Gannon for Keeping Tom Nice (1990) Terry Johnson for Imagine Drowning (1991) Rod Wooden for Your Home in the West (1992) Martin Crimp for The Treatment and Helen Edmundson for The Clearing (shared) (1993) Jonathan Harvey for Beautiful Thing (1994) Joe Penhall for Some Voices (1995) Ayub Khan-Din for East is East (1996) Ann Coburn for Get Up and Tie Your Fingers (1997) Roy Williams for Starstruck (1998/9) 2000–2009 David Greig for The Cosmonaut's Last Message ... and Tanika Gupta for The Waiting Room (shared) (2000) Zinnie Harris for Further than the Furthest Thing (2001) Peter Rumney for Jumping on my Shadow (2002) Rona Munro for Iron (2003) Owen McCafferty for Scenes from the Big Picture (2004) Fin Kennedy for How to Disappear Completely and Never Be Found (2005) James Philips for The Rubenstein Kiss and Fraser Grace for Breakfast with Mugabe (shared) (2006) Dennis Kelly for Taking Care of Baby (2007) Bryony Lavery for Stockholm (2008) Alexi Kaye Campbell for The Pride (2009) 2010–9999 Tim Crouch for The Author and Lucy Kirkwood for It Felt Empty When the Heart Went at First but It Is Alright Now (shared) (2010) vteTony Award for Best Play1948–1975 Mister Roberts (1948) Death of a Salesman (1949) The Cocktail Party (1950) The Rose Tattoo (1951) The Fourposter (1952) The Crucible (1953) The Teahouse of the August Moon (1954) The Desperate Hours (1955) The Diary of Anne Frank (1956) Long Day's Journey into Night (1957) Sunrise at Campobello (1958) J.B. (1959) The Miracle Worker (1960) Becket (1961) A Man for All Seasons (1962) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1963) Luther (1964) The Subject Was Roses (1965) Marat/Sade (1966) The Homecoming (1967) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1968) The Great White Hope (1969) Borstal Boy (1970) Sleuth (1971) Sticks and Bones (1972) That Championship Season (1973) The River Niger (1974) Equus (1975) 1976–2000 Travesties (1976) The Shadow Box (1977) Da (1978) The Elephant Man (1979) Children of a Lesser God (1980) Amadeus (1981) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1982) Torch Song Trilogy (1983) The Real Thing (1984) Biloxi Blues (1985) I'm Not Rappaport (1986) Fences (1987) M. Butterfly (1988) The Heidi Chronicles (1989) The Grapes of Wrath (1990) Lost in Yonkers (1991) Dancing at Lughnasa (1992) Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993) Angels in America: Perestroika (1994) Love! Valour! Compassion! (1995) Master Class (1996) The Last Night of Ballyhoo (1997) 'Art' (1998) Side Man (1999) Copenhagen (2000) 2001–present Proof (2001) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) Take Me Out (2003) I Am My Own Wife (2004) Doubt: A Parable (2005) The History Boys (2006) The Coast of Utopia (2007) August: Osage County (2008) God of Carnage (2009) Red (2010) War Horse (2011) Clybourne Park (2012) Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike (2013) All the Way (2014) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (2015) The Humans (2016) Oslo (2017) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (2018) The Ferryman (2019) The Inheritance (2020/21) The Lehman Trilogy (2022) Leopoldstadt (2023) Stereophonic (2024) Portal: Theatre
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_%26_Guildenstern_Are_Dead_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Stoppard_ROSENKRANTZ_I_GUILDENSTERN_SU_MRTVI_(Hamlet),_2006..jpg"},{"link_name":"Josip Zovko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Zovko"},{"link_name":"HNK Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_National_Theatre_in_Split"},{"link_name":"absurdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd"},{"link_name":"tragicomedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedy"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrono-2"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Godot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questions_(game)"}],"text":"This article is about Tom Stoppard's play. For the 1990 film, see Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film).Josip Zovko as Hamlet, HNK SplitRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is an absurdist, existential tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard, first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1966.[1][2] The play expands upon the exploits of two minor characters from Shakespeare's Hamlet, the courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and the main setting is Denmark.The action of Stoppard's play takes place mainly \"in the wings\" of Shakespeare's Hamlet, with brief appearances of major characters from Hamlet who enact fragments of the original's scenes. Between these episodes, the two protagonists voice their confusion at the progress of events occurring onstage without them in Hamlet, of which they have no direct knowledge.Comparisons have also been drawn with Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot,[3] for the presence of two central characters who almost appear to be two halves of a single character. Many plot features are similar as well: the characters pass time by playing Questions, impersonating other characters, and interrupting each other or remaining silent for long periods of time.","title":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Prince Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern"},{"link_name":"Laertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laertes_(Hamlet)"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophelia"},{"link_name":"Polonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonius"},{"link_name":"King Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Claudius"},{"link_name":"Queen Gertrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_(Hamlet)"},{"link_name":"Horatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_(Hamlet)"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_(play)"},{"link_name":"W. S. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert"}],"text":"The title is taken directly from the final scene of Shakespeare's Hamlet. In an earlier scene, Prince Hamlet has been exiled to England by the treacherous King of Denmark (his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father to obtain the throne). En route to England, Hamlet discovers a letter from King Claudius which is being carried to England by Hamlet's old but now untrusted friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The letter commands that Hamlet be put to death upon his arrival in England. Hamlet rewrites the letter to command that instead, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern be put to death. He then escapes back to Denmark.By the end of Shakespeare's play, Prince Hamlet, Laertes, Ophelia, Polonius, King Claudius, and Queen Gertrude all lie dead.An ambassador from England arrives on the scene to bluntly report \"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead\" (Hamlet. Act V, Scene II, line 411); they join the stabbed, poisoned and drowned key characters. By the end of Hamlet, Horatio is the only main figure left alive.A previous, satirical play of a similar nature named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was written by W. S. Gilbert in 1874 and performed in 1891.","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamlet"},{"link_name":"King Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Claudius"},{"link_name":"Gertrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_(Hamlet)"},{"link_name":"Polonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonius"},{"link_name":"Laertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laertes_(Hamlet)"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophelia_(character)"},{"link_name":"Horatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_(character)"},{"link_name":"Fortinbras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortinbras"}],"text":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: childhood friends of Hamlet.\nThe Player: a travelling actor.\nHamlet: the Prince of Denmark, nephew to Claudius.\nTragedians: travelling with the Player, including Alfred.\nKing Claudius: the King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle and stepfather.\nGertrude: the Queen of Denmark, and Hamlet's mother.\nPolonius: Claudius's chief adviser.\nLaertes: Polonius's son\nOphelia: Polonius's daughter.\nHoratio: friend of Hamlet.\nFortinbras: nephew of the King of Norway.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the play within the play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_within_a_story"}],"text":"With William Shakespeare's play Hamlet as the backdrop, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead concerns the musings and mishaps of the titular characters. The play is structured as the inverse of Hamlet, in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two minor characters who were childhood friends of the Prince; instead, the duo remains the focus and Hamlet himself is a minor role whose actions occur largely offstage, with the exception of a few short scenes in which the dramatic plays converge.In Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern operate under the King's command in an attempt to discover Hamlet's motives and plot against him. Hamlet, however, derisively mocks and outwits them, so that they, rather than he, are sentenced to death in the end. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead explores these events from the perspective of the duo; their actions seem largely nonsensical because they are superseded and, therefore, determined by Hamlet's plot.After witnessing a performance of The Murder of Gonzago – the play within the play in Hamlet – they find themselves on a ship, transporting Prince Hamlet to the King in England, with the troupe that staged the performance also on board as stowaways. They are supposed to give the King a letter with an instruction to execute Hamlet, who discovers this and replaces the letter with another one. During the voyage, the ship is hijacked by pirates, after which it is discovered that Hamlet has disappeared and the letter now instructs the English monarch to execute them instead.The troupe recreates the duel scene from Hamlet with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, at the end, accepting quo fata ferunt (\"whither the fates carry [us]\"). The play concludes with the final scene from Hamlet in which the English Ambassador arrives and announces that \"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead\".","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laws of probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"bloodbaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bloodbath"}],"sub_title":"Act One","text":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are betting on coin flips. Rosencrantz, who bets heads each time, wins 92 flips in a row. The extreme unlikeliness of this event according to the laws of probability leads Guildenstern to suggest that they may be \"within un-, sub- or supernatural forces\". It is revealed that the duo are journeying to court on the orders of the King. Guildenstern theorizes on the nature of reality, focusing on how an event becomes increasingly real as more people witness it.A troupe of Tragedians arrives and offers the two men a show. They seem capable only of performances involving bloodbaths. The next two scenes at court are from the plot of Hamlet. The first, involving Hamlet and Ophelia, takes place offstage in Hamlet—the stage directions repeat exactly the words with which Ophelia describes the event to Polonius in Hamlet. The second is taken directly from Hamlet: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's first appearance in that play. The Danish king and queen, Claudius and Gertrude, ask the two to discover the nature of Hamlet's recent madness. The royal couple demonstrate an inability to distinguish the two courtiers from one another, as do the characters themselves (to their irritation).Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attempt to practise for their meeting with the Prince by one pretending to be Hamlet and the other asking him questions, but they glean no new information from it. The act closes with another scene from Hamlet in which they finally meet the Prince face to face.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act Two","text":"The conversation ends between Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Hamlet. Guildenstern tries to be optimistic, while Rosencrantz admits that the pair made no progress and Hamlet entirely outwitted them.The Player returns to the stage. He is angry that the pair did not stay to watch their play earlier because, without an audience, his Tragedians are nothing. He tells them to stop questioning their existence because life appears too chaotic to comprehend upon examination. The Player, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern lose themselves in another illogical conversation that demonstrates the limits of language. The Player leaves to prepare for his production of The Murder of Gonzago, set to be put on in front of Hamlet and the King and Queen.Claudius and Gertrude enter and begin another short scene taken directly from Hamlet: they ask about the duo's encounter with the Prince, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern inform them about his interest in the Tragedians' production. After Claudius and Gertrude leave, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern contemplate their job. They see Hamlet walk by but fail to seize the opportunity to interrogate him.The Tragedians return and perform their dress rehearsal of The Murder of Gonzago. Their play moves beyond the scope of what the reader sees in Hamlet; characters resembling Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are seen taking a sea voyage and meeting their deaths at the hands of English courtiers, foreshadowing the duo's true fate. Rosencrantz does not quite make the connection, but Guildenstern is frightened into a verbal attack on the Tragedians' inability to capture the real essence of death. The stage becomes dark.When the stage is once again visible, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern lie in the same position as had the actors portraying their deaths. The duo are upset that they have become the pawns of the royal couple. Claudius enters again and tells them to find where Hamlet has hidden Polonius's corpse. After many false starts, they eventually find Hamlet, who leaves with Claudius.Rosencrantz is delighted to find that his mission is complete, but Guildenstern knows it has not ended. Hamlet enters, speaking with a Norwegian soldier. Rosencrantz decides that he is happy to accompany Hamlet to England because it means freedom from the orders of the Danish court. Guildenstern understands that wherever they go, they are still trapped in this world.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act Three","text":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern find themselves on a ship that has already set sail. The pair seem to have no knowledge of how they got there. At first, they try to determine whether they are still alive, before they recognize that they are not dead and are on board a boat. They remember that Claudius has given them a letter to deliver to England. After some brief confusion over who actually has the letter, they find it and eventually open it. They realize that Claudius has asked for Hamlet to be killed. While Rosencrantz seems hesitant to follow their orders now, Guildenstern convinces him that they are not worthy of interfering with fate and the plans of kings. The stage darkens and, presumably, the characters go to sleep. Hamlet switches the letter with one he has written himself, an act which takes place offstage in Hamlet.The pair discovers that the Tragedians are hidden (\"impossibly\", according to the stage directions) in several barrels on deck. They are fleeing Denmark because their play offended Claudius. When Rosencrantz complains that there is not enough action, pirates attack. Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the Player all hide in separate barrels. The lights dim.When the lights come on again, Hamlet has vanished (in Hamlet it is reported that he was kidnapped by pirates from the ship). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern panic, then re-read the letter to find that it now calls for them to be put to death instead of the prince. Guildenstern cannot understand why he and Rosencrantz are so important as to necessitate their executions.The Player tells Guildenstern that all paths end in death. Guildenstern snaps and draws the Player's dagger from his belt, shouting that his portrayals of death do not do justice to the real thing. He stabs the Player and the Player appears to die. Guildenstern fully believes that he has killed the Player. Seconds later, the Tragedians begin to clap and the Player stands up and bows, revealing the knife to be a theatrical one with a retractable blade. The Tragedians then act out the deaths from the final scene of Hamlet.The lighting shifts so that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern appear alone. Rosencrantz still does not understand why they must die, yet he resigns himself to his fate and he disappears. Guildenstern wonders when he passed the point where he could have stopped the series of events that has brought him to this point. He disappears as well. The final scene features the last few lines from Shakespeare's Hamlet, as the Ambassador from England announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motifs and ideas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syllogisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sparkthemes-4"}],"sub_title":"Absurdity","text":"Stoppard emphasizes the randomness of the world. In the beginning of Act One, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern bet on coin flips and Rosencrantz wins with heads ninety-two times in a row. Guildenstern creates a series of syllogisms in order to interpret this phenomenon, but nothing truly coincides with probability theory.[4]","title":"Motifs and ideas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Art vs. reality","text":"The players help demonstrate the conflict between art and reality. The world in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern live lacks order, but art allows people to create artificial order. As the Player says, \"There's a design at work in all art.\" Art and the real world are in conflict. In order to reach out to the only reality he can be sure of, Guildenstern exclaims, \"No one gets up after death—there is no applause—there is only silence and some second-hand clothes, and that's death.\"[5] Stoppard also uses his characters to comment on the believability of theatre. While Guildenstern criticises the Player for his portrayal of death, he believes the Player's performance when Guildenstern thinks he has stabbed him with a knife. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern believe exactly what the actors want them to believe.","title":"Motifs and ideas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metatheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheatre"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinheiro-7"}],"sub_title":"Metatheatre","text":"Metatheatre is a central structural element of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Scenes that are staged as plays, dumb shows, or commentaries on dramatic theory and practice are prominent in both Stoppard's play and Shakespeare's original tragedy Hamlet.[6] In Hamlet, metatheatrical elements include the Player's speech (2.2), Hamlet's advice to the Players (3.2), and the meta-play \"The Mousetrap\" (3.3). Since Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are characters from Hamlet itself, Stoppard's entire play can be considered a piece of metatheatre. Bernardina da Silveira Pinheiro observes that Stoppard uses metatheatrical devices to produce a \"parody\" of the key elements of Shakespeare's Hamlet that includes foregrounding two minor characters considered \"nonentities\" in the original tragedy.[7]","title":"Motifs and ideas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"Oxford Theatre Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Theatre_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"Derek Goldby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Goldby"},{"link_name":"Desmond Heeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Heeley"},{"link_name":"Marc Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberge-8"},{"link_name":"John Stride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stride"},{"link_name":"Edward Petherbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Petherbridge"},{"link_name":"Graham Crowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Crowden"},{"link_name":"John McEnery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEnery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mberry-9"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Adrian Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Simon Russell Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sir Trevor Nunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Trevor_Nunn"},{"link_name":"Chichester Festival Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Samuel Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barnett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Tim Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Curry"},{"link_name":"Chris Andrew Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Andrew_Mellon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benedict Cumberbatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch"},{"link_name":"Kobna Holdbrook-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobna_Holdbrook-Smith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberge-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"David Leveaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leveaux"},{"link_name":"Daniel Radcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe"},{"link_name":"Joshua McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_McGuire"},{"link_name":"David Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Haig"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-15"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom and Ireland","text":"The play had its first incarnation as a 1964 one-act titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear. The expanded version under the current title was first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe on 24 August 1966, by the Oxford Theatre Group. The play debuted in London with a production at the Old Vic directed by Derek Goldby, designed by Desmond Heeley, and scored by Marc Wilkinson.[8] It premiered on 11 April 1967, with John Stride as Rosencrantz, Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern, Graham Crowden as the Player, and John McEnery as Hamlet.[9] The play returned to the National Theatre on 14 December 1995 and this production with Adrian Scarborough as Rosencrantz and Simon Russell Beale as Guildenstern subsequently toured to Belfast, Cork, Bath, Newcastle, Sheffield and Bradford.[10]In 2011 the play was revived in a production directed by Sir Trevor Nunn, opening at Chichester Festival Theatre before transferring to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London's West End (June–August 2011). It starred Samuel Barnett and Jamie Parker. Tim Curry was originally scheduled to appear as The Player, but dropped out during preview performances at Chichester Festival Theatre due to ill health and was replaced by Chris Andrew Mellon. In 2013, an excerpt of the play was performed by Benedict Cumberbatch (Rosencrantz) and Kobna Holdbrook-Smith (Guildenstern) on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the National Theatre.[8][11]From 25 February to 6 May 2017 the play returned to The Old Vic in a production celebrating its 50th anniversary, directed by David Leveaux and starring Daniel Radcliffe as Rosencrantz, Joshua McGuire as Guildenstern and David Haig as The Player.[12][13][14][15]","title":"Notable productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"link_name":"Alvin Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrono-2"},{"link_name":"Derek Goldby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Goldby"},{"link_name":"Desmond Heeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Heeley"},{"link_name":"Paul Hecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hecht"},{"link_name":"Brian Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Murray_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New York Drama Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"Outer Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"William Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goldman"},{"link_name":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Season:_A_Candid_Look_at_Broadway"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Roundabout Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Union Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrono-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Carsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carsen"},{"link_name":"John Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rubinstein"},{"link_name":"American Shakespeare Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Center"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Neptune Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Theatre_(Halifax,_Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Mirvish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirvish_Productions"},{"link_name":"Billy Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boyd_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Broadway and Off-Broadway","text":"The Royal National Theatre production of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had a year-long Broadway run from 9 October 1967, through 19 October 1968, initially at the Alvin Theatre, then transferring to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on 8 January 1968.The production, which was Stoppard's first on Broadway, totalled eight previews and 420 performances.[2] It was directed by Derek Goldby and designed by Desmond Heeley and starred Paul Hecht as the Player, Brian Murray as Rosencrantz and John Wood as Guildenstern. The play was nominated for eight Tony Awards, and won four: Best Play, Scenic Design, Costume Design and Producer; the director and the three leading actors, all nominated for Tonys, did not win.[16]The play also won Best Play from the New York Drama Critics Circle in 1968, and Outstanding Production from the Outer Critics Circle in 1969. Clive Barnes of The New York Times described the play as \"very funny, very brilliant, very chilling.\"[17]The play was profiled in the William Goldman book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway.[18]The play had a 1987 New York revival by Roundabout Theatre at the Union Square Theatre,[2] directed by Robert Carsen and featuring John Wood as the Player, Stephen Lang as Rosencrantz and John Rubinstein as Guildenstern. It ran for 40 performances from 29 April to 28 June 1987.Several times since 1995, the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, with the same actors performing the same roles in each; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were \"directed, designed, and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations\".[19]Halifax's Neptune Theatre company began a production of the play in January 2024 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and collaborated with Mirvish Productions for a Toronto, Ontario run beginning in March 2024—the latter of which was extended twice before the first production due to high sales. Both runs featured Billy Boyd as Guildenstern, Dominic Monaghan as Rosencrantz, and Michael Blake as the Player, with the Toronto Star describing them as \"a trio of brilliant performances\" and awarding the production 3.5/4 stars.[20]","title":"Notable productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Simon Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Phillips_(director)"},{"link_name":"Tim Minchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Minchin"},{"link_name":"Toby Schmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Schmitz"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Other worldwide productions","text":"In 2013, Sydney Theatre Company presented a production directed by Simon Phillips with a cast featuring Tim Minchin as Rosencrantz and Toby Schmitz as Guildenstern from 6 August to 7 September 2013.[21]","title":"Notable productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"John Tydeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tydeman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Edward Petherbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Petherbridge"},{"link_name":"Edward Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hardwicke"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Robert Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Maxine Audley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Audley"},{"link_name":"Angela Pleasence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Pleasence"},{"link_name":"Martin Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kavanagh_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Danny Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Webb_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Desmond Barrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Barrit"},{"link_name":"John Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rowe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Abigail Hollick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abigail_Hollick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liza Sadovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Sadovy"},{"link_name":"Simon Treves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Treves"},{"link_name":"John Dougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dougall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Emma Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Harding"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mathew Baynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Baynton"},{"link_name":"Andrew Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Toby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Jones"},{"link_name":"Sam Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Dale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ronny Jhutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Jhutti"},{"link_name":"Sarah Ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Ovens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Bertenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Bertenshaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parth Thakerar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parth_Thakerar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Don Gilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gilet"},{"link_name":"Clare Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Corbett"},{"link_name":"BBC World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service"},{"link_name":"Nigel Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Nicky Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Henson"},{"link_name":"Jack May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_May"},{"link_name":"John Duttine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duttine"},{"link_name":"Peter Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Marcia Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Warren"},{"link_name":"Cyril Shaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Shaps"},{"link_name":"Alex Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Rosalind Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Ayres"},{"link_name":"L.A. Theatre Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Theatre_Works"},{"link_name":"Adhir Kalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhir_Kalyan"},{"link_name":"Martin Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Seamus Dever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Dever"},{"link_name":"JD Cullum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Cullum"},{"link_name":"Andre Sogliuzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Sogliuzzo"},{"link_name":"Susan Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Radio adaptations","text":"The play has been adapted three times for BBC Radio:24 December 1978, an adaptation by Stoppard himself, directed by John Tydeman;[22] the cast included Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern, Edward Hardwicke as Rosencrantz, Freddie Jones as The Player, Robert Lang as Claudius, Maxine Audley as Gertrude, Angela Pleasence as Ophelia, and Martin Jarvis as Hamlet.\n15 July 2007 as part of a celebration of Stoppard's 70th birthday, another version of Stoppard's adaptation, this time directed by Peter Kavanagh;[23] the cast included Danny Webb as Rosencrantz, Andrew Lincoln as Guildenstern, Desmond Barrit as The Player, John Rowe as Polonius, Abigail Hollick as Ophelia, Liza Sadovy as Gertrude, Simon Treves as Claudius and John Dougall as Hamlet.\nA two-part adaptation broadcast 30 and 31 March 2019 on BBC Radio 4, directed by Emma Harding;[24][25] the cast included Mathew Baynton as Rosencrantz, Andrew Buchan as Guildenstern, Toby Jones as The Player, Sam Dale as Tragedian, Ronny Jhutti as Alfred, Sarah Ovens as Ophelia, Michael Bertenshaw as Polonius, Parth Thakerar as Hamlet, Don Gilet as Claudius and Clare Corbett as Gertrude.A 1983 radio adaptation was broadcast on the BBC World Service on 17 October directed by Gordon House, with Nigel Anthony as Rosencrantz, Nicky Henson as Guildenstern, Jack May as The Player, John Duttine as Hamlet, Peter Vaughan as Claudius, Marcia Warren as Gertrude, Eileen Tully as Ophelia, Cyril Shaps as Polonius and Alex Jennings as a Tragedian.In June 2022, a production directed by Rosalind Ayres for the L.A. Theatre Works was broadcast from and recorded at the Invisible Studios, West Hollywood. The cast included Adhir Kalyan as Rosencrantz, Matthew Wolf as Guildenstern, Martin Jarvis as The Player, Anna Lyse Erikson as Alfred/Ophelia, Seamus Dever as Hamlet, JD Cullum as Claudius/Soldier, Andre Sogliuzzo as Polonius/Player-King/Horatio/Ambassador and Susan Sullivan as Gertrude.[26]","title":"Notable productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Boorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boorman"},{"link_name":"Irwin Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Winkler"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-28"},{"link_name":"Gary Oldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Oldman"},{"link_name":"Tim Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Roth"},{"link_name":"Richard Dreyfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss"},{"link_name":"Joanna Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Roth"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophelia_(character)"},{"link_name":"Ian Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Joanna Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Miles"},{"link_name":"Donald Sumpter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sumpter"},{"link_name":"Iain Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Glen"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamlet"}],"sub_title":"Film adaptation","text":"Film rights to the play were originally bought by MGM in 1968 for a reported $350,000 plus 10% of the profits. John Boorman was announced as director with Bob Chartoff and Irwin Winkler to produce. The film was not made, however.[27]The play was eventually adapted for a film released in February 1990, with screenplay and direction by Stoppard. The motion picture is Stoppard's only film directing credit: \"[I]t began to become clear that it might be a good idea if I did it myself—at least the director wouldn't have to keep wondering what the author meant. It just seemed that I'd be the only person who could treat the play with the necessary disrespect.\"[28] The cast included Gary Oldman as Rosencrantz, Tim Roth as Guildenstern, Richard Dreyfuss as the Player, Joanna Roth as Ophelia, Ian Richardson as Polonius, Joanna Miles as Gertrude, Donald Sumpter as Claudius, and Iain Glen as Hamlet.","title":"Notable productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"The Lion King 1½","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_1%C2%BD"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"Half-Life: Opposing Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life:_Opposing_Force"},{"link_name":"Half-Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A 2022 play Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are (Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead) is an irreverent and absurd one-act in which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern realize they are characters in a meta-play written by Tom Stoppard. Subsequently he realizes that he is a character in a meta-meta-play written by Etai Shuchatowitz.[29]\nThe 2004 Disney direct-to-video film The Lion King 1½ shares many features of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, being a re-telling of the original 1994 film The Lion King (itself based largely on the plot of Hamlet) from the perspective of the characters Timon and Pumbaa and occasionally featuring major characters and plot points from the original film.\nThe 1999 video game Half-Life: Opposing Force was inspired by the play, as stated by one of the lead developers. It is an expansion pack to the original Half-Life that retells the events from the perspective of a different character, Adrian Shepherd, that features events and plot points from the original game.[30]","title":"Works inspired by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"228670971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/228670971"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html"}],"text":"Stoppard, Tom (1967). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 228670971.\nStoppard, Tom (2017). John Fleming; Nathalie Rivere de Carles (eds.). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Josip Zovko as Hamlet, HNK Split","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tom_Stoppard_ROSENKRANTZ_I_GUILDENSTERN_SU_MRTVI_%28Hamlet%29%2C_2006..jpg/220px-Tom_Stoppard_ROSENKRANTZ_I_GUILDENSTERN_SU_MRTVI_%28Hamlet%29%2C_2006..jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Edinburgh: Cradle of shows that conquered the world\". The Independent. 2 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/edinburgh-cradle-of-shows-that-conquered-the-world-2041216.html","url_text":"\"Edinburgh: Cradle of shows that conquered the world\""}]},{"reference":"Michael H. Hutchins (14 August 2006). \"A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology\". The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sondheimguide.com/Stoppard/chronology.html","url_text":"\"A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"Jim Hunter (2000). Tom Stoppard: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead, Jumpers, Travesties, Arcadia. Macmillan. ISBN 9780571197828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ohoJihItGSoC","url_text":"Tom Stoppard: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead, Jumpers, Travesties, Arcadia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571197828","url_text":"9780571197828"}]},{"reference":"Garrett Ziegler (2008). \"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Themes, Motifs & Symbols\". SparkNotes. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/rosencrantz/themes.html","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Themes, Motifs & Symbols\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Ian (10 April 1997). \"Lecture on Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\". Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://johnstoniatexts.x10host.com/lectures/stoppardlecture.html","url_text":"\"Lecture on Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Pinheiro, Bernardina da Silveira (2002). \"Stoppard's and Shakespeare's Views on Metatheater\". In Resende, Aimara da Cunha; Burns, Thomas LaBorie (eds.). Foreign Accents: Brazilian Readings of Shakespeare. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. pp. 185, 194. ISBN 978-0-87413-753-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P7yxUiVthVkC&pg=PA185","url_text":"\"Stoppard's and Shakespeare's Views on Metatheater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-753-8","url_text":"978-0-87413-753-8"}]},{"reference":"Alberge, Dalya (2 November 2013). \"National Theatre: Night of the stars celebrates 50 years\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/nov/03/national-theatre-50th-anniversary-celebration","url_text":"\"National Theatre: Night of the stars celebrates 50 years\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Berry (24 May 2004). \"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead\". Michael Berry's Web Pages. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516000532/http://www.sff.net/people/mberry/rosen.htp","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead\""},{"url":"http://www.sff.net/people/mberry/rosen.htp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts – PUM Presses Universitaires du Midi\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/spip.php?page=popup_image&id_article=1989","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts – PUM Presses Universitaires du Midi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glenda Jackson leads Old Vic season\". www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/latest-news/article/item362847/glenda-jackson-leads-old-vic-season/","url_text":"\"Glenda Jackson leads Old Vic season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Radcliffe to play Rosencrantz in Sir Tom Stoppard play at Old Vic\". BBC News. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37572546","url_text":"\"Daniel Radcliffe to play Rosencrantz in Sir Tom Stoppard play at Old Vic\""}]},{"reference":"Billington, Michael (8 March 2017). \"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead review—Daniel Radcliffe shines in Stoppard's sprightly comedy\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/mar/08/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead-review-daniel-radcliffe-stoppard-old-vic-london","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead review—Daniel Radcliffe shines in Stoppard's sprightly comedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170408144449/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/mar/08/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead-review-daniel-radcliffe-stoppard-old-vic-london","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tony Award Info\". BroadwayWorld. 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/tonyawardsshowinfo.cfm?showname=Rosencrantz%20and%20Guildenstern%20Are%20Dead","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tony Award Info\""}]},{"reference":"Kabatchnik, Amnon. Blood on the Stage, 1975–2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection. p. 344.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldman, William (1984) [first published 1969]. The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway. New York: Limelight Editions. pp. 114. ISBN 9780879100230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goldman","url_text":"Goldman, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seasoncandidloo00gold/page/114","url_text":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seasoncandidloo00gold/page/114","url_text":"114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879100230","url_text":"9780879100230"}]},{"reference":"Warren, Jim. \"Director's Notes\". American Shakespeare Center. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152045/http://www.americanshakespearecenter.com/v.php?pg=153","url_text":"\"Director's Notes\""},{"url":"http://www.americanshakespearecenter.com/v.php?pg=153","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chong, Joshua (12 March 2024). \"Former hobbits Dominic Monaghan and Billy Boyd are stupendous in 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead'\". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/former-hobbits-dominic-monaghan-and-billy-boyd-are-stupendous-in-rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead/article_b5b04504-dfc1-11ee-98cb-3bd86da7d615.amp.html","url_text":"\"Former hobbits Dominic Monaghan and Billy Boyd are stupendous in 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead starring Tim Minchin and Toby Schmitz | Stage Whispers\". www.stagewhispers.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stagewhispers.com.au/galleries/345","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead starring Tim Minchin and Toby Schmitz | Stage Whispers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead\". The Radio Times (2876): 31. 21 December 1978.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b90282445b2d4d0ca3ee441a954c0850","url_text":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC – (none) – Drama on 3 – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/d2csr","url_text":"\"BBC – (none) – Drama on 3 – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 1)\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0003smv","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 2)\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0003sz6","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catalog | LATW\".","urls":[{"url":"https://latw.org/title/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead","url_text":"\"Catalog | LATW\""}]},{"reference":"A. H. WEILER (25 February 1968). \"Only Die Twice\". The New York Times. p. D17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brunette, Peter (20 February 1991). \"Stoppard Finds the Right Man to Direct His Film\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brunette","url_text":"Brunette, Peter"},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-02-20/entertainment/ca-1550_1","url_text":"\"Stoppard Finds the Right Man to Direct His Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"WOOF: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are // Superlike: The Musical\". Brooklyn Comedy Collective. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142814/https://www.brooklyncc.com/show-schedule/woof-7-31","url_text":"\"WOOF: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are // Superlike: The Musical\""},{"url":"https://www.brooklyncc.com/show-schedule/woof-7-31","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pitts, Russ (28 March 2012). \"From 'Half-Life' to 'Borderlands': Gearbox rides the rocket\". The Verge. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330050654/http://theverge.com/gaming/2012/3/28/2903588/half-life-borderlands-gearbox-software-aliens-brothers-in-arms","url_text":"\"From 'Half-Life' to 'Borderlands': Gearbox rides the rocket\""},{"url":"http://theverge.com/gaming/2012/3/28/2903588/half-life-borderlands-gearbox-software-aliens-brothers-in-arms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stoppard, Tom (1967). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 228670971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228670971","url_text":"228670971"}]},{"reference":"Stoppard, Tom (2017). John Fleming; Nathalie Rivere de Carles (eds.). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/edinburgh-cradle-of-shows-that-conquered-the-world-2041216.html","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh: Cradle of shows that conquered the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.sondheimguide.com/Stoppard/chronology.html","external_links_name":"\"A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ohoJihItGSoC","external_links_name":"Tom Stoppard: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead, Jumpers, Travesties, Arcadia"},{"Link":"http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/rosencrantz/themes.html","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Themes, Motifs & Symbols\""},{"Link":"http://johnstoniatexts.x10host.com/lectures/stoppardlecture.html","external_links_name":"\"Lecture on Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\""},{"Link":"http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P7yxUiVthVkC&pg=PA185","external_links_name":"\"Stoppard's and Shakespeare's Views on Metatheater\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/nov/03/national-theatre-50th-anniversary-celebration","external_links_name":"\"National Theatre: Night of the stars celebrates 50 years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516000532/http://www.sff.net/people/mberry/rosen.htp","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.sff.net/people/mberry/rosen.htp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/spip.php?page=popup_image&id_article=1989","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts – PUM Presses Universitaires du Midi\""},{"Link":"http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html#","external_links_name":"http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html#"},{"Link":"http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/latest-news/article/item362847/glenda-jackson-leads-old-vic-season/","external_links_name":"\"Glenda Jackson leads Old Vic season\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37572546","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Radcliffe to play Rosencrantz in Sir Tom Stoppard play at Old Vic\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/mar/08/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead-review-daniel-radcliffe-stoppard-old-vic-london","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead review—Daniel Radcliffe shines in Stoppard's sprightly comedy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170408144449/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/mar/08/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead-review-daniel-radcliffe-stoppard-old-vic-london","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/tonyawardsshowinfo.cfm?showname=Rosencrantz%20and%20Guildenstern%20Are%20Dead","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tony Award Info\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seasoncandidloo00gold/page/114","external_links_name":"The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seasoncandidloo00gold/page/114","external_links_name":"114"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152045/http://www.americanshakespearecenter.com/v.php?pg=153","external_links_name":"\"Director's Notes\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanshakespearecenter.com/v.php?pg=153","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/former-hobbits-dominic-monaghan-and-billy-boyd-are-stupendous-in-rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead/article_b5b04504-dfc1-11ee-98cb-3bd86da7d615.amp.html","external_links_name":"\"Former hobbits Dominic Monaghan and Billy Boyd are stupendous in 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead'\""},{"Link":"https://www.stagewhispers.com.au/galleries/345","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead starring Tim Minchin and Toby Schmitz | Stage Whispers\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b90282445b2d4d0ca3ee441a954c0850","external_links_name":"\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/d2csr","external_links_name":"\"BBC – (none) – Drama on 3 – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0003smv","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 1)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0003sz6","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 2)\""},{"Link":"https://latw.org/title/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead","external_links_name":"\"Catalog | LATW\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-02-20/entertainment/ca-1550_1","external_links_name":"\"Stoppard Finds the Right Man to Direct His Film\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142814/https://www.brooklyncc.com/show-schedule/woof-7-31","external_links_name":"\"WOOF: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are // Superlike: The Musical\""},{"Link":"https://www.brooklyncc.com/show-schedule/woof-7-31","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330050654/http://theverge.com/gaming/2012/3/28/2903588/half-life-borderlands-gearbox-software-aliens-brothers-in-arms","external_links_name":"\"From 'Half-Life' to 'Borderlands': Gearbox rides the rocket\""},{"Link":"http://theverge.com/gaming/2012/3/28/2903588/half-life-borderlands-gearbox-software-aliens-brothers-in-arms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228670971","external_links_name":"228670971"},{"Link":"http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html","external_links_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/7644","external_links_name":"​Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead​"},{"Link":"http://www.iobdb.com/AdvancedSearch/ProductionCriteria?ProductionTitle=Rosencrantz+and+Guildenstern+Are+Dead&search=Search","external_links_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100519/","external_links_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (film)"},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/production/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead-alvin-theatre-vault-0000000888","external_links_name":"​Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead​"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120605053112/http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/888/Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-Are-Dead","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"http://www.sondheimguide.com/Stoppard/chronology.html","external_links_name":"A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script
Old Turkic script
["1 Origins","2 Corpus","3 Table of characters","3.1 Vowels","3.2 Consonants","4 Variants","5 Unicode","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Sources","8 External links"]
Alphabet used by early Turks (6-10th centuries) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Old Turkic script" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Old Turkic scriptOrkhon scriptA line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in the Ongin inscription.Script type Alphabet Time period8th to 10th centuriesDirectionRight-to-left script LanguagesOld TurkicRelated scriptsParent systemsAramaicOld Turkic scriptChild systemsOld HungarianISO 15924ISO 15924Orkh (175), ​Old Turkic, Orkhon RunicUnicodeUnicode aliasOld TurkicUnicode rangeU+10C00–U+10C4F This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Kul tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions - Orkhon Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia Transcription of part of Bilge Kağan's inscription (lines 36–40) Location of the Orkhon Valley. The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Origins Many scientists, starting with Vilhelm Thomsen (1893), suggested that Orkhon script is derived from descendants of the Aramaic alphabet in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia, or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit (cf. the Issyk inscription). Vilhelm Thomsen (1893) also mentioned some reports that the Orkhon script could derive from Hunno-Scythian alphabet, but rejected them as being specious. It has also been speculated that tamgas represent one of the sources of the Old Turkic script, but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison. Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The Book of Zhou, dating to the 7th century, mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, claim that the Turks did not have a written language. According to István Vásáry, Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion. Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century. Corpus The Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred inscriptions, plus a number of manuscripts. The inscriptions, dating from the 7th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded it), in the upper Yenisey basin of central-south Siberia, and in smaller numbers, in the Altay mountains and Xinjiang. The texts are mostly epitaphs (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including a number of bronze mirrors. The website of the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments (obelisks) which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of the Göktürk prince Kül Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan. The Tonyukuk inscription, a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to c. 722. These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese (Tang-Gokturk wars), and their liberation by Bilge. The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than the 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent Old Uyghur, a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere. They include Irk Bitig, a 9th-century manuscript book on divination. Table of characters Table of characters as published by Thomsen (1893) Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two "synharmonic sets", one for front vowels and the other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign, giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script. In these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen (1893), and followed by Gabain (1941), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968). Vowels Orkhon Yenisei variants Trans-literation IPA Image Text 𐰀‎ 𐰁 𐰂‎ a, ä /ɑ/, /æ/ 𐰃‎ 𐰄‎ ï/ı, i /ɯ/, /i/ 𐰅‎ 𐰅‎ e /e/ 𐰆‎ 𐰆‎ o, u /o/, /u/ 𐰇‎ 𐰈‎ ö, ü /ø/, /y/ Consonants Synharmonic sets Back vowel Front vowel Orkhon Yenisei variant Trans-literation IPA Orkhon Yenisei variant Trans-literation IPA Image Text Image Text 𐰉‎ 𐰊‎ b¹ /b/ 𐰋‎ 𐰌‎ b² /b/ 𐰑‎ 𐰒‎ d¹ /d/ 𐰓‎ d² /d/ 𐰍‎ 𐰎‎ γ/g¹ /ɢ/ 𐰏‎ 𐰐‎ g/g² /ɡ/ 𐰞‎ 𐰟‎ l¹ /l/ 𐰠‎ l² /l/ 𐰣‎ n¹ /n/ 𐰤‎ 𐰥‎ n² /n/ 𐰺‎ 𐰻‎ r¹ /r/ 𐰼‎ r² /r/ 𐰽‎ s¹ /s/ 𐰾‎ s² /s/ 𐱃‎ 𐱄‎ t¹ /t/ 𐱅‎ 𐱆‎ t² /t/ 𐰖‎ 𐰗‎ y¹/j¹ /j/ 𐰘‎ 𐰙‎ y²/j² /j/ 𐰴‎ 𐰵‎ q /q/ 𐰚‎ 𐰛‎ k /k/ 𐰸‎ 𐰹‎ oq, uq, qo, qu, q /oq/, /uq/, /qo/, /qu/, /q/ 𐰜‎ 𐰝‎ ök, ük, kö, kü, k /øk/, /yk/, /kø/, /ky/, /k/ Other consonantal signs Orkhon Yenisei variants Trans-literation IPA Image Text 𐰲‎ 𐰳‎ č /tʃ/ 𐰢‎ m /m/ 𐰯‎ p /p/ 𐱁‎ 𐱀 𐱂‎ š /ʃ/ 𐰔‎ 𐰕‎ z /z/ 𐰭‎ 𐰮 𐰬‎ ñ/ň/ŋ /ŋ/ 𐰱‎ ič, či, č /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/ 𐰶‎ 𐰷‎ ıq, qı, q /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/ 𐰨‎ 𐰩‎ -nč /ntʃ/ 𐰪‎ 𐰫‎ -nj/ny/ñ /ɲ/ 𐰡‎ -lt /lt/, /ld/ 𐰦‎ 𐰧‎ -nt /nt/, /nd/ 𐰿‎ aš /aʃ/ 𐱇‎ ot, ut /ot/, /ut/ 𐱈‎ baš /baʃ/ A colon-like symbol (U+205A ⁚ TWO DOT PUNCTUATION) is sometimes used as a word separator. In some cases a ring (U+2E30 ⸰ RING POINT) is used instead. A reading example (right to left): 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 transliterated t²ñr²i, this spells the name of the Turkic sky god, Täñri (/tæŋri/). Variants This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Examples of the Orkhon-Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006. Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Ryukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the Old Uyghur alphabet. Per Кызласов, Игорь Леонидович (1994). Рунические письменности евразийских степей. Восточная литература РАН. ISBN 978-5-02-017741-3. Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries. These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov (1994) Asiatic group (includes Orkhon proper) Eurasiatic group Southern Europe group The Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets: Orkhon alphabet, Göktürks, 8th to 10th centuries Yenisei alphabet, Talas alphabet, a derivative of the Yenisei alphabet, Kangly or Karluks 8th to 10th centuries. Talas inscriptions include Terek-Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897, Koysary text, Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions, Kalbak-Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions, Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters. The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets: Achiktash, used in Sogdia 8th to 10th centuries. South-Yenisei, used by the Göktürks 8th to 10th centuries. Two especially similar alphabets: the Don alphabet, used by the Khazars, 8th to 10th centuries; and the Kuban alphabet, used by the Bulgars, 8th to 13th centuries. Inscriptions in both alphabets are found in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and on the banks of the Kama river. Tisza, used by the Pechenegs 8th to 10th centuries. A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions. Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic languages, and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism, Buddhist, and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang. Unicode Main article: Old Turkic (Unicode block) The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U+10C00–U+10C4F. It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. It includes separate "Orkhon" and "Yenisei" variants of individual characters. Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font. Old TurkicOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+10C0x 𐰀 𐰁 𐰂 𐰃 𐰄 𐰅 𐰆 𐰇 𐰈 𐰉 𐰊 𐰋 𐰌 𐰍 𐰎 𐰏 U+10C1x 𐰐 𐰑 𐰒 𐰓 𐰔 𐰕 𐰖 𐰗 𐰘 𐰙 𐰚 𐰛 𐰜 𐰝 𐰞 𐰟 U+10C2x 𐰠 𐰡 𐰢 𐰣 𐰤 𐰥 𐰦 𐰧 𐰨 𐰩 𐰪 𐰫 𐰬 𐰭 𐰮 𐰯 U+10C3x 𐰰 𐰱 𐰲 𐰳 𐰴 𐰵 𐰶 𐰷 𐰸 𐰹 𐰺 𐰻 𐰼 𐰽 𐰾 𐰿 U+10C4x 𐱀 𐱁 𐱂 𐱃 𐱄 𐱅 𐱆 𐱇 𐱈 Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points See also Neolithic signs in China § Banpo and Jiangzhai Khazar language Tariat inscriptions Sükhbaatar inscriptions References Citations ^ a b Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN 978-3-933847-00-3. ^ Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 331–333. ^ Vilhelm Thomsen, Orkhon Inscriptions Deciphered (Helsinki : Society of Finnish Literature Press, 1893). Translated in French and later English (Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms Intl., 1971). OCLC 7413840 ^ Turks, A. Samoylovitch, First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, Vol. VI, (Brill, 1993), 911. ^ Campbell, George; Moseley, Christopher (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-135-22296-3. ^ Róna-Tas, András (1987). "On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic "Runic" Script". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 41 (1): 7–14. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 23657716. ^ Cooper, J.S. (2004). "Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective". In Houston, Stephen (ed.). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59. ^ Mabry, Tristan James (2015). Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8122-4691-9. ^ Kara, György (1996). "Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages". In Daniels, Peter; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. ^ Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peter (1896). Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées (in French). Helsingfors: Impr. de la Société de littérature finnoise. p. 54. LCCN 06008212. J'ajoute que les ressemblances spécieuses de l'alphabet turc et l'alphabet dit hunno-scythique (voir P. Kiraly de Dada. Babyl. and Oriental Record VI, no 10, 1893, p. 227 et suiv., 233) sont trop peu nombreuses et trop imperceptibles pour justifier une parenté des deux alphabets. ^ Aristov, N. (1896) Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record. ZhS 3-4, 277-456 ^ cf. Talat Tekin (1965), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles for a literature overview ^ Lung 龍, Rachel 惠珠 (2011). Interpreters in Early Imperial China. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-90-272-2444-6. ^ Mouton, 2002, Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 49 ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478 ^ a b c Erdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden, Brill. p. 7 ^ Vasilʹiev, D.D. (1983). Графический фонд памятников тюркской рунической письменности азиатского ареала (опыт систематизации) (in Russian). Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science. pp. 37, 45. Руника Восточного Туркестана представлена двояко: в виде рукописных текстов и как граффити на фресках и на штукатурке пещерных храмов в Турфанском оазисе. Образцы тюркского рунического письма на бумаге имеют особое значение, так как только к этой группе могут быть применены традиционные приемы и методы палеографического исследования. Эти памятники относятся к периоду расцвета древнеуйгурских городов и торговли, к периоду зарождения тюркской письменной литературы и науки. Функциональное изменение характера памятников может быть признано свидетельством возникшей потребности в более широком и утилитарном использовании рунической грамоты.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2019. ^ Tekin, Talât (1993). Irk bitig = The Book of omens. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-03426-2. OCLC 32352166. ^ According to Gabain (1941) ^ According to Gabain (1941), not listed in Thomsen (1893) ^ According to Tekin (1968); not listed in Thomsen (1893) or Gabain (1941) ; Malov (1951) lists the sign but gives no sound value. ^ a b "The Unicode Standard, Chapter 14.8: Old Turkic" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020. ^ Central Bank of Azerbaijan. National currency: 5 manat. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010. ^ Kyzlasov I. L.; "Writings of Eurasian Steppes", Eastern Literature, Moscow, 1994, 327 pp. 321–323 ^ Kyzlasov I. L.; "Writings of Eurasian Steppes", Eastern Literature, Moscow, 1994, pp. 98–100 Sources Diringer, David. The Alphabet: a Key to the History of Mankind, New York, NY: Philosophical Library, 1948, pp. 313–315. Erdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden & Boston: Brill. Guzev, V.G., Kljashtornyj, S.G. The Turkic Runic script: Is the hypothesis of its indigenous origin no more viable? Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. 49, Z. 2 (1994), wyd. 1995 LFaulmann, Carl. 1990 (1880). Das Buch der Schrift. Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn. ISBN 3-8218-1720-8 (in German) Février, James G. Histoire de l'écriture, Paris: Payot, 1948, pp. 311–317 (in French) Ishjatms, N. "Nomads in Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4 Jensen, Hans (1970). Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN 0-04-400021-9. Kyzlasov, I.L. "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5 Malov, S.E. 1951, Pamjatniki Drevnitjurkskoj Pisʹmennosti (Памятники Древнитюркской Письменности), Moskva & Leningrad. (in Russian) Muxamadiev, Azgar. (1995). Turanian Writing (Туранская Письменность). In Zakiev, M. Z.(Ed.), Problemy lingvoėtnoistorii tatarskogo naroda (Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа). Kazan: Akademija Nauk Tatarstana. (in Russian) Róna-Tas, A. 1991. An introduction to Turkology. Szeged. Tekin, Talat. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 69 (Bloomington/The Hague: Mouton, 1968) Thomsen, Vilhelm. Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées, Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, Helsinki Toimituksia, no. 5 Helsingfors: La société de littérature Finnoise (in French) Vasilʹiev, D.D. Korpus tjurkskix runičeskix pamjatnikov Bassina Eniseja , Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science, 1983 (in Russian) von Gabain, A. 1941. Alttürkische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, auch Neutürkisch. Mit vier Schrifttafeln und sieben Schriftproben. (Porta Linguarum Orientalium; 23) Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. (in German) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Turkic script. Wikisource has original text related to this article: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰲𐰀 Türk bitig - Old Turkic inscriptions, Texts, Translations Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI Old Turkic Virtual Keyboard by Pamukkale University glyph table (kyrgyz.ru) Everson, Michael (25 January 2008). "L2/08-071: Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Хөх Түрүгийн Бичиг (in Mongolian) Göktürükçe çevirici (An online converter for Turkish alphabet ) vte Turkic topicsLanguages Afshar Altai Northern Southern Äynu Azerbaijani Bashkir Bulgar Chagatai Chulym Chuvash Crimean Tatar Cuman Dolgan Fuyü Gïrgïs Gagauz Ili Turki Karachay-Balkar Karaim Karakalpak Karamanli Turkish Kazakh Khakas Khalaj Khazar Khorasani Turkic Kipchak Krymchak Kumyk Kipchak languages Kyrgyz Nogai Old Turkic Ottoman Turkish Pecheneg Qashqai Sakha/Yakut Salar Shor Siberian Tatar Tatar Tofa Turkish Turkmen Tuvan Urum Uyghur Uzbek Western Yugur Alphabets Old Turkic Common Turkic Cyrillic Old Uyghur Persian Peoples Afshars Altaians Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, Tubalars Azerbaijanis in Iran, Armenia, Georgia1 Balkars Bashkirs Chulyms Chuvash Crimean Karaites Crimean Tatars Dolgans Gagauz Karachays Karakalpaks Kazakhs in China1 Khakas Khalaj Khorasani Turks Krymchaks Kyrgyz in China1 Kumyks Naimans Nogais Qarai Turks Qashqai Salar Shors Siberian Tatars Baraba Tatars Tatars Astrakhan, Chinese, Lipka, Kryashens, Mishar, Nağaybäk, Volga Tofalar Turkmens Afghan, Iranian1 Turkish in Abkhazia, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Crete, Cyprus, Dodecanese, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Meskhetia (Ahiska), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Western Thrace, Yemen1 Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks in Afghanistan1 Yakuts (Sakha) Yugurs Extinct Turkic groups Bulaqs Bulgars Cumans Dughlats Göktürks Karluks Khazars Kimek Kipchaks K'o-sa Oghuz Turks Shatuo Türgesh Uzes Politics Grey Wolves Kemalism Burkhanism Jadid Pan-Turkism Turkesism Turanism (Hungarian) Origins Turkestan Mongolia History Timeline of the Göktürks Timeline 500–1300 Migration Turkification Nomadic empire Turco-Mongol Tian Shan / Altai Mountains Otuken Oğuz LocationsSovereign states Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Northern Cyprus2 Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Autonomous areas Altai Republic Bashkortostan Chuvashia Gagauzia Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia Karakalpakstan Khakassia Nakhchivan Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Xinjiang Studies Old Turkic script Proto-Turkic language Turkology Religions Turkic mythology Tengrism Shamanism Aiyy Faith Tibetan Buddhism Islam Alevism Batiniyya Bayramiye Bektashi Order Burkhanism Christianity Hurufism Khalwati order Malamatiyya Qadiri Qalandariyya Rifaʽi* Safaviyya Zahediyeh Vattisen Yaly Traditional sports Kyz kuu Jereed Kokpar Jigit Chovgan Organizations Organization of Turkic States International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY) Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) Turkic Academy Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM) World Turks Qurultai 1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition. vteGöktürksFirst Turkic Khaganate (552–581) (Ashina Tuwu) Bumin Qaghan Issik Qaghan Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan Ashina Anluo Ishbara Qaghan Bagha Qaghan Tulan Qaghan (Istämi) (Empress Ashina) (Apa Qaghan) (Yangsu Tegin) (Tamgan) Eastern Turkic Khaganate (581–630) Yami Qaghan Shibi Qaghan Chulo Qaghan Illig Qaghan Qilibi Qaghan Chebi Qaghan (Ashina Jiesheshuai) (Ashina Funian) (Ashina She'er) (Ashina Nishufu) (Ashide Wenfu) (Ashide Fengji) (Ashina Shibobi) Western Turkic Khaganate (581–657) Tardu Niri Qaghan Heshana Qaghan Sheguy Tong Yabghu Qaghan Külüg Sibir Sy Yabghu Khagan Duolu Qaghan Ishbara Tolis (El Kulug Shad) (Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan) Yukuk Shad Irbis Seguy Hallig (Bagha Shad) (Böri Shad) (Ashina Duzhi) (Tardush Shad) (Ashina Tuizi) Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744) Ilterish Qaghan Qapaghan Qaghan Inel Qaghan Bilgä Qaǧan Yollıg Khagan Tengri Qaghan Kutluk Yabgu Khagan Özmiş Khagan Ashina Shi (Ashina Duoxifu) (Kulun Beg) (Kul Tigin) (Tonyukuk) (Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun) (El Bilga Khatun) Western Turksunder Jimi system Kunling Protectorate Ashina Mishe Ashina Yuanqing Ashina Xian Ashina Zhen Mengchi Protectorate Ashina Buzhen Ashina Huseluo Ashina Huaidao Ashina Xin Anxi Protectorate Tokhara Yabghus (625-758) Turk Shahis (665–870) Göktürk culture Tengrism Asena Otuken Suyab Kurultai Old Turkic language Old Turkic script Orkhon inscriptions Orkhon Valley Shoroon Bumbagar tomb Turks in the Tang military Ülüş system Tonyukuk inscriptions Ongin inscription Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription Qara bodun Göktürk wars and battles Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara Göktürk–Persian wars First Second Third Goguryeo–Tang War Göktürk civil war Tang Eastern Turk campaign Xueyantuo Tang Western Turk campaigns Conquest Li-Sun rebellion Battle of Bolchu Titles Khagan Shad Tegin Yabghu Bagha Boyla Tudun Beg Khatun Tarkhan Ishad Elteber Family Göktürk family tree Ashina tribe Ashide vteTypes of writing systemsOverview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts TypesAbjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Elifba Egyptian hieroglyphs Elymaic Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Mandaic Manichaean Nabataean Ancient North Arabian Pahlavi Book Inscriptional Inscriptional Parthian Psalter Pegon Phoenician Paleo-Hebrew Pitman shorthand Proto-Sinaitic Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic AbugidasBrahmicNorthern Bengali–Assamese Bhaiksuki Brahmi script Devanagari Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhi Kaithi Kalinga Khema Khojki Khudabadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Mahajani Marchen Meitei Modi Multani Nagari Nandinagari Nepalese scripts Bhujimol Golmol Himmol Kummol Kvemmol Pachumol Pracalit Ranjana Tamyig Tirhuta Limbu Litumol Odia Karani ʼPhags-pa Sharada Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagri Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tocharian Zanabazar square Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buda Buhid Chakma Cham Fakkham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunoo Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Khom Thai Kulitan Lanna Langdi Lao Leke Lontara Bilang-bilang Makasar Malayalam Old Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Mon–Burmese Pallava Pyu Saurashtra Shan Sinhala Sukhothai Sundanese Old Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le New Tai Lue Tai Noi Tai Tham Tai Viet Lai Tay Tamil Tamil-Brahmi Tanchangya Telugu Thai Tigalari Ulu scripts Incung Lampung Lembak Ogan Pasemah Rejang Serawai Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Others Bharati Boyd's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Dham Fox I Geʽez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Sarati Jenticha Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Pahawh Hmong Sorang Sompeng Tengwar Thaana Thomas Natural Shorthand Warang Citi Mwangwego Rma AlphabetsLinear Adlam Ariyaka Armenian Avestan Pazend Avoiuli Bassa Vah Carian Caucasian Albanian Cirth Coelbren Coorgi–Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Bosnian Early Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Enochian Etruscan Evenki Formosan Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Gadabuursi Garay alphabet Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Veso Bey Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek (Archaic) Greco-Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi Jenticha Kaddare Kayah Li Klingon Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Interlac IPA Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Mundari Bani N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Ol Onal Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Phrygian Pisidian Runic Anglo-Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Shavian Sidetic Sorang Sompeng Sunuwar Tifinagh Todhri Tolong Siki Vagindra Vellara Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Warang Citi Yezidi Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Telegraph code New York Point Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbols Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji Isotype Kaidā Miꞌkmaw Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Olmec Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec LogogramsChinese family of scriptsChinese characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze scripts Seal script large small bird-worm Hanja Kanji Chữ Nôm Sawndip Bowen Chinese-influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logosyllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto-Elamite Tenevil Yi (Classical) Logoconsonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu-Arabic Abjad Attic (Greek) Muisca Roman Other Sitelen Pona Semi-syllabariesFull Linear Elamite Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Dunging Redundant Espanca script Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Bopomofo Quốc Âm Tân Tự Sign languages ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Canadian Aboriginal Cherokee Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian Iban Idu Kana Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun vteBraille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scriptsFrench-ordered Albanian Azerbaijani Cantonese Catalan Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned) Czech Dutch English (Unified English) Esperanto French German Ghanaian Guarani Hawaiian Hungarian Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot) Maltese Māori Navajo Nigerian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Samoan Slovak South African Spanish Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned) Turkish Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Zambian Nordic family Estonian Faroese Icelandic Scandinavian Danish Finnish Greenlandic Northern Sámi Norwegian Swedish Russian lineage familyi.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts Belarusian Bulgarian Kazakh Kyrgyz Mongolian Russian Tatar Ukrainian Egyptian lineage familyi.e. Arabic-mediated scripts Arabic Persian Urdu (Pakistan) Indian lineage familyi.e. Bharati Braille Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Sinhala Tamil Telugu Urdu (India) Other scripts Amharic Armenian Burmese Dzongkha (Bhutanese) Georgian Greek Hebrew Inuktitut (reassigned vowels) Khmer Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels) Tibetan Reordered Algerian Braille (obsolete) Frequency-based American Braille (obsolete) Independent Chinese semi-syllabaries Cantonese Mainland Chinese Mandarin Taiwanese Mandarin Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) Japanese Korean Eight-dot Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo People Louis Braille Charles Barbier Róża Czacka Valentin Haüy Harris Mowbray Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Kul tigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_Tigin"},{"link_name":"Kharkhorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkhorin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Orkhon_valley.JPG"},{"link_name":"alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"khanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Old Turkic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharlipp-1"},{"link_name":"Orkhon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Yadrintsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Yadrintsev"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinor-2"},{"link_name":"Orkhon inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"Vasily Radlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Radlov"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Uyghur Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"Yenisei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_River"},{"link_name":"Yenisei Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz"},{"link_name":"Talas Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talas_River"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Old Hungarian alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"from right to left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-left_script"}],"text":"Kul tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions - Orkhon Museum, Kharkhorin, MongoliaTranscription of part of Bilge Kağan's inscription (lines 36–40)Location of the Orkhon Valley.The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.[1]The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev.[2] These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893.[3]This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left.","title":"Old Turkic script"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilhelm Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"Aramaic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts"},{"link_name":"Sogdian alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kharosthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Issyk inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issyk_inscription"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"tamgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamga"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Book of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Book of Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Sui"},{"link_name":"History of the Northern Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Many scientists, starting with Vilhelm Thomsen (1893), suggested that Orkhon script is derived from descendants of the Aramaic alphabet in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia,[4][5][6] or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit (cf. the Issyk inscription)[citation needed].[7][8][9] Vilhelm Thomsen (1893) also mentioned some reports that the Orkhon script could derive from Hunno-Scythian alphabet[clarification needed], but rejected them as being specious.[10] It has also been speculated that tamgas represent one of the sources of the Old Turkic script,[11] but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison.[12]Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The Book of Zhou, dating to the 7th century, mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, claim that the Turks did not have a written language.[13] According to István Vásáry, Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion.[14] Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century.[15]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erdal-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Second Turkic Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"Uyghur Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"Yenisey basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yenisey_basin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Altay mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"epitaphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erdal-16"},{"link_name":"Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1"},{"link_name":"two monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B6sh%C3%B6%C3%B6_Tsaidam_Monuments"},{"link_name":"obelisks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Orkhon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Göktürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Kül Tigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCl_Tigin"},{"link_name":"Bilge Kağan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge_Ka%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Tonyukuk inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonyukuk_inscription"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_tribe"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tang-Gokturk wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia"},{"link_name":"Bilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge_Qaghan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Old Uyghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Uyghur"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erdal-16"},{"link_name":"Irk Bitig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irk_Bitig"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred[16] inscriptions, plus a number of manuscripts.[17]\nThe inscriptions, dating from the 7th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded it), in the upper Yenisey basin of central-south Siberia, and in smaller numbers, in the Altay mountains and Xinjiang. The texts are mostly epitaphs (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including a number of bronze mirrors.[16]The website of the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments (obelisks) which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of the Göktürk prince Kül Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan. The Tonyukuk inscription, a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to c. 722. These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese (Tang-Gokturk wars), and their liberation by Bilge.[citation needed][18]The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than the 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent Old Uyghur, a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere.[16] They include Irk Bitig, a 9th-century manuscript book on divination.[19]","title":"Corpus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomsen_Orkhon_table_1893.png"},{"link_name":"synharmonic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_harmony"},{"link_name":"taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherent_vowel"},{"link_name":"abugida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Table of characters as published by Thomsen (1893)Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two \"synharmonic sets\", one for front vowels and the other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign, giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script. In these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen (1893), and followed by Gabain (1941), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968).[citation needed]","title":"Table of characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","title":"Table of characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TUS-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TUS-23"},{"link_name":"Täñri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Synharmonic setsOther consonantal signsA colon-like symbol (U+205A ⁚ TWO DOT PUNCTUATION) is sometimes used as a word separator.[23] In some cases a ring (U+2E30 ⸰ RING POINT) is used instead.[23]A reading example (right to left): 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 transliterated t²ñr²i, this spells the name of the Turkic sky god, Täñri (/tæŋri/).","title":"Table of characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5manat09b.jpg"},{"link_name":"reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"manat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToyokAndRjukokuAlphabets.gif"},{"link_name":"Old Uyghur alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Кызласов, Игорь Леонидович","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2"},{"link_name":"Рунические письменности евразийских степей","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xVFkAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-02-017741-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-017741-3"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Asiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Eurasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Asiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Kangly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju"},{"link_name":"Karluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sogdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"Kama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pechenegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs"},{"link_name":"Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"}],"text":"Examples of the Orkhon-Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.[24]Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Ryukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the Old Uyghur alphabet. Per Кызласов, Игорь Леонидович [in Russian] (1994). Рунические письменности евразийских степей. Восточная литература РАН. ISBN 978-5-02-017741-3.Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries.These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov (1994)[25]Asiatic group (includes Orkhon proper)\nEurasiatic group\nSouthern Europe groupThe Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets:Orkhon alphabet, Göktürks, 8th to 10th centuries\nYenisei alphabet,\nTalas alphabet, a derivative of the Yenisei alphabet, Kangly or Karluks 8th to 10th centuries. Talas inscriptions include Terek-Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897, Koysary text, Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions, Kalbak-Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions, Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters.[26]The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets:Achiktash, used in Sogdia 8th to 10th centuries.\nSouth-Yenisei, used by the Göktürks 8th to 10th centuries.\nTwo especially similar alphabets: the Don alphabet, used by the Khazars, 8th to 10th centuries; and the Kuban alphabet, used by the Bulgars, 8th to 13th centuries. Inscriptions in both alphabets are found in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and on the banks of the Kama river.\nTisza, used by the Pechenegs 8th to 10th centuries.A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions. Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic languages, and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism, Buddhist, and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Segoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segoe"}],"text":"The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U+10C00–U+10C4F. It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. It includes separate \"Orkhon\" and \"Yenisei\" variants of individual characters.Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font.","title":"Unicode"}]
[{"image_text":"Kul tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions - Orkhon Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg/220px-Kultigin_Monument_of_Orkhon_Inscriptions.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Transcription of part of Bilge Kağan's inscription (lines 36–40)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg/220px-Bilge_Khagan_inscription_lines_36-40_in_original_Old_Turkic_script.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of the Orkhon Valley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Location_of_Orkhon_valley.JPG/220px-Location_of_Orkhon_valley.JPG"},{"image_text":"Table of characters as published by Thomsen (1893)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thomsen_Orkhon_table_1893.png/220px-Thomsen_Orkhon_table_1893.png"},{"image_text":"Examples of the Orkhon-Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.[24]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/5manat09b.jpg/220px-5manat09b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Ryukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the Old Uyghur alphabet. Per Кызласов, Игорь Леонидович [in Russian] (1994). Рунические письменности евразийских степей. Восточная литература РАН. ISBN 978-5-02-017741-3.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/ToyokAndRjukokuAlphabets.gif/220px-ToyokAndRjukokuAlphabets.gif"}]
[{"title":"Neolithic signs in China § Banpo and Jiangzhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_signs_in_China#Banpo_and_Jiangzhai"},{"title":"Khazar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_language"},{"title":"Tariat inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariat_inscriptions"},{"title":"Sükhbaatar inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_inscriptions"}]
[{"reference":"Sinor, Denis (2002). \"Old Turkic\". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 331–333.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, George; Moseley, Christopher (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-135-22296-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Campbell","url_text":"Campbell, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Moseley&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Moseley, Christopher"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQwRD2Cb8EC&pg=PT180","url_text":"The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-22296-3","url_text":"978-1-135-22296-3"}]},{"reference":"Róna-Tas, András (1987). \"On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic \"Runic\" Script\". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 41 (1): 7–14. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 23657716.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23657716","url_text":"\"On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic \"Runic\" Script\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446","url_text":"0001-6446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23657716","url_text":"23657716"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, J.S. (2004). \"Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective\". In Houston, Stephen (ed.). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mabry, Tristan James (2015). Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8122-4691-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4691-9","url_text":"978-0-8122-4691-9"}]},{"reference":"Kara, György (1996). \"Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages\". In Daniels, Peter; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937","url_text":"The World's Writing Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7","url_text":"978-0-19-507993-7"}]},{"reference":"Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peter (1896). Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées [The Orkhon Inscriptions, deciphered] (in French). Helsingfors: Impr. de la Société de littérature finnoise. p. 54. LCCN 06008212. J'ajoute que les ressemblances spécieuses de l'alphabet turc et l'alphabet dit hunno-scythique (voir P. Kiraly de Dada. Babyl. and Oriental Record VI, no 10, 1893, p. 227 et suiv., 233) sont trop peu nombreuses et trop imperceptibles pour justifier une parenté des deux alphabets.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inscriptionsdel00thomgoog","url_text":"Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/06008212","url_text":"06008212"}]},{"reference":"Lung 龍, Rachel 惠珠 (2011). Interpreters in Early Imperial China. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-90-272-2444-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC","url_text":"Interpreters in Early Imperial China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2444-6","url_text":"978-90-272-2444-6"}]},{"reference":"Vasilʹiev, D.D. (1983). Графический фонд памятников тюркской рунической письменности азиатского ареала (опыт систематизации) [Graphical corpus of Turkic Runic writing monuments in the Asian area.] (in Russian). Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science. pp. 37, 45. Руника Восточного Туркестана представлена двояко: в виде рукописных текстов и как граффити на фресках и на штукатурке пещерных храмов в Турфанском оазисе. Образцы тюркского рунического письма на бумаге имеют особое значение, так как только к этой группе могут быть применены традиционные приемы и методы палеографического исследования. Эти памятники относятся к периоду расцвета древнеуйгурских городов и торговли, к периоду зарождения тюркской письменной литературы и науки. Функциональное изменение характера памятников может быть признано свидетельством возникшей потребности в более широком и утилитарном использовании рунической грамоты.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TURK BITIG\". bitig.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010508/http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1","url_text":"\"TURK BITIG\""},{"url":"http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tekin, Talât (1993). Irk bitig = The Book of omens. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-03426-2. OCLC 32352166.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32352166","url_text":"Irk bitig = The Book of omens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03426-2","url_text":"3-447-03426-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32352166","url_text":"32352166"}]},{"reference":"\"The Unicode Standard, Chapter 14.8: Old Turkic\" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch14.pdf#G41975","url_text":"\"The Unicode Standard, Chapter 14.8: Old Turkic\""}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Hans (1970). Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN 0-04-400021-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-400021-9","url_text":"0-04-400021-9"}]},{"reference":"Everson, Michael (25 January 2008). \"L2/08-071: Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Everson","url_text":"Everson, Michael"},{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08071-n3357r2-old-turkic.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/08-071: Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Old+Turkic+script%22","external_links_name":"\"Old Turkic script\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Old+Turkic+script%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Old+Turkic+script%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Old+Turkic+script%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Old+Turkic+script%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Old+Turkic+script%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10C00.pdf","external_links_name":"U+10C00–U+10C4F"},{"Link":"http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1","external_links_name":"Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xVFkAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Рунические письменности евразийских степей"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10C00.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQwRD2Cb8EC&pg=PT180","external_links_name":"The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23657716","external_links_name":"\"On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic \"Runic\" Script\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446","external_links_name":"0001-6446"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23657716","external_links_name":"23657716"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937","external_links_name":"The World's Writing Systems"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/inscriptionsdel00thomgoog","external_links_name":"Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/06008212","external_links_name":"06008212"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/0ef1aeb9458a313c40ff7232f515673f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y","external_links_name":"A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC","external_links_name":"Interpreters in Early Imperial China"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010508/http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1","external_links_name":"\"TURK BITIG\""},{"Link":"http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32352166","external_links_name":"Irk bitig = The Book of omens"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32352166","external_links_name":"32352166"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch14.pdf#G41975","external_links_name":"\"The Unicode Standard, Chapter 14.8: Old Turkic\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbar.az/","external_links_name":"Central Bank of Azerbaijan"},{"Link":"http://www.cbar.az/pages/national-currency/banknotes/azn/","external_links_name":"5 manat"},{"Link":"https://dspace.uni.lodz.pl/xmlui/handle/11089/43929","external_links_name":"The Turkic Runic script: Is the hypothesis of its indigenous origin no more viable?"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/inscriptionsdel00thomgoog#page/n4/mode/2up","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044348/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e","external_links_name":"Türk bitig - Old Turkic inscriptions, Texts, Translations"},{"Link":"http://www.omniglot.com/writing/orkhon.htm","external_links_name":"Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot"},{"Link":"http://www.isa-sari.com/gokturkce/?id=en","external_links_name":"Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI"},{"Link":"https://pauctle.com/klavye/orhon_harfli/","external_links_name":"Old Turkic Virtual Keyboard by Pamukkale University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213243/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=148","external_links_name":"glyph table"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08071-n3357r2-old-turkic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/08-071: Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174516/http://huhturug.comuv.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Хөх Түрүгийн Бичиг"},{"Link":"http://www.tamga.org/2016/01/web-tabanl-gokturkce-cevirici-e.html","external_links_name":"Göktürükçe çevirici"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-69_incendiary
M69 incendiary
["1 See also","2 References"]
US Army Air Forces WWII incendiary bomblet M69 napalm incendiary bomb, that were used in bombing of Nagaoka in 1945. Exhibit at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History. The M69 incendiary bomblet was used in air raids on Japan and China during World War II, including the firebombing of Tokyo in 1945. It was created by the Standard Oil Development Company, whose work was funded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development. They were nicknamed "Tokyo calling cards". The M69 was a plain steel pipe with a hexagonal cross section 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter and 20 inches (510 mm) long. It weighed about 6 pounds (2.7 kg). The bomblet used napalm as an incendiary filler, improving on earlier designs which used thermite or magnesium fillers that burned more intensely, but were less energy- and weight-efficient, and were easier to extinguish. In Germany they were filled with jellied oil and dropped in clusters of 36 in the non-aerodynamic M19 bomb. Over Japan they were used in clusters of 38 as part of the finned E-46 'aimable cluster', which opened up at about 2,000 feet (610 m). After separation, each of the 38 M69s released a 3-foot (1 m) cotton streamer to orient its fuze downward. Upon hitting a building or the ground, the timing fuze burned for three to five seconds and then a small explosive charge (black powder in the standard M-69 type deployed operationally during WW2, white phosphorus in a later modification, the M-69X, which did not see wide use) ignited and propelled the incendiary filling up to 100 feet (30 m) in several flaming globs, instantly starting intense fires. It was tested against typical German and Japanese residential structures at Japanese Village and German Village, constructed at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, in 1943. The M69 was the most successful incendiary in the tests. Against Japan, the M69 was carried in the bomb bay of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, with a typical load containing 40 cluster bombs, a total of 1520 M69 bomblets. As they were very useful in China at Hankou, the bombs were very effective in setting fire to Japanese civilian structures in mass firebombing raids starting in February 1945 against Kobe. In the first ten days of March 1945, raids with the M69 and M47, extensive damage was done to Tokyo, to Nagoya, to Osaka, and to Kobe. See also Mark 77 bomb References ^ Wellerstein, Alex (August 30, 2013). "Who Made That Firebomb?". RESTRICTED DATA The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2020. ^ 180 Degrees Out: The Change in U.S. Strategic Bombing Applications, 1935-1955- Dissertation of John M. Curatola, DPhil University of Kansas (2008). Quoting "Tokyo Calling Cards", Collier's Magazine, April 1945, 44 and 58. ^ a b c d Ross, Stewart Halsey (2002). Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts. McFarland. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9780786414123. ^ Science: Incendiary Jelly, Time, Apr. 02, 1945 ^ Sion, Edward M. (2008). Through Blue Skies to Hell: America's Bloody 100th in the Air War Over Germany. Casemate Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 9781935149965. ^ Bradley, F.J. (1999). No Strategic Targets Left. Turner Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781563114830. ^ "U.S. BOMB TYPES - INCENDIARY CLUSTER BOMBS". Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2011-06-14. ^ "Historical Testing - Dugway Proving Ground". Archived from the original on 2010-05-09. Retrieved 2011-06-14. ^ Plung, Dylan J. “The Japanese Village at Dugway Proving Ground: An Unexamined Context to the Firebombing of Japan.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 15 Apr. 2018, Volume 16, Issue 8, Number 3. ^ World Battlefronts: BATTLE OF THE PACIFIC: Firebirds' Flight, Time, Mar. 19, 1945 ^ "HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. V--The Pacific: MATTERHORN to Nagasaki ". ^ World Battlefronts: Ten-Day Wonder, Time, Mar. 26, 1945
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M69_6-pound_Napalm_Incendiary_Bomb,_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg"},{"link_name":"bombing of Nagaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka"},{"link_name":"Niigata Prefectural Museum of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History"},{"link_name":"bomblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomblet"},{"link_name":"air raids on Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"firebombing of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebombing_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Standard Oil Development Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil"},{"link_name":"Office of Scientific Research and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross2002-3"},{"link_name":"napalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm"},{"link_name":"incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_bomb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"black powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_powder"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross2002-3"},{"link_name":"Japanese Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Village_(Dugway_Proving_Ground)"},{"link_name":"German Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Village_(Dugway_proving_ground)"},{"link_name":"Dugway Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugway_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgway-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross2002-3"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"cluster bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_bomb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross2002-3"},{"link_name":"Hankou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankou"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"firebombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebombing"},{"link_name":"in February 1945 against Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"M47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M47_bomb"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"damage was done to Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)"},{"link_name":"to Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"to Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"M69 napalm incendiary bomb, that were used in bombing of Nagaoka in 1945. Exhibit at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.The M69 incendiary bomblet was used in air raids on Japan and China during World War II, including the firebombing of Tokyo in 1945. It was created by the Standard Oil Development Company, whose work was funded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development.[1] They were nicknamed \"Tokyo calling cards\".[2] The M69 was a plain steel pipe with a hexagonal cross section 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter and 20 inches (510 mm) long. It weighed about 6 pounds (2.7 kg).[3]The bomblet used napalm as an incendiary filler, improving on earlier designs which used thermite or magnesium fillers that burned more intensely, but were less energy- and weight-efficient, and were easier to extinguish.[4] In Germany they were filled with jellied oil and dropped in clusters of 36 in the non-aerodynamic M19 bomb.[5] Over Japan they were used in clusters of 38 as part of the finned E-46 'aimable cluster', which opened up at about 2,000 feet (610 m). After separation, each of the 38 M69s released a 3-foot (1 m) cotton streamer to orient its fuze downward.[6][7] Upon hitting a building or the ground, the timing fuze burned for three to five seconds and then a small explosive charge (black powder in the standard M-69 type deployed operationally during WW2, white phosphorus in a later modification, the M-69X, which did not see wide use) ignited and propelled the incendiary filling up to 100 feet (30 m) in several flaming globs, instantly starting intense fires.[3]It was tested against typical German and Japanese residential structures at Japanese Village and German Village, constructed at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, in 1943.[8] The M69 was the most successful incendiary in the tests.[3]Against Japan, the M69 was carried in the bomb bay of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, with a typical load containing 40 cluster bombs, a total of 1520 M69 bomblets.[3] As they were very useful in China at Hankou,[9] the bombs were very effective in setting fire to Japanese civilian structures in mass firebombing raids starting in February 1945 against Kobe.[10] In the first ten days of March 1945, raids with the M69 and M47,[11] extensive damage was done to Tokyo, to Nagoya, to Osaka, and to Kobe.[12]","title":"M69 incendiary"}]
[{"image_text":"M69 napalm incendiary bomb, that were used in bombing of Nagaoka in 1945. Exhibit at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/M69_6-pound_Napalm_Incendiary_Bomb%2C_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg/220px-M69_6-pound_Napalm_Incendiary_Bomb%2C_Niigata_Prefectural_Museum_of_History.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Mark 77 bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_77_bomb"}]
[{"reference":"Wellerstein, Alex (August 30, 2013). \"Who Made That Firebomb?\". RESTRICTED DATA The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2013/08/30/who-made-that-firebomb","url_text":"\"Who Made That Firebomb?\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Stewart Halsey (2002). Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts. McFarland. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9780786414123.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkcduKxmOgC&pg=PA107","url_text":"Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786414123","url_text":"9780786414123"}]},{"reference":"Sion, Edward M. (2008). Through Blue Skies to Hell: America's Bloody 100th in the Air War Over Germany. Casemate Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 9781935149965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7MjxBhGuCo8C&pg=PT20","url_text":"Through Blue Skies to Hell: America's Bloody 100th in the Air War Over Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935149965","url_text":"9781935149965"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, F.J. (1999). No Strategic Targets Left. Turner Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781563114830.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr6nn47tDOUC&pg=PA33","url_text":"No Strategic Targets Left"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563114830","url_text":"9781563114830"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. BOMB TYPES - INCENDIARY CLUSTER BOMBS\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2011-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614024345/http://www.468thbombgroup.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=I8gpYUK3Bhg%3D&tabid=36&mid=467","url_text":"\"U.S. BOMB TYPES - INCENDIARY CLUSTER BOMBS\""},{"url":"http://www.468thbombgroup.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket%3DI8gpYUK3Bhg%3D%26tabid%3D36%26mid%3D467","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Testing - Dugway Proving Ground\". Archived from the original on 2010-05-09. Retrieved 2011-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100509182002/http://www.dugway.army.mil/index.php/index/content/id/208","url_text":"\"Historical Testing - Dugway Proving Ground\""},{"url":"http://www.dugway.army.mil/index.php/index/content/id/208","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. V--The Pacific: MATTERHORN to Nagasaki [Chapter 20]\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/V/AAF-V-20.html","url_text":"\"HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. V--The Pacific: MATTERHORN to Nagasaki [Chapter 20]\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2013/08/30/who-made-that-firebomb","external_links_name":"\"Who Made That Firebomb?\""},{"Link":"http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/7070/1/Curatola_ku_0099D_10041_DATA_1.pdf","external_links_name":"180 Degrees Out: The Change in U.S. Strategic Bombing Applications, 1935-1955"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkcduKxmOgC&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413181928/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775519,00.html","external_links_name":"Science: Incendiary Jelly"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7MjxBhGuCo8C&pg=PT20","external_links_name":"Through Blue Skies to Hell: America's Bloody 100th in the Air War Over Germany"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr6nn47tDOUC&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"No Strategic Targets Left"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614024345/http://www.468thbombgroup.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=I8gpYUK3Bhg%3D&tabid=36&mid=467","external_links_name":"\"U.S. BOMB TYPES - INCENDIARY CLUSTER BOMBS\""},{"Link":"http://www.468thbombgroup.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket%3DI8gpYUK3Bhg%3D%26tabid%3D36%26mid%3D467","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100509182002/http://www.dugway.army.mil/index.php/index/content/id/208","external_links_name":"\"Historical Testing - Dugway Proving Ground\""},{"Link":"http://www.dugway.army.mil/index.php/index/content/id/208","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apjjf.org/2018/08/Plung.html","external_links_name":"The Japanese Village at Dugway Proving Ground: An Unexamined Context to the Firebombing of Japan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111222000559/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797324,00.html","external_links_name":"World Battlefronts: BATTLE OF THE PACIFIC: Firebirds' Flight"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/V/AAF-V-20.html","external_links_name":"\"HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. V--The Pacific: MATTERHORN to Nagasaki [Chapter 20]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111222000745/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803479,00.html","external_links_name":"World Battlefronts: Ten-Day Wonder"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Vuillaume
Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 World record price","4 Specimen labels","5 Awards and medals","6 The Vuillaume family","7 Players","8 Quotes","9 References","9.1 Sources","10 External links"]
French luthier and inventor (1798–1875) Jean-Baptiste VuillaumeVuillaume in 1860Born(1798-10-07)7 October 1798Mirecourt, FranceDied19 March 1875(1875-03-19) (aged 76)Paris, FranceEducationClaude François VuillaumeFrançois ChanotKnown for Luthier entrepreneur inventor musical-instrument connoisseur Notable workIl Cannone Copy (1834)Sun-Law (1855)Le Messie CopyStyle J.B. Vuillaume style Stradivarius style Guarneri style Maggini style Da Salò style Amati style Movement French school Mirecourt school Spouse Adèle Guesnet ​(m. 1826)​Awards List of Awards Silver medal – French Industrial Exposition 1827 Silver medal – French Industrial Exposition 1834 Gold medal – French Industrial Exposition 1844 Gold medal – French Industrial Exposition 1849 Council medal – International London Exhibition 1851 Gold medal – Paris International Exhibition 1855 Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (French pronunciation: ; 7 October 1798 – 19 March 1875) was a French luthier, businessman, inventor and winner of many awards. His workshop made over 3,000 instruments. Early life Vuillaume was born in Mirecourt, where his father and grandfather were luthiers. Career Vuillaume moved to Paris in 1818 to work for François Chanot. In 1821, he joined the workshop of Simon Lété, François-Louis Pique's son-in-law, at Rue Pavée St. Sauveur. He became his partner and in 1825 settled in the Rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs under the name of "Lété et Vuillaume". His first labels are dated 1823. In 1827, at the height of the Neo-Gothic period, he started to make imitations of old instruments, some copies were undetectable. In 1827, he won a silver medal at the Paris Universal Exhibition, and in 1828, he started his own business at 46 Rue Croix des Petits-Champs. His workshop became the most important in Paris and within twenty years, it led Europe. A major factor in his success was his 1855 purchase of 144 instruments made by the Italian masters for 80,000 francs, from the heirs of Luigi Tarisio, an Italian tradesman. These included the Messiah Stradivarius and 24 other Stradivari. In 1858, in order to avoid Paris customs duty on wood imports, he moved to Rue Pierre Demours near the Ternes, outside Paris. He was at the height of success, having won various gold medals in the competitions of the Paris Universal Exhibitions in 1839, 1844 and 1855; the Council Medal in London in 1851 and, in that same year, the Legion of Honour. A maker of more than 3,000 instruments—almost all of which are numbered—and a fine tradesman, Vuillaume was also a gifted inventor, as his research in collaboration with the acoustics expert Félix Savart demonstrates. As an innovator, he developed many new instruments and mechanisms, most notably a large viola which he called a "contralto", and the three-string Octobass (1849–51), a huge triple bass standing 3.48 metres high. He also created the hollow steel bow (particularly appreciated by Charles de Bériot, among others), and the 'self-rehairing' bow. For the latter, the hair purchased in prepared hanks could be inserted by the player in the time it takes to change a string, and was tightened or loosened by a simple mechanism inside the frog. The frog itself was fixed to the stick, and the balance of the bow thus remained constant when the hair stretched with use. He also designed a round-edged frog mounted to the butt by means of a recessed track, which he encouraged his bowmakers to use; other details of craft, however, make it possible to identify the actual maker of many Vuillaume bows. The bows are stamped, often rather faintly, either "vuillaume à paris" or "j.b. vuillaume". Other innovations include the insertion of Stanhopes in the eye of the frogs of his bows, a kind of mute (the pédale sourdine) and several machines, including one for manufacturing gut strings of perfectly equal thickness. Many of the great bow makers of the 19th century collaborated with his workshop. Jean Pierre Marie Persois, Jean Adam, Dominique Peccatte, Nicolas Rémy Maire, François Peccatte, Nicolas Maline, Joseph Henry, Pierre Simon, François Nicolas Voirin, Charles Peccatte, Charles Claude Husson, Joseph Fonclause, Jean Joseph Martin, and Prosper Colas are among the most celebrated. Vuillaume was an innovative violin maker and restorer, and a tradesman who traveled all of Europe in search of instruments. Due to this fact, most instruments by the great Italian violin makers passed through his workshop. Vuillaume then made accurate measurements of their dimensions and made copies of them. He drew his inspiration from two violin makers and their instruments: Antonio Stradivari and his "Le Messie" (Messiah), and Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù and his "Il Cannone" which belonged to Niccolò Paganini; others such as Maggini, Da Salò and Nicola Amati were also imitated, but to a lesser extent. Vuillaume made numerous copies of his favorite violin "Le Messie", the more noteworthy among them being: Instrument Number Date Comments #1952 c. 1853 "The Blade", ex-Kägi #2236 c. 1860 #2374 c. 1861 #2455 c. 1863 #2455 c. 1863 #2509 c. 1863 It was sold off in auction after J.B.V.'s death. #2541 c. 1864 #2556 c. 1864 Now to be found in the Musee d'Art in Geneve, with carved boxwood pegs and tail piece-the same which Vuillaume fitted to the original instrument. #2594 c. 1865 A fine copy without number c. 1868, ex-Jules Garcin After Jules Garcin, it belonged to David Laurie and then belonged to Wurlitzer, and William Lewis and Son of Chicago. #2936 c. 1873 #2952 c. 1873 #2963 c. 1873 Vuillaume was able to craft such a perfect replica of "Il Cannone", that upon viewing them side by side, Paganini was unable to tell which was the original. He was able to recognize the master instrument only upon hearing subtle differences in tone during playing. The copy violin was eventually passed on to Paganini's only student, Camillo Sivori. Sivori owned great violins by Nicolò Amati, Stradivari, and Bergonzi, but the Vuillaume was his favourite. This violin is owned by the Musei Di Genova and displayed in their Palazzo Tursi. When making these copies, Vuillaume always remained faithful to the essential qualities of the instruments he imitated – their thickness, the choice of the woods, and the shape of the arching. The only differences, always the result of a personal decision, were the colour of the varnish, the height of the ribs or the length of the instruments. His most beautiful violins were often named after the people who owned them (Caraman de Chimay, Cheremetoff, Doria) Vuillaume occasionally named his instruments: twelve were named after birds, for example the "Golden Pheasant", "The Thrush" and twelve were named after the apostles such as "St. Joseph" and "Saint Paul". A few others were also named after important biblical characters "The Evangelists" and Millant, in his book on Vuillaume, mentions a "St. Nicholas". A rare violin by Vuillaume (c. 1874, Paris) showcases inlaid ebony fleur-de-lys designs and is one of the last instruments to come out of Vuillaume's workshop, made a year before his death. Crafted for the famous violin dealer David Laurie, "Label reads: Jean Baptiste Vuillaume a Paris, 3 Rue Demour-Ternes, expres pour mon ami David Laurie, 1874", numbered 2976 and signed on the label. It's a copy of a Nicolò Amati violin originally belonging to Prince Youssoupoff (a Russian aristocrat and pupil of Henri Vieuxtemps). Only six copies were made. He also had practice violins, known as "St. Cécile violins", made by his brother Nicolas de Mirecourt. Another lesser line, also made by Nicolas, was labelled "Stentor". His main contribution to violin-making was his work on varnish. The purfling's joints are often cut on the straight and not on the bias as was traditional, in the middle in the pin. His brand is burnt at a length of 1 cm. There is generally a black dot on the joint of the top under the bridge. He used an external mould. The stop is generally 193 mm long. In this respect he follows to the French 18th-century tradition of a short stop (190 mm), which was traditionally 195 mm long in Italy and even 200 mm long in Germany. The violin's serial number is inscribed in the middle inside the instrument. Its date (only the last two figures) in the upper paraph on the back. His violins of the first period have large edges and his brand was then burnt inside the middle bouts. The varnish varied from orange-red to red. After 1860, his varnish became lighter. In addition to the above-mentioned bow makers, most 19th-century Parisian violin makers worked in his workshop, including Hippolyte Silvestre, Jean-Joseph Honoré Derazey, Charles Buthod, Charles-Adolphe Maucotel, Télesphore Barbé, Paul Bailly and George Gemünder. Nestor Audinot, a pupil of Sébastien Vuillaume, himself Jean-Baptiste's nephew, succeeded him in his workshop in 1875. Vuillaume died at the height of his career, widely regarded as the pre-eminent luthier of his day. World record price London, 30 October 2012 – Sotheby's: GBP 145,250 (US$231,160) – "Saint Paul" J. B. Vuillaume violin copy of the "Messiah" Stradivarius, Paris, circa 1870 London, 28 March 2013 – Bromptons: GBP 162,000 (US$251,619) – J. B. Vuillaume, Paris, circa 1860, after Stradivarius London, 30 October 2013 – Tarisio Auctions, London: GBP 163,200 (US$262,275) – J. B. Vuillaume violin, Paris London, 22 October 2019 – Tarisio Auctions: GBP 350,000 (US$452,380, Eur 406,291) – J. B. Vuillaume cello copy of the "Duport" Stradivarius, Paris, 1845 London, 8 June 2021 – Ingles & Hayday: £384,000 (US$533,597) – "Tsar Nicholas"; ex-Stern violin by J.B. Vuillaume, Paris, circa 1840-41 Specimen labels J.B. Vuillaume No. 4, Chez N.A. Lété rue Pavée-Saint-Sauveur no. 20 á Paris 1823 Jean Baptiste Vuillaume á Paris, rue Croix des Petits Champs Jean Baptiste Vuillaume á Paris, 3 rue Demours-Ternes The signature is usually followed by a doubly encircled JBV (J&B are joined). Early on, it was doubly encircled JBV. The labels at "Rue Croix Petits Champs" began using the doubly encircled JBV (J&B joined), which remained the same on "3. rue Demours-Ternes" labels. In addition, most specimens have a number associated with them. Awards and medals In 1827, Silver medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1827 In 1834, Silver medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1834 In 1844, Gold medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 In 1849, Gold medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1849 In 1851, Council medal at the Great Exhibition in London for "new modes of making violins, in such a manner that they are matured and perfected immediately on the completion of the manufacture, thus avoiding the necessity of keeping them for considerable periods to develop their excellencies" In 1855, Gold medal at the Paris International Exhibition The Vuillaume family Jean Vuillaume – ancestor of Jean-Baptiste. His historicity is disputed as a fabrication of Jean-Baptiste who may have been trying to create a mythology of family descendants going far back to Italy. Claude Vuillaume – oldest family member, a lute maker Claude François Vuillaume I (1730–1770) Charles François Vuillaume (1755–1779 – particularly known for his workmanship and the mellow and responsive tone of his instruments Claude François Vuillaume II (1772–1834) – father of the Jean-Baptiste Charles-Francois Vuillaume II (born 1797) – eldest son of Claude François Vuillaume II Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (1798–1875) Nicolas Vuillaume (1800–1871) – third son of Claude François Vuillaume II. Made wonderful, high quality instruments in Mirecourt. He would ship some of his instruments to Paris to be later completed by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume and sold at J.B. Vuillaume’s Paris shop. He also made a brand of instruments called 'Stentor'. Nicolas François Vuillaume (1802–1876) – fourth son of Claude François Vuillaume II. The most important luthier of the Vuillaume family next only to his brother Jean-Baptiste. Established his own workshop, with a fine reputation, in Brussels. Joseph François Vuillaume (1804–1856) – worked in Mirecourt, then Paris, and finally Lyon. Claude-François Vuillaume (1807–1853) – fifth son of Claude François Vuillaume II, father of Sébastien Sébastian Vuillaume (1835–1875) – nephew of Jean-Baptiste, worked with his uncle during the golden period Vuillaume, Gustave Eugène – born at Mirecourt 1899. Pupil of Mougenot and Jacquent Gand. Workmanship and general appearance qualify this maker as successful in Guarnerian modelling. Oil varnish typically of clear yellow to dark reddish brown. Players Charles Auguste de Bériot (1802–1870) Camillo Sivori (1815–1894), played on a Vuillaume copy of Paganini's "Il Cannone" (which Paganini gave to him). Ole Bull (1810–1880) Ricardo Cyncynates (1961), 1873 "The David" Ferdinand David (1810–1873) Jean-Delphin Alard (1815–1888) Henri Vieuxtemps (1820–1881) c.1874 (now known as ex-Vieuxtemps) Jules Garcin (1830–1896) copy of "Le Messie" (Messiah) Stradivari 1868 without number. Joseph Joachim (1831–1907) Sophie Humler (1841-1918) ex-Sophie Humler copy of Stradivari 1863 Eugène Ysaÿe (1858–1931) Josef Suk (1874–1935) Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962) Jacques Thibaud (1880–1953) Naoum Blinder (1889–1965) ex-Blinder 1845-50 Efrem Zimbalist (1889–1985) Jack Benny (1894–1974) now known as the ex-Jack Benny 1845 Nina Dolce (Georgina Springer) (1897-d.?) ex-Hamma 1828 Toscha Seidel (1899–1962) copy of the Alard Strad 1860 (now known as ex-Seidel) Louis Kaufman (1905–1994) copy of "La Pucelle" Stradivari #1489 c.1839 Nathan Posner (collector Beverly Hills, California) (?-1962) ex-Chimay viola 1865 and ex-Sophie Humler 1863 Pierre Fournier (1906–1986) ex-'Count Doria' cello 1863 Ruggiero Ricci (1918–2012) Marinus Snoeren (1919–1982), played on the Vuillaume Cello, currently in hands of Rien Snoeren Adolph F. Schrader (Chicago), American, Violinist played on the ex-Garcin 1868 also another Strad copy of 1860 #2390 Henryk Szeryng (1918–1988) Messiah Strad copy which he gave to Prince Sovereign Rainier III of Monaco Isaac Stern (1920–2001) A copy of the "Stern, ex Panette" Guarneri del Gesu of 1737 (c. 1850) also ex-Nicolas I of 1840 Arthur Grumiaux (1921–1986) 1866 (now known as ex-Grumiaux) now played by Jennifer Koh Josef Hassid (1923–1950) ex-Kreisler Endre Granat (1937) Guarneri copy 1866 Patrice Fontanarosa (1942) Jean Etienne Drouet (1942–1990) ex-Drouet 1827 No.73" and labelled "Antonius Stradivarius Cremonensis Faciebat Anno 1706" Pinchas Zukerman (1948) Vuillaume Guarneri copy Young-Uck Kim ex-Paganini; ex-Kreisler 1860 André Rieu (1949) Oliver Jaques (Zurich) ex-Nicolas I:ex-Isaac Stern 1840 Stewart Eaton (English, Violist) 'Count Doria' viola 1848 Barry Hou ex-Zukerman Laszlo Sirsom (1953) Chin Kim (1957) plays on 1843 Stradivari model Richard Hendrix (1958) plays an early Cannone copy made in 1828. Mark O'Connor (1961) plays an 1830s Vuillaume Ingolf Turban (1964) Gennady Filimonov (196?) plays on the ex-Garcin Vuillaume Cihat Aşkın (1968) Giovanni Radivo (1969) Alexander Kerr (1970) Michael Jelden (1971) Manrico Padovani (1973) plays on a Vuillaume 1870 (copy of the Strad Messiah) and on a Vuillaume 1845 (copy of 'Il Cannone' Guarnerius of 1743)Manrico Padovani plays on his Vuillaume Cannone Paganini concerto 1 Tiffany Wu (1978) Hilary Hahn (1979) plays on the ex- Lande of 1864 (copy of 'Il Cannone' Guarnerius of 1743)Hilary Hahn plays her Vuillaume on Danish TV Catherine Manoukian (1981), plays on the ex-Ysaÿe Vuillaume Myvanwy Ella Penny (1984) Nemanja Radulovic (1985) plays a J.B. Vuillaume violin from 1843. Pierre Fouchenneret (1985) Lorenzo Gatto (1986) plays a Jean Baptiste Vuillaume Vilde Frang (1986) plays on an 1864 Vuillaume Olga Kholodnaya (1987) plays on an 1853 Vuillaume "The Blade" Nadir Khashimov (1990) plays on an 1828 Vuillaume William Shaub (1992) plays on an 1865 Vuillaume Modigliani quartet (2003) plays on a J.B. Vuillaume string quartet "The Evangelists" (1863) Guillaume Latour (1981-) plays on a 1830 Vuillaume EnAccord String Quartet (1998) plays on 2 violins (1829) and a viola (1867) from J.B. Vuillaume Hsiao-mei Ku of the Ciompi Quartet performs on a violin made by J.B.Vuillaume Jagdish Mistry and Rafal Zambrzycki-Payne of Ensemble Modern both play on violins made by J.B. Vuillaume. Gabriel Voicu since 2019 owner of "ex-Hamma" Vuillaume after playing 26 years on his own "G. Voicu A. Stradivarius" YoungJung KIM(2023) Quotes "Le Messie" Stradivarius 1860, back What set him apart from the rest is that he was not only an artist without equal, but also a tireless seeker of perfection to whom there was no such thing as failure. It was this driving force which shone through his life and made his work immortal.— Roger Millant, Paris 1972.The makers of France and the Low Countries more or less followed Italian models, and during the past century there have been many excellent French copyists of Stradivari and Guarnieri; two of the best are noticed under Lupot and Vuillaume: besides these there have been Aldric, G. Chanot the elder, Silvestre, Maucotel, Mennegand, Henry, and Rambaux.— George Grove, ed., A Dictionary of Music and MusiciansTogether with Nicolas Lupot, Vuillaume is the foremost French stringed instrument maker and the most important of the Vuillaume family of luthiers— E. Jaeger, curator of the Vuillaume exhibit in Cité de la Musique.The names of Maucotel, Medard, Mennegand, Silvestre, and Derazay, and above all Vuillaume, must always shed an imperishable lustre upon the little town in the Vosges mountains.— H. R. Haweis, Old Violins and Violin LoreIn 1775 Paolo contracted to sell these instruments and other things from his father's shop to Count Cozio di Salabue, one of the most important collectors in history; and although Paolo died before the transaction was concluded, Salabue acquired the instruments. Salabue kept the 'Messiah' until 1827, when he sold it to Luigi Tarisio, a fascinating character who, from small beginnings, built up an important business dealing in violins. However, Tarisio could not bear to part with this instrument. Instead, he made it a favorite topic of conversation, and intrigued dealers on his visits to Paris with accounts of this marvelous 'Salabue' violin, as it was then called, taking care, however, never to bring it with him. One day Tarisio was discoursing to Vuillaume on the merits of this unknown and marvelous instrument, when the violinist Delphin Alard, who was present, exclaimed: 'Then your violin is like the Messiah: one always expects him but he never appears' ('Ah, ça, votre violon est donc comme le Messie; on l'attend toujours, et il ne parait jamais'). Thus the violin was baptized with the name by which it is still known. Tarisio never parted with the violin and not until his death in 1854 had anyone outside Italy seen it. In 1855, Vuillaume was able to acquire it, and it remained with him, also until his death. Vuillaume guarded the 'Messiah' jealously, keeping it in a glass case and allowing no one to examine it. However, he did allow it to be shown at the 1872 Exhibition of Instruments in the South Kensington Museum, and this was its first appearance in England. After Vuillaume's death in 1875, the violin became the property of his two daughters and then of his son-in-law, the violinist Alard. After Alard's death in 1888, his heirs sold the 'Messiah' in 1890 to W.E. Hill and Sons on behalf of a Mr. R. Crawford of Edinburgh for 2,600 British pounds, at that time the largest sum ever paid for a violin.— David D. Boyden, London 1969 Vuillaume's ideal, and by constant study and cultivation of his own rare natural powers of observation he acquired such an intimate knowledge and judgement of Stardivari's work in every detail, that he might almost be said to be better acquainted with the maker's instruments than the master himself. Vuillaume soon found the sale of violins, issued as new works without any semblance of antiquity, an unprofitable undertaking and, recognizing the growing demand in all parts of the world for instruments resembling the great works of Cremona, he determined to apply his great skill as a workman, and his extraordinary familiarity with Stradivari's models, to the construction of faithful copies of the greatmaster's works. This was the foundation of his success, for the modern copies found a ready sale, and orders poured in upon Vuillaume from all parts of the world. These instruments, imitations though they were, had high intrinsic merit; and it is to be remembered that they were copies made from unrivaled models, with fidelity and care such as only a devoted worshipper and a great master of his art could attain. He spared no pains in striving after perfection in the quality of his materials, and he treated the obscure and difficult problem of the varnish (the secret of which, as applied by the old Italian masters, seems to have died with them) with a success which has probably not been equalled by any other maker since their time. The number of these instruments bearing his name is enormous, upwards of two thousand five hundred being known to exist; and many of them he made throughout with his own hand.... and we have it on the best authority that every instrument was varnished by his own hand."— W.E. Hill & Sons, London 1902 Jean Baptiste was born in Mirecourt, where he worked until he was 19. He then went to Paris where the influence of François Chanot led him to approach violin making in a scientific manner. This led to his study of acoustics, analyses of varnishes, and to experimentation of various kinds. He won many prizes and achieved recognition as the greatest technical genius of his time, surpassed in French violin making only by Nicolas Lupot.— Smithsonian Institution As to the numbering system, for the most part, his instruments were numbered. But the very fine copies especially those of 'Le Messie' Strad, Guarneri Del Gesu 'Canon' and Del Gesu 'David'(which Ferdinand David owned) and Maggini are without Number(s). According to Doring's tabulation (made between 1947 and 1961), Vuillaume made at least 78 instruments between the 1830s and 1874 that he did not recorded by number, that are "outstanding and magnificent.— Gennady Filimonov, 2007 References ^ Giordano, Alberto (30 November 2015). "Paganini's Violin "Il Cannone"". giordanoviolins.com. ^ Price, Jason (January 10, 2018). "The 'Sun-Law' violin by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume". Tarisio.com. ^ "A fine French violin by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, Paris, 1873". Tarisio.com. ^ Grange, Cécile. "Rencontres Musicales De Clermont De L'oise, Deuxieme Edition". Rencontres Musicales De Clermont (in French). ^ a b Millant, Roger (1972). J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre (in French). London: W.E. Hill. OCLC 865746. ^ Les Luthiers Parisiens aux XIX et XX siecles, Tom 3 "Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume et sa famille : Nicolas, Nicolas-François et Sébastien" by Sylvette Milliot, published by Édition les Amis des la Musique, 2006 ^ "The Violin - VUILLAUME's biography". Editions Montparnasse. Retrieved 2022-12-16. ^ a b c Les Luthiers Parisiens aux XIX et XX siecles Tom 3 "Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume et sa famille : Nicolas, Nicolas-François et Sébastien" by Sylvette Milliot published by Edition les Amis des la Musique 2006 ^ Octobasse & Contralto, Cité de la musique ^ A hollow steel bow by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, c. 1834 Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ Olga Kholodnaya, Jean Baptiste Vuillaume. "Olga Kholodnaya with "The Blade" from Jean Baptiste Vuillaume". ^ a b c d e f g Instruments by Vuillaume Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, Cozio.com ^ 1868 "Messie" ex-Garcin provenance Archived 2011-04-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Millant, Roger (1972). J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre (in French). London: W.E. Hill. OCLC 865746. ^ #2936 provenance Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ #2952 provenance Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Palazzo Tursi Paganini Rooms". ^ Caraman de Chimay ^ Jean Baptiste Vuillaume: His Life and Work – David Sackson VSA Vol V No 4 ^ ex-Laurie Vuillaume c. 1874 Archived 2011-05-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ St. Cecilia violin Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ October 2012 auction details ^ March 2013 auction details ^ "A Fine French Violin by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, Paris, 1866", auction details ^ "Alexei Lvov and the Tsar Nicholas Vuillaume Violin", auction details ^ "The Great London Exhibition 1851: Awards" ^ "Sophie Humler (b1842), German, Violinist". Cozio.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2024. ^ Goddu, Jenn (2006-02-10). "Violin crosses genres, generations". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-07-21. ^ "Hsiao-mei Ku". Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2011-01-08. ^ Le Violon, des hommes, des œuvres, Emmanuel Jaeger, Frédéric Laurent et Jean-Michel Molkhou (CD-Rom), éditions Montparnasse / Accord Parfait, 1997 ^ The Hill Collection of Musical Instruments, David D. Boyden, Oxford University Press, London, 1969 ^ W.E. Hill & Sons, Antonio Stradivari: His Life & Work Sources The Hill Collection of Musical Instruments, David D. Boyden, Oxford University Press, London, 1969 Millant, Roger (1972). J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre (in French). London: W.E. Hill. OCLC 865746. "Violins, Vuillaume – A Great French Violin Maker of the 19th century". The Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1999.Les Edition Montparnasse Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, un luthier français, Evelyne Bonetat et Edith Orlando, Amis du vieux Mirecourt-Regain, Mirecourt, 1998. Jean Baptiste Vuillaume:His Life and Work – David Sackson VSA Vol V No 4 "Jean Baptiste Vuillaume and his Master Workmen, Part IV", Harvey S. Whistler, Violins & Violinists Magazine, January, 1948. Les violons de maître Vuillaume, Frédéric Laurent, 1998. Le quatuor Stradivarius Nicolo Paganini Claude Lebet, Les Amis de la Musique, Spa, 1994. Colloque historique, 1ère rencontre de Mirecourt des 9 et 10 mai 1998, Edith Orlando, Amis du musée de la Lutherie et de l'Archèterie française, Mirecourt, 1998. Les archets de Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, Jean-François Raffin, Groupe des luthiers et archetiers d'art de France ; Association des luthiers et archetiers pour le développement de la facture instrumentale, France 1998. Violons, Vuillaume, Cité de la musique, Musée de la musique, Paris, 1998. Le Violon, des hommes, des œuvres, Emmanuel Jaeger, Frédéric Laurent et Jean-Michel Molkhou (CD-Rom), éditions Montparnasse / Accord Parfait, 1997. Les Luthiers Parisiens aux XIX et XX siecles Tom 3 "Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume et sa famille : Nicolas, Nicolas-François et Sébastien" by Sylvette Milliot published by Edition les Amis des la Musique 2006 Jost Thöne / Stephan-Peter Greiner, S.-P. Greiner: Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, Bildband mit originalgrossen Abbildungen, Bocholt 1998. Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume – Violins and Violinists Series of Violin Makers published by William Lewis and Son Les Trésors de la Lutherie Française du XIXe siècle, Paris c 1992 The Reminiscences of a Fiddle Dealer by David Laurie New Grove Dictionary – David Charlton Encyclopedia of the Violin – Alberto Bachmann A. Dandelot: La Société des concerts du Conservatoire (1828–1923) (Paris, 1898) The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828–1967 C. Pierre: Le Conservatoire national de musique et de déclamation (Paris, 1900), 760 E. Hondré, ed.: Le Conservatoire de Paris: regards sur une institution et son histoire (Paris, 1995) W.E. Hill & Sons, Antonio Stradivari: His Life & Work "Salabue" Strad – monograph Violins & Violinists – Farga Antonio Stradivari – Henley Violin Iconography of Antonio Stradivari – Hebert K. Goodkind How Many Strads – E. Doring Antonio Stradivari – Charles Beare External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume. "La petite Fille et l'Octobasse de JB Vuillaume" A hollow steel bow by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, c. 1834 Jean Baptiste Vuillaume: notes on his life and work Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒɑ̃ batist vɥijom]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"luthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millant_1972-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist vɥijom]; 7 October 1798 – 19 March 1875) was a French luthier, businessman, inventor and winner of many awards.[5][6] His workshop made over 3,000 instruments.","title":"Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirecourt"}],"text":"Vuillaume was born in Mirecourt, where his father and grandfather were luthiers.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Croix-des-Petits-Champs"},{"link_name":"Neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Gothic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Luigi Tarisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Tarisio"},{"link_name":"Messiah Stradivarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_Stradivarius"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Félix Savart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"Octobass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octobass"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Charles de Bériot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_B%C3%A9riot"},{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_frog"},{"link_name":"Stanhopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhope_(optical_bijou)"},{"link_name":"Jean Pierre Marie Persois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Marie_Persois"},{"link_name":"Jean Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Adam_(bow_maker)"},{"link_name":"Dominique Peccatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Peccatte"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Rémy Maire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_R%C3%A9my_Maire"},{"link_name":"François Peccatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Peccatte"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Maline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Maline"},{"link_name":"Joseph Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_(bow_maker)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Simon"},{"link_name":"François Nicolas Voirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Nicolas_Voirin"},{"link_name":"Charles Peccatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Peccatte"},{"link_name":"Charles Claude Husson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Claude_Husson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Fonclause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fonclause"},{"link_name":"Jean Joseph Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Martin"},{"link_name":"Prosper Colas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Colas"},{"link_name":"Antonio Stradivari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari"},{"link_name":"\"Le Messie\" (Messiah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_Stradivarius"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Guarneri_del_Ges%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Il Cannone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cannone_Guarnerius"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini"},{"link_name":"Maggini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Maggini"},{"link_name":"Da Salò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasparo_da_Sal%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Nicola Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Amati"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millant_1972-5"},{"link_name":"Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Camillo Sivori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Sivori"},{"link_name":"Nicolò Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Amati"},{"link_name":"Stradivari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradivari"},{"link_name":"Bergonzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergonzi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"fleur-de-lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lys"},{"link_name":"David Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Nicolò Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Amati"},{"link_name":"Henri Vieuxtemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"St. Cécile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Cecilia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Stentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stentor"},{"link_name":"varnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"purfling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purfling"},{"link_name":"Charles Buthod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Buthod"},{"link_name":"Télesphore Barbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9lesphore_Barb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Bailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bailly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Gemünder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gem%C3%BCnder"},{"link_name":"Nestor Audinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Audinot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"luthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier"}],"text":"Vuillaume moved to Paris in 1818 to work for François Chanot. In 1821, he joined the workshop of Simon Lété, François-Louis Pique's son-in-law, at Rue Pavée St. Sauveur. He became his partner and in 1825 settled in the Rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs under the name of \"Lété et Vuillaume\". His first labels are dated 1823.In 1827, at the height of the Neo-Gothic period, he started to make imitations of old instruments, some copies were undetectable.[7]In 1827, he won a silver medal at the Paris Universal Exhibition, and in 1828, he started his own business at 46 Rue Croix des Petits-Champs.His workshop became the most important in Paris and within twenty years, it led Europe. A major factor in his success was his 1855 purchase of 144 instruments made by the Italian masters for 80,000 francs, from the heirs of Luigi Tarisio, an Italian tradesman. These included the Messiah Stradivarius and 24 other Stradivari.[8]In 1858, in order to avoid Paris customs duty on wood imports, he moved to Rue Pierre Demours near the Ternes, outside Paris. He was at the height of success, having won various gold medals in the competitions of the Paris Universal Exhibitions in 1839, 1844 and 1855; the Council Medal in London in 1851 and, in that same year, the Legion of Honour.[8]A maker of more than 3,000 instruments—almost all of which are numbered—and a fine tradesman, Vuillaume was also a gifted inventor, as his research in collaboration with the acoustics expert Félix Savart demonstrates. As an innovator, he developed many new instruments and mechanisms, most notably a large viola which he called a \"contralto\", and the three-string Octobass (1849–51),[9] a huge triple bass standing 3.48 metres high.He also created the hollow steel bow[10] (particularly appreciated by Charles de Bériot, among others), and the 'self-rehairing' bow. For the latter, the hair purchased in prepared hanks could be inserted by the player in the time it takes to change a string, and was tightened or loosened by a simple mechanism inside the frog. The frog itself was fixed to the stick, and the balance of the bow thus remained constant when the hair stretched with use.He also designed a round-edged frog mounted to the butt by means of a recessed track, which he encouraged his bowmakers to use; other details of craft, however, make it possible to identify the actual maker of many Vuillaume bows. The bows are stamped, often rather faintly, either \"vuillaume à paris\" or \"j.b. vuillaume\".Other innovations include the insertion of Stanhopes in the eye of the frogs of his bows, a kind of mute (the pédale sourdine) and several machines, including one for manufacturing gut strings of perfectly equal thickness.Many of the great bow makers of the 19th century collaborated with his workshop. Jean Pierre Marie Persois, Jean Adam, Dominique Peccatte, Nicolas Rémy Maire, François Peccatte, Nicolas Maline, Joseph Henry, Pierre Simon, François Nicolas Voirin, Charles Peccatte, Charles Claude Husson, Joseph Fonclause, Jean Joseph Martin, and Prosper Colas are among the most celebrated.Vuillaume was an innovative violin maker and restorer, and a tradesman who traveled all of Europe in search of instruments. Due to this fact, most instruments by the great Italian violin makers passed through his workshop. Vuillaume then made accurate measurements of their dimensions and made copies of them.He drew his inspiration from two violin makers and their instruments: Antonio Stradivari and his \"Le Messie\" (Messiah), and Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù and his \"Il Cannone\" which belonged to Niccolò Paganini; others such as Maggini, Da Salò and Nicola Amati were also imitated, but to a lesser extent.Vuillaume made numerous copies of his favorite violin \"Le Messie\", the more noteworthy among them being:[5]Vuillaume was able to craft such a perfect replica of \"Il Cannone\", that upon viewing them side by side, Paganini was unable to tell which was the original. He was able to recognize the master instrument only upon hearing subtle differences in tone during playing.[8]The copy violin was eventually passed on to Paganini's only student, Camillo Sivori. Sivori owned great violins by Nicolò Amati, Stradivari, and Bergonzi, but the Vuillaume was his favourite. This violin is owned by the Musei Di Genova and displayed in their Palazzo Tursi.[17]When making these copies, Vuillaume always remained faithful to the essential qualities of the instruments he imitated – their thickness, the choice of the woods, and the shape of the arching. The only differences, always the result of a personal decision, were the colour of the varnish, the height of the ribs or the length of the instruments.His most beautiful violins were often named after the people who owned them (Caraman de Chimay, Cheremetoff, Doria)[18]Vuillaume occasionally named his instruments: twelve were named after birds, for example the \"Golden Pheasant\", \"The Thrush\" and twelve were named after the apostles such as \"St. Joseph\" and \"Saint Paul\". A few others were also named after important biblical characters \"The Evangelists\" and Millant, in his book on Vuillaume, mentions a \"St. Nicholas\".[19]A rare violin by Vuillaume (c. 1874, Paris) showcases inlaid ebony fleur-de-lys designs and is one of the last instruments to come out of Vuillaume's workshop, made a year before his death. Crafted for the famous violin dealer David Laurie, \"Label reads: Jean Baptiste Vuillaume a Paris, 3 Rue Demour-Ternes, expres pour mon ami David Laurie, 1874\", numbered 2976 and signed on the label. It's a copy of a Nicolò Amati violin originally belonging to Prince Youssoupoff (a Russian aristocrat and pupil of Henri Vieuxtemps). Only six copies were made.[20]He also had practice violins, known as \"St. Cécile violins\",[21] made by his brother Nicolas de Mirecourt. Another lesser line, also made by Nicolas, was labelled \"Stentor\".His main contribution to violin-making was his work on varnish. The purfling's joints are often cut on the straight and not on the bias as was traditional, in the middle in the pin. His brand is burnt at a length of 1 cm. There is generally a black dot on the joint of the top under the bridge. He used an external mould. The stop is generally 193 mm long. In this respect he follows to the French 18th-century tradition of a short stop (190 mm), which was traditionally 195 mm long in Italy and even 200 mm long in Germany. The violin's serial number is inscribed in the middle inside the instrument. Its date (only the last two figures) in the upper paraph on the back. His violins of the first period have large edges and his brand was then burnt inside the middle bouts. The varnish varied from orange-red to red. After 1860, his varnish became lighter.In addition to the above-mentioned bow makers, most 19th-century Parisian violin makers worked in his workshop, including Hippolyte Silvestre, Jean-Joseph Honoré Derazey, Charles Buthod, Charles-Adolphe Maucotel, Télesphore Barbé, Paul Bailly and George Gemünder.Nestor Audinot, a pupil of Sébastien Vuillaume, himself Jean-Baptiste's nephew, succeeded him in his workshop in 1875. Vuillaume died at the height of his career, widely regarded as the pre-eminent luthier of his day.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tarisio Auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarisio_Auctions"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"London, 30 October 2012 – Sotheby's: GBP 145,250 (US$231,160) – \"Saint Paul\" J. B. Vuillaume violin copy of the \"Messiah\" Stradivarius, Paris, circa 1870[22]\nLondon, 28 March 2013 – Bromptons: GBP 162,000 (US$251,619) – J. B. Vuillaume, Paris, circa 1860, after Stradivarius[23]\nLondon, 30 October 2013 – Tarisio Auctions, London: GBP 163,200 (US$262,275) – J. B. Vuillaume violin, Paris[24]\nLondon, 22 October 2019 – Tarisio Auctions: GBP 350,000 (US$452,380, Eur 406,291) – J. B. Vuillaume cello copy of the \"Duport\" Stradivarius, Paris, 1845\nLondon, 8 June 2021 – Ingles & Hayday: £384,000 (US$533,597) – \"Tsar Nicholas\"; ex-Stern violin by J.B. Vuillaume, Paris, circa 1840-41 [25]","title":"World record price"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"J.B. Vuillaume No. 4, Chez N.A. Lété rue Pavée-Saint-Sauveur no. 20 á Paris 1823\nJean Baptiste Vuillaume á Paris, rue Croix des Petits Champs\nJean Baptiste Vuillaume á Paris, 3 rue Demours-TernesThe signature is usually followed by a doubly encircled JBV (J&B are joined). Early on, it was doubly encircled JBV. The labels at \"Rue Croix Petits Champs\" began using the doubly encircled JBV (J&B joined), which remained the same on \"3. rue Demours-Ternes\" labels. In addition, most specimens have a number associated with them.","title":"Specimen labels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Industrial Exposition of 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Industrial_Exposition_of_1834"},{"link_name":"French Industrial Exposition of 1844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Industrial_Exposition_of_1844"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 1827, Silver medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1827\nIn 1834, Silver medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1834\nIn 1844, Gold medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1844\nIn 1849, Gold medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1849\nIn 1851, Council medal at the Great Exhibition in London for \"new modes of making violins, in such a manner that they are matured and perfected immediately on the completion of the manufacture, thus avoiding the necessity of keeping them for considerable periods to develop their excellencies\"[26]\nIn 1855, Gold medal at the Paris International Exhibition","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity"},{"link_name":"Nicolas François Vuillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vuillaume"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Guarnerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarneri"}],"text":"Jean Vuillaume – ancestor of Jean-Baptiste. His historicity is disputed as a fabrication of Jean-Baptiste who may have been trying to create a mythology of family descendants going far back to Italy.\nClaude Vuillaume – oldest family member, a lute maker\nClaude François Vuillaume I (1730–1770)\nCharles François Vuillaume (1755–1779 – particularly known for his workmanship and the mellow and responsive tone of his instruments\nClaude François Vuillaume II (1772–1834) – father of the Jean-Baptiste\nCharles-Francois Vuillaume II (born 1797) – eldest son of Claude François Vuillaume II\nJean-Baptiste Vuillaume (1798–1875)\nNicolas Vuillaume (1800–1871) – third son of Claude François Vuillaume II. Made wonderful, high quality instruments in Mirecourt. He would ship some of his instruments to Paris to be later completed by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume and sold at J.B. Vuillaume’s Paris shop. He also made a brand of instruments called 'Stentor'.\nNicolas François Vuillaume (1802–1876) – fourth son of Claude François Vuillaume II. The most important luthier of the Vuillaume family next only to his brother Jean-Baptiste. Established his own workshop, with a fine reputation, in Brussels.\nJoseph François Vuillaume (1804–1856) – worked in Mirecourt, then Paris, and finally Lyon.\nClaude-François Vuillaume (1807–1853) – fifth son of Claude François Vuillaume II, father of Sébastien\nSébastian Vuillaume (1835–1875) – nephew of Jean-Baptiste, worked with his uncle during the golden period\nVuillaume, Gustave Eugène – born at Mirecourt 1899. Pupil of Mougenot and Jacquent Gand. Workmanship and general appearance qualify this maker as successful in Guarnerian modelling. Oil varnish typically of clear yellow to dark reddish brown.","title":"The Vuillaume family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Auguste de Bériot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot"},{"link_name":"Camillo Sivori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Sivori"},{"link_name":"Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini"},{"link_name":"Il Cannone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cannone_Guarnerius"},{"link_name":"Ole Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Bull"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Cyncynates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Cyncynates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Delphin Alard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Delphin_Alard"},{"link_name":"Henri Vieuxtemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps"},{"link_name":"Jules Garcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Garcin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joachim"},{"link_name":"Sophie Humler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Humler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Eugène Ysaÿe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe"},{"link_name":"Josef Suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Suk_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kreisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler"},{"link_name":"Jacques Thibaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Thibaud"},{"link_name":"Naoum Blinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoum_Blinder"},{"link_name":"Efrem Zimbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist"},{"link_name":"Jack Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Benny"},{"link_name":"Toscha Seidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toscha_Seidel"},{"link_name":"Louis Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Pierre Fournier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fournier"},{"link_name":"Ruggiero Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggiero_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Marinus Snoeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_Snoeren"},{"link_name":"Rien Snoeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110724151521/http://kempischsymfonieorkest.dse.nl/dirigent.htm"},{"link_name":"Adolph F. Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110405024421/http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=6032"},{"link_name":"Garcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Garcin"},{"link_name":"Henryk Szeryng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Szeryng"},{"link_name":"Isaac Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Stern"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grumiaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux"},{"link_name":"Josef Hassid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Hassid"},{"link_name":"Patrice Fontanarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Fontanarosa"},{"link_name":"Pinchas Zukerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchas_Zukerman"},{"link_name":"Vuillaume Guarneri copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110405031630/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=9148"},{"link_name":"Paganini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini"},{"link_name":"Kreisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler"},{"link_name":"André Rieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu"},{"link_name":"Barry Hou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marquisviolins.com"},{"link_name":"Zukerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110405132759/http://www.marquisviolins.com/instrument-violin-vuillaume.zuck.htm"},{"link_name":"Chin Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Kim"},{"link_name":"Mark O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ingolf Turban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolf_Turban"},{"link_name":"Garcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Garcin"},{"link_name":"Vuillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110405072736/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10865"},{"link_name":"Cihat Aşkın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cihataskin.net/"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Radivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Radivo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Manrico Padovani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manrico_Padovani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manrico Padovani plays on his Vuillaume Cannone Paganini concerto 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=-odIm2rNR5M"},{"link_name":"Hilary Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Hilary Hahn plays her Vuillaume on Danish TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=whr25kooJqg"},{"link_name":"Catherine Manoukian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Manoukian"},{"link_name":"Ysaÿe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Radulovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nemanja-radulovic.com"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.musiq3.be/programmes/index.htm?date=26/5/2009"},{"link_name":"Olga Kholodnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Kholodnaya"},{"link_name":"Nadir Khashimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Khashimov"},{"link_name":"Modigliani quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani_quartet"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Latour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Latour"},{"link_name":"EnAccord String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.enaccord.nl"},{"link_name":"Ciompi Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciompi_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ensemble-modern.com/en/ensemble_modern/members/246"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ensemble-modern.com/en/ensemble_modern/members/253"},{"link_name":"Ensemble Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Modern"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Voicu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Voicu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Charles Auguste de Bériot (1802–1870)\nCamillo Sivori (1815–1894), played on a Vuillaume copy of Paganini's \"Il Cannone\" (which Paganini gave to him).\nOle Bull (1810–1880)\nRicardo Cyncynates (1961), 1873 \"The David\"\nFerdinand David (1810–1873)\nJean-Delphin Alard (1815–1888)\nHenri Vieuxtemps (1820–1881) c.1874 (now known as ex-Vieuxtemps)\nJules Garcin (1830–1896) copy of \"Le Messie\" (Messiah) Stradivari 1868 without number.\nJoseph Joachim (1831–1907)\nSophie Humler[27] (1841-1918) ex-Sophie Humler copy of Stradivari 1863\nEugène Ysaÿe (1858–1931)\nJosef Suk (1874–1935)\nFritz Kreisler (1875–1962)\nJacques Thibaud (1880–1953)\nNaoum Blinder (1889–1965) ex-Blinder 1845-50\nEfrem Zimbalist (1889–1985)\nJack Benny (1894–1974) now known as the ex-Jack Benny 1845\nNina Dolce (Georgina Springer) (1897-d.?) ex-Hamma 1828\nToscha Seidel (1899–1962) copy of the Alard Strad 1860 (now known as ex-Seidel)\nLouis Kaufman (1905–1994) copy of \"La Pucelle\" Stradivari #1489 c.1839\nNathan Posner (collector Beverly Hills, California) (?-1962) ex-Chimay viola 1865 and ex-Sophie Humler 1863\nPierre Fournier (1906–1986) ex-'Count Doria' cello 1863\nRuggiero Ricci (1918–2012)\nMarinus Snoeren (1919–1982), played on the Vuillaume Cello, currently in hands of Rien Snoeren\nAdolph F. Schrader (Chicago), American, Violinist played on the ex-Garcin 1868 also another Strad copy of 1860 #2390\nHenryk Szeryng (1918–1988) Messiah Strad copy which he gave to Prince Sovereign Rainier III of Monaco\nIsaac Stern (1920–2001) A copy of the \"Stern, ex Panette\" Guarneri del Gesu of 1737 (c. 1850) also ex-Nicolas I of 1840\nArthur Grumiaux (1921–1986) 1866 (now known as ex-Grumiaux) now played by Jennifer Koh\nJosef Hassid (1923–1950) ex-Kreisler\nEndre Granat (1937) Guarneri copy 1866\nPatrice Fontanarosa (1942)\nJean Etienne Drouet (1942–1990) ex-Drouet 1827 No.73\" and labelled \"Antonius Stradivarius Cremonensis Faciebat Anno 1706\"\nPinchas Zukerman (1948) Vuillaume Guarneri copy\nYoung-Uck Kim ex-Paganini; ex-Kreisler 1860\nAndré Rieu (1949)\nOliver Jaques (Zurich) ex-Nicolas I:ex-Isaac Stern 1840\nStewart Eaton (English, Violist) 'Count Doria' viola 1848\nBarry Hou ex-Zukerman\nLaszlo Sirsom (1953)\nChin Kim (1957) plays on 1843 Stradivari model\nRichard Hendrix (1958) plays an early Cannone copy made in 1828.\nMark O'Connor (1961) plays an 1830s Vuillaume[28]\nIngolf Turban (1964)\nGennady Filimonov (196?) plays on the ex-Garcin Vuillaume\nCihat Aşkın (1968)\nGiovanni Radivo (1969)\nAlexander Kerr (1970)\nMichael Jelden (1971)\nManrico Padovani (1973) plays on a Vuillaume 1870 (copy of the Strad Messiah) and on a Vuillaume 1845 (copy of 'Il Cannone' Guarnerius of 1743)Manrico Padovani plays on his Vuillaume Cannone Paganini concerto 1\nTiffany Wu (1978)\nHilary Hahn (1979) plays on the ex- Lande of 1864 (copy of 'Il Cannone' Guarnerius of 1743)Hilary Hahn plays her Vuillaume on Danish TV\nCatherine Manoukian (1981), plays on the ex-Ysaÿe Vuillaume\nMyvanwy Ella Penny (1984)\nNemanja Radulovic (1985) plays a J.B. Vuillaume violin from 1843.\nPierre Fouchenneret (1985)\nLorenzo Gatto (1986) plays a Jean Baptiste Vuillaume [1]\nVilde Frang (1986) plays on an 1864 Vuillaume\nOlga Kholodnaya (1987) plays on an 1853 Vuillaume \"The Blade\"\nNadir Khashimov (1990) plays on an 1828 Vuillaume\nWilliam Shaub (1992) plays on an 1865 Vuillaume\nModigliani quartet (2003) plays on a J.B. Vuillaume string quartet \"The Evangelists\" (1863)\nGuillaume Latour (1981-) plays on a 1830 Vuillaume\nEnAccord String Quartet (1998) plays on 2 violins (1829) and a viola (1867) from J.B. Vuillaume\nHsiao-mei Ku of the Ciompi Quartet performs on a violin made by J.B.Vuillaume[29]\nJagdish Mistry [2] and Rafal Zambrzycki-Payne [3] of Ensemble Modern both play on violins made by J.B. Vuillaume.\nGabriel Voicu since 2019 owner of \"ex-Hamma\" Vuillaume after playing 26 years on his own \"G. Voicu A. Stradivarius\"\nYoungJung KIM(2023)","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J.B.Vuillaume_1860_back_%22Le_Messie%22_Stradivarius_copy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger Millant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Millant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-14"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Lupot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Lupot"},{"link_name":"luthiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthiers"},{"link_name":"Cité de la Musique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"David D. Boyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Boyden"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"W.E. Hill & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.E._Hill_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Lupot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Lupot"}],"text":"\"Le Messie\" Stradivarius 1860, backWhat set him apart from the rest is that he was not only an artist without equal, but also a tireless seeker of perfection to whom there was no such thing as failure. It was this driving force which shone through his life and made his work immortal.— Roger Millant, Paris 1972.[14]The makers of France and the Low Countries more or less followed Italian models, and during the past century there have been many excellent French copyists of Stradivari and Guarnieri; two of the best are noticed under Lupot and Vuillaume: besides these there have been Aldric, G. Chanot the elder, Silvestre, Maucotel, Mennegand, Henry, and Rambaux.— George Grove, ed., A Dictionary of Music and MusiciansTogether with Nicolas Lupot, Vuillaume is the foremost French stringed instrument maker and the most important of the Vuillaume family of luthiers— E. Jaeger, curator of the Vuillaume exhibit in Cité de la Musique.[30]The names of Maucotel, Medard, Mennegand, Silvestre, and Derazay, and above all Vuillaume, must always shed an imperishable lustre upon the little town in the Vosges mountains.— H. R. Haweis, Old Violins and Violin LoreIn 1775 Paolo contracted to sell these instruments [the 10 remaining from his father's workshop] and other things from his father's shop to Count Cozio di Salabue, one of the most important collectors in history; and although Paolo died before the transaction was concluded, Salabue acquired the instruments. Salabue kept the 'Messiah' until 1827, when he sold it to Luigi Tarisio, a fascinating character who, from small beginnings, built up an important business dealing in violins. However, Tarisio could not bear to part with this instrument. Instead, he made it a favorite topic of conversation, and intrigued dealers on his visits to Paris with accounts of this marvelous 'Salabue' violin, as it was then called, taking care, however, never to bring it with him. One day Tarisio was discoursing to Vuillaume on the merits of this unknown and marvelous instrument, when the violinist Delphin Alard, who was present, exclaimed: 'Then your violin is like the Messiah: one always expects him but he never appears' ('Ah, ça, votre violon est donc comme le Messie; on l'attend toujours, et il ne parait jamais'). Thus the violin was baptized with the name by which it is still known.\nTarisio never parted with the violin and not until his death in 1854 had anyone outside Italy seen it. In 1855, Vuillaume was able to acquire it, and it remained with him, also until his death. Vuillaume guarded the 'Messiah' jealously, keeping it in a glass case and allowing no one to examine it. However, he did allow it to be shown at the 1872 Exhibition of Instruments in the South Kensington Museum, and this was its first appearance in England. After Vuillaume's death in 1875, the violin became the property of his two daughters and then of his son-in-law, the violinist Alard. After Alard's death in 1888, his heirs sold the 'Messiah' in 1890 to W.E. Hill and Sons on behalf of a Mr. R. Crawford of Edinburgh for 2,600 British pounds, at that time the largest sum ever paid for a violin.— David D. Boyden, London 1969[31]Vuillaume's ideal, and by constant study and cultivation of his own rare natural powers of observation he acquired such an intimate knowledge and judgement of Stardivari's work in every detail, that he might almost be said to be better acquainted with the maker's instruments than the master himself. Vuillaume soon found the sale of violins, issued as new works without any semblance of antiquity, an unprofitable undertaking and, recognizing the growing demand in all parts of the world for instruments resembling the great works of Cremona, he determined to apply his great skill as a workman, and his extraordinary familiarity with Stradivari's models, to the construction of faithful copies of the greatmaster's works.\nThis was the foundation of his success, for the modern copies found a ready sale, and orders poured in upon Vuillaume from all parts of the world. These instruments, imitations though they were, had high intrinsic merit; and it is to be remembered that they were copies made from unrivaled models, with fidelity and care such as only a devoted worshipper and a great master of his art could attain. He spared no pains in striving after perfection in the quality of his materials, and he treated the obscure and difficult problem of the varnish (the secret of which, as applied by the old Italian masters, seems to have died with them) with a success which has probably not been equalled by any other maker since their time.\n\nThe number of these instruments bearing his name is enormous, upwards of two thousand five hundred being known to exist; and many of them he made throughout with his own hand.... and we have it on the best authority that every instrument was varnished by his own hand.\"— W.E. Hill & Sons, London 1902[32]Jean Baptiste was born in Mirecourt, where he worked until he was 19. He then went to Paris where the influence of François Chanot led him to approach violin making in a scientific manner. This led to his study of acoustics, analyses of varnishes, and to experimentation of various kinds. He won many prizes and achieved recognition as the greatest technical genius of his time, surpassed in French violin making only by Nicolas Lupot.— Smithsonian InstitutionAs to the numbering system, for the most part, his instruments were numbered. But the very fine copies especially those of 'Le Messie' Strad, Guarneri Del Gesu 'Canon' and Del Gesu 'David'(which Ferdinand David owned) and Maggini are without Number(s). According to Doring's tabulation (made between 1947 and 1961), Vuillaume made at least 78 instruments between the 1830s and 1874 that he did not recorded by number, that are \"outstanding and magnificent.— Gennady Filimonov, 2007","title":"Quotes"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Le Messie\" Stradivarius 1860, back","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/J.B.Vuillaume_1860_back_%22Le_Messie%22_Stradivarius_copy.jpg/130px-J.B.Vuillaume_1860_back_%22Le_Messie%22_Stradivarius_copy.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Giordano, Alberto (30 November 2015). \"Paganini's Violin \"Il Cannone\"\". giordanoviolins.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giordanoviolins.com/en/paganini%E2%80%99s-violin-%E2%80%9Cil-cannone%E2%80%9D","url_text":"\"Paganini's Violin \"Il Cannone\"\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Jason (January 10, 2018). \"The 'Sun-Law' violin by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume\". Tarisio.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/cozio-carteggio/the-sun-law-vuillaume/","url_text":"\"The 'Sun-Law' violin by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarisio_Auctions","url_text":"Tarisio.com"}]},{"reference":"\"A fine French violin by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, Paris, 1873\". Tarisio.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/cozio-carteggio/a-fine-french-violin-by-jean-baptiste-vuillaume-paris-1873/","url_text":"\"A fine French violin by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, Paris, 1873\""}]},{"reference":"Grange, Cécile. \"Rencontres Musicales De Clermont De L'oise, Deuxieme Edition\". Rencontres Musicales De Clermont (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://rencontresmusicales.clermont-oise.fr/le-festival/histoire/","url_text":"\"Rencontres Musicales De Clermont De L'oise, Deuxieme Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Millant, Roger (1972). J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre (in French). London: W.E. Hill. OCLC 865746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865746","url_text":"865746"}]},{"reference":"\"The Violin - VUILLAUME's biography\". Editions Montparnasse. Retrieved 2022-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.editionsmontparnasse.fr/violin/vuillaume/bioinstru.html","url_text":"\"The Violin - VUILLAUME's biography\""}]},{"reference":"Olga Kholodnaya, Jean Baptiste Vuillaume. \"Olga Kholodnaya with \"The Blade\" from Jean Baptiste Vuillaume\".","urls":[{"url":"https://scontent.ftxl1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/22688521_1449678251753219_2374417714479814096_n.jpg?oh=560672fad0051b6725ce724b7d89bc0b&oe=5A72C691","url_text":"\"Olga Kholodnaya with \"The Blade\" from Jean Baptiste Vuillaume\""}]},{"reference":"Millant, Roger (1972). J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre (in French). London: W.E. Hill. OCLC 865746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865746","url_text":"865746"}]},{"reference":"\"Palazzo Tursi Paganini Rooms\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museidigenova.it/en/node/8141","url_text":"\"Palazzo Tursi Paganini Rooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sophie Humler (b1842), German, Violinist\". Cozio.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405031658/http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=6029","url_text":"\"Sophie Humler (b1842), German, Violinist\""},{"url":"http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=6029","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goddu, Jenn (2006-02-10). \"Violin crosses genres, generations\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-02-10/entertainment/0602100314_1_violin-vuillaume-guitars-and-mandolins","url_text":"\"Violin crosses genres, generations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hsiao-mei Ku\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2011-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214546/http://www.ciompi.org/about/hsiao.html","url_text":"\"Hsiao-mei Ku\""},{"url":"http://www.ciompi.org/about/hsiao.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Millant, Roger (1972). J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre (in French). London: W.E. Hill. OCLC 865746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865746","url_text":"865746"}]},{"reference":"\"Violins, Vuillaume – A Great French Violin Maker of the 19th century\". The Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1999.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724151521/http://kempischsymfonieorkest.dse.nl/dirigent.htm","external_links_name":"Rien Snoeren"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405024421/http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=6032","external_links_name":"Adolph F. Schrader"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405031630/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=9148","external_links_name":"Vuillaume Guarneri copy"},{"Link":"http://www.marquisviolins.com/","external_links_name":"Barry Hou"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405132759/http://www.marquisviolins.com/instrument-violin-vuillaume.zuck.htm","external_links_name":"Zukerman"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405072736/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10865","external_links_name":"Vuillaume"},{"Link":"http://www.cihataskin.net/","external_links_name":"Cihat Aşkın"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-odIm2rNR5M","external_links_name":"Manrico Padovani plays on his Vuillaume Cannone Paganini concerto 1"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whr25kooJqg","external_links_name":"Hilary Hahn plays her Vuillaume on Danish TV"},{"Link":"http://www.nemanja-radulovic.com/","external_links_name":"Nemanja Radulovic"},{"Link":"http://www.musiq3.be/programmes/index.htm?date=26/5/2009","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.enaccord.nl/","external_links_name":"EnAccord String Quartet"},{"Link":"https://www.ensemble-modern.com/en/ensemble_modern/members/246","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.ensemble-modern.com/en/ensemble_modern/members/253","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.giordanoviolins.com/en/paganini%E2%80%99s-violin-%E2%80%9Cil-cannone%E2%80%9D","external_links_name":"\"Paganini's Violin \"Il Cannone\"\""},{"Link":"https://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/cozio-carteggio/the-sun-law-vuillaume/","external_links_name":"\"The 'Sun-Law' violin by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume\""},{"Link":"https://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/cozio-carteggio/a-fine-french-violin-by-jean-baptiste-vuillaume-paris-1873/","external_links_name":"\"A fine French violin by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, Paris, 1873\""},{"Link":"http://rencontresmusicales.clermont-oise.fr/le-festival/histoire/","external_links_name":"\"Rencontres Musicales De Clermont De L'oise, Deuxieme Edition\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865746","external_links_name":"865746"},{"Link":"https://www.editionsmontparnasse.fr/violin/vuillaume/bioinstru.html","external_links_name":"\"The Violin - VUILLAUME's biography\""},{"Link":"http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/masc/?INSTANCE=CITEMUSIQUE&URL=/mediacomposite/cmde/CMDE000001300/02.htm","external_links_name":"Octobasse & Contralto, Cité de la musique"},{"Link":"http://www.renard-music.com/selectficheinstrument.php3?1000263","external_links_name":"A hollow steel bow by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, c. 1834"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501174547/http://www.renard-music.com/selectficheinstrument.php3?1000263","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://scontent.ftxl1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/22688521_1449678251753219_2374417714479814096_n.jpg?oh=560672fad0051b6725ce724b7d89bc0b&oe=5A72C691","external_links_name":"\"Olga Kholodnaya with \"The Blade\" from Jean Baptiste Vuillaume\""},{"Link":"http://www.cozio.com/Luthier.aspx?id=263","external_links_name":"Instruments by Vuillaume"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516044245/http://www.cozio.com/Luthier.aspx?id=263","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10865","external_links_name":"1868 \"Messie\" ex-Garcin provenance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405072736/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10865","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865746","external_links_name":"865746"},{"Link":"http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10958","external_links_name":"#2936 provenance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103111704/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10958","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cozio.com/instrument.aspx?id=21376","external_links_name":"#2952 provenance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103111423/http://www.cozio.com/instrument.aspx?id=21376","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.museidigenova.it/en/node/8141","external_links_name":"\"Palazzo Tursi Paganini Rooms\""},{"Link":"http://www.editionsmontparnasse.fr/violin/vuillaume/i_vuill3.jpg","external_links_name":"Caraman de Chimay"},{"Link":"http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10596","external_links_name":"ex-Laurie Vuillaume c. 1874"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221201/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=10596","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.afvbm.com/vuillaume.JPG","external_links_name":"St. Cecilia violin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070823203739/http://www.afvbm.com/vuillaume.JPG","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.amati.com/articles/817-jean-baptiste-vuillaume-violin-for-sale-at-sothebys.html","external_links_name":"October 2012 auction details"},{"Link":"http://www.bromptons.co/auction/catalogue/28th-march-2013/264-a-magnificent-violin-by-j-b-vuillaume-paris-circa-1860-after-stradivarius.html","external_links_name":"March 2013 auction details"},{"Link":"http://tarisio.com/pages/auction/auction_item.php?csid=2197929984&cpid=2953101312&sCategory_ID=36","external_links_name":"\"A Fine French Violin by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, Paris, 1866\""},{"Link":"https://ingleshayday.com/features/alexei-lvov-and-the-tsar-nicholas-vuillaume-violin/","external_links_name":"\"Alexei Lvov and the Tsar Nicholas Vuillaume Violin\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6541637x.r=new+york.langFR.textePage","external_links_name":"\"The Great London Exhibition 1851: Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110405031658/http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=6029","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Humler (b1842), German, Violinist\""},{"Link":"http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=6029","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-02-10/entertainment/0602100314_1_violin-vuillaume-guitars-and-mandolins","external_links_name":"\"Violin crosses genres, generations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214546/http://www.ciompi.org/about/hsiao.html","external_links_name":"\"Hsiao-mei Ku\""},{"Link":"http://www.ciompi.org/about/hsiao.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865746","external_links_name":"865746"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qCvVwtB38XcC&dq=Jules+Garcin&pg=PA134-IA1","external_links_name":"The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828–1967"},{"Link":"http://underzerainbow.canalblog.com/albums/black___white/m-Chaumeil.jpg","external_links_name":"\"La petite Fille et l'Octobasse de JB Vuillaume\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501174547/http://www.renard-music.com/selectficheinstrument.php3?1000263","external_links_name":"A hollow steel bow by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, c. 1834"},{"Link":"http://www.corilon.com/shop/en/info/jb-vuillaume.html","external_links_name":"Jean Baptiste Vuillaume: notes on his life and work"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/445937/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000043640332","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37693991","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGQfVJYgBBJb3RckkJjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12493511r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12493511r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117450170","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14032280","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00022147","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p134874595","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3e135509-dce8-40fb-a91f-b6db62c34f9f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117450170.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034148078","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Williams_(businessman)
Steve Williams (businessman)
["1 References"]
Canadian businessman Steven Walter Williams is a Canadian businessman. He was the president and CEO of Suncor Energy from 2012 to 2019. He was COO from 2007 to 2011. Prior to joining Suncor as executive in May 2002, he was an executive at Innospec. Prior to them in 1995, he served for Esso. In 2018, as CEO, Williams placed third out of 100 of the top earners in Calgary with a total compensation of $14,789,407 according to a Global Governance Advisors' survey posted by The Calgary Herald. References ^ Bell, David (June 6, 2018). "Suncor CEO slams climate change deniers, politicians who cater to them | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved June 7, 2018. ^ Cattaneo, Claudia (April 1, 2016). "Suncor Energy CEO Steve Williams gets pay raise to $12.8 million, praise for work on climate change". Financial Post. Retrieved June 7, 2018. ^ "Steven W Williams". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 6, 2020. ^ "Top of the heap: Calgary's highest paid executives in 2018" (PDF). Global Governance Advisors via Calgary Herald. Special report on the 2018 executive compensation survey. 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019. This biography about a Canadian businessperson is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Suncor Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncor_Energy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"Innospec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innospec"},{"link_name":"Esso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Calgary Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calgary_Herald"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Steven Walter Williams is a Canadian businessman. He was the president and CEO of Suncor Energy[1][2] from 2012 to 2019. He was COO from 2007 to 2011. Prior to joining Suncor as executive in May 2002, he was an executive at Innospec. Prior to them in 1995, he served for Esso.[3]In 2018, as CEO, Williams placed third out of 100 of the top earners in Calgary with a total compensation of $14,789,407 according to a Global Governance Advisors' survey posted by The Calgary Herald.[4]","title":"Steve Williams (businessman)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bell, David (June 6, 2018). \"Suncor CEO slams climate change deniers, politicians who cater to them | CBC News\". CBC. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/suncor-ceo-slams-climate-change-deniers-conservatives-1.4694549","url_text":"\"Suncor CEO slams climate change deniers, politicians who cater to them | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Cattaneo, Claudia (April 1, 2016). \"Suncor Energy CEO Steve Williams gets pay raise to $12.8 million, praise for work on climate change\". Financial Post. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/suncor-energy-ceo-steve-williams-gets-pay-raise-to-12-8-million-praise-for-work-on-climate-change","url_text":"\"Suncor Energy CEO Steve Williams gets pay raise to $12.8 million, praise for work on climate change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steven W Williams\". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=226075&privcapId=354361","url_text":"\"Steven W Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top of the heap: Calgary's highest paid executives in 2018\" (PDF). Global Governance Advisors via Calgary Herald. Special report on the 2018 executive compensation survey. 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://postmediacalgaryherald2.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/compensation_page_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Top of the heap: Calgary's highest paid executives in 2018\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/suncor-ceo-slams-climate-change-deniers-conservatives-1.4694549","external_links_name":"\"Suncor CEO slams climate change deniers, politicians who cater to them | CBC News\""},{"Link":"http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/suncor-energy-ceo-steve-williams-gets-pay-raise-to-12-8-million-praise-for-work-on-climate-change","external_links_name":"\"Suncor Energy CEO Steve Williams gets pay raise to $12.8 million, praise for work on climate change\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=226075&privcapId=354361","external_links_name":"\"Steven W Williams\""},{"Link":"https://postmediacalgaryherald2.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/compensation_page_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top of the heap: Calgary's highest paid executives in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Williams_(businessman)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_A
Serum amyloid A
["1 Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins","2 Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins","3 References"]
Human Serum amyloid A1IdentifiersSymbolSAA1NCBI gene6288HGNC10513OMIM104750RefSeqNM_199161UniProtP0DJI8Other dataLocusChr. 11 p15.1Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Human Serum amyloid A2IdentifiersSymbolSAA2NCBI gene6289HGNC10514OMIM104751RefSeqNM_030754UniProtP02735Other dataLocusChr. 11 p15.1-p14Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Human Serum amyloid A3, pseudogeneIdentifiersSymbolSAA3PAlt. symbolsSAA3NCBI gene6290HGNC10515UniProtP22614Other dataLocusChr. 11 p15.1-p14Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Human Serum amyloid A4IdentifiersSymbolSAA4Alt. symbolsC-SAANCBI gene6291HGNC10516OMIM104752RefSeqNM_006512UniProtP35542Other dataLocusChr. 11 p15.1-p14Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively (constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli (acute phase SAAs). These proteins are produced predominantly by the liver. Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAAs) are secreted during the acute phase of inflammation. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Three acute-phase SAA isoforms have been reported in mice, called SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3. During inflammation, SAA1 and SAA2 are expressed and induced principally in the liver, whereas SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans, although the third gene, SAA3, is believed to represent a pseudogene that does not generate messenger RNA or protein. Molecular weights of the human proteins are estimated at 11.7 kDa for SAA1 and 12.8 kDa for SAA4. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is also an acute phase marker that responds rapidly. Similar to CRP, levels of acute-phase SAA increase within hours after inflammatory stimulus, and the magnitude of increase may be greater than that of CRP. Relatively trivial inflammatory stimuli can lead to SAA responses. It has been suggested that SAA levels correlate better with disease activity in early inflammatory joint disease than do ESR and CRP. Although largely produced by hepatocytes, more recent studies show that SAA is produced by adipocytes as well, and its serum concentration is associated with body mass index. Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins A fourth SAA (SAA4) was identified in humans and is expressed constitutively in the liver and, thus, is defined as a constitutive SAA (C-SAA). A similar protein that is now also called SAA4 has since been identified in the mouse; it had originally been designated SAA5. References ^ Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS (October 1999). "Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant". European Journal of Biochemistry. 265 (2): 501–23. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x. PMID 10504381. ^ a b Zhang N, Ahsan MH, Purchio AF, West DB (June 2005). "Serum amyloid A-luciferase transgenic mice: response to sepsis, acute arthritis, and contact hypersensitivity and the effects of proteasome inhibition". Journal of Immunology. 174 (12): 8125–34. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8125. PMID 15944321. ^ Betts JC, Edbrooke MR, Thakker RV, Woo P (October 1991). "The human acute-phase serum amyloid A gene family: structure, evolution and expression in hepatoma cells". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 34 (4): 471–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x. PMID 1656519. S2CID 26076389. ^ Kluve-Beckerman B, Drumm ML, Benson MD (November 1991). "Nonexpression of the human serum amyloid A three (SAA3) gene". DNA and Cell Biology. 10 (9): 651–61. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.651. PMID 1755958. ^ "SAA1 - Serum amyloid A-1 protein precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SAA1 gene & protein". ^ https://www.uniprot.org/blast/?about=P35542&key=Chain&id=PRO_0000031583 ^ Pincus MR; McPherson RA; Henry JB (2007). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-0287-1. ^ Steel DM, Sellar GC, Uhlar CM, Simon S, DeBeer FC, Whitehead AS (May 1993). "A constitutively expressed serum amyloid A protein gene (SAA4) is closely linked to, and shares structural similarities with, an acute-phase serum amyloid A protein gene (SAA2)". Genomics. 16 (2): 447–54. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1209. PMID 7686132. ^ de Beer MC, Kindy MS, Lane WS, de Beer FC (February 1994). "Mouse serum amyloid A protein (SAA5) structure and expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (6): 4661–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41827-8. PMID 8308037. ^ de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Gerardot CJ, Cecil DR, Webb NR, Goodson ML, Kindy MS (May 1996). "Structure of the mouse Saa4 gene and its linkage to the serum amyloid A gene family". Genomics. 34 (1): 139–42. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0253. PMID 8661036. vteAcute-phase proteinsAmyloid SAP SAA Other positive Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha 2-macroglobulin C-reactive protein Ceruloplasmin C3 Ferritin Fibrin Haptoglobin Haptoglobin-related protein Hemopexin Orosomucoid Negative Serum albumin Transferrin vteAmyloidosisCommon amyloid forming proteins AA ATTR Aβ2M AL Aβ/APP AIAPP ACal APro AANF ACys ABri Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis AA amyloidosis Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated AGel/Finnish type AA/Familial Mediterranean fever ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary Organ-limited amyloidosisHeartAANF/Isolated atrialBrain Familial amyloid neuropathy ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Aβ/Alzheimer's disease Kidney AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal Skin Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Amyloid purpura Endocrine Thyroid ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer Pituitary APro/Prolactinoma Pancreas AIAPP/Insulinoma Type 2 diabetes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apolipoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein"},{"link_name":"high-density lipoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein"},{"link_name":"acute phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute-phase_protein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively (constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli (acute phase SAAs). These proteins are produced predominantly by the liver.[1]","title":"Serum amyloid A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"bile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"amyloidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloidosis"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhang-2"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoform"},{"link_name":"SAA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAA1"},{"link_name":"SAA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAA2"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"IL-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_1"},{"link_name":"IL-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6"},{"link_name":"TNF-α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-%CE%B1"},{"link_name":"lipopolysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhang-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"pseudogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"messenger RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein"},{"link_name":"ESR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate"},{"link_name":"body mass index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn1-4160-0287-1-7"}],"text":"Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAAs) are secreted during the acute phase of inflammation. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.[2] Three acute-phase SAA isoforms have been reported in mice, called SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3. During inflammation, SAA1 and SAA2 are expressed and induced principally in the liver, whereas SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).[2] Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans,[3] although the third gene, SAA3, is believed to represent a pseudogene that does not generate messenger RNA or protein.[4] Molecular weights of the human proteins are estimated at 11.7 kDa for SAA1[5] and 12.8 kDa for SAA4.[6]Serum amyloid A (SAA) is also an acute phase marker that responds rapidly. Similar to CRP, levels of acute-phase SAA increase within hours after inflammatory stimulus, and the magnitude of increase may be greater than that of CRP. Relatively trivial inflammatory stimuli can lead to SAA responses. It has been suggested that SAA levels correlate better with disease activity in early inflammatory joint disease than do ESR and CRP. Although largely produced by hepatocytes, more recent studies show that SAA is produced by adipocytes as well, and its serum concentration is associated with body mass index.[7]","title":"Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A fourth SAA (SAA4) was identified in humans and is expressed constitutively in the liver and, thus, is defined as a constitutive SAA (C-SAA).[8] A similar protein that is now also called SAA4 has since been identified in the mouse; it had originally been designated SAA5.[9][10]","title":"Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS (October 1999). \"Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant\". European Journal of Biochemistry. 265 (2): 501–23. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x. PMID 10504381.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x","url_text":"\"Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10504381","url_text":"10504381"}]},{"reference":"Zhang N, Ahsan MH, Purchio AF, West DB (June 2005). \"Serum amyloid A-luciferase transgenic mice: response to sepsis, acute arthritis, and contact hypersensitivity and the effects of proteasome inhibition\". Journal of Immunology. 174 (12): 8125–34. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8125. PMID 15944321.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15944321","url_text":"\"Serum amyloid A-luciferase transgenic mice: response to sepsis, acute arthritis, and contact hypersensitivity and the effects of proteasome inhibition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.174.12.8125","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15944321","url_text":"15944321"}]},{"reference":"Betts JC, Edbrooke MR, Thakker RV, Woo P (October 1991). \"The human acute-phase serum amyloid A gene family: structure, evolution and expression in hepatoma cells\". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 34 (4): 471–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x. PMID 1656519. S2CID 26076389.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1656519","url_text":"1656519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26076389","url_text":"26076389"}]},{"reference":"Kluve-Beckerman B, Drumm ML, Benson MD (November 1991). \"Nonexpression of the human serum amyloid A three (SAA3) gene\". DNA and Cell Biology. 10 (9): 651–61. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.651. PMID 1755958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fdna.1991.10.651","url_text":"10.1089/dna.1991.10.651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1755958","url_text":"1755958"}]},{"reference":"\"SAA1 - Serum amyloid A-1 protein precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SAA1 gene & protein\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DJI8","url_text":"\"SAA1 - Serum amyloid A-1 protein precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SAA1 gene & protein\""}]},{"reference":"Pincus MR; McPherson RA; Henry JB (2007). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-0287-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-0287-1","url_text":"978-1-4160-0287-1"}]},{"reference":"Steel DM, Sellar GC, Uhlar CM, Simon S, DeBeer FC, Whitehead AS (May 1993). \"A constitutively expressed serum amyloid A protein gene (SAA4) is closely linked to, and shares structural similarities with, an acute-phase serum amyloid A protein gene (SAA2)\". Genomics. 16 (2): 447–54. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1209. PMID 7686132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1993.1209","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1993.1209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7686132","url_text":"7686132"}]},{"reference":"de Beer MC, Kindy MS, Lane WS, de Beer FC (February 1994). \"Mouse serum amyloid A protein (SAA5) structure and expression\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (6): 4661–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41827-8. PMID 8308037.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8308037","url_text":"\"Mouse serum amyloid A protein (SAA5) structure and expression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2941827-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41827-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8308037","url_text":"8308037"}]},{"reference":"de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Gerardot CJ, Cecil DR, Webb NR, Goodson ML, Kindy MS (May 1996). \"Structure of the mouse Saa4 gene and its linkage to the serum amyloid A gene family\". Genomics. 34 (1): 139–42. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0253. PMID 8661036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.0253","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1996.0253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8661036","url_text":"8661036"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6288&rn=1","external_links_name":"6288"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10513","external_links_name":"10513"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/104750","external_links_name":"104750"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_199161","external_links_name":"NM_199161"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DJI8","external_links_name":"P0DJI8"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1","external_links_name":"p15.1"},{"Link":"https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P0DJI8","external_links_name":"Swiss-model"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P0DJI8","external_links_name":"InterPro"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6289&rn=1","external_links_name":"6289"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10514","external_links_name":"10514"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/104751","external_links_name":"104751"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_030754","external_links_name":"NM_030754"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02735","external_links_name":"P02735"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1-p14","external_links_name":"p15.1-p14"},{"Link":"https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P02735","external_links_name":"Swiss-model"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P02735","external_links_name":"InterPro"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6290&rn=1","external_links_name":"6290"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10515","external_links_name":"10515"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22614","external_links_name":"P22614"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1-p14","external_links_name":"p15.1-p14"},{"Link":"https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P22614","external_links_name":"Swiss-model"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P22614","external_links_name":"InterPro"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6291&rn=1","external_links_name":"6291"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10516","external_links_name":"10516"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/104752","external_links_name":"104752"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_006512","external_links_name":"NM_006512"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35542","external_links_name":"P35542"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1-p14","external_links_name":"p15.1-p14"},{"Link":"https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P35542","external_links_name":"Swiss-model"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P35542","external_links_name":"InterPro"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x","external_links_name":"\"Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10504381","external_links_name":"10504381"},{"Link":"http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15944321","external_links_name":"\"Serum amyloid A-luciferase transgenic mice: response to sepsis, acute arthritis, and contact hypersensitivity and the effects of proteasome inhibition\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.174.12.8125","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8125"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15944321","external_links_name":"15944321"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1656519","external_links_name":"1656519"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26076389","external_links_name":"26076389"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fdna.1991.10.651","external_links_name":"10.1089/dna.1991.10.651"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1755958","external_links_name":"1755958"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DJI8","external_links_name":"\"SAA1 - Serum amyloid A-1 protein precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SAA1 gene & protein\""},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/blast/?about=P35542","external_links_name":"https://www.uniprot.org/blast/?about=P35542"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1993.1209","external_links_name":"10.1006/geno.1993.1209"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7686132","external_links_name":"7686132"},{"Link":"http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8308037","external_links_name":"\"Mouse serum amyloid A protein (SAA5) structure and expression\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2941827-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41827-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8308037","external_links_name":"8308037"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.0253","external_links_name":"10.1006/geno.1996.0253"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8661036","external_links_name":"8661036"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County_Airport
Westchester County Airport
["1 History","2 Facilities and aircraft","2.1 Terminal","3 Operations","3.1 Controversies","4 Access","4.1 Car","4.2 Public transportation","5 Airlines and destinations","6 Statistics","6.1 Passenger numbers","6.2 Carrier shares","6.3 Top destinations","7 Accidents and incidents","8 Airport code","9 In popular culture","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°04′01″N 073°42′27″W / 41.06694°N 73.70750°W / 41.06694; -73.70750Public airport in Westchester County, New York Westchester County AirportThe airport, as seen from the air in 2013.IATA: HPNICAO: KHPNFAA LID: HPNSummaryAirport typePublic-useOwnerCounty of WestchesterOperatorAFCO AvPORTSServesHudson Valley, Western Connecticut, and New York metropolitan areaLocationNorth Castle, Harrison, and Rye Brook, New YorkHub forTradewind AviationElevation AMSL439 ft / 134 mCoordinates41°04′01″N 073°42′27″W / 41.06694°N 73.70750°W / 41.06694; -73.70750Websiteairport.WestchesterGov.comMapsFAA airport diagramRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 11/29 4,451 1,357 Asphalt 16/34 6,549 1,996 Asphalt StatisticsAircraft operations (2023)158,764Fixed-wing based aircraft (2023)260Scheduled enplaned arrival/departure revenue passengers (2023)2,231,608Source: FAA and official airport website Westchester County Airport (IATA: HPN, ICAO: KHPN, FAA LID: HPN) is a county-owned airport in Westchester County, New York, United States, three miles (6 km) northeast of downtown White Plains, with territory in the towns of North Castle & Harrison, New York, and the village of Rye Brook, New York. It is sometimes referred to as the White Plains Airport and is so identified by the Official Airline Guide (OAG). The airport primarily serves Westchester County, New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut; the New York–Connecticut state border runs along its eastern perimeter. Located approximately 33 miles (53 km) north of Midtown Manhattan, it is also considered a satellite or reliever airport for the New York metropolitan area. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized HPN as a primary commercial service airport. Per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 872,023 passenger enplanements in calendar year 2019. History Westchester County Airport was built during World War II in 1942 as a home to an Air National Guard unit to protect New York City and Rye Lake, part of the city's water supply system. In May 1983, with the growth of suburban Westchester, the Guard unit abandoned Westchester Air National Guard Base and moved to Stewart International Airport, in Orange County. The first scheduled airline flights were by American Airlines in late 1949 with a weekday morning flight from New York LaGuardia Airport to HPN continuing to Syracuse Hancock International Airport and beyond and returning in the evening. Mohawk Airlines replaced American in 1955; Mohawk and successor Allegheny Airlines served HPN until 1979. The first scheduled jet flight was a Mohawk BAC One-Eleven in 1965. Before the federal Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, the airport was served in 1976 by Allegheny Airlines BAC One-Elevens and by several commuter air carriers including Air Speed, Command Airways and Commuter Airlines. Air Florida arrived in 1980 and United Airlines during the mid-1980s. American Airlines also resumed mainline service. Regional carrier Independence Air ceased operations at HPN on January 5, 2006. Major airlines that previously served the airport include American Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Republic Airlines (1979-1986), United Airlines and USAir (now part of American Airlines). New start up carriers Air Florida, AirTran Airways, Carnival Air Lines and Midway Airlines also served the airport. AirTran Airways began service at the airport in 2006 with flights to Atlanta, Orlando and West Palm Beach. These flights ended on August 11, 2012. Smaller regional and commuter air carriers that previously operated flights included Air North, Altair Airlines, Business Express Airlines, Boston-Maine Airways (operating as Pan Am Clipper Connection), Brockway Air, Command Airways, Commuter Airlines, Continental Express (now United Express), Empire Airlines, Independence Air, Island Air, Mall Airways and USAir Express. These airlines operated the following jets to the airport: Air Florida – Boeing 737-200 AirTran – Boeing 717-200 Allegheny Airlines – BAC One-Eleven American Airlines – Fokker 100 Carnival Air Lines – Boeing 737-200 Continental Express – Embraer ERJ-135 (operated by ExpressJet for Continental Airlines) Empire Airlines – Fokker F28 Fellowship Midway Airlines – Douglas DC-9-10 Mohawk Airlines – BAC One-Eleven Northwest Airlines – McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 Northwest Jetlink (operated by Mesaba Airlines on behalf of Northwest Airlines) - Avro RJ85 Republic Airlines (1979-1986) – McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 United Airlines – Boeing 737-200, 737-300 and 737-500 USAir – Fokker 100 In the summer of 1981 Air Florida's timetable listed international nonstop Boeing 737-200 service to Bermuda from the airport. In June 2005, a drunken teenager and two of his friends stole a Cessna 172 from nearby Danbury Municipal Airport around 1 a.m. and landed on a taxiway at Westchester County Airport around 4 a.m. The aircraft was low on fuel and allegedly flying erratically. HPN airport was closed at the time and no runway lights were illuminated. Police arrived on the scene and reported beer bottles falling out of the aircraft as they arrested the teens, all of whom were charged with various felonies relating to the unauthorized use of the aircraft, theft, and alcohol impairment. JetBlue began service at the airport in 2007 and is currently the airport's largest carrier by scheduled passengers. In June 2009, Cape Air commenced service to Westchester with flights to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket in Massachusetts. They then introduced service to Lebanon (NH) in early 2010. In Summer 2022, they eliminated all flights out of White Plains except for subsidized essential air service routes from Lebanon. In May 2011, the New York State Department of Transportation published the "New York Statewide Airport Economic Impact Study," highlighting the economic impacts of public-use airports in New York state for fiscal year 2009. The study noted that HPN was one of only three airports in the state that increased its enplanements, surpassing the U.S. benchmark. It also noted that the cumulative economic activity for the airport was approximately $736 million. On April 27, 2020, the airport was closed to general aviation traffic for one week and commercial airlines for about a month so Runway 16/34 could be repaved, a project originally scheduled to span four months with construction only occurring from midnight to 6 AM. This decision was made in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic-related air travel cuts, which drastically reduced commercial airline service to the airport. Some operators were forced to ferry their aircraft to nearby airports where they could continue flights. This was the first total shutdown of a U.S. commercial airport for reasons relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 20, 2022, Breeze Airways announced several new routes from the airport, including the airport's first-ever commercial transcontinental services – although all of the transcontinental routes were later cut. Facilities and aircraft Westchester County Airport covers 702 acres (284 ha) at an elevation of 439 feet (134 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 16/34 is 6,549 by 150 feet (1,996 x 46 m) and 11/29 is 4,451 by 150 feet (1,357 x 46 m). Runway 29's threshold is displaced 1,297 feet (395 m) due to trees obstructing the approach path. The trees (in Connecticut) are 37 ft (11 m) tall and 370 ft (113 m) from the end of the runway. Westchester County Airport has several fixed-base operators (FBOs), including Signature Flight Support East and West, Atlantic Aviation East and West, NetJets, and Million Air. Although varied in services offered, the FBOs at Westchester County Airport provide Jet A and 100LL fueling services, repairs and maintenance, aircraft tie-downs, de-icing, United States Customs, and other aircraft services. Westchester County Airport is also the home of the New York Wing Civil Air Patrol headquarters, the Lt. Anthony L. Willsea Cadet Squadron (NY-422). Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF) is provided by Airport Operations Crews. The airport owns three ARFF apparatuses (three Oshkosh Striker 1500s), two of which are in service full-time. The ARFF Crews only respond to aircraft emergencies. All structure-related fire and rescue calls are deferred to the local fire departments. The Purchase Fire Department, for example, handles all structure calls on the southern part of the airfield, the Armonk Fire Department handles calls on the northern part and the Rye Brook/Port Chester Fire Department handle all calls on the east end, including the main terminal. EMS calls are handled by Port Chester-Rye-Rye Brook EMS, Harrison EMS and Armonk Fire/EMS depending on location of call. In 2010, the airport had 191,017 total aircraft operations, an average of 523 per day: 23% commercial aviation, 48% heavy general aviation, and 29% light general aviation. 316 aircraft, including helicopters, are based out of this airport. An aircraft must have a maximum gross weight of 120,000 pounds or less, or permission from the manager, to land at the airport. Terminal The gate area in the main terminal Westchester County Airport has one small, three-level terminal with six gates, of which only four can be used simultaneously because only four aircraft can be scheduled to use the terminal's ramp at any given time. The $35 million terminal was built in 1995 and designed by Lothrop Associates. Gates A, B, C, and F have jetways. The terminal also has a luggage carousel, a baggage claim office and two Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screening lanes. Passenger amenities include a gift shop, departure lounge, and food concessions. In November 2015, the airport began a $30 million construction project to expand the terminal and ramp areas. The project will expand the terminal by 20% and include additional check-in, screening and passenger waiting areas. The expansion will also include the addition of four new jet bridges. A separate terminal with "lodge-like ambiance" to serve passengers of private jets opened in 2019. Operations In its effort to mitigate aircraft noise pollution in neighboring communities, HPN maintains six major noise abatement programs that are in effect daily. One of them is its Voluntary Restraint from Flying Program (VRFF), sometimes referred to as a voluntary curfew, that helps assuage anti-airport complainants by requesting—not mandating—that operators refrain from flying into the airport between midnight and 6:30 AM. Those that breach the VRFF are reminded of the initiative and notified of any noise complaints that may have resulted from their operations. The airport's Airport Noise and Operations Monitoring System (ANOMS) collects noise data from remote noise-monitoring terminals, and both registered aircraft and community noise levels are published in the Airport Monitor. This system works in conjunction with the High Range Noise Event (HRNE) Program; ANOMS staff can identity any operator who causes a maximum noise level event of 90.0 decibels or higher at any of its remote noise monitor terminals and advise them in order to prevent future noise level transgressions. As of September 2020, there are no fines, penalties, or aircraft restrictions associated with this program. Additionally, HPN prohibits intersection takeoffs from its runways and restricts maintenance run-ups & the use of reverse thrust. It also employs Advanced Authorization for operations. The airport's environmental management performance is monitored through its ISO 14001 certified Airport Environmental Management System (AEMS). This enables operators to report the airport's impacts on surface water, groundwater, and noise. Airport-wide environmental management practices are also continually revised with this technology, and annual objectives and targets are determined to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts. In addition, airport employees receive environmental training. In 2004, HPN was the third airport in the U.S. to achieve this level of environmental performance.An aerial view of the airport in 2016. Controversies Expansion of the airport has raised concerns over adverse environmental impacts by numerous community advocacy groups and area residents. The facility lies between the Blind Brook watershed and the Rye Lake watershed/Kensico Reservoir. The Citizens for a Responsible County Airport, which count the Sierra Club Lower Hudson and Federated Conservationists of Westchester as supporters, has raised safety concerns about the stormwater runoff directed towards Westchester and New York City's drinking water supply. They are especially alarmed about PFAS discovered in groundwater tests between the Airport and the Kensico watershed. In addition to the longtime controversy over the airport and its proposed expansions, concerns have also arisen regarding travelers seeking relief from long delays at the other New York metropolitan area airports, such as John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) and LaGuardia Airport (LGA). More recently, these concerns pertain to flight paths and vehicular congestion. The latter has been addressed by the County of Westchester with the introduction of Bee-Line Bus service from downtown White Plains, and the encouragement of carpooling. Access Car The airport can be accessed from I-684's Exit 2 onto New York State Route 120, via County Route 135. It can also be accessed by New York State Route 120A from the east, via Rye Lake Avenue. Public transportation Bus connections System Route(s) Refs Bee-Line Bus 12 Bee-Line Route 12 provides regular daily service between the passenger terminal and the White Plains TransCenter and the adjacent White Plains Metro-North Railroad station in White Plains – in addition to SUNY Purchase College and Manhattanville University in Purchase. Airlines and destinations A JetBlue E-190 at a gate at the airport in 2013.AirlinesDestinationsAmerican EagleCharlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Washington–NationalSeasonal: Miami BermudAirBermuda Breeze AirwaysCharleston (SC), Myrtle Beach (begins June 20, 2024), Vero Beach Seasonal: Jacksonville (FL) (resumes June 22, 2024), Norfolk (resumes June 21, 2024), Portland (ME) (begins June 20, 2024), Raleigh/Durham, Savannah Cape AirLebanon (NH) Delta Air LinesAtlanta Delta ConnectionAtlanta, Detroit JetBlueFort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Orlando, San Juan (begins October 27, 2024), Tampa, West Palm Beach Seasonal: Charleston (SC), Nantucket JSXMiami–Opa Locka Seasonal: Boca Raton Statistics Passenger numbers Annual passenger traffic statistics, 2002–present Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers 2002 707,000 2008 1,779,000 2014 1,489,000 2020 464,000 2003 816,000 2009 1,906,000 2015 1,490,000 2021 1,066,000 2004 890,000 2010 1,993,000 2016 1,506,000 2022 1,781,000 2005 895,000 2011 1,923,000 2017 1,500,000 2023 2,249,000 2006 980,000 2012 1,735,000 2018 1,548,000 2007 1,615,000 2013 1,477,000 2019 1,723,000 Carrier shares Carrier shares (March 2023 - February 2024)   JetBlue, 1,202,000 (53.37%)  PSA, 275,000 (12.21%)  SkyWest, 263,000 (11.69%)  Delta, 175,000 (7.76%)  Breeze Airways, 163,000 (6.98%)  Other carriers, 180,000 (7.99%) Airline market share (March 2023 – February 2024) Rank Airline Passengers Market Share 1 JetBlue 1,202,000 53.37% 2 PSA Airlines 275,000 12.21% 3 SkyWest 263,000 11.69% 4 Delta Air Lines 175,000 7.76% 5 Breeze Airways 163,000 6.98% 6 Other 180,000 7.99% Top destinations Top 10 busiest domestic destinations from HPN(March 2023 – February 2024) Rank City Passengers Carrier(s) 1 West Palm Beach, Florida 209,000 Delta, JetBlue 2 Orlando, Florida 161,000 Delta, JetBlue 3 Atlanta, Georgia 131,000 Delta 4 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 116,000 JetBlue 5 Charlotte, North Carolina 76,000 American 6 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 72,000 American, United 7 Detroit, Michigan 63,000 Delta 8 Washington–National, D.C. 61,000 American 9 Fort Myers, Florida 49,000 JetBlue 10 Tampa, Florida 48,000 JetBlue Accidents and incidents December 18, 1954: A Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar, aircraft registration number N711SE, clipped trees about 800 ft (240 m) before it struck the ground on a 680 ft (210 m) knoll located on the instrument landing system (ILS) approach path. The ceiling was 300 ft (91 m) with 1 mi (1.6 km) visibility. Both pilots were killed. February 11, 1981: A Lockheed Jetstar, registration N520S, crashed 6,000 ft (1,800 m) from the approach end of the runway into a heavily wooded area. The aircraft's electrical system had malfunctioned causing a deviation of the flightpath. The two crew and six passengers died. December 24, 1988: A Beechcraft A36 Bonanza, registration N555ST, crashed and was destroyed after departure in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC); the pilot and two passengers were killed. The crash occurred about 35 seconds after the pilot acknowledged an air traffic control (ATC) instruction to change radio frequencies, and witnesses reported that the aircraft was flying in a circle before impact. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) attributed the accident to spatial disorientation, pilot distraction, and the pilot's failure to maintain the climb; poor visibility was a contributing factor. June 14, 1990: A Cessna 337G Skymaster, registration N72476, went into a stall and crashed after flying through low clouds on approach. The pilot, who did not have an instrument rating nor any documented experience with instrument flight rules (IFR) operations, had been given a special visual flight rules (SVFR) landing clearance after being advised of IMC at the airport. The aircraft was destroyed and the pilot and single passenger were killed. The NTSB attributed the accident to the pilot's decision to fly under visual flight rules into instrument meteorological conditions (VFR into IMC) and his subsequent loss of aircraft control. Bad weather and the pilot's lack of IFR experience were contributing factors. June 22, 2001: A Piper PA-32R-301, registration N13VH, struck the ground while the pilot was executing a missed approach in low visibility; the crash destroyed the aircraft and killed the pilot, who was the sole aircraft occupant. Immediately prior to the accident, the pilot had failed to respond to ATC, and performed a series of erratic ascents and descents. Post-crash toxicology tests found signs of chlorpheniramine, a sedating antihistamine, in the pilot's blood and urine. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) attributed the accident to loss of control and spatial disorientation. Contributing factors were fog and the pilot's use of sedating medication. December 31, 2001: A Beechcraft BE-23-B24R Sierra, registration N2173W, lost altitude in a steep turn and crashed in a parking lot while maneuvering to land. The crash and ensuing fire destroyed the aircraft and killed the pilot, who was the sole aircraft occupant. The pilot had diverted to Westchester County Airport after losing radio communications; the cause of the radio failure was not conclusively determined. The NTSB attributed the accident to a loss of aircraft control. April 23, 2005: A Cessna 172R, registration N61AF, crashed into trees about 1 mile (1.6 km) short of runway 16 during a practice ILS approach in IMC. The aircraft was destroyed and the student pilot and flight instructor were killed. The NTSB attributed the accident to the pilot's failure to maintain adequate altitude. Contributing factors were low ceilings, fog, and gusty wind. June 18, 2011: A Cessna T210N, registration N210KW, crashed on approach after the pilot took off from Westchester County Airport, immediately declared an emergency of an unspecified nature, and attempted to return. The aircraft came to rest inverted and was consumed in a post-crash fire, killing the pilot and all three passengers. Witnesses reported that the engine ran poorly before the flight and that the pilot performed an unusually large number of engine runups, while post-crash examination of the engine found evidence of severe detonation and improper timing of one magneto. Furthermore, noise abatement recordings from the airport revealed that the engine was significantly quieter on approach than during departure, suggesting that the pilot had reduced the power setting. The NTSB attributed the accident to "The pilot's decision to depart on the flight with a suspected mechanical deficiency and his subsequent decision to fly the final approach at a reduced power setting. Contributing to the accident was the improper timing of the magneto(s) that resulted in a severe detonation event." June 13, 2014: A Piper PA-46-500TP, registration N5335R, crashed into trees at high speed immediately after an IMC takeoff, destroying the aircraft and killing the pilot, who was the sole occupant. Reportedly in a rush, the pilot arrived at the airport 1 hour and 15 minutes prior to his scheduled departure time, demanding that the aircraft be readied immediately; the aircraft departed 23 minutes later. The accident was attributed to "The pilot's failure to maintain a positive climb rate after takeoff due to spatial disorientation (somatogravic illusion). Contributing to the accident was the pilot's self-induced pressure to depart and his decision to depart in low-ceiling and low-visibility conditions." January 19, 2023: a Beechcraft A36 Bonanza, registration N19MT, crashed into trees on the northern edge of Rye Lake, which is located next the airport, killing both occupants, the pilot and a passenger. The aircraft, en route to Cuyahoga County Airport from John F. Kennedy International Airport, reported low oil pressure and then engine problems to White Plains ATC approximately a mile away from the airport at 5:25pm ET. 5 minutes later, contact with the aircraft was lost, before reportedly crashing at around 5:38pm ET. The FAA and NTSB are currently investigating the crash. Airport code The IATA code for Westchester County Airport is HPN. The origins of this code are in dispute. Some believe it is derived from the name of the city, White Plains (IATA codes normally do not begin with W because those are reserved for radio signals), while others maintain the IATA code represents the first letter of the airport's three neighboring communities, Harrison, Purchase, and North Castle. The full ICAO code for Westchester County Airport is KHPN. In popular culture The airport was a filming location for The Best Man, Random Hearts, and Meet The Parents. In The West Wing episode "Celestial Navigation", Leo tells Toby and Sam to "Fly to Westchester County Airport and rent a car" to get their United States Supreme Court nominee, Roberto Mendoza, out of jail in Connecticut. In an episode of The Newsroom, Don Keefer explains to Sloan Sabbith that the most likely airports for out-of-town equity firm executives to use while visiting New York City in their private jets would be either "Teterboro or White Plains." In Shaft 2000 Walter Wade Jr. lands in his personal jet in this airport after two-year flight from justice. After the landing he is rearrested by John Shaft right in the airport. See also List of airports in New York References ^ a b c d FAA Airport Form 5010 for HPN PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective August 11, 2022. ^ "Westchester County Airport". airport.westchestergov.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ a b c d "Linking the airlines of yesterday with the aviation enthusiasts of today". February 15, 1985. Retrieved October 28, 2023. ^ "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on September 27, 2012. ^ "Enplanements for CY 2019" (PDF, 1.0 MB). Calendar Year 2019 Final Revenue Enplanements at All Airports. Federal Aviation Administration. September 25, 2020. ^ February 1, 1976, Official Airline Guide ^ "Last Run for Independence Air". NBC News. January 5, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2008. ^ a b OAG Flight Guide Worldwide, Feb. 2007 ^ Official Airline Guide (OAG), February 1, 1976 ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (June 23, 2005). "Police Say 20-Year-Old Stole a Plane and Flew It Drunk". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ^ "Economic Impacts of Aviation". ^ Negroni, Christine (April 23, 2020). "Few Travelers, Few Flights and Now, a Total Airport Shutdown". The New York Times. ^ Schott, Paul (April 21, 2022). "Breeze Airways adding eight routes from Westchester, one from Bradley". CT Insider. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Hall, Phil (April 12, 2023). "Breeze Airways to end service from Westchester County Airport to Los Angeles". Westfair Communications. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "HPN airport data at skyvector.com". skyvector.com. Retrieved August 29, 2022. ^ "County of Westchester v. Town of Greenwich Connecticut II". United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. FindLaw. Retrieved October 15, 2008. ^ "About Us". Airport.westchestergov.com. May 22, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "Provisions in regard to aircraft". Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Lothrop Associates: Westchester County Airport Major Modernziation and Expansion". Archived from the original on May 20, 2006. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ "Westchester County Airport Concessions". whiteplainsairport.com. Retrieved August 13, 2019. ^ "Luxury Private Terminal Opens at Westchester County Airport". Bohler Engineering. March 6, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ Pallini, Thomas (June 14, 2020). "This $70 million private jet terminal looks more like a Colorado ski chalet than it does an airport — take a look inside". Business Insider. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ a b c "It's Not Just an Airport, it's a Neighborhood" (PDF). County of Westchester. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008. ^ a b c "Noise Office". airport.westchestergov.com. Retrieved April 21, 2020. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (May 9, 2013). Environmental Management System Development Process. doi:10.17226/22588. ISBN 978-0-309-22395-9. ^ "Environmental Management System – ISO 14001 Certified". Airport.westchestergov.com. April 10, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "Coalition Against County Airport Expansion Cites 'Forever Chemicals'". Yonkers Times. May 14, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (December 7, 1989). "The Talk of Westchester County Airport; Airport Plan: A Travelers' Oasis or a Threat to Neighbors?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2008. ^ Dzikowski, Don (September 1990). "Opponents Assail Airport Terminal Expansion Plans (Westchester County Airport)". Westchester County Business Journal. ^ Vigdor, Neil (January 8, 2008). "Town Rethinks FAA Lawsuit". Greenwich Time. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008. ^ "Route 12 bus route" (PDF). ^ "Holiday Travelers Urged to Get Rides to the County Airport" (Press release). Westchester County. September 25, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2007. ^ a b "Ground Transportation". airport.westchestergov.com. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Public Transit". ^ a b c d Rivera, Alexandra (April 24, 2024). "Breeze Airways adds new destinations to summer schedule at Westchester County Airport". lohud. Retrieved April 24, 2024. ^ Edwards, Jeff (January 10, 2024). "Breeze Airways Adds Seasonal Raleigh-Durham Service From Westchester". Patch. Retrieved January 12, 2024. ^ "JetBlue Announces Puerto Rico Expansion, New Mint Service to Three Cities, and Three New Destinations". JetBlue Newsroom. May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024. ^ "JSX Adds Morristown / Boca Raton Service From late-Dec 2023". Aeroroutes. Retrieved October 19, 2023. ^ a b c "Air Carrier Statistics (Form 41 Traffic)- U.S. Carriers". BTS, Transportation Statistics. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved October 25, 2021. ^ "OST_R | BTS | Transtats". Transtats.bts.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ Accident description for N711SE at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on October 29, 2020. ^ Accident description for N520S at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on October 29, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC89FA056". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 13, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC90FA129". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 12, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report IAD01FA070". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 12, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC02FA044". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 11, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC05FA075". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 11, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA11FA349". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ "NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA14FA288". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved July 20, 2020. ^ "Flightaware.com tracking history, N19MT, Thursday, 19 January 2023". FlightAware. Retrieved January 20, 2023. ^ Santia, Marc; Jose, Chris; Shea, Tom (January 19, 2023). "2 Dead After Small Plane From JFK Airport Crashes in Westchester County: FAA". NBC 4 New York. Retrieved January 20, 2023. ^ a b "Westchester County Airport's Call Letters Dispute". Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. ^ "westfilms". westchesterfilm.homestead.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ "twiztv.com". twiztv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ "The Newsroom s03e01 Episode Script – SS". Springfield! Springfield!. Retrieved February 13, 2018. 33. Teens in stolen plane ask for a break External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westchester County Airport. Westchester County Airport, official site "Westchester County Airport (HPN)" (PDF). from New York State DOT FAA Airport Diagram for Westchester County (HPN) (PDF), effective June 13, 2024 FAA Terminal Procedures for Westchester County (HPN), effective June 13, 2024 Aerial image as of April 1991 from USGS The National Map Resources for this airport: AirNav airport information for KHPN ASN accident history for HPN FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart for KHPN FAA current HPN delay information vteAviation in the New York metropolitan areaSee also: List of airports in New YorkMajor commercial airports John F. Kennedy LaGuardia Newark Liberty Secondary commercial airports Long Island MacArthur Stewart Trenton–Mercer Westchester County General aviation airports Bayport Brookhaven Danbury East Hampton Essex County Gabreski Hudson Valley Linden Lufker Mattituck Monmouth Montauk Morristown Old Bridge Randall Republic Sands Point Sikorsky Teterboro Heliports Downtown East 34th Street Haverstraw Southampton West 30th Street Transportation AirTrain JFK AirTrain Newark AirTrain LaGuardia (cancelled) Agency Port Authority of New York and New Jersey vteHarrison, New YorkGeographyAreas/Neighborhoods Purchase EducationPrimary and secondary schools Harrison Central School District Harrison High School Keio Academy of New York School of the Holy Child Colleges and universities State University of New York at Purchase Manhattanville University Fordham University Westchester Campus OtherLandmarks Hadden-Margolis House Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens Stony Hill Cemetery United States Post Office Harrison, New York Mastercard International Global Headquarters Westchester Country Club Transportation Harrison Metro-North station Westchester County Airport This list is incomplete. vteWhite Plains, New YorkEducationPrimary andsecondary schools White Plains Public Schools White Plains High School Archbishop Stepinac High School German International School New York The Leffell School (former Solomon Schechter) Lower Campus Colleges and universities Pace University Graduate Center The Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University College of Westchester Closed Academy of Our Lady of Good Counsel Buildings City Center at White Plains Federal Building and Courthouse The Galleria at White Plains The Tower at City Place The Westchester Westchester County Center NRHP properties Bar Building Good Counsel Complex Elijah Miller House Mapleton Peoples National Bank and Trust Company Building Percy Grainger Home and Studio Presbyterian Rest for Convalescents Jacob Purdy House Soundview Manor White Plains Armory White Plains Rural Cemetery Woman's Club of White Plains Hospitals Burke Rehabilitation Hospital White Plains Hospital Media The Journal News Transportation North White Plains Metro-North station White Plains Metro-North station Westchester County Airport (near White Plains) Bee-Line Bus System (TransCenter) History Battle of White Plains Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain Sr. Sports Westchester Knicks
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"White Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"North Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Castle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harrison, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison,_New_York"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Rye Brook, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_Brook,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Official Airline Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Airline_Guide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-departed-3"},{"link_name":"Westchester County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fairfield County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"reliever airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_airport"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"calendar year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_year"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Public airport in Westchester County, New YorkWestchester County Airport (IATA: HPN, ICAO: KHPN, FAA LID: HPN) is a county-owned airport in Westchester County, New York, United States,[1] three miles (6 km) northeast of downtown White Plains,[1] with territory in the towns of North Castle & Harrison, New York, and the village of Rye Brook, New York. It is sometimes referred to as the White Plains Airport and is so identified by the Official Airline Guide (OAG).[3]The airport primarily serves Westchester County, New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut; the New York–Connecticut state border runs along its eastern perimeter. Located approximately 33 miles (53 km) north of Midtown Manhattan, it is also considered a satellite or reliever airport for the New York metropolitan area.The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized HPN as a primary commercial service airport.[4] Per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 872,023 passenger enplanements in calendar year 2019.[5]","title":"Westchester County Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"city's water supply system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system"},{"link_name":"Stewart International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Hancock International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Hancock_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"Airline Deregulation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act"},{"link_name":"Command Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Airways"},{"link_name":"Commuter Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Air Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Florida"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Independence Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Air"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ia-7"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Republic Airlines (1979-1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airlines_(1979-1986)"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"USAir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Air Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Florida"},{"link_name":"AirTran Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTran_Airways"},{"link_name":"Carnival Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Midway Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Airlines_(1993%E2%80%932003)"},{"link_name":"AirTran Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTran_Airways"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Altair Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Business Express Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Express_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boston-Maine Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston-Maine_Airways"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Clipper Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Clipper_Connection"},{"link_name":"Brockway Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockway_Air"},{"link_name":"Command Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Airways"},{"link_name":"Commuter Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Continental Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Express"},{"link_name":"United Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Express"},{"link_name":"Empire Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Independence Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Air"},{"link_name":"Island Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mall Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_Airways"},{"link_name":"USAir Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir_Express"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-departed-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-departed-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Air Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Florida"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"AirTran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTran_Airways"},{"link_name":"Boeing 717-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_717-200"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Fokker 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_100"},{"link_name":"Carnival Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"Continental Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Express"},{"link_name":"Embraer ERJ-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_ERJ-135"},{"link_name":"ExpressJet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressJet"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Empire Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Fokker F28 Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Midway Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Airlines_(1993%E2%80%932003)"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-9-10"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines"},{"link_name":"BAC One-Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30"},{"link_name":"Northwest Jetlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Jetlink"},{"link_name":"Mesaba Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Avro RJ85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_RJ85"},{"link_name":"Republic Airlines (1979-1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airlines_(1979-1986)"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/737-300"},{"link_name":"737-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/737-500"},{"link_name":"USAir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir"},{"link_name":"Fokker 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_100"},{"link_name":"Air Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Florida"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.F._Wade_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-departed-3"},{"link_name":"Cessna 172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172"},{"link_name":"Danbury Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbury_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"link_name":"Cape Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Air"},{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Airport"},{"link_name":"Nantucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket_Memorial_Airport"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lebanon (NH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_Municipal_Airport_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"essential air service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_air_service"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic-related air travel cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Breeze Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeze_Airways"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Westchester County Airport was built during World War II in 1942 as a home to an Air National Guard unit to protect New York City and Rye Lake, part of the city's water supply system. In May 1983, with the growth of suburban Westchester, the Guard unit abandoned Westchester Air National Guard Base and moved to Stewart International Airport, in Orange County.[citation needed]The first scheduled airline flights were by American Airlines in late 1949 with a weekday morning flight from New York LaGuardia Airport to HPN continuing to Syracuse Hancock International Airport and beyond and returning in the evening. Mohawk Airlines replaced American in 1955; Mohawk and successor Allegheny Airlines served HPN until 1979. The first scheduled jet flight was a Mohawk BAC One-Eleven in 1965. Before the federal Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, the airport was served in 1976 by Allegheny Airlines BAC One-Elevens and by several commuter air carriers including Air Speed, Command Airways and Commuter Airlines.[6] Air Florida arrived in 1980 and United Airlines during the mid-1980s. American Airlines also resumed mainline service. Regional carrier Independence Air ceased operations at HPN on January 5, 2006.[7]Major airlines that previously served the airport include American Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Republic Airlines (1979-1986), United Airlines and USAir (now part of American Airlines). New start up carriers Air Florida, AirTran Airways, Carnival Air Lines and Midway Airlines also served the airport. AirTran Airways began service at the airport in 2006 with flights to Atlanta, Orlando and West Palm Beach. These flights ended on August 11, 2012. Smaller regional and commuter air carriers that previously operated flights included Air North, Altair Airlines, Business Express Airlines, Boston-Maine Airways (operating as Pan Am Clipper Connection), Brockway Air, Command Airways, Commuter Airlines, Continental Express (now United Express), Empire Airlines, Independence Air, Island Air, Mall Airways and USAir Express.[3][8] These airlines operated the following jets to the airport:[3][8][9]Air Florida – Boeing 737-200\nAirTran – Boeing 717-200\nAllegheny Airlines – BAC One-Eleven\nAmerican Airlines – Fokker 100\nCarnival Air Lines – Boeing 737-200\nContinental Express – Embraer ERJ-135 (operated by ExpressJet for Continental Airlines)\nEmpire Airlines – Fokker F28 Fellowship\nMidway Airlines – Douglas DC-9-10\nMohawk Airlines – BAC One-Eleven\nNorthwest Airlines – McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30\nNorthwest Jetlink (operated by Mesaba Airlines on behalf of Northwest Airlines) - Avro RJ85\nRepublic Airlines (1979-1986) – McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30\nUnited Airlines – Boeing 737-200, 737-300 and 737-500\nUSAir – Fokker 100In the summer of 1981 Air Florida's timetable listed international nonstop Boeing 737-200 service to Bermuda from the airport.[3]In June 2005, a drunken teenager and two of his friends stole a Cessna 172 from nearby Danbury Municipal Airport around 1 a.m. and landed on a taxiway at Westchester County Airport around 4 a.m. The aircraft was low on fuel and allegedly flying erratically. HPN airport was closed at the time and no runway lights were illuminated. Police arrived on the scene and reported beer bottles falling out of the aircraft as they arrested the teens, all of whom were charged with various felonies relating to the unauthorized use of the aircraft, theft, and alcohol impairment.[10]JetBlue began service at the airport in 2007 and is currently the airport's largest carrier by scheduled passengers.In June 2009, Cape Air commenced service to Westchester with flights to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket in Massachusetts. They then introduced service to Lebanon (NH) in early 2010. In Summer 2022, they eliminated all flights out of White Plains except for subsidized essential air service routes from Lebanon.In May 2011, the New York State Department of Transportation published the \"New York Statewide Airport Economic Impact Study,\" highlighting the economic impacts of public-use airports in New York state for fiscal year 2009. The study noted that HPN was one of only three airports in the state that increased its enplanements, surpassing the U.S. benchmark. It also noted that the cumulative economic activity for the airport was approximately $736 million.[11]On April 27, 2020, the airport was closed to general aviation traffic for one week and commercial airlines for about a month so Runway 16/34 could be repaved, a project originally scheduled to span four months with construction only occurring from midnight to 6 AM. This decision was made in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic-related air travel cuts, which drastically reduced commercial airline service to the airport. Some operators were forced to ferry their aircraft to nearby airports where they could continue flights. This was the first total shutdown of a U.S. commercial airport for reasons relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.[12]On April 20, 2022, Breeze Airways announced several new routes from the airport, including the airport's first-ever commercial transcontinental services – although all of the transcontinental routes were later cut.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"fixed-base operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-base_operator"},{"link_name":"NetJets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetJets"},{"link_name":"Jet A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_A"},{"link_name":"100LL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100LL"},{"link_name":"de-icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-icing"},{"link_name":"United States Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Customs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New York Wing Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Wing_Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Westchester County Airport covers 702 acres (284 ha) at an elevation of 439 feet (134 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 16/34 is 6,549 by 150 feet (1,996 x 46 m) and 11/29 is 4,451 by 150 feet (1,357 x 46 m).[1][15] Runway 29's threshold is displaced 1,297 feet (395 m) due to trees obstructing the approach path. The trees (in Connecticut) are 37 ft (11 m) tall and 370 ft (113 m) from the end of the runway.[16]Westchester County Airport has several fixed-base operators (FBOs), including Signature Flight Support East and West, Atlantic Aviation East and West, NetJets, and Million Air. Although varied in services offered, the FBOs at Westchester County Airport provide Jet A and 100LL fueling services, repairs and maintenance, aircraft tie-downs, de-icing, United States Customs, and other aircraft services.[citation needed]Westchester County Airport is also the home of the New York Wing Civil Air Patrol headquarters, the Lt. Anthony L. Willsea Cadet Squadron (NY-422).[citation needed]Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF) is provided by Airport Operations Crews. The airport owns three ARFF apparatuses (three Oshkosh Striker 1500s), two of which are in service full-time. The ARFF Crews only respond to aircraft emergencies. All structure-related fire and rescue calls are deferred to the local fire departments. The Purchase Fire Department, for example, handles all structure calls on the southern part of the airfield, the Armonk Fire Department handles calls on the northern part and the Rye Brook/Port Chester Fire Department handle all calls on the east end, including the main terminal. EMS calls are handled by Port Chester-Rye-Rye Brook EMS, Harrison EMS and Armonk Fire/EMS depending on location of call.[citation needed]In 2010, the airport had 191,017 total aircraft operations, an average of 523 per day: 23% commercial aviation, 48% heavy general aviation, and 29% light general aviation. 316 aircraft, including helicopters, are based out of this airport.[17]\nAn aircraft must have a maximum gross weight of 120,000 pounds or less, or permission from the manager, to land at the airport.[18]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPN_Terminal.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"jetways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_bridge"},{"link_name":"luggage carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_carousel"},{"link_name":"baggage claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_claim"},{"link_name":"Transportation Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"jet bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetbridges"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Terminal","text":"The gate area in the main terminalWestchester County Airport has one small, three-level terminal with six gates, of which only four can be used simultaneously because only four aircraft can be scheduled to use the terminal's ramp at any given time. The $35 million terminal was built in 1995 and designed by Lothrop Associates.[19] Gates A, B, C, and F have jetways. The terminal also has a luggage carousel, a baggage claim office and two Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screening lanes. Passenger amenities include a gift shop, departure lounge, and food concessions.[20]In November 2015, the airport began a $30 million construction project to expand the terminal and ramp areas. The project will expand the terminal by 20% and include additional check-in, screening and passenger waiting areas. The expansion will also include the addition of four new jet bridges. A separate terminal with \"lodge-like ambiance\"[21] to serve passengers of private jets opened in 2019.[22]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPN_(July_2016).jpg"}],"text":"In its effort to mitigate aircraft noise pollution in neighboring communities, HPN maintains six major noise abatement programs that are in effect daily.[23][24]One of them is its Voluntary Restraint from Flying Program (VRFF), sometimes referred to as a voluntary curfew, that helps assuage anti-airport complainants by requesting—not mandating—that operators refrain from flying into the airport between midnight and 6:30 AM.[23] Those that breach the VRFF are reminded of the initiative and notified of any noise complaints that may have resulted from their operations.The airport's Airport Noise and Operations Monitoring System (ANOMS) collects noise data from remote noise-monitoring terminals, and both registered aircraft and community noise levels are published in the Airport Monitor. This system works in conjunction with the High Range Noise Event (HRNE) Program; ANOMS staff can identity any operator who causes a maximum noise level event of 90.0 decibels or higher at any of its remote noise monitor terminals and advise them in order to prevent future noise level transgressions. As of September 2020, there are no fines, penalties, or aircraft restrictions associated with this program.[23][24]Additionally, HPN prohibits intersection takeoffs from its runways and restricts maintenance run-ups & the use of reverse thrust. It also employs Advanced Authorization for operations.[24]The airport's environmental management performance is monitored through its ISO 14001 certified Airport Environmental Management System[25] (AEMS). This enables operators to report the airport's impacts on surface water, groundwater, and noise. Airport-wide environmental management practices are also continually revised with this technology, and annual objectives and targets are determined to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts. In addition, airport employees receive environmental training. In 2004, HPN was the third airport in the U.S. to achieve this level of environmental performance.[26]An aerial view of the airport in 2016.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blind Brook watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Brook_watershed"},{"link_name":"Kensico Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensico_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"PFAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"County of Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bee-Line Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee-Line_Bus_System"},{"link_name":"carpooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpooling"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Controversies","text":"Expansion of the airport has raised concerns over adverse environmental impacts by numerous community advocacy groups and area residents. The facility lies between the Blind Brook watershed and the Rye Lake watershed/Kensico Reservoir. The Citizens for a Responsible County Airport, which count the Sierra Club Lower Hudson and Federated Conservationists of Westchester as supporters, has raised safety concerns about the stormwater runoff directed towards Westchester and New York City's drinking water supply. They are especially alarmed about PFAS discovered in groundwater tests between the Airport and the Kensico watershed.[27]In addition to the longtime controversy over the airport and its proposed expansions,[28][29] concerns have also arisen regarding travelers seeking relief from long delays at the other New York metropolitan area airports, such as John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) and LaGuardia Airport (LGA). More recently, these concerns pertain to flight paths and vehicular congestion.[30] The latter has been addressed by the County of Westchester with the introduction of Bee-Line Bus service from downtown White Plains, and the encouragement of carpooling.[31][32]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_684"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_120"},{"link_name":"County Route 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_135_(Westchester_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 120A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_120A"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"}],"sub_title":"Car","text":"The airport can be accessed from I-684's Exit 2 onto New York State Route 120, via County Route 135.[33] It can also be accessed by New York State Route 120A from the east, via Rye Lake Avenue.[33]","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Plains TransCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains_TransCenter"},{"link_name":"White Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains_station"},{"link_name":"Metro-North Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"White Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"SUNY Purchase College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Manhattanville University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanville_University"},{"link_name":"Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"Bee-Line Route 12 provides regular daily service between the passenger terminal and the White Plains TransCenter and the adjacent White Plains Metro-North Railroad station in White Plains – in addition to SUNY Purchase College and Manhattanville University in Purchase.","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JetBlue_N318JB_Embraer_ERJ190_(39582914695).jpg"}],"text":"A JetBlue E-190 at a gate at the airport in 2013.","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger numbers","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transtats.bts.gov-40"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue_Airways"},{"link_name":"PSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Airlines"},{"link_name":"SkyWest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Breeze Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeze_Airways"}],"sub_title":"Carrier shares","text":"Carrier shares (March 2023 - February 2024)[40]\n\n  JetBlue, 1,202,000 (53.37%)  PSA, 275,000 (12.21%)  SkyWest, 263,000 (11.69%)  Delta, 175,000 (7.76%)  Breeze Airways, 163,000 (6.98%)  Other carriers, 180,000 (7.99%)","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Model_18_Lodestar"},{"link_name":"aircraft registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"instrument landing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Jetstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Jetstar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft A36 Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza"},{"link_name":"instrument meteorological conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditions"},{"link_name":"air traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"spatial disorientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_disorientation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Cessna 337G Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)"},{"link_name":"instrument rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_rating"},{"link_name":"instrument flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"special visual flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"visual flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Piper PA-32R-301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_PA-32R"},{"link_name":"missed approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_approach"},{"link_name":"chlorpheniramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpheniramine"},{"link_name":"antihistamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft BE-23-B24R Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Musketeer"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Cessna 172R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172R"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Cessna T210N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_T210N"},{"link_name":"declared an emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday"},{"link_name":"engine runups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-up_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"detonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knocking"},{"link_name":"timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timing"},{"link_name":"magneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_magneto"},{"link_name":"noise abatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_control"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Piper PA-46-500TP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_PA-46#PA-46-500TP_Malibu_Meridian"},{"link_name":"spatial disorientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_disorientation"},{"link_name":"somatogravic illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatogravic_illusion"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft A36 Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"December 18, 1954: A Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar, aircraft registration number N711SE, clipped trees about 800 ft (240 m) before it struck the ground on a 680 ft (210 m) knoll located on the instrument landing system (ILS) approach path. The ceiling was 300 ft (91 m) with 1 mi (1.6 km) visibility. Both pilots were killed.[41]\nFebruary 11, 1981: A Lockheed Jetstar, registration N520S, crashed 6,000 ft (1,800 m) from the approach end of the runway into a heavily wooded area. The aircraft's electrical system had malfunctioned causing a deviation of the flightpath. The two crew and six passengers died.[42]\nDecember 24, 1988: A Beechcraft A36 Bonanza, registration N555ST, crashed and was destroyed after departure in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC); the pilot and two passengers were killed. The crash occurred about 35 seconds after the pilot acknowledged an air traffic control (ATC) instruction to change radio frequencies, and witnesses reported that the aircraft was flying in a circle before impact. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) attributed the accident to spatial disorientation, pilot distraction, and the pilot's failure to maintain the climb; poor visibility was a contributing factor.[43]\nJune 14, 1990: A Cessna 337G Skymaster, registration N72476, went into a stall and crashed after flying through low clouds on approach. The pilot, who did not have an instrument rating nor any documented experience with instrument flight rules (IFR) operations, had been given a special visual flight rules (SVFR) landing clearance after being advised of IMC at the airport. The aircraft was destroyed and the pilot and single passenger were killed. The NTSB attributed the accident to the pilot's decision to fly under visual flight rules into instrument meteorological conditions (VFR into IMC) and his subsequent loss of aircraft control. Bad weather and the pilot's lack of IFR experience were contributing factors.[44]\nJune 22, 2001: A Piper PA-32R-301, registration N13VH, struck the ground while the pilot was executing a missed approach in low visibility; the crash destroyed the aircraft and killed the pilot, who was the sole aircraft occupant. Immediately prior to the accident, the pilot had failed to respond to ATC, and performed a series of erratic ascents and descents. Post-crash toxicology tests found signs of chlorpheniramine, a sedating antihistamine, in the pilot's blood and urine. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) attributed the accident to loss of control and spatial disorientation. Contributing factors were fog and the pilot's use of sedating medication.[45]\nDecember 31, 2001: A Beechcraft BE-23-B24R Sierra, registration N2173W, lost altitude in a steep turn and crashed in a parking lot while maneuvering to land. The crash and ensuing fire destroyed the aircraft and killed the pilot, who was the sole aircraft occupant. The pilot had diverted to Westchester County Airport after losing radio communications; the cause of the radio failure was not conclusively determined. The NTSB attributed the accident to a loss of aircraft control.[46]\nApril 23, 2005: A Cessna 172R, registration N61AF, crashed into trees about 1 mile (1.6 km) short of runway 16 during a practice ILS approach in IMC. The aircraft was destroyed and the student pilot and flight instructor were killed. The NTSB attributed the accident to the pilot's failure to maintain adequate altitude. Contributing factors were low ceilings, fog, and gusty wind.[47]\nJune 18, 2011: A Cessna T210N, registration N210KW, crashed on approach after the pilot took off from Westchester County Airport, immediately declared an emergency of an unspecified nature, and attempted to return. The aircraft came to rest inverted and was consumed in a post-crash fire, killing the pilot and all three passengers. Witnesses reported that the engine ran poorly before the flight and that the pilot performed an unusually large number of engine runups, while post-crash examination of the engine found evidence of severe detonation and improper timing of one magneto. Furthermore, noise abatement recordings from the airport revealed that the engine was significantly quieter on approach than during departure, suggesting that the pilot had reduced the power setting. The NTSB attributed the accident to \"The pilot's decision to depart on the flight with a suspected mechanical deficiency and his subsequent decision to fly the final approach at a reduced power setting. Contributing to the accident was the improper timing of the magneto(s) that resulted in a severe detonation event.\"[48]\nJune 13, 2014: A Piper PA-46-500TP, registration N5335R, crashed into trees at high speed immediately after an IMC takeoff, destroying the aircraft and killing the pilot, who was the sole occupant. Reportedly in a rush, the pilot arrived at the airport 1 hour and 15 minutes prior to his scheduled departure time, demanding that the aircraft be readied immediately; the aircraft departed 23 minutes later. The accident was attributed to \"The pilot's failure to maintain a positive climb rate after takeoff due to spatial disorientation (somatogravic illusion). Contributing to the accident was the pilot's self-induced pressure to depart and his decision to depart in low-ceiling and low-visibility conditions.\"[49]\nJanuary 19, 2023: a Beechcraft A36 Bonanza, registration N19MT,[50] crashed into trees on the northern edge of Rye Lake, which is located next the airport, killing both occupants, the pilot and a passenger. The aircraft, en route to Cuyahoga County Airport from John F. Kennedy International Airport, reported low oil pressure and then engine problems to White Plains ATC approximately a mile away from the airport at 5:25pm ET. 5 minutes later, contact with the aircraft was lost, before reportedly crashing at around 5:38pm ET. The FAA and NTSB are currently investigating the crash.[51]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Castle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-52"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-52"}],"text":"The IATA code for Westchester County Airport is HPN. The origins of this code are in dispute. Some believe it is derived from the name of the city, White Plains (IATA codes normally do not begin with W because those are reserved for radio signals), while others maintain the IATA code represents the first letter of the airport's three neighboring communities, Harrison, Purchase, and North Castle.[52] The full ICAO code for Westchester County Airport is KHPN.[52]","title":"Airport code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Best Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Man_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Random Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Meet The Parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_The_Parents"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"Celestial Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Navigation_(The_West_Wing)"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"The Newsroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newsroom_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Teterboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teterboro_Airport"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Shaft 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(2000_film)"}],"text":"The airport was a filming location for The Best Man, Random Hearts, and Meet The Parents.[53]\nIn The West Wing episode \"Celestial Navigation\", Leo tells Toby and Sam to \"Fly to Westchester County Airport and rent a car\" to get their United States Supreme Court nominee, Roberto Mendoza, out of jail in Connecticut.[54]\nIn an episode of The Newsroom, Don Keefer explains to Sloan Sabbith that the most likely airports for out-of-town equity firm executives to use while visiting New York City in their private jets would be either \"Teterboro or White Plains.\"[55]\nIn Shaft 2000 Walter Wade Jr. lands in his personal jet in this airport after two-year flight from justice. After the landing he is rearrested by John Shaft right in the airport.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"The gate area in the main terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HPN_Terminal.jpg/220px-HPN_Terminal.jpg"},{"image_text":"An aerial view of the airport in 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/HPN_%28July_2016%29.jpg/220px-HPN_%28July_2016%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A JetBlue E-190 at a gate at the airport in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/JetBlue_N318JB_Embraer_ERJ190_%2839582914695%29.jpg/220px-JetBlue_N318JB_Embraer_ERJ190_%2839582914695%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of airports in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"Westchester County Airport\". airport.westchestergov.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://airport.westchestergov.com/","url_text":"\"Westchester County Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Linking the airlines of yesterday with the aviation enthusiasts of today\". February 15, 1985. Retrieved October 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departedflights.com/","url_text":"\"Linking the airlines of yesterday with the aviation enthusiasts of today\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\" (PDF). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927084535/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Enplanements for CY 2019\" (PDF, 1.0 MB). Calendar Year 2019 Final Revenue Enplanements at All Airports. Federal Aviation Administration. September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/cy19-all-enplanements.pdf","url_text":"\"Enplanements for CY 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Run for Independence Air\". NBC News. January 5, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10729047","url_text":"\"Last Run for Independence Air\""}]},{"reference":"Foderaro, Lisa W. (June 23, 2005). \"Police Say 20-Year-Old Stole a Plane and Flew It Drunk\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/23/nyregion/police-say-20yearold-stole-a-plane-and-flew-it-drunk.html","url_text":"\"Police Say 20-Year-Old Stole a Plane and Flew It Drunk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Economic Impacts of Aviation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/aviation/benefits","url_text":"\"Economic Impacts of Aviation\""}]},{"reference":"Negroni, Christine (April 23, 2020). \"Few Travelers, Few Flights and Now, a Total Airport Shutdown\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Negroni","url_text":"Negroni, Christine"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/nyregion/westchester-county-airport-closing-coronavirus.html","url_text":"\"Few Travelers, Few Flights and Now, a Total Airport Shutdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Schott, Paul (April 21, 2022). \"Breeze Airways adding eight routes from Westchester, one from Bradley\". CT Insider. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctinsider.com/business/article/Breeze-Airways-adding-eight-routes-from-17108317.php","url_text":"\"Breeze Airways adding eight routes from Westchester, one from Bradley\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Phil (April 12, 2023). \"Breeze Airways to end service from Westchester County Airport to Los Angeles\". Westfair Communications. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://westfaironline.com/aviation/breeze-airways-to-end-service-from-westchester-county-airport-to-los-angeles/","url_text":"\"Breeze Airways to end service from Westchester County Airport to Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"HPN airport data at skyvector.com\". skyvector.com. Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://skyvector.com/airport/HPN/Westchester-County-Airport","url_text":"\"HPN airport data at skyvector.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"County of Westchester v. Town of Greenwich Connecticut II\". United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. FindLaw. Retrieved October 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1343303.html","url_text":"\"County of Westchester v. Town of Greenwich Connecticut II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals,_Second_Circuit","url_text":"United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FindLaw","url_text":"FindLaw"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Airport.westchestergov.com. May 22, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://airport.westchestergov.com/about-us","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Provisions in regard to aircraft\". Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.municode.com/ny/westchester_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTVGEORRECOPRFA_CH712CONEPRUSOF_ARTIVAVINCOAI_S712.421PRREAI","url_text":"\"Provisions in regard to aircraft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lothrop Associates: Westchester County Airport Major Modernziation and Expansion\". Archived from the original on May 20, 2006. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060520125138/http://lothropassociates.com/project.aspx?type=9&id=17","url_text":"\"Lothrop Associates: Westchester County Airport Major Modernziation and Expansion\""},{"url":"http://www.lothropassociates.com/project.aspx?type=9&id=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Westchester County Airport Concessions\". whiteplainsairport.com. Retrieved August 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whiteplainsairport.com/pages/concessions.shtml","url_text":"\"Westchester County Airport Concessions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxury Private Terminal Opens at Westchester County Airport\". Bohler Engineering. March 6, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bohlerengineering.com/blog/luxury-private-terminal-opens-at-westchester-county-airport/","url_text":"\"Luxury Private Terminal Opens at Westchester County Airport\""}]},{"reference":"Pallini, Thomas (June 14, 2020). \"This $70 million private jet terminal looks more like a Colorado ski chalet than it does an airport — take a look inside\". Business Insider. Retrieved July 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/westchester-county-airport-fbo-looks-like-a-ski-chalet-2020-6","url_text":"\"This $70 million private jet terminal looks more like a Colorado ski chalet than it does an airport — take a look inside\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's Not Just an Airport, it's a Neighborhood\" (PDF). County of Westchester. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012181605/http://www.westchestergov.com/airport/noise_abatement/FLYER.pdf","url_text":"\"It's Not Just an Airport, it's a Neighborhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York","url_text":"County of Westchester"},{"url":"http://www.westchestergov.com/airport/noise_abatement/FLYER.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Noise Office\". airport.westchestergov.com. Retrieved April 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/about-us/environmental-management-system/noise-abatement","url_text":"\"Noise Office\""}]},{"reference":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (May 9, 2013). Environmental Management System Development Process. doi:10.17226/22588. ISBN 978-0-309-22395-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22588/environmental-management-system-development-process","url_text":"Environmental Management System Development Process"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F22588","url_text":"10.17226/22588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-22395-9","url_text":"978-0-309-22395-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Environmental Management System – ISO 14001 Certified\". Airport.westchestergov.com. April 10, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/environmental-management-system?task=view","url_text":"\"Environmental Management System – ISO 14001 Certified\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coalition Against County Airport Expansion Cites 'Forever Chemicals'\". Yonkers Times. May 14, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://yonkerstimes.com/coalition-against-county-airport-expansion-cites-forever-chemicals","url_text":"\"Coalition Against County Airport Expansion Cites 'Forever Chemicals'\""}]},{"reference":"Foderaro, Lisa W. (December 7, 1989). \"The Talk of Westchester County Airport; Airport Plan: A Travelers' Oasis or a Threat to Neighbors?\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0D81730F934A35751C1A96F948260","url_text":"\"The Talk of Westchester County Airport; Airport Plan: A Travelers' Oasis or a Threat to Neighbors?\""}]},{"reference":"Dzikowski, Don (September 1990). \"Opponents Assail Airport Terminal Expansion Plans (Westchester County Airport)\". Westchester County Business Journal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vigdor, Neil (January 8, 2008). \"Town Rethinks FAA Lawsuit\". Greenwich Time. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070806020556/http://www.greenwichtime.com/news/local/scn-gt-a1faa1.8jan08,0,2617984.story?coll=green-news-local-headlines","url_text":"\"Town Rethinks FAA Lawsuit\""},{"url":"http://www.greenwichtime.com/news/local/scn-gt-a1faa1.8jan08,0,2617984.story?coll=green-news-local-headlines","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 12 bus route\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://transportation.westchestergov.com/images/stories/Schedules/Fall17Rte12.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 12 bus route\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holiday Travelers Urged to Get Rides to the County Airport\" (Press release). Westchester County. September 25, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026024136/http://www.westchestergov.com/transportation/recent_press_releases.htm#holiday","url_text":"\"Holiday Travelers Urged to Get Rides to the County Airport\""},{"url":"http://www.westchestergov.com/transportation/recent_press_releases.htm#holiday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ground Transportation\". airport.westchestergov.com. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/2019-11-ground-transportation","url_text":"\"Ground Transportation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Transit\".","urls":[{"url":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/2019-11-ground-transportation/public-transit","url_text":"\"Public Transit\""}]},{"reference":"Rivera, Alexandra (April 24, 2024). \"Breeze Airways adds new destinations to summer schedule at Westchester County Airport\". lohud. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/2024/04/24/breeze-airways-adds-summer-destinations-from-westchester-ny-airport/73437712007/","url_text":"\"Breeze Airways adds new destinations to summer schedule at Westchester County Airport\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Jeff (January 10, 2024). \"Breeze Airways Adds Seasonal Raleigh-Durham Service From Westchester\". Patch. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/new-york/harrison/amp/31642901/breeze-airways-adds-seasonal-raleigh-durham-service-from-westchester","url_text":"\"Breeze Airways Adds Seasonal Raleigh-Durham Service From Westchester\""}]},{"reference":"\"JetBlue Announces Puerto Rico Expansion, New Mint Service to Three Cities, and Three New Destinations\". JetBlue Newsroom. May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.jetblue.com/latest-news/press-release-details/2024/JetBlue-Announces-Puerto-Rico-Expansion-New-Mint-Service-to-Three-Cities-and-Three-New-Destinations/default.aspx","url_text":"\"JetBlue Announces Puerto Rico Expansion, New Mint Service to Three Cities, and Three New Destinations\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSX Adds Morristown / Boca Raton Service From late-Dec 2023\". Aeroroutes. Retrieved October 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231019-xedec23mmubct","url_text":"\"JSX Adds Morristown / Boca Raton Service From late-Dec 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Carrier Statistics (Form 41 Traffic)- U.S. Carriers\". BTS, Transportation Statistics. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?20=E&Nv42146=Uca&Nv42146_anzr=juv6r%20cynv05,%20al:%20jr56pur56r4%20P1706B&pn44vr4=SNPgf","url_text":"\"Air Carrier Statistics (Form 41 Traffic)- U.S. Carriers\""}]},{"reference":"\"OST_R | BTS | Transtats\". Transtats.bts.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=HPN&Airport_Name=White%20Plains,%20NY:%20Westchester%20County&carrier=FACTS","url_text":"\"OST_R | BTS | Transtats\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC89FA056\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001213X27486&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC89FA056\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC90FA129\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001212X23514&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC90FA129\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report IAD01FA070\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20010709X01336&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report IAD01FA070\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC02FA044\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20020104X00023&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC02FA044\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC05FA075\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved August 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20050428X00521&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC05FA075\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA11FA349\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20110618X55026&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA11FA349\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA14FA288\". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved July 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20140613X91656&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","url_text":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA14FA288\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"}]},{"reference":"\"Flightaware.com tracking history, N19MT, Thursday, 19 January 2023\". FlightAware. Retrieved January 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://flightaware.com/live/flight/N19MT/history/20230119/2100Z/KJFK/KHPN","url_text":"\"Flightaware.com tracking history, N19MT, Thursday, 19 January 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlightAware","url_text":"FlightAware"}]},{"reference":"Santia, Marc; Jose, Chris; Shea, Tom (January 19, 2023). \"2 Dead After Small Plane From JFK Airport Crashes in Westchester County: FAA\". NBC 4 New York. Retrieved January 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/plane-goes-missing-en-route-to-westchester-county-airport-sources/4057439/?amp=1","url_text":"\"2 Dead After Small Plane From JFK Airport Crashes in Westchester County: FAA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC","url_text":"NBC 4 New York"}]},{"reference":"\"Westchester County Airport's Call Letters Dispute\". Archived from the original on January 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080110204857/http://articles.directorym.com/Westchester_County_Airport-a853975.html","url_text":"\"Westchester County Airport's Call Letters Dispute\""},{"url":"http://articles.directorym.com/Westchester_County_Airport-a853975.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"westfilms\". westchesterfilm.homestead.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westchesterfilm.homestead.com/westfilms.html","url_text":"\"westfilms\""}]},{"reference":"\"twiztv.com\". twiztv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.twiztv.com/cgi-bin/thewestwing.cgi?episode=http://dmca.free.fr/scripts/thewestwing/season1/thewestwing-115.txt","url_text":"\"twiztv.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Newsroom s03e01 Episode Script – SS\". Springfield! Springfield!. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=the-newsroom&episode=s03e01","url_text":"\"The Newsroom s03e01 Episode Script – SS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westchester County Airport (HPN)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/aviation/repository/air_dir/hpn.pdf","url_text":"\"Westchester County Airport (HPN)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westchester_County_Airport&params=41_04_01_N_073_42_27_W_region:US-NY_type:airport","external_links_name":"41°04′01″N 073°42′27″W / 41.06694°N 73.70750°W / 41.06694; -73.70750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westchester_County_Airport&params=41_04_01_N_073_42_27_W_region:US-NY_type:airport","external_links_name":"41°04′01″N 073°42′27″W / 41.06694°N 73.70750°W / 41.06694; -73.70750"},{"Link":"http://airport.westchestergov.com/","external_links_name":"airport.WestchesterGov.com"},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=HPN","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for HPN"},{"Link":"http://airport.westchestergov.com/","external_links_name":"\"Westchester County Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.departedflights.com/","external_links_name":"\"Linking the airlines of yesterday with the aviation enthusiasts of today\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927084535/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/cy19-all-enplanements.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Enplanements for CY 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10729047","external_links_name":"\"Last Run for Independence Air\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/23/nyregion/police-say-20yearold-stole-a-plane-and-flew-it-drunk.html","external_links_name":"\"Police Say 20-Year-Old Stole a Plane and Flew It Drunk\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/aviation/benefits","external_links_name":"\"Economic Impacts of Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/nyregion/westchester-county-airport-closing-coronavirus.html","external_links_name":"\"Few Travelers, Few Flights and Now, a Total Airport Shutdown\""},{"Link":"https://www.ctinsider.com/business/article/Breeze-Airways-adding-eight-routes-from-17108317.php","external_links_name":"\"Breeze Airways adding eight routes from Westchester, one from Bradley\""},{"Link":"https://westfaironline.com/aviation/breeze-airways-to-end-service-from-westchester-county-airport-to-los-angeles/","external_links_name":"\"Breeze Airways to end service from Westchester County Airport to Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/airport/HPN/Westchester-County-Airport","external_links_name":"\"HPN airport data at skyvector.com\""},{"Link":"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1343303.html","external_links_name":"\"County of Westchester v. Town of Greenwich Connecticut II\""},{"Link":"http://airport.westchestergov.com/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://library.municode.com/ny/westchester_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTVGEORRECOPRFA_CH712CONEPRUSOF_ARTIVAVINCOAI_S712.421PRREAI","external_links_name":"\"Provisions in regard to aircraft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060520125138/http://lothropassociates.com/project.aspx?type=9&id=17","external_links_name":"\"Lothrop Associates: Westchester County Airport Major Modernziation and Expansion\""},{"Link":"http://www.lothropassociates.com/project.aspx?type=9&id=17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.whiteplainsairport.com/pages/concessions.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Westchester County Airport Concessions\""},{"Link":"https://bohlerengineering.com/blog/luxury-private-terminal-opens-at-westchester-county-airport/","external_links_name":"\"Luxury Private Terminal Opens at Westchester County Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/westchester-county-airport-fbo-looks-like-a-ski-chalet-2020-6","external_links_name":"\"This $70 million private jet terminal looks more like a Colorado ski chalet than it does an airport — take a look inside\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012181605/http://www.westchestergov.com/airport/noise_abatement/FLYER.pdf","external_links_name":"\"It's Not Just an Airport, it's a Neighborhood\""},{"Link":"http://www.westchestergov.com/airport/noise_abatement/FLYER.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/about-us/environmental-management-system/noise-abatement","external_links_name":"\"Noise Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22588/environmental-management-system-development-process","external_links_name":"Environmental Management System Development Process"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F22588","external_links_name":"10.17226/22588"},{"Link":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/environmental-management-system?task=view","external_links_name":"\"Environmental Management System – ISO 14001 Certified\""},{"Link":"https://yonkerstimes.com/coalition-against-county-airport-expansion-cites-forever-chemicals","external_links_name":"\"Coalition Against County Airport Expansion Cites 'Forever Chemicals'\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0D81730F934A35751C1A96F948260","external_links_name":"\"The Talk of Westchester County Airport; Airport Plan: A Travelers' Oasis or a Threat to Neighbors?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070806020556/http://www.greenwichtime.com/news/local/scn-gt-a1faa1.8jan08,0,2617984.story?coll=green-news-local-headlines","external_links_name":"\"Town Rethinks FAA Lawsuit\""},{"Link":"http://www.greenwichtime.com/news/local/scn-gt-a1faa1.8jan08,0,2617984.story?coll=green-news-local-headlines","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://transportation.westchestergov.com/images/stories/Schedules/Fall17Rte12.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route 12 bus route\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026024136/http://www.westchestergov.com/transportation/recent_press_releases.htm#holiday","external_links_name":"\"Holiday Travelers Urged to Get Rides to the County Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.westchestergov.com/transportation/recent_press_releases.htm#holiday","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/2019-11-ground-transportation","external_links_name":"\"Ground Transportation\""},{"Link":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/2019-11-ground-transportation/public-transit","external_links_name":"\"Public Transit\""},{"Link":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/2024/04/24/breeze-airways-adds-summer-destinations-from-westchester-ny-airport/73437712007/","external_links_name":"\"Breeze Airways adds new destinations to summer schedule at Westchester County Airport\""},{"Link":"https://patch.com/new-york/harrison/amp/31642901/breeze-airways-adds-seasonal-raleigh-durham-service-from-westchester","external_links_name":"\"Breeze Airways Adds Seasonal Raleigh-Durham Service From Westchester\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.jetblue.com/latest-news/press-release-details/2024/JetBlue-Announces-Puerto-Rico-Expansion-New-Mint-Service-to-Three-Cities-and-Three-New-Destinations/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"JetBlue Announces Puerto Rico Expansion, New Mint Service to Three Cities, and Three New Destinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231019-xedec23mmubct","external_links_name":"\"JSX Adds Morristown / Boca Raton Service From late-Dec 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?20=E&Nv42146=Uca&Nv42146_anzr=juv6r%20cynv05,%20al:%20jr56pur56r4%20P1706B&pn44vr4=SNPgf","external_links_name":"\"Air Carrier Statistics (Form 41 Traffic)- U.S. Carriers\""},{"Link":"http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=HPN&Airport_Name=White%20Plains,%20NY:%20Westchester%20County&carrier=FACTS","external_links_name":"\"OST_R | BTS | Transtats\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19541218-2","external_links_name":"Accident description for N711SE"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810211-0","external_links_name":"Accident description for N520S"},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001213X27486&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC89FA056\""},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001212X23514&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC90FA129\""},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20010709X01336&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report IAD01FA070\""},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20020104X00023&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC02FA044\""},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20050428X00521&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report NYC05FA075\""},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20110618X55026&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA11FA349\""},{"Link":"https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20140613X91656&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report ERA14FA288\""},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/flight/N19MT/history/20230119/2100Z/KJFK/KHPN","external_links_name":"\"Flightaware.com tracking history, N19MT, Thursday, 19 January 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/plane-goes-missing-en-route-to-westchester-county-airport-sources/4057439/?amp=1","external_links_name":"\"2 Dead After Small Plane From JFK Airport Crashes in Westchester County: FAA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080110204857/http://articles.directorym.com/Westchester_County_Airport-a853975.html","external_links_name":"\"Westchester County Airport's Call Letters Dispute\""},{"Link":"http://articles.directorym.com/Westchester_County_Airport-a853975.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.westchesterfilm.homestead.com/westfilms.html","external_links_name":"\"westfilms\""},{"Link":"http://www.twiztv.com/cgi-bin/thewestwing.cgi?episode=http://dmca.free.fr/scripts/thewestwing/season1/thewestwing-115.txt","external_links_name":"\"twiztv.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=the-newsroom&episode=s03e01","external_links_name":"\"The Newsroom s03e01 Episode Script – SS\""},{"Link":"https://www.newstimes.com/news/amp/Teens-in-stolen-plane-ask-for-a-break-53653.php","external_links_name":"Teens in stolen plane ask for a break"},{"Link":"https://airport.westchestergov.com/","external_links_name":"Westchester County Airport"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/aviation/repository/air_dir/hpn.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Westchester County Airport (HPN)\""},{"Link":"https://aeronav.faa.gov/d-tpp/2406/00651AD.PDF","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Diagram for Westchester County (HPN)"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dtpp/search/results/?cycle=2407&ident=HPN","external_links_name":"FAA Terminal Procedures for Westchester County (HPN)"},{"Link":"http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=11&lat=41.0679&lon=-73.7076&w=1000&h=1500&lp=---+None+---","external_links_name":"Aerial image as of April 1991"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KHPN","external_links_name":"airport information for KHPN"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=HPN","external_links_name":"accident history for HPN"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/KHPN","external_links_name":"airport information"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/airport/KHPN","external_links_name":"live flight tracker"},{"Link":"https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/KHPN.html","external_links_name":"current"},{"Link":"https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KHPN.html","external_links_name":"past three days"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/perl/code?id=KHPN&scale=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart for KHPN"},{"Link":"https://www.fly.faa.gov/flyfaa/flyfaaindex.jsp?ARPT=HPN&p=0","external_links_name":"current HPN delay information"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Neuse
CSS Neuse
["1 Construction","2 Ordnance and projectiles","3 Service and post-war history","4 Ironclad recovery","5 Neuse II replica","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°15′37.47″N 77°34′53.20″W / 35.2604083°N 77.5814444°W / 35.2604083; -77.5814444Confederate ironclad CSS Neuse Lower hull of CSS Neuse History Confederate States NamesakeNeuse River BuilderHoward and Ellis, Kinston, North Carolina LaunchedNovember 1863 CommissionedApril 1864 FateBurned to prevent capture, March 1865 StatusHull raised and on display in Kinston, North Carolina. General characteristics TypeAlbemarle-class ironclad ram Length152 ft (46 m) Beam34 ft (10 m) Draft9 ft (2.7 m) Armament2 × 6.4 in (160 mm) Brooke rifles CSS Neuse (Ironclad Gunboat)U.S. National Register of Historic Places Nearest cityKinston, North CarolinaCoordinates35°15′37.47″N 77°34′53.20″W / 35.2604083°N 77.5814444°W / 35.2604083; -77.5814444Area0.3 acres (0.12 ha)Built1865ArchitectConfederate Navy Dept.; Howard & EllisNRHP reference No.00000444Added to NRHPJune 11, 2001 CSS Neuse (/nuːs/ NOOSE) was a steam-powered ironclad ram of the Confederate States Navy that served in the latter part the American Civil War and was eventually scuttled in the Neuse River to avoid capture by rapidly advancing Union Army forces. In the early 1960s, she produced approximately 15,000 artifacts from her raised lower hull, the largest number ever found on a recovered Confederate vessel. The remains of her lower hull and a selection of her artifacts are on exhibit in Kinston, North Carolina at the CSS Museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. The ironclad is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Model of CSS Neuse Construction A contract for the construction of Neuse was signed on 17 October 1862 between the shipbuilding company of Thomas Howard and Elijah Ellis and the Confederate Navy. Work began in October of that year on the bank across the Neuse River (her namesake) from the small village of Whitehall, North Carolina (present day Seven Springs). The gunboat's design was virtually identical to her sister ironclad CSS Albemarle, but Neuse differed from Albemarle by having four additional gun ports added (for a total of ten) to her eight-sided armored casemate. The hull was 158 feet (48.2 m) long by 34 feet (10.4 m) wide, and she was constructed mostly of locally abundant pine, with some 4 inches (102 mm) of oak used as sturdy backing for her 4-inch-thick wrought iron armor. Many delays in construction were incurred by a lack of available materials, mostly the iron plate for her armored casemate and deck; her deck armor was finally left off so the ironclad could be completed and put in service. Due to continuing iron plate shortages, Neuse became the first of several Southern ironclads built with unarmored decks. This situation was compounded by the Confederate Army exercising priority over the Navy in the use of the South's inadequate railroad system for transporting vital war material. Ordnance and projectiles Neuse was equipped with two 6.4-inch (163 mm) Brooke rifled cannon (similar to a Parrott rifle); each double-banded cannon weighed more than 12,000 pounds (5,400 kg) with its pivot carriage and other attached hardware. Both cannons were positioned along the ironclad's center-line in the armored casemate, one forward, the other aft. The field of fire for both pivot rifles was 180-degrees, from port to starboard: Each cannon could fire from one of five gun port positions or could deliver a two-cannon broadside. Neuse's projectiles consisted of explosive shells, anti-personnel canister shot, grape shot, and blunt-nosed, solid wrought iron "bolts" for use against Union armored ships; many examples of all four types were recovered from her raised wreck. Service and post-war history Launched in November 1863 while still needing fitting out, Neuse finally got up steam in April 1864 for duty on the inland waters of North Carolina as part of the force under Commander R. F. Pinkney, CSN. Shortly thereafter, the ironclad grounded off Kinston due to her mostly inexperienced crew, which had been conscripted from the Confederate Army; she remained fast in the mud for almost a month until finally being refloated. After that, due to a lack of available Confederate Army shore support, she never left the river area around Kinston, serving instead as a floating ironclad fortification. In March 1865, with Kinston under siege by Union forces, gunpowder trails were laid down which led to a cache of explosives placed in her bow; the crew then lit fires astern and amidships, and she was destroyed a short time later by fire, then a bow explosion. Neuse burned to just below her waterline and then sank into the river mud preventing capture by the rapidly advancing Union Army forces, commanded by Major General John M. Schofield. At some point following the war, her sunken hulk, lying in shallow river water and mud, was salvaged of its valuable metals: cannon, carriages and their fittings, anchors, iron ram, casemate armor, both propellers and their shafts, and her steam power plant. Whatever bits and pieces remained, including her projectiles, lay undisturbed in and around the wreck until Neuse was raised nearly a century later. Ironclad recovery After nearly a century, the remaining lower hull of the ironclad was discovered and then raised in 1963; approximately 15,000 shipboard artifacts were recovered and carefully cataloged. Neuse's hull was then temporarily installed in the Governor Caswell Memorial, beside the river, in Kinston. Since 2013, Neuse and her artifacts have been on display in a new, climate-controlled building in downtown Kinston. There are currently only four recovered Civil War era ironclad wrecks, CSS Neuse, CSS Muscogee (also called CSS Jackson in some texts), USS Monitor, and USS Cairo; Cairo remains the only recovered ironclad wreck left partially exposed outdoors under cover in the sometimes brutal southern climate. Other Union and Confederate ironclad wreck sites are known but remain untouched. The successful Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, which sank the Union blockading sloop-of-war USS Housatonic, was recovered and is undergoing extensive restoration and long term conservation at the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in North Charleston, South Carolina. Neuse II replica The Neuse II replica A replica of the CSS Neuse, better known as CSS Neuse II, was the brainchild of Kinston activist and businessman Ted Sampley and built by Alton Stapleford. Neuse II is on grounds display at a separate site in Kinston and contains a complete fitted-out interior that shows all shipboard details; she was constructed by volunteers from 2002 to 2009. Neuse is the only Confederate ironclad that has a historic, full-size replica on display. Since April 2002 Neuse's sister ironclad, CSS Albemarle has had a 3⁄8 scale replica, 63 feet (19 m) long, at anchor near the Port O' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth, North Carolina. This ironclad replica is self-powered and capable of sailing on the river. References Notes ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "CSS Neuse & Gov. Caswell Memorial: A New Home". North Carolina Historic Sites. North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-09-07. ^ "Moving the CSS Neuse A Question of Wood and Time". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 2012-09-07. ^ "Bidding Opportunities". NC Institute of Minority Economic Development. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-09-07. ^ Anderson, David (29 October 2010). "Plans unveiled for CSS Neuse gunboat museum". Kinston Free Press. Retrieved 2012-09-07. ^ "YouTube Video:CSS Neuse Moved to Downtown Kinston, 06/23/12". North Carolina History Museum. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 15 March 2013. Bibliography Bisbee, Saxon T. (2018). Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-81731-986-1. Bright, Leslie S., Rowland, William H., and Bardon, James C. C.S.S. Neuse, A Question of Iron and Time. Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Raleigh, NC. 1981. ISBN 0-86526-187-3. Canney, Donald L. (2015). The Confederate Steam Navy 1861-1865. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-4824-2. Campbell, R. Thomas. Southern Thunder: Exploits of the Confederate States Navy, White Maine Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-57249-029-2. Campbell, R. Thomas. Southern Fire: Exploits of the Confederate States Navy, White Maine Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-57249-046-2. Campbell, R. Thomas. Fire and Thunder: Exploits of the Confederate States Navy, White Maine Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-57249-067-5. Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies 1855–1883. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97870-X. Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0. Still, William N. Jr. (1985) . Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-454-3.  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to CSS Neuse (ship, 1863). CSS Neuse Museum CSS Neuse II Civil War Album vteIronclad warships of the Confederate States Navy Albemarle Arctic Arkansas Atlanta Baltic Charleston Chicora Columbia Fredericksburg Georgia Huntsville Louisiana Manassas Mississippi I Missouri Muscogee Nashville Neuse North Carolina II Palmetto State Phoenix Raleigh Richmond Savannah Stonewall Tennessee I Tennessee II Texas Tuscaloosa Virginia Virginia II Wilmington List of ships of the Confederate States Navy vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1865Shipwrecks 1 Jan: San Jacinto 12 Jan: CSS Columbia 15 Jan: Patapsco 24 Jan: CSS Drewry 24 Jan: CSS Scorpion 26 Jan: Dai Ching c. Jan: Lelia 6 Feb: Favorita 15 Feb: Merrimac 18 Feb: CSS Charleston 18 Feb: CSS Chicora 18 Feb: CSS Indian Chief 18 Feb: CSS Palmetto State 18 Feb: CSS Peedee 18 Feb: Daring 25 Feb: CSS Chickamauga 27 Feb: Arizona 1 Mar: Harvest Moon 2 Mar: CSS Rob Roy 12 Mar: Althea 14 Mar: CSS Neuse 28 Mar: Milwaukee 29 Mar: Osage Mar: CSS Spray 1 Apr: Bertrand 1 Apr: Rodolph 3 Apr: CSS Beaufort 3 Apr: CSS Fredericksburg 3 Apr: CSS Hampton 3 Apr: CSS Patrick Henry 3 Apr: CSS Richmond 3 Apr: CSS Roanoke 3 Apr: CSS Virginia II 12 Apr: CSS Huntsville 12 Apr: CSS Tuscaloosa 13 Apr: USS Ida 14 Apr: Sciota 17 Apr: CSS Chattahoochee 17 Apr: CSS Jackson 22 Apr: Black Hawk 24 Apr: O. M. Pettit 24 Apr: CSS Webb 27 Apr: Sultana c. Apr: Rose 8 May: Glasgow 12 May: Fiery Star 20 May: City of Dunedin c. May: Race Horse 8 Jun: Admiral Du Pont 8 Jun: Jequitinhonha 28 Jun: Brunswick Jun: USS Bloomer 4 Jul: Agnes 30 Jul: Brother Jonathan 4 Aug: Smerch 9 Aug: Pewabic 18 Aug: Hugh Lindsay 23 Aug: Commodore McDonough 16 Sep: Lone Star 22 Sep: Pink 7 Oct: Duncan Dunbar 25 Oct: Republic 6 Nov: Jacob Bell 10 Nov: Patroon 13 Nov: Aenid 19 Nov: City of Launceston 27 Nov: Fairlie 3 Dec: Indian River 5 Dec: Neptune 16 Dec: USS New Ironsides 30 Dec: Huntress 31 Dec: Goldena Other incidents 4 Jan: HMS Cadmus 14 Jan: HMS Geyser 14 Jan: HMS Terrible 3 Mar: HMS Niger 13 Jul: HMS Eclipse 9 Aug: Ipswich 10 Oct: HMS Sepoy 10 Nov: HMS Bristol 1 Dec: HMS Research 20 Dec: Tararua Unknown: Ironsides ← 1864 1866 → vteHistoric sites operated by the North Carolina Division of State Historic Sites and PropertiesHistoric Sites Alamance Battleground Aycock Birthplace Historic Bath Bennett Place Bentonville Battlefield Brunswick Town Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum CSS Neuse Duke Homestead Historic Edenton Fort Anderson Fort Dobbs Fort Fisher Historic Halifax Horne Creek Farm House in the Horseshoe North Carolina Transportation Museum USS North Carolina Battleship Memorial President James K. Polk Historic Site Reed Gold Mine Roanoke Island Festival Park Somerset Place Historic Stagville North Carolina State Capitol Town Creek Indian Mound Tryon Palace Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace Thomas Wolfe Memorial vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in North CarolinaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800 Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC) Dufuna canoe⚓ (6550 BC) Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC) Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC) Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC) Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC) Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC) Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC) Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC) Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC) Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC) Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC) Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC) Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD) De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD) Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD) Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD) Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD) Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD) Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD) Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD) Tune ship⚓ (900 AD) Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD) Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD) Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD) Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD) Newport Ship⚓ (1449) Mary Rose⚓ (1509) Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600) Vasa⚓ (1627) Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628) St. Nicholas⚓ (1640) State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670) La Belle⚓ (1684) Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689) Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732) Victory⚓ (1765) Philadelphia⚓ (1776) Peggy⚓ (c. 1789) Constitution⛵ (1797) 1800–1879 Zetland⚓ (1802) Ticonderoga⚓ (1814) Trincomalee⚓ (1817) Unicorn⚓ (1824) Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841) Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843) Bertha⚓ (1844) Great Britain⚓ (1845) Brandtaucher⚓ (1850) Radetzky⚓ (1851) Snow Squall⚓ (1851) Edwin Fox⚓ (1853) Constellation⚓ (1854) Santiago⚓ (1856) Skibladner⛵ (1856) Gondola⛵ (1859) Jylland⚓ (1860) Warrior⚓ (1860) Cairo⚓ (1861) Mayflower⚓ (1861) Australia⚓ (1862) Chattahoochee⚓ (1863) Daring⚓ (1863) H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863) Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863) Neuse⚓ (1863) Star of India ⛵ (1863) Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863) City of Adelaide⚓ (1864) Jackson⚓ (1864) Strelets (1864) El Mahrousa⛵ (1865) Huáscar⚓ (1865) Adelaide⛵ (1866) Bjoren⛵ (1866) Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866) Buffel⚓ (1868) Enköping⛵ (1868) Lone Star⚓ (1868) Schorpioen⚓ (1868) Cutty Sark⚓ (1869) Katarina⚓ (1869) Yavari⚓ (1870) Leitha⚓ (1871) Lewis R. French⛵ (1871) Raven⛵ (1871) Stephen Taber⛵ (1871) Puno⛵ (1872) Gjøa⚓ (1872) Meiji Maru⚓ (1873) Rap⚓ (1873) Hero⛵ (1874) James Craig⛵ (1874) Juno⛵ (1874) Uruguay⚓ (1874) Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875) Muñoz Gamero (1875) Sölve⚓ (1875) Anna Karoline⚓ (1876) Avoca⚓ (1877) Bonaire⚓ (1877) Elissa⛵ (1877) Gem⚓ (1877) Governor Stone⛵ (1877) Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877) Success⚓ (1877) Decoy⚓ (1878) Enterprise⛵ (1878) Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878) Gannet⚓ (1878) Holland I⚓ (1878) Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879) Vallejo⛵️ (1879) 1880–1899 Annie⚓ (1880) Fenian Ram⚓ (1881) Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881) Rothbury⛵️ (1881) George Smeed⛵️ (1882) Grace Bailey⛵ (1882) Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882) Christeen⚓ (1883) Nelcebee⚓ (1883) Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884) Little Jennie ⚓ (1884) Kuna⛵ (1884) PW Mayflower⛵ (1884) Amazon⛵ (1885) Coronet⚓ (1885) Pioneer⛵ (1885) Polly Woodside⚓ (1885) Wavertree⚓ (1885) Balclutha⚓ (1886) L'Almée⚓ (1885) Segwun⛵ (1887) Sigyn⚓ (1887) Tyr⚓ (1887) Akarana⚓ (1888) af Chapman⚓ (1888) Elf⛵ (1888) Equator⚓ (1888) Priscilla⚓ (1888) Anna Kristina⛵ (1889) Arthur Foss⚓ (1889) Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889) Peral⚓ (1889) Raven⛵ (1889) "Eureka"⚓ (1890) Persistence⛵️ (1890) Robin⚓ (1890) Alma⚓ (1891) Nellie⚓ (1891) Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891) Tern⛵ (1891) Fram⚓ (1892) Kestrel⚓ (1892) Mirosa⛵ (1892) Olympia⚓ (1892) Rona⚓️ (1892) Coya⚓ (1893) El Primero⛵ (1893) Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893) Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893) Result⚓ (1893) Viking⚓ (1893) Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894) Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894) Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894) Turbinia⚓ (1894) Vridni⚓ (1894) Lagaren⚓ (1894) Bessie⛵ (1895) C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895) Centaur⛵ (1895) Gedser Rev⚓ (1895) Hiawatha⛵ (1895) Kitty⛵ (1895) Belem⛵ (1896) Daisy⚓ (1896) Edna G⚓ (1896) Genève⚓ (1896) Glenlee⚓ (1896) Meteor⚓ (1896) Pyap⛵ (1896) Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896) Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896) La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897) Keenora⚓ (1897) Marion⛵ (1897) Najaden⚓ (1897) Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897) Tarella⚓ (1897) Wyvern⛵ (1897) Carola⚓ (1898) Marjorie⛵ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Berkeley⚓ (1898) Edme⛵ (1898) Etona⛵ (1898) Moyie⚓ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Waimarie⛵️ (1898) Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898) Albatros⛵ (1899) Decima⛵ (1899) Maud⛵ (1899) Stjernen I⛵ (1899) William B. Tennison⚓ (1899) 1900–1907 Aurora⚓ (1900) Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900) Ena⛵ (1900) Helen McAllister⚓ (1900) Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900) Ironsides⛵ (1900) Kathleen and May⛵ (1900) Mikasa⚓ (1900) Regina M.⚓️ (1900) Västan⛵ (1900) Victory Chimes⛵ (1900) Cangarda⛵ (1901) Discovery⚓ (1901) Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901) Elsworth⚓ (1901) Gazela⚓ (1901) Holland 1⚓ (1901) Kathryn⚓ (1901) Reaper⛵ (1901) Sigsbee⛵ (1901) Tilikum⚓ c. 1901 Urger⛵ (1901) Basuto⚓ (1902) Columbia⚓ (1902) Jupiter⚓ (1902) Madiz⛵ (1902) Shenandoah⛵ (1902) Solway Lass⛵ (1902) Stanley Norman⚓ (1902) Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902) Alma Doepel⛵ (1903) Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903) Celtic⚓ (1903) Finngrundet⚓ (1903) Föri⛵️ (1903) Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903) Maggie Lee⛵ (1903) Normac⚓ (1903) Pommern⚓ (1903) Alose⚓ (1904) Ariki⚓ (1904) Barnegat⚓ (1904) Black Jack⛵ (1904) Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904) J C Madge⚓ (1904) Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904) Juniata⚓ (1904) Medea⚓ (1904) Moshulu⚓ (1904) Sava⚓ (1904) Swiftsure⚓ (1904) Asgard⚓ (1905) Fæmund II⛵ (1905) Hathor⛵ (1905) Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905) Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905) Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906) Baltimore⚓ (1906) Blümlisalp⛵ (1906) Cambria⛵ (1906) Edith May⛵ (1906) Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906) Ida May⛵ (1906) Minnehaha⛵ (1906) Minnie V⛵️ (1906) Östanå I⛵ (1906) St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906) Thalatta⛵ (1906) Ticonderoga⚓ (1906) U-1⚓ (1906) Viola⚓ (1906) Ambrose⚓ (1907) Drazki⚓ (1907) Canally⚓ (1907) F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907) Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907) Hercules⚓ (1907) Irene⛵ (1907) Keewatin⚓ (1907) Nyanza⚓ (1907) Rosa⛵ (1907) Ruby⚓ (1907) Tarmo⚓ (1907) Viking⚓ (1907) Yankee⚓ (1907) 1908–1914 Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908) Entiat Princess⛵ (1908) Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908) Mohican II⛵ (1908) Oscar W⛵ (1908) Oster⛵ (1908) Sabino⛵ (1908) Speeder⛵️ (1908) Storskär⛵ (1908) Ardwina⛵ (1909) Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909) Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909) Duwamish⚓ (1909) Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909) Lotus⛵ (1909) President⛵ (1909) Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909) Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909) Gonca⛵ (1909) E.C. Collier⚓ (1910) Georgios Averof⚓ (1910) Noorderlicht⛵ (1910) Norrskär⛵ (1910) Ste. Claire⚓ (1910) Trillium⛵ (1910) Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910) Europa⛵ (1911) Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911) Helen Smitton⚓ (1911) Hestmanden⚓ (1911) Industry⛵ (1911) James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911) McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911) Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911) Nomadic⚓ (1911) Nusret⚓ (1911) Passat⚓ (1911) Peking⚓ (1911) Pevensey⛵ (1911) Tradewind⛵ (1911) Wäiski⚓ (1911) African Queen⚓ (1912) Astoria⛵️ (1912) Canberra⛵ (1912) Cartela⛵ (1912) Chacon⚓ (1912) Earnslaw⛵ (1912) Gustaf III⛵ (1912) Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912) James Caird⚓ (1912) J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912) Kwasind⛵ (1912) Lady Denman⚓ (1912) Margaret⛵ (1912) Melbourne⛵ (1912) Sundowner⛵ (1912) Texas⚓ (1912) Wendameen⛵ (1912) Zhongshan⚓ (1912) Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912) Acadia⚓ (1913) Adventuress⛵ (1913) Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913) Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913) Jolie Brise⛵ (1913) Kildare⛵ (1913) Kommuna⛵ (1913) Kyle⚓ (1913) North Head⚓ (1913) Rusinga⚓️ (1913) Stord I⛵ (1913) Suur Tõll⛵ (1913) Usoga⛵ (1913) Naramata⚓ (1914) Sicamous⚓ (1914) Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914) World War I Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914) Britannia⛵️ (1914) Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914) Caroline⚓ (1914) Hercules⛵ (1914) Horns Rev⚓ (1914) Katahdin⛵ (1914) Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914) Doulos Phos⚓ (1914) Perth⚓ (1914) Pilot⛵ (1914) Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914) Zumbrota⛵ (1914) Bradbury⚓ (1915) Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915) Katie⛵ (1915) Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915) M33⚓ (1915) Mar-Sue⛵ (1915) Miseford⛵ (1915) Peacock⛵ (1915) Sankt Erik⛵ (1915) Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915) Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916) Krassin⚓ (1916) Mariette⛵️ (1916) Mercantile⛵ (1916) Portsmouth⚓ (1916) UB-46⚓ (1916) Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917) Carpentaria⚓ (1917) Commander⛵ (1917) L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917) Maud⚓ (1917) St. Julien⛵️ (1917) Valley Camp⚓️ (1917) El Don⛵️ (1918) Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918) Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918) Lotus⛵ (1918) Oosterschelde⛵ (1918) President⚓ (1918) Surprise⛵ (1918) W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/nuːs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"NOOSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"ironclad ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_ram"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttled"},{"link_name":"Neuse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuse_River"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Kinston, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_of_CSS_Neuse.jpg"}],"text":"Confederate ironcladCSS Neuse (/nuːs/ NOOSE) was a steam-powered ironclad ram of the Confederate States Navy that served in the latter part the American Civil War and was eventually scuttled in the Neuse River to avoid capture by rapidly advancing Union Army forces. In the early 1960s, she produced approximately 15,000 artifacts from her raised lower hull, the largest number ever found on a recovered Confederate vessel. The remains of her lower hull and a selection of her artifacts are on exhibit in Kinston, North Carolina at the CSS Museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. The ironclad is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[1]Model of CSS Neuse","title":"CSS Neuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuse_River"},{"link_name":"Seven Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Springs,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"CSS Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"casemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"}],"text":"A contract for the construction of Neuse was signed on 17 October 1862 between the shipbuilding company of Thomas Howard and Elijah Ellis and the Confederate Navy. Work began in October of that year on the bank across the Neuse River (her namesake) from the small village of Whitehall, North Carolina (present day Seven Springs). The gunboat's design was virtually identical to her sister ironclad CSS Albemarle, but Neuse differed from Albemarle by having four additional gun ports added (for a total of ten) to her eight-sided armored casemate. The hull was 158 feet (48.2 m) long by 34 feet (10.4 m) wide, and she was constructed mostly of locally abundant pine, with some 4 inches (102 mm) of oak used as sturdy backing for her 4-inch-thick wrought iron armor. Many delays in construction were incurred by a lack of available materials, mostly the iron plate for her armored casemate and deck; her deck armor was finally left off so the ironclad could be completed and put in service. Due to continuing iron plate shortages, Neuse became the first of several Southern ironclads built with unarmored decks. This situation was compounded by the Confederate Army exercising priority over the Navy in the use of the South's inadequate railroad system for transporting vital war material.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mercer_Brooke"},{"link_name":"rifled cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_rifle"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"field of fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_fire_(weaponry)"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboard"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"projectiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectiles"},{"link_name":"canister shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canister_shot"},{"link_name":"grape shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_shot"}],"text":"Neuse was equipped with two 6.4-inch (163 mm) Brooke rifled cannon (similar to a Parrott rifle); each double-banded cannon weighed more than 12,000 pounds (5,400 kg) with its pivot carriage and other attached hardware. Both cannons were positioned along the ironclad's center-line in the armored casemate, one forward, the other aft. The field of fire for both pivot rifles was 180-degrees, from port to starboard: Each cannon could fire from one of five gun port positions or could deliver a two-cannon broadside. Neuse's projectiles consisted of explosive shells, anti-personnel canister shot, grape shot, and blunt-nosed, solid wrought iron \"bolts\" for use against Union armored ships; many examples of all four types were recovered from her raised wreck.","title":"Ordnance and projectiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fitting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting_out"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"conscripted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscript"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"John M. Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Schofield"}],"text":"Launched in November 1863 while still needing fitting out, Neuse finally got up steam in April 1864 for duty on the inland waters of North Carolina as part of the force under Commander R. F. Pinkney, CSN. Shortly thereafter, the ironclad grounded off Kinston due to her mostly inexperienced crew, which had been conscripted from the Confederate Army; she remained fast in the mud for almost a month until finally being refloated. After that, due to a lack of available Confederate Army shore support, she never left the river area around Kinston, serving instead as a floating ironclad fortification. In March 1865, with Kinston under siege by Union forces, gunpowder trails were laid down which led to a cache of explosives placed in her bow; the crew then lit fires astern and amidships, and she was destroyed a short time later by fire, then a bow explosion. Neuse burned to just below her waterline and then sank into the river mud preventing capture by the rapidly advancing Union Army forces, commanded by Major General John M. Schofield. At some point following the war, her sunken hulk, lying in shallow river water and mud, was salvaged of its valuable metals: cannon, carriages and their fittings, anchors, iron ram, casemate armor, both propellers and their shafts, and her steam power plant. Whatever bits and pieces remained, including her projectiles, lay undisturbed in and around the wreck until Neuse was raised nearly a century later.","title":"Service and post-war history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CSS Muscogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Muscogee"},{"link_name":"USS Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"USS Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cairo"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"H. L. Hunley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Hunley"},{"link_name":"sloop-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"USS Housatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Housatonic_(1861)"},{"link_name":"Warren Lasch Conservation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Lasch_Conservation_Center"},{"link_name":"North Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Charleston"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"}],"text":"After nearly a century, the remaining lower hull of the ironclad was discovered and then raised in 1963; approximately 15,000 shipboard artifacts were recovered and carefully cataloged. Neuse's hull was then temporarily installed in the Governor Caswell Memorial, beside the river, in Kinston.[2][3] Since 2013, Neuse and her artifacts have been on display in a new, climate-controlled building in downtown Kinston.[4][5][6]There are currently only four recovered Civil War era ironclad wrecks, CSS Neuse, CSS Muscogee (also called CSS Jackson in some texts), USS Monitor, and USS Cairo; Cairo remains the only recovered ironclad wreck left partially exposed outdoors under cover in the sometimes brutal southern climate. Other Union and Confederate ironclad wreck sites are known but remain untouched. The successful Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, which sank the Union blockading sloop-of-war USS Housatonic, was recovered and is undergoing extensive restoration and long term conservation at the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in North Charleston, South Carolina.","title":"Ironclad recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuse_II_Replica_Kinston_NC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ted Sampley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sampley"},{"link_name":"CSS Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"The Neuse II replicaA replica of the CSS Neuse, better known as CSS Neuse II, was the brainchild of Kinston activist and businessman Ted Sampley and built by Alton Stapleford. Neuse II is on grounds display at a separate site in Kinston and contains a complete fitted-out interior that shows all shipboard details; she was constructed by volunteers from 2002 to 2009. Neuse is the only Confederate ironclad that has a historic, full-size replica on display. Since April 2002 Neuse's sister ironclad, CSS Albemarle has had a 3⁄8 scale replica, 63 feet (19 m) long, at anchor near the Port O' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth, North Carolina. This ironclad replica is self-powered and capable of sailing on the river.","title":"Neuse II replica"}]
[{"image_text":"Model of CSS Neuse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Model_of_CSS_Neuse.jpg/272px-Model_of_CSS_Neuse.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Neuse II replica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Neuse_II_Replica_Kinston_NC.jpg/220px-Neuse_II_Replica_Kinston_NC.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"CSS Neuse & Gov. Caswell Memorial: A New Home\". North Carolina Historic Sites. North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826002718/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/neuse/preservation.htm","url_text":"\"CSS Neuse & Gov. Caswell Memorial: A New Home\""},{"url":"http://www.nchistoricsites.org/neuse/preservation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Moving the CSS Neuse A Question of Wood and Time\". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 2012-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=33849","url_text":"\"Moving the CSS Neuse A Question of Wood and Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bidding Opportunities\". NC Institute of Minority Economic Development. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320233100/http://www.ncimed.com/index.php?view=details&id=1238%3Acss-neuse-museum-addition&option=com_redevent&Itemid=397#","url_text":"\"Bidding Opportunities\""},{"url":"http://www.ncimed.com/index.php?view=details&id=1238:css-neuse-museum-addition&option=com_redevent&Itemid=397","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, David (29 October 2010). \"Plans unveiled for CSS Neuse gunboat museum\". Kinston Free Press. Retrieved 2012-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kinston.com/articles/neuse-69232-drew-plans.html","url_text":"\"Plans unveiled for CSS Neuse gunboat museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"YouTube Video:CSS Neuse Moved to Downtown Kinston, 06/23/12\". North Carolina History Museum. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 15 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-BKxb7Yhk4#!","url_text":"\"YouTube Video:CSS Neuse Moved to Downtown Kinston, 06/23/12\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x-BKxb7Yhk4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bisbee, Saxon T. (2018). Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-81731-986-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81731-986-1","url_text":"978-0-81731-986-1"}]},{"reference":"Canney, Donald L. (2015). The Confederate Steam Navy 1861-1865. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-4824-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-4824-2","url_text":"978-0-7643-4824-2"}]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies 1855–1883. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97870-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97870-X","url_text":"0-415-97870-X"}]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0","url_text":"0-88254-979-0"}]},{"reference":"Still, William N. Jr. (1985) [1971]. Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-454-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Still_Jr.","url_text":"Still, William N. Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-454-3","url_text":"0-87249-454-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CSS_Neuse&params=35_15_37.47_N_77_34_53.20_W_region:US-NC_type:landmark_dim:20","external_links_name":"35°15′37.47″N 77°34′53.20″W / 35.2604083°N 77.5814444°W / 35.2604083; -77.5814444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CSS_Neuse&params=35_15_37.47_N_77_34_53.20_W_region:US-NC_type:landmark_dim:20","external_links_name":"35°15′37.47″N 77°34′53.20″W / 35.2604083°N 77.5814444°W / 35.2604083; -77.5814444"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/00000444","external_links_name":"00000444"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826002718/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/neuse/preservation.htm","external_links_name":"\"CSS Neuse & Gov. Caswell Memorial: A New Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.nchistoricsites.org/neuse/preservation.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=33849","external_links_name":"\"Moving the CSS Neuse A Question of Wood and Time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320233100/http://www.ncimed.com/index.php?view=details&id=1238%3Acss-neuse-museum-addition&option=com_redevent&Itemid=397#","external_links_name":"\"Bidding Opportunities\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncimed.com/index.php?view=details&id=1238:css-neuse-museum-addition&option=com_redevent&Itemid=397","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kinston.com/articles/neuse-69232-drew-plans.html","external_links_name":"\"Plans unveiled for CSS Neuse gunboat museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-BKxb7Yhk4#!","external_links_name":"\"YouTube Video:CSS Neuse Moved to Downtown Kinston, 06/23/12\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x-BKxb7Yhk4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/cfa7/neuse.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://cssneuse.org/museum/","external_links_name":"CSS Neuse Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.cssneuseii.org/","external_links_name":"CSS Neuse II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080229073007/http://www.civilwaralbum.com/misc3/cssneuse1.htm#blank_bot","external_links_name":"Civil War Album"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136060646","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82039091","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus
Choroid plexus
["1 Structure","1.1 Location","1.2 Microanatomy","2 Function","2.1 Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Choroid plexus cysts","3.2 Other","4 Etymology","5 Additional images","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
Structure in the ventricles of the brain Choroid plexusChoroid plexus shown in the fourth ventricleCoronal section of lateral and third ventricles.DetailsIdentifiersLatinplexus choroideusMeSHD002831NeuroNames1377TA98A14.1.09.279 A14.1.01.307 A14.1.01.306 A14.1.01.304 A14.1.05.715TA25654, 5786, 5980FMA61934Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The choroid plexus, or plica choroidea, is a plexus of cells that arises from the tela choroidea in each of the ventricles of the brain. Regions of the choroid plexus produce and secrete most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system. The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. Multiple cilia on the ependymal cells move to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. Structure Location Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the median aperture.1: Inferior medullary velum2: Choroid plexus 3: Cisterna magna of subarachnoid space4: Central canal5: Corpora quadrigemina6: Cerebral peduncle7: Superior medullary velum8: Ependymal lining of ventricle9: Pontine cistern of subarachnoid space There is a choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles. In the lateral ventricles, it is found in the body, and continued in an enlarged amount in the atrium. There is no choroid plexus in the anterior horn. In the third ventricle, there is a small amount in the roof that is continuous with that in the body, via the interventricular foramina, the channels that connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. A choroid plexus is in part of the roof of the fourth ventricle. Microanatomy The choroid plexus consists of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. The epithelium of the choroid plexus is continuous with the ependymal cell layer (ventricular layer) that lines the ventricular system. Progenitor ependymal cells are monociliated but they differentiate into multiciliated ependymal cells. Unlike the ependyma, the choroid plexus epithelial layer has tight junctions between the cells on the side facing the ventricle (apical surface). These tight junctions prevent the majority of substances from crossing the cell layer into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); thus the choroid plexus acts as a blood–CSF barrier. The choroid plexus folds into many villi around each capillary, creating frond-like processes that project into the ventricles. The villi, along with a brush border of microvilli, greatly increase the surface area of the choroid plexus. CSF is formed as plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells. Choroid plexus epithelial cells actively transport sodium ions into the ventricles and water follows the resulting osmotic gradient. The choroid plexus consists of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much active transport of substances into, and out of, the CSF as it is made. Function CSF circulation The choroid plexus regulates the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that provides the protective buoyancy for the brain. CSF acts as a medium for the glymphatic filtration system that facilitates the removal of metabolic waste from the brain, and the exchange of biomolecules and xenobiotics into and out of the brain. In this way the choroid plexus has a very important role in helping to maintain the delicate extracellular environment required by the brain to function optimally. The choroid plexus is also a major source of transferrin secretion that plays a part in iron homeostasis in the brain. Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier See also: Glymphatic system The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a fluid–brain barrier that is composed of a pair of membranes that separate blood from CSF at the capillary level and CSF from brain tissue. The blood–CSF boundary at the choroid plexus is a membrane composed of epithelial cells and tight junctions that link them. There is a CSF-brain barrier at the level of the pia mater, but only in the embryo. Similar to the blood–brain barrier, the blood–CSF barrier functions to prevent the passage of most blood-borne substances into the brain, while selectively permitting the passage of specific substances (such as nutrients) into the brain and facilitating the removal of brain metabolites and metabolic products into the blood. Despite the similar function between the BBB and BCSFB, each facilitates the transport of different substances into the brain due to the distinctive structural characteristics of each of the two barrier systems. For a number of substances, the BCSFB is the primary site of entry into brain tissue. The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier has also been shown to modulate the entry of leukocytes from the blood to the central nervous system. The choroid plexus cells secrete cytokines that recruit monocyte-derived macrophages, among other cells, to the brain. This cellular trafficking has implications both in normal brain homeostasis and in neuroinflammatory processes. Clinical significance Choroid plexus cysts Main article: Choroid plexus cysts See also: Triple test During fetal development, some choroid plexus cysts may form. These fluid-filled cysts can be detected by a detailed second trimester ultrasound. The finding is relatively common, with a prevalence of ~1%. Choroid plexus cysts are usually an isolated finding. The cysts typically disappear later during pregnancy, and are usually harmless. They have no effect on infant and early childhood development. Choroid plexus cysts are associated with a 1% risk of fetal aneuploidy. The risk of aneuploidy increases to 10.5-12% if other risk factors or ultrasound findings are noted. Size, location, disappearance or progression, and whether the cysts are found on both sides or not do not affect the risk of aneuploidy. 44-50% of Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) cases will present with choroid plexus cysts, as well 1.4% of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) cases. ~75% of abnormal karyotypes associated with choroid plexus cysts are trisomy 18, while the remainder are trisomy 21. Other There are three graded types of choroid plexus tumor that mainly affect young children. These types of cancer are rare. Etymology Choroid plexus translates from the Latin plexus chorioides, which mirrors Ancient Greek χοριοειδές πλέγμα. The word chorion was used by Galen to refer to the outer membrane enclosing the fetus. Both meanings of the word plexus are given as pleating, or braiding. As often happens language changes and the use of both choroid or chorioid is both accepted. Nomina Anatomica (now Terminologia Anatomica) reflected this dual usage. Additional images Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle. Choroid plexus histology 40x Choroid plexus Choroid plexus Choroid plexus See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Choroid plexus papilloma Tela choroidea References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 798 of  page 841 of  page 816 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) ^ Sadler, T. (2010). Langman's medical embryology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-7817-9069-7. ^ a b Damkier, HH; Brown, PD; Praetorius, J (October 2013). "Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 93 (4): 1847–92. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2013. PMID 24137023. S2CID 11473603. ^ a b c Lun, MP; Monuki, ES; Lehtinen, MK (August 2015). "Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 16 (8): 445–57. doi:10.1038/nrn3921. PMC 4629451. PMID 26174708. ^ Takeda, S; Narita, K (February 2012). "Structure and function of vertebrate cilia, towards a new taxonomy". Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 83 (2): S4-11. doi:10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.002. PMID 22118931. ^ Javed K, Reddy V, Lui F (1 January 2022). Neuroanatomy, Choroid Plexus. StatPearls. PMID 30844183. ^ Delgehyr, N; Meunier, A; Faucourt, M; Bosch Grau, M; Strehl, L; Janke, C; Spassky, N (2015). Ependymal cell differentiation, from monociliated to multiciliated cells. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 127. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.004. ISBN 9780128024515. PMID 25837384. ^ van Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, Verboom T, Fang X, Bojarczuk A, Malicki J, Johnston SA, van der Sar AM (February 2018). "A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5". Biology Open. 7 (2): bio030494. doi:10.1242/bio.030494. PMC 5861362. PMID 29437557. ^ Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 749. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8. ^ Guyton AC, Hall JE (2005). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 764–7. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. ^ a b Plog BA, Nedergaard M (January 2018). "The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future". Annual Review of Pathology. 13: 379–394. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018. PMC 5803388. PMID 29195051. ^ Abbott NJ, Pizzo ME, Preston JE, Janigro D, Thorne RG (March 2018). "The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system?". Acta Neuropathologica. 135 (3): 387–407. doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4. PMID 29428972. ^ Moos, T (November 2002). "Brain iron homeostasis". Danish Medical Bulletin. 49 (4): 279–301. PMID 12553165. ^ Moos, T; Rosengren Nielsen, T; Skjørringe, T; Morgan, EH (December 2007). "Iron trafficking inside the brain". Journal of Neurochemistry. 103 (5): 1730–40. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04976.x. PMID 17953660. ^ a b c d e Laterra J, Keep R, Betz LA, et al. (1999). "Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier". Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. ^ Saunders, Norman R.; Habgood, Mark D.; Møllgård, Kjeld; Dziegielewska, Katarzyna M. (2016-03-10). "The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system?". F1000Research. 5: 313. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7378.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4786902. PMID 26998242. The embryonic CSF-brain barrier, shown in Figure 1(f). In the ventricular zone is a temporary barrier between the CSF and brain parenchyma. In early brain development, strap junctions are present between adjacent neuroepithelial cells; these form a physical barrier restricting the movement of larger molecules, such as proteins, but not smaller molecules. At later stages of development and in the adult brain, these strap junctions are no longer present when this interface becomes ependyma. ^ Ueno M, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Matsumoto K, Kawauchi M, Fujihara R (April 2016). "Blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in normal and pathological conditions". Brain Tumor Pathology. 33 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1007/s10014-016-0255-7. PMID 26920424. S2CID 22154007. ^ Schwartz M, Baruch K (January 2014). "The resolution of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus". The EMBO Journal. 33 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1002/embj.201386609. PMC 3990679. PMID 24357543. ^ a b Drugan A, Johnson MP, Evans MI (January 2000). "Ultrasound screening for fetal chromosome anomalies". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 90 (2): 98–107. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000117)90:2<98::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10607945. ^ Digiovanni LM, Quinlan MP, Verp MS (August 1997). "Choroid plexus cysts: infant and early childhood developmental outcome". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 90 (2): 191–4. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00251-2. PMID 9241291. S2CID 40130437. ^ Peleg D, Yankowitz J (July 1998). "Choroid plexus cysts and aneuploidy". Journal of Medical Genetics. 35 (7): 554–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.35.7.554. PMC 1051365. PMID 9678699. ^ Suzuki, S., Katsumata, T., Ura, R. Fujita, T., Niizima, M. & Suzuki, H. (1936). Über die Nomina Anatomica Nova. Folia Anatomica Japonica, 14, 507-536. ^ a b Liddell HG, Scott R (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Sources Brodbelt A, Stoodley M (October 2007). "CSF pathways: a review". British Journal of Neurosurgery. 21 (5): 510–20. doi:10.1080/02688690701447420. PMID 17922324. S2CID 6901013. Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF (July 2000). "Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 59 (7): 561–74. doi:10.1093/jnen/59.7.561. PMID 10901227. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Choroid plexus. 3-Dimensional images of choroid plexus (marked red) "Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. MedPix Images of Choroid Plexus More info at BrainInfo vteMeninges of the brain and spinal cordLayersDura mater Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Trigeminal cave Arachnoid mater Arachnoid granulation Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid cisterns: Cisterna magna Pontine cistern Interpeduncular cistern Chiasmatic cistern Of lateral cerebral fossa Superior cistern Of lamina terminalis Cerebellopontine cistern Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Perivascular space Combined Filum terminale Leptomeninges Spaces Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica 2 3 4 5
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexus"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"tela choroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela_choroidea"},{"link_name":"ventricles of the brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langmans-1"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Damkier-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lun-3"},{"link_name":"ependymal cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymal_cells"},{"link_name":"capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary"},{"link_name":"loose connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_(tissue)#Types"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lun-3"},{"link_name":"cilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takeda1-4"}],"text":"The choroid plexus, or plica choroidea, is a plexus of cells that arises from the tela choroidea in each of the ventricles of the brain.[1] Regions of the choroid plexus produce and secrete most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system.[2][3] The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue.[3] Multiple cilia on the ependymal cells move to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.[4]","title":"Choroid plexus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray708.svg"},{"link_name":"fourth ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventricle"},{"link_name":"median aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_aperture"},{"link_name":"Inferior medullary velum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_medullary_velum"},{"link_name":"Cisterna magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna_magna"},{"link_name":"subarachnoid space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space"},{"link_name":"Central canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_canal"},{"link_name":"Corpora quadrigemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora_quadrigemina"},{"link_name":"Cerebral peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle"},{"link_name":"Superior medullary velum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum"},{"link_name":"Ependymal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymal"},{"link_name":"ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system"},{"link_name":"Pontine cistern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontine_cistern"},{"link_name":"subarachnoid space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space"},{"link_name":"ventricles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system"},{"link_name":"lateral ventricles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricles"},{"link_name":"body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_the_lateral_ventricle"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigone_of_the_lateral_ventricle"},{"link_name":"anterior horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_horn_of_lateral_ventricle"},{"link_name":"third ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventricle"},{"link_name":"interventricular foramina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventricular_foramina_(neuroanatomy)"},{"link_name":"fourth ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventricle"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the median aperture.1: Inferior medullary velum2: Choroid plexus 3: Cisterna magna of subarachnoid space4: Central canal5: Corpora quadrigemina6: Cerebral peduncle7: Superior medullary velum8: Ependymal lining of ventricle9: Pontine cistern of subarachnoid spaceThere is a choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles. In the lateral ventricles, it is found in the body, and continued in an enlarged amount in the atrium. There is no choroid plexus in the anterior horn. In the third ventricle, there is a small amount in the roof that is continuous with that in the body, via the interventricular foramina, the channels that connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. A choroid plexus is in part of the roof of the fourth ventricle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cuboidal epithelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboidal_epithelium"},{"link_name":"capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary"},{"link_name":"loose connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_(tissue)#Types"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lun-3"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"ependymal cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymal_cell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"differentiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delgehyr-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29437557-7"},{"link_name":"tight junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junctions"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUYTONHALL2005p764-9"},{"link_name":"active transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport"}],"sub_title":"Microanatomy","text":"The choroid plexus consists of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue.[3] The epithelium of the choroid plexus is continuous with the ependymal cell layer (ventricular layer) that lines the ventricular system.[5] Progenitor ependymal cells are monociliated but they differentiate into multiciliated ependymal cells.[6][7] Unlike the ependyma, the choroid plexus epithelial layer has tight junctions[8] between the cells on the side facing the ventricle (apical surface). These tight junctions prevent the majority of substances from crossing the cell layer into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); thus the choroid plexus acts as a blood–CSF barrier. The choroid plexus folds into many villi around each capillary, creating frond-like processes that project into the ventricles. The villi, along with a brush border of microvilli, greatly increase the surface area of the choroid plexus.[citation needed] CSF is formed as plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells. Choroid plexus epithelial cells actively transport sodium ions into the ventricles and water follows the resulting osmotic gradient.[9]The choroid plexus consists of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much active transport of substances into, and out of, the CSF as it is made.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSF_circulation.png"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Damkier-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29195051-10"},{"link_name":"glymphatic filtration system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glymphatic_system"},{"link_name":"biomolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecules"},{"link_name":"xenobiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29195051-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29428972-11"},{"link_name":"transferrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin"},{"link_name":"iron homeostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moos-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moos2-13"}],"text":"CSF circulationThe choroid plexus regulates the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that provides the protective buoyancy for the brain.[2][10] CSF acts as a medium for the glymphatic filtration system that facilitates the removal of metabolic waste from the brain, and the exchange of biomolecules and xenobiotics into and out of the brain.[10][11] In this way the choroid plexus has a very important role in helping to maintain the delicate extracellular environment required by the brain to function optimally.The choroid plexus is also a major source of transferrin secretion that plays a part in iron homeostasis in the brain.[12][13]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glymphatic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glymphatic_system"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCSF-14"},{"link_name":"epithelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_cells"},{"link_name":"tight junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCSF-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"blood–brain barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCSF-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBB_and_BCSFB_review-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCSF-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCSF-14"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"monocyte-derived macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"neuroinflammatory processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmune_system"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier","text":"See also: Glymphatic systemThe blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a fluid–brain barrier that is composed of a pair of membranes that separate blood from CSF at the capillary level and CSF from brain tissue.[14] The blood–CSF boundary at the choroid plexus is a membrane composed of epithelial cells and tight junctions that link them.[14] There is a CSF-brain barrier at the level of the pia mater, but only in the embryo.[15]Similar to the blood–brain barrier, the blood–CSF barrier functions to prevent the passage of most blood-borne substances into the brain, while selectively permitting the passage of specific substances (such as nutrients) into the brain and facilitating the removal of brain metabolites and metabolic products into the blood.[14][16] Despite the similar function between the BBB and BCSFB, each facilitates the transport of different substances into the brain due to the distinctive structural characteristics of each of the two barrier systems.[14] For a number of substances, the BCSFB is the primary site of entry into brain tissue.[14]The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier has also been shown to modulate the entry of leukocytes from the blood to the central nervous system. The choroid plexus cells secrete cytokines that recruit monocyte-derived macrophages, among other cells, to the brain. This cellular trafficking has implications both in normal brain homeostasis and in neuroinflammatory processes.[17]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triple test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_test"},{"link_name":"fetal development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_development"},{"link_name":"choroid plexus cysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_cysts"},{"link_name":"second trimester ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography#Second_and_third_trimester"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10607945-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9241291-19"},{"link_name":"aneuploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9678699-20"},{"link_name":"Edwards syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Down syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10607945-18"}],"sub_title":"Choroid plexus cysts","text":"See also: Triple testDuring fetal development, some choroid plexus cysts may form. These fluid-filled cysts can be detected by a detailed second trimester ultrasound. The finding is relatively common, with a prevalence of ~1%. Choroid plexus cysts are usually an isolated finding.[18] The cysts typically disappear later during pregnancy, and are usually harmless. They have no effect on infant and early childhood development.[19]Choroid plexus cysts are associated with a 1% risk of fetal aneuploidy.[20] The risk of aneuploidy increases to 10.5-12% if other risk factors or ultrasound findings are noted. Size, location, disappearance or progression, and whether the cysts are found on both sides or not do not affect the risk of aneuploidy. 44-50% of Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) cases will present with choroid plexus cysts, as well 1.4% of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) cases. ~75% of abnormal karyotypes associated with choroid plexus cysts are trisomy 18, while the remainder are trisomy 21.[18]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_classification_of_the_tumors_of_the_central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"choroid plexus tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_tumor"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"There are three graded types of choroid plexus tumor that mainly affect young children. These types of cancer are rare.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzuki1936-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-22"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-22"},{"link_name":"Nomina Anatomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_Anatomica"},{"link_name":"Terminologia Anatomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica"}],"text":"Choroid plexus translates from the Latin plexus chorioides,[21] which mirrors Ancient Greek χοριοειδές πλέγμα.[22] The word chorion was used by Galen to refer to the outer membrane enclosing the fetus. Both meanings of the word plexus are given as pleating, or braiding.[22] As often happens language changes and the use of both choroid or chorioid is both accepted. Nomina Anatomica (now Terminologia Anatomica) reflected this dual usage.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray749.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choroid_Plexus_Histology_40x.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2ff.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide3oo.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choroid_plexus.jpg"}],"text":"Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChoroid plexus histology 40x\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChoroid plexus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChoroid plexus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChoroid plexus","title":"Additional images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/02688690701447420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F02688690701447420"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17922324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17922324"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6901013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6901013"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/jnen/59.7.561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnen%2F59.7.561"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10901227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10901227"}],"text":"Brodbelt A, Stoodley M (October 2007). \"CSF pathways: a review\". British Journal of Neurosurgery. 21 (5): 510–20. doi:10.1080/02688690701447420. PMID 17922324. S2CID 6901013.\nStrazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF (July 2000). \"Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology\". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 59 (7): 561–74. doi:10.1093/jnen/59.7.561. PMID 10901227.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the median aperture.1: Inferior medullary velum2: Choroid plexus 3: Cisterna magna of subarachnoid space4: Central canal5: Corpora quadrigemina6: Cerebral peduncle7: Superior medullary velum8: Ependymal lining of ventricle9: Pontine cistern of subarachnoid space","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/220px-Gray708.svg.png"},{"image_text":"CSF circulation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CSF_circulation.png/400px-CSF_circulation.png"}]
[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Choroid plexus papilloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma"},{"title":"Tela choroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela_choroidea"}]
[{"reference":"Sadler, T. (2010). Langman's medical embryology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-7817-9069-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9069-7","url_text":"978-0-7817-9069-7"}]},{"reference":"Damkier, HH; Brown, PD; Praetorius, J (October 2013). \"Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus\" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 93 (4): 1847–92. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2013. PMID 24137023. S2CID 11473603.","urls":[{"url":"http://physrev.physiology.org/content/93/4/1847.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00004.2013","url_text":"10.1152/physrev.00004.2013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24137023","url_text":"24137023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11473603","url_text":"11473603"}]},{"reference":"Lun, MP; Monuki, ES; Lehtinen, MK (August 2015). \"Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system\". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 16 (8): 445–57. doi:10.1038/nrn3921. PMC 4629451. PMID 26174708.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629451","url_text":"\"Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn3921","url_text":"10.1038/nrn3921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629451","url_text":"4629451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174708","url_text":"26174708"}]},{"reference":"Takeda, S; Narita, K (February 2012). \"Structure and function of vertebrate cilia, towards a new taxonomy\". Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 83 (2): S4-11. doi:10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.002. PMID 22118931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diff.2011.11.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22118931","url_text":"22118931"}]},{"reference":"Javed K, Reddy V, Lui F (1 January 2022). Neuroanatomy, Choroid Plexus. StatPearls. PMID 30844183.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538156/","url_text":"Neuroanatomy, Choroid Plexus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844183","url_text":"30844183"}]},{"reference":"Delgehyr, N; Meunier, A; Faucourt, M; Bosch Grau, M; Strehl, L; Janke, C; Spassky, N (2015). Ependymal cell differentiation, from monociliated to multiciliated cells. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 127. pp. 19–35. doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.004. ISBN 9780128024515. PMID 25837384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.mcb.2015.01.004","url_text":"10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128024515","url_text":"9780128024515"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837384","url_text":"25837384"}]},{"reference":"van Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, Verboom T, Fang X, Bojarczuk A, Malicki J, Johnston SA, van der Sar AM (February 2018). \"A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5\". Biology Open. 7 (2): bio030494. doi:10.1242/bio.030494. PMC 5861362. PMID 29437557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5861362","url_text":"\"A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fbio.030494","url_text":"10.1242/bio.030494"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5861362","url_text":"5861362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29437557","url_text":"29437557"}]},{"reference":"Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 749. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8","url_text":"978-1-4160-4574-8"}]},{"reference":"Guyton AC, Hall JE (2005). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 764–7. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0240-0","url_text":"978-0-7216-0240-0"}]},{"reference":"Plog BA, Nedergaard M (January 2018). \"The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future\". Annual Review of Pathology. 13: 379–394. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018. PMC 5803388. PMID 29195051.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803388","url_text":"\"The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-pathol-051217-111018","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803388","url_text":"5803388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29195051","url_text":"29195051"}]},{"reference":"Abbott NJ, Pizzo ME, Preston JE, Janigro D, Thorne RG (March 2018). \"The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system?\". Acta Neuropathologica. 135 (3): 387–407. doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4. PMID 29428972.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-018-1812-4","url_text":"\"The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-018-1812-4","url_text":"10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29428972","url_text":"29428972"}]},{"reference":"Moos, T (November 2002). \"Brain iron homeostasis\". Danish Medical Bulletin. 49 (4): 279–301. PMID 12553165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12553165","url_text":"12553165"}]},{"reference":"Moos, T; Rosengren Nielsen, T; Skjørringe, T; Morgan, EH (December 2007). \"Iron trafficking inside the brain\". Journal of Neurochemistry. 103 (5): 1730–40. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04976.x. PMID 17953660.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2007.04976.x","url_text":"\"Iron trafficking inside the brain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2007.04976.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04976.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17953660","url_text":"17953660"}]},{"reference":"Laterra J, Keep R, Betz LA, et al. (1999). \"Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier\". Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27998/","url_text":"\"Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Norman R.; Habgood, Mark D.; Møllgård, Kjeld; Dziegielewska, Katarzyna M. (2016-03-10). \"The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system?\". F1000Research. 5: 313. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7378.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4786902. PMID 26998242. The embryonic CSF-brain barrier, shown in Figure 1(f). In the ventricular zone is a temporary barrier between the CSF and brain parenchyma. In early brain development, strap junctions are present between adjacent neuroepithelial cells; these form a physical barrier restricting the movement of larger molecules, such as proteins, but not smaller molecules. At later stages of development and in the adult brain, these strap junctions are no longer present when this interface becomes ependyma.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786902","url_text":"\"The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.7378.1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.7378.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786902","url_text":"4786902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26998242","url_text":"26998242"}]},{"reference":"Ueno M, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Matsumoto K, Kawauchi M, Fujihara R (April 2016). \"Blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in normal and pathological conditions\". Brain Tumor Pathology. 33 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1007/s10014-016-0255-7. PMID 26920424. S2CID 22154007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10014-016-0255-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10014-016-0255-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26920424","url_text":"26920424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22154007","url_text":"22154007"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz M, Baruch K (January 2014). \"The resolution of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus\". The EMBO Journal. 33 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1002/embj.201386609. PMC 3990679. PMID 24357543.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990679","url_text":"\"The resolution of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fembj.201386609","url_text":"10.1002/embj.201386609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990679","url_text":"3990679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357543","url_text":"24357543"}]},{"reference":"Drugan A, Johnson MP, Evans MI (January 2000). \"Ultrasound screening for fetal chromosome anomalies\". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 90 (2): 98–107. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000117)90:2<98::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10607945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2820000117%2990%3A2%3C98%3A%3AAID-AJMG2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000117)90:2<98::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10607945","url_text":"10607945"}]},{"reference":"Digiovanni LM, Quinlan MP, Verp MS (August 1997). \"Choroid plexus cysts: infant and early childhood developmental outcome\". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 90 (2): 191–4. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00251-2. PMID 9241291. S2CID 40130437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0029-7844%2897%2900251-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00251-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9241291","url_text":"9241291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40130437","url_text":"40130437"}]},{"reference":"Peleg D, Yankowitz J (July 1998). \"Choroid plexus cysts and aneuploidy\". Journal of Medical Genetics. 35 (7): 554–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.35.7.554. PMC 1051365. PMID 9678699.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1051365","url_text":"\"Choroid plexus cysts and aneuploidy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.35.7.554","url_text":"10.1136/jmg.35.7.554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1051365","url_text":"1051365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9678699","url_text":"9678699"}]},{"reference":"Liddell HG, Scott R (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b31364949_0001","url_text":"A Greek-English Lexicon"}]},{"reference":"Brodbelt A, Stoodley M (October 2007). \"CSF pathways: a review\". British Journal of Neurosurgery. 21 (5): 510–20. doi:10.1080/02688690701447420. PMID 17922324. S2CID 6901013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02688690701447420","url_text":"10.1080/02688690701447420"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17922324","url_text":"17922324"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6901013","url_text":"6901013"}]},{"reference":"Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF (July 2000). \"Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology\". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 59 (7): 561–74. doi:10.1093/jnen/59.7.561. PMID 10901227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnen%2F59.7.561","url_text":"10.1093/jnen/59.7.561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10901227","url_text":"10901227"}]},{"reference":"\"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3\". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722052451/http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html","url_text":"\"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3\""},{"url":"http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002831","external_links_name":"D002831"},{"Link":"http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1377","external_links_name":"1377"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.09.279%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.09.279"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.01.307%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.01.307"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.01.306%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.01.306"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.01.304%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.01.304"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.05.715%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.05.715"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5654","external_links_name":"5654"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5786","external_links_name":"5786"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5980","external_links_name":"5980"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma61934","external_links_name":"61934"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/798/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 798"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/841/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 841"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/816/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 816"},{"Link":"http://physrev.physiology.org/content/93/4/1847.full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00004.2013","external_links_name":"10.1152/physrev.00004.2013"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24137023","external_links_name":"24137023"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11473603","external_links_name":"11473603"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629451","external_links_name":"\"Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn3921","external_links_name":"10.1038/nrn3921"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629451","external_links_name":"4629451"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174708","external_links_name":"26174708"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diff.2011.11.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.002"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22118931","external_links_name":"22118931"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538156/","external_links_name":"Neuroanatomy, Choroid Plexus"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844183","external_links_name":"30844183"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.mcb.2015.01.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.004"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837384","external_links_name":"25837384"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5861362","external_links_name":"\"A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fbio.030494","external_links_name":"10.1242/bio.030494"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5861362","external_links_name":"5861362"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29437557","external_links_name":"29437557"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803388","external_links_name":"\"The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-pathol-051217-111018","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803388","external_links_name":"5803388"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29195051","external_links_name":"29195051"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-018-1812-4","external_links_name":"\"The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-018-1812-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29428972","external_links_name":"29428972"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12553165","external_links_name":"12553165"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2007.04976.x","external_links_name":"\"Iron trafficking inside the brain\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2007.04976.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04976.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17953660","external_links_name":"17953660"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27998/","external_links_name":"\"Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786902","external_links_name":"\"The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.7378.1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.7378.1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786902","external_links_name":"4786902"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26998242","external_links_name":"26998242"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10014-016-0255-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10014-016-0255-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26920424","external_links_name":"26920424"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22154007","external_links_name":"22154007"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990679","external_links_name":"\"The resolution of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fembj.201386609","external_links_name":"10.1002/embj.201386609"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990679","external_links_name":"3990679"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357543","external_links_name":"24357543"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2820000117%2990%3A2%3C98%3A%3AAID-AJMG2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H","external_links_name":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000117)90:2<98::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10607945","external_links_name":"10607945"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0029-7844%2897%2900251-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00251-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9241291","external_links_name":"9241291"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40130437","external_links_name":"40130437"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1051365","external_links_name":"\"Choroid plexus cysts and aneuploidy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.35.7.554","external_links_name":"10.1136/jmg.35.7.554"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1051365","external_links_name":"1051365"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9678699","external_links_name":"9678699"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b31364949_0001","external_links_name":"A Greek-English Lexicon"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02688690701447420","external_links_name":"10.1080/02688690701447420"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17922324","external_links_name":"17922324"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6901013","external_links_name":"6901013"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnen%2F59.7.561","external_links_name":"10.1093/jnen/59.7.561"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10901227","external_links_name":"10901227"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010429022540/http://biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/3dobjc10.html","external_links_name":"3-Dimensional images of choroid plexus (marked red)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722052451/http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html","external_links_name":"\"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3\""},{"Link":"http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220301/http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/medpix.html?mode=image_finder&action=search&srchstr=choroid%20plexus&srch_type=all#top","external_links_name":"MedPix"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713033508/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1377","external_links_name":"BrainInfo"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.09.279","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.01.307","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.01.306","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.01.304","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.05.715","external_links_name":"5"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization
NATO
["1 History","1.1 20th century","1.2 21st century","2 Military operations","2.1 Early operations","2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention","2.3 Kosovo intervention","2.4 War in Afghanistan","2.5 Iraq training mission","2.6 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy","2.7 Libya intervention","2.8 Turkish border","3 Membership","3.1 Special arrangements","3.2 Enlargement","3.3 NATO defence expenditure","3.3.1 Direct contributions","3.3.2 Indirect contributions","4 Partnerships with third countries","5 Structure","5.1 Legal authority of NATO commanders","6 See also","6.1 Similar organizations","7 References","7.1 Works cited","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Intergovernmental military alliance "OTAN" redirects here. For other uses, see NATO (disambiguation) and OTAN (disambiguation). North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganisation du traité de l'Atlantique nordLogoFlagMember states shown in dark blueAbbreviationNATO, OTANFormation4 April 1949 (75 years ago) (1949-04-04)TypeMilitary allianceHeadquartersBrussels, BelgiumMembership 32 states  Albania  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Montenegro  Netherlands  North Macedonia  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States Official languages EnglishFrenchSecretary GeneralJens StoltenbergChair of the NATO Military CommitteeRob BauerSupreme Allied Commander EuropeChristopher G. CavoliSupreme Allied Commander TransformationPhilippe LavigneExpenses (2023)Total: US$1.264 trillion Excluding the US: US$404 billionWebsitenato.intAnthem: "The NATO Hymn" Motto: "Animus in consulendo liber" The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber (Latin for 'a mind unfettered in deliberation'). The organization's strategic concepts include deterrence. NATO's main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO's military headquarters are near Mons, Belgium. The alliance has increased its NATO Response Force deployments in Eastern Europe, and the combined militaries of all NATO members include around 3.5 million soldiers and personnel. All member states together cover an area of 25.07 million km² and about 966.88 million people. Their combined military spending as of 2022 constituted around 55 percent of the global nominal total. Moreover, members have agreed to reach or maintain the target defence spending of at least two percent of their GDP by 2024. NATO formed with twelve founding members and has added new members ten times, most recently when Sweden joined the alliance on 7 March 2024. In addition, NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members. Enlargement has led to tensions with non-member Russia, one of the 18 additional countries participating in NATO's Partnership for Peace programme. Another nineteen countries are involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes with NATO. History Main article: History of NATO 20th century The Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom on 4 March 1947, during the aftermath of World War II and the start of the Cold War, as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of possible attacks by Germany or the Soviet Union. In March 1948, this alliance was expanded in the Treaty of Brussels to include the Benelux countries, forming the Brussels Treaty Organization, commonly known as the Western Union. Talks for a wider military alliance, which could include North America, also began that month in the United States, where their foreign policy under the Truman Doctrine promoted international solidarity against actions they saw as communist aggression, such as the February 1948 coup d'état in Czechoslovakia. These talks resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson was a key author and drafter of the treaty. West Germany joined NATO in 1955, which led to the formation of the rival Warsaw Pact during the Cold War. The North Atlantic Treaty was largely dormant until the Korean War initiated the establishment of NATO to implement it with an integrated military structure. This included the formation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in 1951, which adopted many of the Western Union's military structures and plans, including their agreements on standardizing equipment and agreements on stationing foreign military forces in European countries. In 1952, the post of Secretary General of NATO was established as the organization's chief civilian. That year also saw the first major NATO maritime exercises, Exercise Mainbrace and the accession of Greece and Turkey to the organization. Following the London and Paris Conferences, West Germany was permitted to rearm militarily, as they joined NATO in May 1955, which was, in turn, a major factor in the creation of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact, delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 marked a height in Cold War tensions, when 400,000 US troops were stationed in Europe. Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion – doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO's military structure in 1966. In 1982, the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance. The Revolutions of 1989 in Europe led to a strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent. In October 1990, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance, and in November 1990, the alliance signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in Paris with the Soviet Union. It mandated specific military reductions across the continent, which continued after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in February 1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union that December, which removed the de facto main adversaries of NATO. This began a drawdown of military spending and equipment in Europe. The CFE treaty allowed signatories to remove 52,000 pieces of conventional armaments in the following sixteen years, and allowed military spending by NATO's European members to decline by 28 percent from 1990 to 2015. In 1990, several Western leaders gave assurances to Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO would not expand further east, as revealed by memoranda of private conversations. The Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked a turning point in NATO's role in Europe, and this section of the wall is now displayed outside NATO headquarters. In the 1990s, the organization extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999. Politically, the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European states, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War period, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans". These plans governed the subsequent addition of new alliance members. 21st century Family photo of the 2023 Vilnius summit. Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks, after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO-led ISAF. The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then, including sending trainers to Iraq, assisting in counter-piracy operations. The election of French president Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent. The 2014 Russia's annexation of Crimea led to strong condemnation by all NATO members, and was one of the seven times that Article 4, which calls for consultation among NATO members, has been invoked. Prior times included during the Iraq War and Syrian Civil War. At the 2014 Wales summit, the leaders of NATO's member states formally committed for the first time to spend the equivalent of at least two percent of their gross domestic products on defence by 2024, which had previously been only an informal guideline. Steadfast Defender 24 was the largest NATO exercise since the end of the Cold War. At the 2016 Warsaw summit, NATO countries agreed on the creation of NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, which deployed four multinational battalion-sized battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Before and during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, several NATO countries sent ground troops, warships and fighter aircraft to reinforce the alliance's eastern flank, and multiple countries again invoked Article 4. In March 2022, NATO leaders met at Brussels for an extraordinary summit which also involved Group of Seven and European Union leaders. NATO member states agreed to establish four additional battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia, and elements of the NATO Response Force were activated for the first time in NATO's history. As of June 2022, NATO had deployed 40,000 troops along its 2,500-kilometre-long (1,550 mi) Eastern flank to deter Russian aggression. More than half of this number have been deployed in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, which five countries muster a considerable combined ex-NATO force of 259,000 troops. To supplement Bulgaria's Air Force, Spain sent Eurofighter Typhoons, the Netherlands sent eight F-35 attack aircraft, and additional French and US attack aircraft would arrive soon as well. Military operations Main article: List of NATO operations Early operations No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force was deployed to the area. Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention Main article: NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina A USAF aircraft landing during Operation Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica massacre The Bosnian War began in 1992, as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992, authorizing its member-states to enforce a previously declared no-fly zone under the United Nations Protection Force over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO complied and started enforcing the ban on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight. From June 1993 until October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 28 February 1994, NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone. On 10 and 11 April 1994, the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets acting under NATO direction. In retaliation, Serbs took 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April. On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces. In August 1995, a two-week NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force, began against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica genocide. Further NATO air strikes helped bring the Yugoslav Wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995. As part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR. Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO countries in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into the smaller SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004, when operations were then passed onto the European Union Force Althea. Following the lead of its member states, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal, for these operations. Kosovo intervention Main articles: NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and KFOR German KFOR soldiers on patrol in southern Kosovo in 1999 KFOR-MSU Carabinieri Patrols in front of the Ibar Bridge in Mitrovica, Kosovo, 2019 In an effort to stop Slobodan Milošević's Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians in Kosovo, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire. Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999, and he handed the matter to NATO, which acted on protecting regional security and started a 78-day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999. Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo. The campaign was and has been criticized over its civilian casualties, including the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, and over whether it had legitimacy. The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval. The US/UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management. Milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo War. On 11 June, Milošević further accepted UN resolution 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force. Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo, and part of KFOR's mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions, in addition to deterring violence. In August–September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia. As of 2023, around 4,500 KFOR soldiers, representing 27 countries, continue to operate in the area. War in Afghanistan Main articles: International Security Assistance Force and War in AfghanistanThe September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time. The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization's history. The Article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, and to enhance the security of shipping in general, which began on 4 October 2001. The alliance showed unity: on 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which included troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two countries leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. General Austin S. Miller (right) became commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan in September 2018 and oversaw the withdrawal until July 2021. Lloyd Austin, the 28th United States Secretary of Defense, is on the left. ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan, and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country. On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led anti-terrorism coalition. Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the area, to Kandahar, in order to reinforce the alliance's efforts. During its 2012 Chicago Summit, NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014. ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow-on training Resolute Support Mission. On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May. Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan Armed Forces. By 15 August 2021, Taliban militants controlled the vast majority of Afghanistan and had encircled the capital city of Kabul. Some politicians in NATO member states have described the chaotic withdrawal of Western troops from Afghanistan and the collapse of the Afghan government as the greatest debacle that NATO has suffered since its founding. Iraq training mission Main article: NATO Training Mission – Iraq Italian Major General Giovanni Armentani, Deputy Commanding General for the NATO Training Mission, meets with a U.S. Advise and Assist Brigade. In August 2004, during the Iraq War, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission – Iraq, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US-led MNF-I. The NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546. The aim of NTM-I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the country. NTM-I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of the North Atlantic Council. Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring. The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US-led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training, who was also dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I. The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011. Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War. Turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the Syrian Civil War, after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet, and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria, and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity. Gulf of Aden anti-piracy Main article: Operation Ocean Shield USS Farragut destroying a Somali pirate skiff in March 2010 In 2008 the United Nations Secretary-General called on member-states to protect the ships of Operation Allied Provider, which was distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia. The North Atlantic Council and other countries, including Russia, China and South Korea, formed Operation Ocean Shield. The operation sought to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks, protect vessels, and to increase the general level of security in the region. Beginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates, and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states. Libya intervention Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers destroyed by the French Air Force near Benghazi in March 2011 During the Libyan Civil War, violence between protesters and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards, beginning with Opération Harmattan by the French Air Force on 19 March. On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1, and additional ships and submarines from NATO members. They would "monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries". On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition's forces. NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member states were participating in combat operations, resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany with Gates calling on the latter to contribute more and the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict. In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO. The German foreign ministry pointed to "a considerable contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations" and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama. While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day (10 June) announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August. Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs. The following week, the head of the Royal Navy said the country's operations in the conflict were not sustainable. By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi, NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets. A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign. Following a coup d'état attempt in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues. Turkish border Main article: Operation Active Fence Use of Article 5 has been threatened multiple times and four out of seven official Article 4 consultations have been called due to spillover in Turkey from the Syrian civil war. In April 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan considered invoking Article 5 of the NATO treaty to protect Turkish national security in a dispute over the Syrian Civil War. The alliance responded quickly, and a spokesperson said the alliance was "monitoring the situation very closely and will continue to do so" and "takes it very seriously protecting its members." After the shooting down of a Turkish military jet by Syria in June 2012 and Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities in October 2012 resulting in two Article 4 consultations, NATO approved Operation Active Fence. In the past decade the conflict has only escalated. In response to the 2015 Suruç bombing, which Turkey attributed to ISIS, and other security issues along its southern border, Turkey called for an emergency meeting. The latest consultation happened in February 2020, as part of increasing tensions due to the Northwestern Syria offensive, which involved Syrian and suspected Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops, and risked direct confrontation between Russia and a NATO member. Membership Main article: Member states of NATO The 32 NATO members are:  Albania  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Montenegro  Netherlands  North Macedonia  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States    NATO members     Membership Action Plan     Enhanced Opportunities Partners     Individual Partnership Action Plan     Partnership for Peace     Mediterranean Dialogue     Istanbul Cooperation Initiative     Global Partners Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Bosnia-Herzegovina Australia Georgia Jordan Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Moldova Serbia Ukraine Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Ireland Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malta Moldova Russia Serbia Switzerland Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Algeria Egypt Israel Jordan Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Bahrain Kuwait Qatar United Arab Emirates Australia Colombia Iraq Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Member states of NATO are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the Tropic of Cancer. NATO has thirty-two members, mostly in Europe with two in North America. Some of these countries also have territory on other continents, which is covered by the security agreements only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer, which together with the Atlantic Ocean defines NATO's "area of responsibility" under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty. French Algeria was, however, covered until its independence on 3 July 1962. Twelve of these thirty-two are original members who joined in 1949, while the other twenty joined in one of ten enlargement rounds. Special arrangements The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland, and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allows the U.S. Space Force to maintain Pituffik Space Base, in Greenland. From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed "Gaullo-Mitterrandism". Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and, unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance. Enlargement Main article: Enlargement of NATO NATO has added 16 new members since German reunification and the end of the Cold War. NATO was established on 4 April 1949 by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the alliance were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many former Warsaw Pact and post-Soviet states sought membership. In 1990, the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined, and NATO issued new guidelines for membership, with individualized "Membership Action Plans". These plans governed the addition of new members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020. Finland and Sweden are the newest members, joining on 4 April 2023 and 7 March 2024 respectively, spurred on by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Ukraine's relationship with NATO began with the NATO–Ukraine Action Plan in 2002. In 2010, under President Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine re-affirmed its non-aligned status and renounced aspirations of joining NATO. During the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russia occupied Crimea and supported armed separatists in eastern Ukraine. As a result, in December 2014 Ukraine's parliament voted to end its non-aligned status, and in 2019 it enshrined the goal of NATO membership in the Constitution. At the June 2021 Brussels Summit, NATO leaders affirmed that Ukraine would eventually join the Alliance, and supported Ukraine's right to self-determination without interference. In late 2021, there was another massive Russian military buildup near Ukraine's borders. On 30 November, Russian president Putin said Ukraine joining NATO, and the deployment of missile defense systems or long-range missiles in Ukraine, would be crossing a red line. However, there were no such plans to deploy missiles in Ukraine. The Russian Foreign Ministry drafted a treaty that would forbid Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining NATO. Secretary-General Stoltenberg replied that the decision is up to Ukraine and NATO members, adding "Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors". NATO offered to improve communications with Russia and discuss missile placements and military exercises, as long as Russia withdrew troops from Ukraine's borders. Instead, Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia proclaimed it had annexed the country's southeast. Georgia was promised "future membership" during the 2008 summit in Bucharest, but US president Barack Obama said in 2014 that the country was not "currently on a path" to membership. Protestors at a February 2022 rally against Russia's invasion of Ukraine march past the statue of Tsar Alexander II in Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland Russia continued to politically oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with informal understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and European and US negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification. A June 2016 Levada Center poll found that 68 percent of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia. In contrast, 65 percent of Poles surveyed in a 2017 Pew Research Center report identified Russia as a "major threat", with an average of 31 percent saying so across all NATO countries, and 67 percent of Poles surveyed in 2018 favour US forces being based in Poland. Of non-CIS Eastern European countries surveyed by Gallup in 2016, all but Serbia and Montenegro were more likely than not to view NATO as a protective alliance rather than a threat. A 2006 study in the journal Security Studies argued that NATO enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe. China also opposes further expansion. NATO defence expenditure Direct contributions Member states pay for NATO's three common funds (the civil and military budgets and the security investment programme) based on a cost-sharing formula that includes per capita gross national income and other factors. In 2023–2024, the United States and Germany were the biggest contributors with 16.2% each. Indirect contributions Member states pay for and maintain their own troops and equipment. They contribute to NATO operations and missions by committing troops and equipment on a voluntary basis. Since 2006, the goal has been for each country to spend at least 2 percent of its gross domestic product on its own defence; in 2014, a NATO declaration said that countries not meeting the goal would "aim to move towards the 2 percent guideline within a decade". In July 2022, NATO estimated that 11 members would meet the target in 2023. On 14 February 2024, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that 18 member states would meet the 2% target in 2024. Partnerships with third countries Main article: Foreign relations of NATO Partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises such as Cooperative Archer, which took place in Tbilisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members, eight PfP members, and Jordan, a Mediterranean Dialogue participant. The Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country may choose the extent of its participation. Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants. The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership. Other third countries have also been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework, such as Afghanistan. The European Union (EU) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002. With this agreement, the EU was given the possibility of using NATO assets if it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act – the so-called "right of first refusal". For example, Article 42(7) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power". The treaty applies globally to specified territories, whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer. It provides a "double framework" for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP programme. Additionally, NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialogue forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue. The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council. In June 2018, Qatar expressed a wish to join NATO, who ruled it out, saying that only additional European countries could join according to Article 10 of NATO's founding treaty. Qatar and NATO had earlier signed a joint security agreement, in January 2018. Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990, and since then, the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives. In 1998, NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations, but reflect the Allies' desire to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term "Contact Countries" was agreed by the Allies in 2000. By 2012, the Alliance had broadened this group, which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange, under the names "global partners" or "partners across the globe". Australia and New Zealand, both contact countries, are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance, and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stated that NATO needs to "address the rise of China", by closely cooperating with Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea. Colombia is NATO's latest partner and has access to the full range of cooperative activities offered; it is the first and only Latin American country to cooperate with NATO. Structure Main article: Structure of NATO The North Atlantic Council convening in 2010 with a defence/foreign minister configuration All agencies and organizations of NATO are integrated into either the civilian administrative or military executive roles. For the most part, they perform roles and functions that directly or indirectly support the security role of the alliance as a whole. The civilian structure includes: The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the body which has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO, consisting of member states' permanent representatives or representatives at higher level (ministers of foreign affairs or defence, or heads of state or government). The NAC convenes at least once a week and takes major decisions regarding NATO's policies. The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the secretary general and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon by consensus. There is no voting or decision by majority. Each state represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO PA) is a body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO, which meets at two session per year. NATO PA interacts directly with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members, or ambassadors to NATO. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members. It is however officially a structure different from NATO, and has as aim to join deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council. NATO headquarters, located on Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan, B-1110 Brussels, which is in the City of Brussels municipality. The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries, as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states. Non-governmental groups have also grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council/Atlantic Treaty Association movement. SHAPE    ACLCMCJFCBSJFCNPJFC NF JSECHQ SACTJWCJFTCJALLCclass=notpageimage| Locations of NATO's two strategic commands — Allied Command Transformation (ACT) with its subordinate centres (blue marks) and Allied Command Operations (ACO), headquartered at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) and including its subordinate and joint force commands (red marks). The military structure includes: The Military Committee (MC) is the body of NATO that is composed of member states' Chiefs of Defence (CHOD) and advises the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on military policy and strategy. The national CHODs are regularly represented in the MC by their permanent Military Representatives (MilRep), who often are two- or three-star flag officers. Like the council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence, the most senior military officer in each country's armed forces. The MC is led by its chairman, who directs NATO's military operations. Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France, due to that country's 1966 decision to remove itself from the NATO Military Command Structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee, and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members. Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Allied Command Operations (ACO) is the NATO command responsible for NATO operations worldwide. The Rapid Deployable Corps include Eurocorps, I. German/Dutch Corps, Multinational Corps Northeast, and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others, as well as naval High Readiness Forces (HRFs), which all report to Allied Command Operations. Allied Command Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces. Legal authority of NATO commanders NATO is an alliance of 32 sovereign states and their individual sovereignty is unaffected by participation in the alliance. NATO has no parliaments, no laws, no enforcement, and no power to punish individual citizens. As a consequence of this lack of sovereignty the power and authority of a NATO commander are limited. NATO commanders cannot punish offences such as failure to obey a lawful order; dereliction of duty; or disrespect to a senior officer. NATO commanders expect obeisance but sometimes need to subordinate their desires or plans to the operators who are themselves subject to sovereign codes of conduct like the UCMJ. A case in point was the clash between General Sir Mike Jackson and General Wesley Clark over KFOR actions at Pristina Airport. NATO commanders can issue orders to their subordinate commanders in the form of operational plans (OPLANs), operational orders (OPORDERs), tactical direction, or fragmental orders (FRAGOs) and others. The joint rules of engagement must be followed, and the Law of Armed Conflict must be obeyed at all times. Operational resources "remain under national command but have been transferred temporarily to NATO. Although these national units, through the formal process of transfer of authority, have been placed under the operational command and control of a NATO commander, they never lose their national character." Senior national representatives, like CDS, "are designated as so-called red-cardholders". Caveats are restrictions listed "nation by nation... that NATO Commanders... must take into account". See also Atlanticism Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union History of the Common Security and Defence Policy Ranks and insignia of NATO Major non-NATO ally List of military alliances List of military equipment of NATO List of countries in Europe by military expenditures Similar organizations AUKUS (Australia, United Kingdom, United States) ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty) Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) — Russia and some former Soviet republics Five Eyes (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States intelligence services) Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) Free World Military Assistance Forces (FWMAF) Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC) Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) Northeast Asia Treaty Organization (NEATO) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) United Nations Command (UNC) Balkan Pact (SFR Yugoslavia with NATO members Greece and Turkey) References ^ "Final Communiqué". www.nato.int. 17 September 1949. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2 March 2024. English and French shall be the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ^ NATO (4 April 1949). "The North Atlantic Treaty". NATO. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2024. This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic. ^ "Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2023)" (PDF). NATO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ a b "What is NATO?". NATO – Homepage. n.d. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022. ^ Cook, Lorne (25 May 2017). "NATO, the world's biggest military alliance, explained". Military Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2022. ^ "Animus in consulendo liber". NATO. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2015. ^ "Szenes, Zoltan. "Reinforcing deterrence: assessing NATO's 2022 Strategic Concept." Defense & Security Analysis 39.4 (2023): 539–560". doi:10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024. ^ "NATO to accelerate deployment of up to 300,000 soldiers on eastern border". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ Batchelor, Tom (9 March 2022). "Where are Nato troops stationed and how many are deployed across Europe?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ " Archived 9 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine." worlddata.info. Retrieved on 9 March 2024. "Members of the NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization." ^ "World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges". SIPRI. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023. ^ NATO. "The Wales Declaration on the Transatlantic Bond". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2024. ^ Erlanger, Steven (26 March 2014). "Europe Begins to Rethink Cuts to Military Spending". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014. Last year, only a handful of NATO countries met the target, according to NATO figures, including the United States, at 4.1 percent, and Britain, at 2.4 percent. ^ a b "Notification Reference No. 2024-008" (PDF). United States Department of State. 7 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024. ^ "The origins of WEU: Western Union". University of Luxembourg. December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "A short history of NATO". NATO. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. ^ "Canada and NATO – 1949". Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. ^ Findley, Paul (2011). Speaking Out: A Congressman's Lifelong Fight Against Bigotry, Famine, and War. Chicago Review Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781569768914. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022. ^ The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography: An International Reference Work. McGraw-Hill. 1973. ISBN 9780070796331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022. ^ Ismay, Hastings (4 September 2001). "NATO the first five years 1949–1954". NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2012. ^ Baldwin, Hanson (28 September 1952). "Navies Meet the Test in Operation Mainbrace". New York Times: E7. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2012. ^ "NATO: The Man with the Oilcan". Time. 24 March 1952. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012. ^ Glass, Andrew (14 May 2014). "Soviet Union establishes Warsaw Pact, May 14, 1955". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022. ^ Olmsted, Dan (September 2020). "Should the United States Keep Troops in Germany?". National WW2 Museum. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ van der Eyden 2003, pp. 104–106. ^ a b c Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). "After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2011. ^ "Spain and NATO". Country Studies US. Source: U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ Harding, Luke (14 July 2007). "Kremlin tears up arms pact with Nato". The Observer. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012. ^ Kimball, Daryl (August 2017). "The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Adapted CFE Treaty at a Glance". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ Techau, Jan (2 September 2015). "The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe". Carnegie Europe. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ Eichler, Jan (2021). NATO's Expansion After the Cold War: Geopolitics and Impacts for International Security. Springer Nature. pp. 34, 35. ISBN 9783030666415. ^ "Declassified documents show security assurances against NATO expansion to Soviet leaders from Baker, Bush, Genscher, Kohl, Gates, Mitterrand, Thatcher, Hurd, Major, and Woerner". National Security Archive. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2022. ^ Wiegrefe, Klaus (18 February 2022). "Neuer Aktenfund von 1991 stützt russischen Vorwurf". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022. ^ Baker, Peter (9 January 2022). "In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022. ^ "NATO Announces Special 70th Anniversary Summit In London In December". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ Jing Ke (2008). "Did the US Media Reflect the Reality of the Kosovo War in an Objective Manner? A Case Study of The Washington Post and The Washington Times" (PDF). University of Rhode Island. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. ^ NATO. "Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2022. ^ "Invocation of Article 5 confirmed". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ "Counter-piracy operations". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ a b Stratton, Allegra (17 June 2008). "Sarkozy military plan unveiled". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ "Defence Planning Committee (DPC) (Archived)". NATO. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2016. ^ "Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under article 4 of the Washington Treaty". NATO Newsroom. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. ^ "The consultation process and Article 4". NATO. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ Techau, Jan (2 September 2015). "The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe". Carnegie Europe. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018. A month before , Victoria Nuland, then the U.S. ambassador to NATO, called the 2 percent metric the "unofficial floor" on defence spending in NATO. But never had all governments of NATO's 28 nations officially embraced it at the highest possible political level – a summit declaration. ^ a b "NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance". NATO. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ McLeary, Paul; Toosi, Nahal (11 February 2022). "U.S. sending 3,000 more troops to Poland amid fresh Ukraine invasion warnings". Politico. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ "Spain sends warships to Black Sea, considers sending warplanes". Reuters. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ "Spain will send four fighter jets and 130 troops to Bulgaria". Reuters. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ "NATO, G7, EU leaders display unity, avoid confrontation with Russia". Deutsche Welle. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ Gonzalez, Oriana (26 February 2022). "NATO Response Force deploys for first time". Axios. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ "NATO BOOSTS FORCES IN EAST TO DETER RUSSIAN MENACE". BIRN. Balkan Insight. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network. 14 June 2022. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022. ^ a b "NATO's Operations 1949–Present" (PDF). NATO. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013. ^ Zenko 2010, pp. 133–134. ^ Zenko 2010, p. 134. ^ NATO Handbook: Evolution of the Conflict, NATO, archived from the original on 7 November 2001 ^ UN Document A/54/549, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica, un.org, Archived 12 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 25 April 2015. ^ Bethlehem & Weller 1997, p. liiv. ^ a b Zenko 2010, pp. 137–138 ^ Clausson 2006, pp. 94–97. ^ Tice, Jim (22 February 2009). "Thousands more now eligible for NATO Medal". Army Times. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012. ^ "Nato to strike Yugoslavia". BBC News. 24 March 1999. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015. ^ Thorpe, Nick (24 March 2004). "UN Kosovo mission walks a tightrope". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012. ^ "The Kosovo refugee crisis" (PDF). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 19 December 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "NATO reaffirms power to take action without UN approval". CNN. 24 April 1999. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "Allied Command Atlantic". NATO Handbook. NATO. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008. ^ "Kosovo Report Card". International Crisis Group. 28 August 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012. ^ Helm, Toby (27 September 2001). "Macedonia mission a success, says Nato". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012. ^ "NATO's role in Kosovo". NATO. 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ Münch, Philipp (2021). "Creating common sense: Getting NATO to Afghanistan". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 19 (2): 138–166. doi:10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0. ^ "NATO Update: Invocation of Article 5 confirmed". NATO. 2 October 2001. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ "NATO takes historic step into Afghanistan". Al Jazeera. Reuters. 11 August 2003. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "UNSC Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ "ISAF Chronology". NATO. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ Morales, Alex (5 October 2006). "NATO Takes Control of East Afghanistan From U.S.-Led Coalition". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "La France et l'OTAN". Le Monde (in French). France. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011. ^ "NATO sets "irreversible" but risky course to end Afghan war". Reuters. Reuters. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ Rasmussen, Sune Engel (28 December 2014). "Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2019. ^ "NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal". VOA News. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse". The Guardian. 13 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Taliban surge in Afghanistan: EU and NATO in state of shock". Deutsche Welle. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Afghanistan takeover sparks concern from NATO allies". Deutsche Welle. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "Migration fears complicate Europe's response to Afghanistan crisis". Politico. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "Official Website". Jfcnaples.nato.int. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ El Gamal, Rania (17 December 2011). "NATO closes up training mission in Iraq". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012. ^ Croft, Adrian (3 October 2012). "NATO demands halt to Syria aggression against Turkey". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012. ^ Ford, Dana (26 July 2015). "Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border". Cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ "Operation Allied Provider". Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ "Operation Ocean Shield". NATO. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011. ^ "2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles". NATO. October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011. ^ "Operation Ocean Shield purpose". 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016. ^ a b "Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya arms embargo". NATO. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ "Press briefing by NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu, Brigadier General Pierre St-Amand, Canadian Air Force and General Massimo Panizzi, spokesperson of the Chairman of the Military Committee". NATO. 23 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ "NATO reaches deal to take over Libya operation; allied planes hit ground forces". Washington Post. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. ^ "NATO to police Libya no-fly zone". English.aljazeera.net. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ O'Sullivan, Arieh (31 March 2011). "UAE and Qatar pack an Arab punch in Libya operation". Jerusalem Post. se. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ "NATO strikes Tripoli, Gaddafi army close on Misrata" Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Khaled al-Ramahi. Malaysia Star. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011 ^ Coughlin, Con (9 June 2011). "Political Gridlock at NATO" Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 June 2011 ^ "Gates Calls on NATO Allies to Do More in Libya" Archived 14 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Jim Garamone. US Department of Defense. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011 ^ Cloud, David S. (9 June 2011). "Gates calls for more NATO allies to join Libya air campaign" Archived 14 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011 ^ Burns, Robert (10 June 2011). "Gates blasts NATO, questions future of alliance" Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Times. Retrieved 29 January 2013 ^ Birnbaum, Michael (10 June 2011). "Gates rebukes European allies in farewell speech" Archived 25 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post. Retrieved 10 June 2011. ^ Amland, Bjoern H. (10 June 2011). "Norway to quit Libya operation by August" Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press. ^ "Danish planes running out of bombs" Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Times of Malta. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011 ^ "Danish Planes in Libya Running Out of Bombs: Report", Defense News. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011 ^ "Navy chief: Britain cannot keep up its role in Libya air war due to cuts" Archived 13 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, James Kirkup. The Telegraph. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013 ^ "NATO: Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadhafi forces in Libya is 'surprising'". The Washington Post. UPI. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ "NATO strategy in Libya may not work elsewhere". USA Today. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (16 May 2012). "How Many Innocent Civilians Did NATO Kill in Libya?". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ^ Croft, Adrian. "NATO to advise Libya on strengthening security forces". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ todayszaman.com: "PM: Turkey may invoke NATO's Article 5 over Syrian border fire" Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 11 April 2012 ^ todayszaman.com: "Observers say NATO's fifth charter comes into play if clashes with Syria get worse" Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 11 April 2012 ^ todayszaman.com: "NATO says monitoring tension in Turkey-Syria border" Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 12 April 2012 ^ "The consultation process and Article 4". NATO. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ telegraph.co.uk: "Turkey calls for emergency Nato meeting to discuss Isil and PKK" Archived 16 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, 26 July 2015 ^ Ford, Dana (27 July 2015). "Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2015. ^ Barnard, Anne; Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric (27 July 2015). "Turkey and U.S. Plan to Create Syria 'Safe Zone' Free of ISIS". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. ^ "Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty". NATO. 28 July 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022. ^ "Russia denies involvement in airstrikes on Turkish troops in Idlib". Daily Sabah. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2022. ^ "Greece 'vetoes NATO statement' on support for Turkey amid Syria escalation". 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2022. The Russian military later explained that the Syrian army targeted Hayat Tahrir al-Sham terrorists operating in the province, adding that Syrian government forces were not informed about the Turkish presence in the area. ^ Collins 2011, pp. 122–123. ^ "The area of responsibility". NATO Declassified. NATO. 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013. ^ "Washington Treaty". NATO. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013. ^ "How does a country join NATO?". Al Jazeera. 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "Denmark and NATO – 1949". Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "Why the concept of Gaullo-Mitterrandism is still relevant". IRIS. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ NATO. "Member countries". NATO. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ NATO. "Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2022. ^ "NATO's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins". BBC News. 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ "NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013. ^ "Yanukovych signs law declaring Ukraine's non-aligned status". Kyiv Post. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ "Ukraine drops non-aligned status in swipe at Moscow". France 24. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024. ^ "Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024. ^ "The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force | European integration portal". eu-ua.org (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "Brussels Summit Communiqué issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021". NATO. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021. ^ "Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says". The Guardian. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine". The Drive. 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine". Reuters. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine". Reuters. 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024. ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence"". Axios. 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions". BBC News. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine". Associated Press. 26 January 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024. ^ "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory". The Guardian. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ George J, Teigen JM (2008). "NATO Enlargement and Institution Building: Military Personnel Policy Challenges in the Post-Soviet Context". European Security. 17 (2): 346. doi:10.1080/09662830802642512. S2CID 153420615. ^ Cathcourt, Will (27 March 2014). "Obama Tells Georgia to Forget About NATO After Encouraging It to Join". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ Klussmann, Uwe; Schepp, Matthias; Wiegrefe, Klaus (26 November 2009). "NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?". Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014. ^ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations Archived 19 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Levada-Center. 4 November 2016. ^ "Pew survey: Russia disliked around world; most in Poland, Turkey see Kremlin as major threat". Kyiv Post. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "NATO summit: Poland pins its hopes on the USA". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ Smith, Michael (10 February 2017). "Most NATO Members in Eastern Europe See It as Protection". Gallup. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ Epstein, Rachel (2006). "Nato Enlargement and the Spread of Democracy: Evidence and Expectations". Security Studies. 14: 63. doi:10.1080/09636410591002509. S2CID 143878355. ^ "China joins Russia in opposing Nato expansion". BBC News. 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ "NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues". Congressional Research Service. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ a b c d Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (13 February 2024). "Fact-checking Trump comments on 'delinquent' NATO countries". Roll Call. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ a b c "Funding NATO". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ a b Gray, Andrew; Siebold, Sabine (13 February 2024). "What did Trump say about NATO funding and what is Article 5?". Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (14 February 2024). "Nato chief rebukes Donald Trump and announces record defence spending". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ "Cooperative Archer military exercise begins in Georgia". RIA Novosti. 9 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2013. ^ a b "Partnership for Peace". NATO. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011. ^ "Nato and Belarus – partnership, past tensions and future possibilities". Foreign Policy and Security Research Center. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2010. ^ "NATO Topics: The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council". NATO. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ "Declaration by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". NATO. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ Boxhoorn, Bram (21 September 2005). "Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands". ATA Education. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ Howorth, Jolyon (2019). "Strategic Autonomy and EU-NATO Cooperation: A Win-Win Approach". L'Europe en Formation (2): 85–103. doi:10.3917/eufor.389.0085. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ "Official Journal of the European Union". EUR-Lex. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ "NATO Partner countries". NATO. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011. ^ "Qatar eyes full NATO membership: Defense minister". The Peninsula. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "Nato rejects Qatar membership ambition". Dhaka Tribune. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "Qatar signs security agreement with NATO". NATO. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "NATO Topics:NATO's relations with Contact Countries". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. ^ "NATO PARTNERSHIPS: DOD Needs to Assess U.S. Assistance in Response to Changes to the Partnership for Peace Program" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013. ^ "Partners". NATO. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012. ^ "NATO needs to address China's rise, says Stoltenberg". Reuters. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "Relations with Colombia". nato.int. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ "Colombia to be NATO's first Latin American global partner". Reuters. 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ "Topic: Consensus decision-making at NATO". NATO. 5 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Piehler, G. Kurt (24 July 2013). Encyclopedia of Military Science. SAGE Publications. pp. 991–995. ISBN 978-1-5063-1081-7. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "NATO Parliamentary Assembly in brief". The House of Commons. 30 June 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "NATO homepage". Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2006. ^ "NATO Headquarters". NATO. 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ Small, Melvin (1 June 1998). "The Atlantic Council—The Early Years" (PDF). NATO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015. ^ "Atlantic Treaty Association and Youth Atlantic Treaty Association". NATO. 7 April 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022. ^ "Chair of the Military Committee". NATO. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "France to rejoin NATO command". CNN. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ Fuller, Thomas (18 February 2003). "Reaching accord, EU warns Saddam of his 'last chance'". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007. ^ "About us". Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ "The Rapid Deployable Corps". NATO. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ "Who We Are". Allied Command Transformation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ a b Randall, Thomas E. (July 2014). "Legal Authority of NATO Commanders" (PDF). NATO Legal Gazette (34): 39–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021. ^ Jackson, General Sir Mike (4 September 2007). "Gen Sir Mike Jackson: My clash with Nato chief". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Works cited Art, Robert J. (1998). "Creating a Disaster: NATO's Open Door Policy". Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073. Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Clausson, M.I. (2006). NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60021-098-3. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015. van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Further reading Library resources about NATO Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). "Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012. Axelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. "NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world." Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online Borawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001). Ismay, Hastings (1954). "NATO: The First Five Years". Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. Hendrickson, Ryan C. "NATO's next secretary general: Rasmussen's leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg." Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251. Pedlow, Gregory W. "Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951–2009" (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015. Sayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review "NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security", Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267. NATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2 External links NATO at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Official website Secretary General’s Annual Reports 2011–present NATO collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English NATO collected news and commentary at Dawn NATO collected news and commentary at The Guardian NATO collected news and commentary at The New York Times vteNorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationSymbols Animus in consulendo liber Flag of NATO "The NATO Hymn" NATO Day NATO Medal NATO Star History North Atlantic Treaty Summits Operations List of exercises Enlargement potential withdrawal Opposition to NATO .nato Internet domain Structure NATO headquarters Council International Staff International Military Staff Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples JFC Norfolk Joint Support and Enabling Command STRIKFORNATO SHAPE International Band Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization agreement People Secretary General Chair of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Mediterranean Dialogue Individual Partnership Action Plan Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Major non-NATO ally NATO global partners Open door policy Partnership for Peace Relationship with the European Union Relationship with Russia eastward NATO expansion issues See also Baghdad Pact (METO/CENTO) Balkan Pact Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Suwałki Gap Related topics vteCold War United States Soviet Union NATO Warsaw Pact ANZUS METO SEATO NEATO Rio Pact Non-Aligned Movement 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican political conflict Dekemvriana Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Indonesian National Revolution Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War 1947 Polish parliamentary election Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 crises Partition of India Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 1947–1949 Palestine war 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 1948 Arab–Israeli War 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council Al-Wathbah uprising Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Annexation of Hyderabad Madiun Affair Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War Chinese Communist Revolution Malayan Emergency March 1949 Syrian coup d'état Operation Valuable 1950s Bamboo Curtain McCarthyism Korean War Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 1952 Egyptian revolution Iraqi Intifada (1952) Mau Mau rebellion East German uprising of 1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état Pact of Madrid Bricker Amendment 1954 Syrian coup d'état Petrov Affair Domino theory 1954 Geneva Conference 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Capture of the Tuapse First Taiwan Strait Crisis Jebel Akhdar War Algerian War Kashmir Princess Bandung Conference Geneva Summit (1955) Vietnam War Cyprus Emergency "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" 1956 Poznań protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Polish October Suez Crisis "We will bury you" Operation Gladio Syrian Crisis of 1957 Sputnik crisis Ifni War Iraqi 14 July Revolution 1958 Lebanon crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Mosul uprising 1959 Tibetan uprising Laotian Civil War Kitchen Debate Cuban Revolution Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution Sino-Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Albanian–Soviet split Expulsion of Soviets from Albania Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Annexation of Goa Papua conflict Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Sand War Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino-Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence North Yemen Civil War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Assassination of John F. Kennedy Aden Emergency Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Shifta War Mexican Dirty War Tlatelolco massacre Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War Rhodesian Bush War Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) ASEAN Declaration 1966 Syrian coup d'état Cultural Revolution Argentine Revolution South African Border War Korean DMZ Conflict 12-3 incident Greek junta 1967 Hong Kong riots Years of Lead (Italy) Six-Day War War of Attrition Dhofar War Al-Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 May 68 Prague Spring USS Pueblo incident 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17 July Revolution 1968 Peruvian coup d'état Revolutionary Government 1969 Sudanese coup d'état 1969 Libyan revolution Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict New People's Army rebellion 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September Alcora Exercise Corrective Movement (Syria) Western Sahara conflict Cambodian Civil War Communist insurgency in Thailand 1970 Polish protests Koza riot Realpolitik Ping-pong diplomacy 1971 JVP insurrection Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 1971 Turkish military memorandum 1971 Sudanese coup d'état Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Munich massacre 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Afghan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition to democracy Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Turkish invasion of Cyprus Angolan Civil War Cambodian genocide June 1976 protests Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War 1978 Somali coup attempt Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Albanian–Chinese split Third Indochina War Cambodian–Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War (Argentina) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Egyptian–Libyan War German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Nicaraguan Revolution Uganda–Tanzania War NDF Rebellion Chadian–Libyan War Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution Sino-Vietnamese War New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Salvadoran Civil War Soviet–Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts Gera Demands Peruvian Revolution Gdańsk Agreement Solidarity Eritrean Civil Wars 1980 Turkish coup d'état Ugandan Bush War Gulf of Sidra incident Martial law in Poland Casamance conflict Falklands War 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars 1985 Geneva Summit Iran–Iraq War Somali Rebellion Reykjavík Summit 1986 Black Sea incident South Yemen Civil War Toyota War 1987 Lieyu massacre Operation INFEKTION 1987–1989 JVP insurrection Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1988 Black Sea bumping incident 8888 Uprising Solidarity (Soviet reaction) Contras Central American crisis Operation RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Bougainville conflict First Nagorno-Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Polish Round Table Agreement 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of the inner German border Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident Gulf War Min Ping Yu No. 5202 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1991 August Coup Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China-Taiwan Korea Kosovo South Ossetia Transnistria Sino-Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Kinmen Agreement IdeologiesCapitalism Liberalism Chicago school Conservatism American conservatism Keynesianism Libertarianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Democratic capitalism Socialism Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Ho Chi Minh Thought Maoism Trotskyism Stalinism Titoism Other Imperialism Anti-imperialism Nationalism Ultranationalism Chauvinism Ethnic nationalism Racism Zionism Anti-Zionism Fascism Neo-Nazism Islamism Totalitarianism Authoritarianism Autocracy Liberal democracy Illiberal democracy Guided democracy Social democracy Third-Worldism White supremacy White nationalism White separatism Apartheid Organizations NATO SEATO METO EEC Warsaw Pact Comecon Non-Aligned Movement NN States ASEAN SAARC Safari Club PropagandaPro-communist Active measures Izvestia Neues Deutschland Pravda Rudé právo Trybuna Ludu TASS Soviet Life Pro-Western Amerika Crusade for Freedom Paix et Liberté Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare Voice of America Technologicalcompetition Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race Historians Gar Alperovitz Thomas A. Bailey Michael Beschloss Archie Brown Warren H. Carroll Adrian Cioroianu John Costello Michael Cox Nicholas J. Cull Norman Davies Willem Drees Robert D. English Herbert Feis Robert Hugh Ferrell André Fontaine Anneli Ute Gabanyi John Lewis Gaddis Lloyd Gardner Timothy Garton Ash Gabriel Gorodetsky Fred Halliday Jussi Hanhimäki John Earl Haynes Patrick J. Hearden Tvrtko Jakovina Tony Judt Harvey Klehr Gabriel Kolko Walter LaFeber Walter Laqueur Melvyn P. Leffler Geir Lundestad Vojtech Mastny Jack F. Matlock Jr. Thomas J. McCormick Timothy Naftali Marius Oprea David S. Painter William B. Pickett Ronald E. Powaski Yakov M. Rabkin Mary Elise Sarotte Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Ellen Schrecker Giles Scott-Smith Shen Zhihua Timothy Snyder Athan Theoharis Andrew Thorpe Vladimir Tismăneanu Patrick Vaughan Alex von Tunzelmann Odd Arne Westad William Appleman Williams Jonathan Reed Winkler Rudolph Winnacker Ken Young Espionage andintelligence List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States Soviet espionage in the United States Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation CIA and the Cultural Cold War CIA MI5 MI6 United States involvement in regime change Soviet involvement in regime change MVD KGB Stasi See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet Union–United States relations Soviet Union–United States summits Russia–NATO relations War on terror Brinkmanship Second Cold War Russian Revolution Category List of conflicts Timeline vteHarry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953) 34th Vice President of the United States (1945) U.S. Senator from Missouri (1935–1945) Presidency Timeline Inaugurations first second Assassination attempt 1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum State of the Union Address (1946 1950 1952) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination Cabinet Truman Balcony "The buck stops here" Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Eisenhower transition Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Potsdam Conference 1945; Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) War Brides Act (1945) Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) Luce–Celler Act (1946) Executive Order 9835 (1947) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) Hoover Commission (1947) National Security Act of 1947 U.S. Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council National Security Resources Board Air Force/Department Central Intelligence Agency Displaced Persons Act (1948) Key West Agreement (1948) Marshall Plan (1948) Joint Long Range Proving Grounds (1949) North Atlantic Treaty 1949; NATO Revolt of the Admirals (1949) Korean War 1950–1953; U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 83 Defense Production Act of 1950 Relief of Douglas MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization 1950; Science Advisory Committee, 1951 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 National Security Agency (1952) Fair Deal Medal of Freedom (1945) Revenue Act of 1945 National Mental Health Act 1946; National Institute of Mental Health Atomic Energy Act of 1946 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Flood Control Acts 1946 1948 1950 Fulbright Program (1946) Hill–Burton Act (1946) Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act Legislative Reference Service National School Lunch Act (1946) President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) Housing and Home Finance Agency (1947) Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Taft–Hartley Act (1947) Agricultural Act of 1948 Executive Order 9981 (1948) Revenue Act of 1948 Agricultural Act of 1949 Housing Act of 1949 Dingell–Johnson Act (1950) Revenue Act of 1950 Excess profits tax Unrelated Business Income Tax Revenue Act of 1951 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 1952 steel strike Life Early life and career Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee 1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 1944 United States presidential election 1948 campaign "Dewey Defeats Truman" campaign song 1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries Legacy Bibliography Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Statue of Harry S. Truman Public image Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975 play and film) Harry Truman (1975 song by Chicago) Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur (1976 film) Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries) Truman (1995 film) Truman (1997 documentary film) The First Lady (2022 TV series) Oppenheimer (2023 film) Family Bess Wallace Truman (wife) Margaret Truman (daughter) Martha Ellen Young Truman (mother) Clifton Truman Daniel (grandson) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower → ← Henry A. Wallace Alben W. Barkley → Category vteWar on terror War in Afghanistan (2001–2016) Iraq War (2003–2011) Symbolism of terrorism ParticipantsOperational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia TargetsIndividuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State ConflictsOperationEnduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan's role Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016) Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011) CAGE Category Commons vteMilitary of EuropeSovereign states Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Related Military history of Europe List of countries in Europe by military expenditures vteInternational relationsOrganizationsPresent BRICS Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) International Criminal Court (ICC) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) United Nations (UN) Past League of Nations Warsaw Pact History 1648–1814 1814–1919 1919–1939 Diplomatic history of World War II Cold War International relations since 1989 Concepts Alliance Entente Coalition Military Appeasement Co-belligerence Collective security Colonialism Deterrence theory Expansionism Grey-zone Hegemony Idealism International community Internationalism Liberal institutionalism Neutral country Non-belligerent Non-state actor Imperialism Peace Power Right of conquest Sovereignty Suzerainty Treaty Armistice Ceasefire War Theory Constructivism English school Feminism Liberalism Marxism Postcolonialism Realism Related fields and subfields Comparative politics Diplomacy Foreign policy analysis Geopolitics International law International political economy International political sociology Peace and conflict studies Security studies vtePower in international relationsTypes Climate Economic Energy Food Hard Maritime National Politics Realpolitik Sharp Smart Soft Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Least Great Great Potential Super Geopolitics American (Pax) Asian Chinese (Pax) Indian History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations (1814–1919) Theory Balance of power European Deterrence theory Hegemonic stability theory multilateralism internationalism Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by regionAfrica African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa–Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Americas Association of Caribbean States (ACS) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Organization of American States (OAS) Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Europe Council of Europe (CoE) European Union (EU) Nordic Council Visegrád Group (V4) Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) Organization of Turkic States North America–Europe Arctic Council North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Africa–Asia–Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa–South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania–Pacific Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) Non–regional Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) Commonwealth of Nations Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries E9 G4 G7 G8 G8+5 G20 G24 G77 India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations (UN) vteRegional organizationsBodies African Union Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization Arab League Arctic Council Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Asia Cooperation Dialogue Asia Council Asia-Europe Foundation Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Assembly of European Regions Association of Caribbean States AUKUS Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty British–Irish Council Bucharest Nine Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Central American Integration System Central European Free Trade Agreement Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Nations Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Community of Democratic Choice Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Council of the Baltic Sea States Council of Europe Craiova Group East African Community Economic Community of West African States Economic Cooperation Organization Eurasian Economic Union European Political Community European Union Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development Gulf Cooperation Council Indian Ocean Rim Association Liptako–Gourma Authority Latin American Integration Association Latin American Parliament Lublin Triangle Melanesian Spearhead Group Mercosur Nordic Council North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Open Balkan Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Organization of American States Organization of Ibero-American States Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Pacific Alliance Pacific Islands Forum Paneuropean Union Polynesian Leaders Group Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Shanghai Cooperation Organisation South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Southern African Development Community TAKM Three Seas Initiative Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat Organization of Turkic States Union of South American Nations Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Balkans Quad Topics Regional integration Regional organizations by population Regionalism (international relations) vteWestern world and cultureFoundations Cradle of civilization Old World Greco-Roman world Greece Hellenistic Kingdoms Rome Roman Empire Western Eastern Roman legacy Romanization Romano-Germanic culture Christendom History European Bronze Age Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages early high late Renaissance Early modern period Age of Discovery Reformation Age of Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Late modern period Age of Revolution Romanticism Abolitionism Emancipation Capitalism Industrial Revolution Great Divergence Modern era Modernism World War I Interwar period Universal suffrage World War II Cold War Post–Cold War era Information age War on terror Culture Alphabet Greek Latin Cyrillic Architecture Art Periods Calendar Cuisine Diet Classical tradition Studies Clothing History Dance Esotericism Astrology Folklore Immigration Law Languages Eurolinguistics Standard Average European Literature Canon Media Internet Music Chant Classical Folk Mythology Painting (contemporary) Philosophy Science Values Physical culture Sport Religion East–West Schism Western Christianity Decline Secularism Philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Judeo-Christian ethics Christian philosophy Scholasticism Rationalism Empiricism Existentialism Christian existentialism Humanism Christian humanism Secular humanism Liberalism Conservatism Socialism Continental philosophy Analytic philosophy Post-structuralism Tolerance Paradox Relativism Peritrope Atlanticism Values Religion Abrahamic Judaism Culture Christianity Culture Western/Eastern Catholic Church Latin Church Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Culture Cultural Muslim Bábism Azali Baháʼí Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Paganism Baltic Celtic Finnish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic Old Norse Hellenistic Roman Slavic Neo Agnosticism Atheism Law Natural law Rule of law Equality before the law Constitutionalism Human rights Life Thought Speech Press Religion Property Democracy International law Contemporaryintegration ABCANZ Armies Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ANZUS Arctic Council AUKUS Baltic Assembly Benelux British–Irish Council Bucharest Nine Council of Europe Craiova Group EEA EFTA ESA EU EU Customs Union Eurozone EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement Five Eyes G7 Lancaster House Treaties Lublin Triangle NATO Nordic Council OAS OSCE Pacific Islands Forum PROSUL/PROSUR Rio Treaty Schengen Special Relationship Three Seas Initiative USMCA Visegrád Group West Nordic Council Western Bloc Western European and Others Group Westernization Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Finland United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People Trove Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"NATO (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"OTAN (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTAN_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈneɪtoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"NAY-toh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"intergovernmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization"},{"link_name":"military alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance"},{"link_name":"member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"aftermath of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATO_Homepage-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"collective security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"animus in consulendo liber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animus_in_consulendo_liber"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"NATO's main headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_headquarters"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"NATO's military headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"NATO Response Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Response_Force"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NATO members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO&action=edit"},{"link_name":"the global nominal total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sipri1-11"},{"link_name":"GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_spending-13"},{"link_name":"twelve founding members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Founding_members"},{"link_name":"added new members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swe-membership-final-14"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATO_Homepage-4"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Partnership for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace"}],"text":"Intergovernmental military alliance\"OTAN\" redirects here. For other uses, see NATO (disambiguation) and OTAN (disambiguation).The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949.[4][5] NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber (Latin for 'a mind unfettered in deliberation').[6] The organization's strategic concepts include deterrence.[7]NATO's main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO's military headquarters are near Mons, Belgium. The alliance has increased its NATO Response Force deployments in Eastern Europe,[8] and the combined militaries of all NATO members include around 3.5 million soldiers and personnel.[9] All member states together cover an area of 25.07 million km² and about 966.88 million people.[10] Their combined military spending as of 2022[update] constituted around 55 percent of the global nominal total.[11] Moreover, members have agreed to reach or maintain the target defence spending of at least two percent of their GDP by 2024.[12][13]NATO formed with twelve founding members and has added new members ten times, most recently when Sweden joined the alliance on 7 March 2024.[14] In addition, NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members.[4] Enlargement has led to tensions with non-member Russia, one of the 18 additional countries participating in NATO's Partnership for Peace programme. Another nineteen countries are involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes with NATO.","title":"NATO"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"aftermath of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"start of the Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931953)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Truman Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"February 1948 coup d'état in Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-16"},{"link_name":"Lester B. Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-098967,_Aufnahme_der_Bundesrepublik_in_die_NATO.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pace-20"},{"link_name":"agreements on standardizing equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization_Agreement"},{"link_name":"agreements on stationing foreign military forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement"},{"link_name":"Secretary General of NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"maritime exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"Exercise Mainbrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Mainbrace"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"London and Paris Conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"independent French nuclear deterrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Force_(France)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Eyden2003104%E2%80%93106-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-France-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"became part of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Wall_at_NATO_Headquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"NATO headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_headquarters"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfe-35"},{"link_name":"breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"military interventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_operations"},{"link_name":"Bosnia from 1992 to 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia in 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Central and Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Partnership for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council"},{"link_name":"NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations"},{"link_name":"1999 Washington summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Washington_summit"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Membership Action Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_Action_Plan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"The Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom on 4 March 1947, during the aftermath of World War II and the start of the Cold War, as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of possible attacks by Germany or the Soviet Union. In March 1948, this alliance was expanded in the Treaty of Brussels to include the Benelux countries, forming the Brussels Treaty Organization, commonly known as the Western Union.[15] Talks for a wider military alliance, which could include North America, also began that month in the United States, where their foreign policy under the Truman Doctrine promoted international solidarity against actions they saw as communist aggression, such as the February 1948 coup d'état in Czechoslovakia. These talks resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland.[16] Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson was a key author and drafter of the treaty.[17][18][19]West Germany joined NATO in 1955, which led to the formation of the rival Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.The North Atlantic Treaty was largely dormant until the Korean War initiated the establishment of NATO to implement it with an integrated military structure. This included the formation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in 1951, which adopted many of the Western Union's military structures and plans,[20] including their agreements on standardizing equipment and agreements on stationing foreign military forces in European countries. In 1952, the post of Secretary General of NATO was established as the organization's chief civilian. That year also saw the first major NATO maritime exercises, Exercise Mainbrace and the accession of Greece and Turkey to the organization.[21][22] Following the London and Paris Conferences, West Germany was permitted to rearm militarily, as they joined NATO in May 1955, which was, in turn, a major factor in the creation of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact, delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War.[23]The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 marked a height in Cold War tensions, when 400,000 US troops were stationed in Europe.[24] Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion – doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO's military structure in 1966.[25][26] In 1982, the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance.[27]The Revolutions of 1989 in Europe led to a strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent. In October 1990, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance, and in November 1990, the alliance signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in Paris with the Soviet Union. It mandated specific military reductions across the continent, which continued after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in February 1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union that December, which removed the de facto main adversaries of NATO.[28] This began a drawdown of military spending and equipment in Europe. The CFE treaty allowed signatories to remove 52,000 pieces of conventional armaments in the following sixteen years,[29] and allowed military spending by NATO's European members to decline by 28 percent from 1990 to 2015.[30] In 1990, several Western leaders gave assurances to Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO would not expand further east, as revealed by memoranda of private conversations.[31][32][33][34]The Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked a turning point in NATO's role in Europe, and this section of the wall is now displayed outside NATO headquarters.In the 1990s, the organization extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns.[35] During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999.[36]Politically, the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European states, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War period, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized \"Membership Action Plans\". These plans governed the subsequent addition of new alliance members.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_photo_from_2023_NATO_Vilnius_summit_(53038388599).jpg"},{"link_name":"2023 Vilnius summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Vilnius_summit"},{"link_name":"Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_5"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"ISAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force"},{"link_name":"trainers to Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_%E2%80%93_Iraq"},{"link_name":"counter-piracy operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"NATO Military Command Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Military_Command_Structure"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-France-26"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-france-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPC-41"},{"link_name":"Russia's annexation of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Article 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_4"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"2014 Wales summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Wales_summit"},{"link_name":"gross domestic products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FLEET-20240311-XE0146-010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steadfast Defender 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steadfast_Defender_2024"},{"link_name":"end of the Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"2016 Warsaw summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Warsaw_summit"},{"link_name":"NATO Enhanced Forward Presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Enhanced_Forward_Presence"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFP-45"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"extraordinary summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_summit"},{"link_name":"Group of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFP-45"},{"link_name":"NATO Response Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Response_Force"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Eurofighter Typhoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"F-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birn14.6-51"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Family photo of the 2023 Vilnius summit.Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks,[38] after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO-led ISAF. The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then, including sending trainers to Iraq, assisting in counter-piracy operations.[39]The election of French president Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent.[26][40][41]The 2014 Russia's annexation of Crimea led to strong condemnation by all NATO members,[42] and was one of the seven times that Article 4, which calls for consultation among NATO members, has been invoked. Prior times included during the Iraq War and Syrian Civil War.[43] At the 2014 Wales summit, the leaders of NATO's member states formally committed for the first time to spend the equivalent of at least two percent of their gross domestic products on defence by 2024, which had previously been only an informal guideline.[44]Steadfast Defender 24 was the largest NATO exercise since the end of the Cold War.At the 2016 Warsaw summit, NATO countries agreed on the creation of NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, which deployed four multinational battalion-sized battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.[45] Before and during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, several NATO countries sent ground troops, warships and fighter aircraft to reinforce the alliance's eastern flank, and multiple countries again invoked Article 4.[46][47][48] In March 2022, NATO leaders met at Brussels for an extraordinary summit which also involved Group of Seven and European Union leaders.[49] NATO member states agreed to establish four additional battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia,[45] and elements of the NATO Response Force were activated for the first time in NATO's history.[50]As of June 2022, NATO had deployed 40,000 troops along its 2,500-kilometre-long (1,550 mi) Eastern flank to deter Russian aggression. More than half of this number have been deployed in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, which five countries muster a considerable combined ex-NATO force of 259,000 troops. To supplement Bulgaria's Air Force, Spain sent Eurofighter Typhoons, the Netherlands sent eight F-35 attack aircraft, and additional French and US attack aircraft would arrive soon as well.[51]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraqi invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATO_Operations-52"}],"sub_title":"Early operations","text":"No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force was deployed to the area.[52]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-16_deliberate_force.JPG"},{"link_name":"Operation Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_816"},{"link_name":"no-fly zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone"},{"link_name":"United Nations Protection Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force"},{"link_name":"Operation Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Operation Sharp Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard"},{"link_name":"arms embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_embargo"},{"link_name":"economic sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenko2010133%E2%80%93134-53"},{"link_name":"Goražde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora%C5%BEde"},{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenko2010134-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Sea Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethlehemWeller1997liiv-57"},{"link_name":"Operation Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zenko137-58"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars"},{"link_name":"Dayton Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zenko137-58"},{"link_name":"Operation Joint Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor"},{"link_name":"IFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFOR"},{"link_name":"SFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFOR"},{"link_name":"European Union Force Althea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Althea"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausson200694%E2%80%9397-59"},{"link_name":"NATO Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Medal"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention","text":"A USAF aircraft landing during Operation Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica massacreThe Bosnian War began in 1992, as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992, authorizing its member-states to enforce a previously declared no-fly zone under the United Nations Protection Force over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO complied and started enforcing the ban on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight. From June 1993 until October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 28 February 1994, NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone.[53]On 10 and 11 April 1994, the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets acting under NATO direction.[54] In retaliation, Serbs took 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April.[55][56] On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces.[57]In August 1995, a two-week NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force, began against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica genocide.[58] Further NATO air strikes helped bring the Yugoslav Wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995.[58] As part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR. Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO countries in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into the smaller SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004, when operations were then passed onto the European Union Force Althea.[59] Following the lead of its member states, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal, for these operations.[60]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_KFOR_troops_patrol_southern_Kosovo,_summer_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"KFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSU_Mitrovica_Manbox_-_Ibar_Bridge_summer_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"KFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force"},{"link_name":"MSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Specialized_Unit"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"Ibar Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bridge,_Mitrovica"},{"link_name":"Mitrovica, Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"KLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Resolution 1199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1199"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Richard Holbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"ACE Mobile Force (Land)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Mobile_Force_(Land)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"its civilian casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_during_Operation_Allied_Force"},{"link_name":"Chinese embassy in Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"whether it had legitimacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Washington summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Washington_summit"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nato.int-65"},{"link_name":"Kosovo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"UN resolution 1244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244"},{"link_name":"KFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Operation Essential Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Essential_Harvest"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Kosovo intervention","text":"German KFOR soldiers on patrol in southern Kosovo in 1999KFOR-MSU Carabinieri Patrols in front of the Ibar Bridge in Mitrovica, Kosovo, 2019In an effort to stop Slobodan Milošević's Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians in Kosovo, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire.[citation needed]Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999, and he handed the matter to NATO,[61] which acted on protecting regional security and started a 78-day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999.[62] Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo.[63]The campaign was and has been criticized over its civilian casualties, including the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, and over whether it had legitimacy.\nThe US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval.[64] The US/UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management.[65]Milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo War. On 11 June, Milošević further accepted UN resolution 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force. Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo, and part of KFOR's mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions, in addition to deterring violence.[66] In August–September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia.[67] As of 2023[update], around 4,500 KFOR soldiers, representing 27 countries, continue to operate in the area.[68]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Article 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Article_5"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Operation Eagle Assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist"},{"link_name":"Operation Active Endeavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATO_Operations-52"},{"link_name":"International Security Assistance Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:210321-D-BN624-1005_(51058690203).jpg"},{"link_name":"Austin S. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_S._Miller"},{"link_name":"NATO forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission"},{"link_name":"withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Austin"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Afghan Transitional Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Transitional_Administration"},{"link_name":"Hamid Karzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISAF_Chronology-73"},{"link_name":"military operations in the south of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2006"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Mirage 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"2012 Chicago Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chicago_Summit"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_20120521-76"},{"link_name":"Resolute Support Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Jens Stoltenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg"},{"link_name":"withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"offensive against the Afghan government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"},{"link_name":"Afghan Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Afghan government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"War in Afghanistan","text":"The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time.The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization's history.[69] The Article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty.[70] The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, and to enhance the security of shipping in general, which began on 4 October 2001.[52]The alliance showed unity: on 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which included troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two countries leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area.[71]General Austin S. Miller (right) became commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan in September 2018 and oversaw the withdrawal until July 2021. Lloyd Austin, the 28th United States Secretary of Defense, is on the left.ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan,[72] and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country.[73]On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led anti-terrorism coalition.[74] Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the area, to Kandahar, in order to reinforce the alliance's efforts.[75] During its 2012 Chicago Summit, NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014.[76] ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow-on training Resolute Support Mission.[77]On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May.[78] Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan Armed Forces.[79] By 15 August 2021, Taliban militants controlled the vast majority of Afghanistan and had encircled the capital city of Kabul.[80] Some politicians in NATO member states have described the chaotic withdrawal of Western troops from Afghanistan and the collapse of the Afghan government as the greatest debacle that NATO has suffered since its founding.[81][82]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armentani_and_Trujillo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"NATO Training Mission – Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_%E2%80%93_Iraq"},{"link_name":"MNF-I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Interim Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1546"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2012_interception_of_Turkish_aircraft"},{"link_name":"F-4 reconnaissance jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Iraq training mission","text":"Italian Major General Giovanni Armentani, Deputy Commanding General for the NATO Training Mission, meets with a U.S. Advise and Assist Brigade.In August 2004, during the Iraq War, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission – Iraq, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US-led MNF-I.[83] The NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546. The aim of NTM-I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the country. NTM-I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of the North Atlantic Council. Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring. The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US-led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training, who was also dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I. The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011.[84]Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War. Turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the Syrian Civil War, after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet, and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria,[85] and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity.[86]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Aden_-_disabled_pirate_boat.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Farragut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Farragut_(DDG-99)"},{"link_name":"United Nations Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"Operation Allied Provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Allied_Provider&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Food Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Operation Ocean Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"Somali pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Gulf of Aden anti-piracy","text":"USS Farragut destroying a Somali pirate skiff in March 2010In 2008 the United Nations Secretary-General called on member-states to protect the ships of Operation Allied Provider, which was distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia.[87]The North Atlantic Council and other countries, including Russia, China and South Korea,[88][89] formed Operation Ocean Shield. The operation sought to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks, protect vessels, and to increase the general level of security in the region.[90]\nBeginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates, and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states.[citation needed]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Libyan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Palmaria howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaria_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Libyan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973"},{"link_name":"Opération Harmattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Harmattan"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Operation Unified Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector"},{"link_name":"Standing Maritime Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NRF_Maritime_Group_1"},{"link_name":"Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NRF_Mine_Countermeasures_Group_1"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATOSecGen1-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATOPressBriefing1-92"},{"link_name":"interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdiction"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATOSecGen1-91"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Robert Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Danish air fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Ali Zeidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Zeidan"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Libya intervention","text":"Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers destroyed by the French Air Force near Benghazi in March 2011During the Libyan Civil War, violence between protesters and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards, beginning with Opération Harmattan by the French Air Force on 19 March.[citation needed]On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1,[91] and additional ships and submarines from NATO members.[92] They would \"monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries\".[91]On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition's forces.[93][94] NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.[95] By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member states were participating in combat operations,[96] resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany with Gates calling on the latter to contribute more and the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict.[97][98][99] In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO.[100] The German foreign ministry pointed to \"a considerable [German] contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations\" and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama.[101]While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day (10 June) announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August.[102] Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs.[103][104] The following week, the head of the Royal Navy said the country's operations in the conflict were not sustainable.[105] By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi, NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets.[106][107] A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign.[108]Following a coup d'état attempt in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues.[109]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_5"},{"link_name":"Article 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_(Article_4)"},{"link_name":"spillover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Turkey"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"the shooting down of a Turkish military jet by Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#The_2_October_2012_incident_and_afterward"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art4-113"},{"link_name":"Operation Active Fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Active_Fence"},{"link_name":"2015 Suruç bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Suru%C3%A7_bombing"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIS"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt26-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn_july_2015_article_4-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt27-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"an emergency meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NATO_emergency_meeting"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Syria offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Syrian and suspected Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Turkish border","text":"Use of Article 5 has been threatened multiple times and four out of seven official Article 4 consultations have been called due to spillover in Turkey from the Syrian civil war. In April 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan considered invoking Article 5 of the NATO treaty to protect Turkish national security in a dispute over the Syrian Civil War.[110][111] The alliance responded quickly, and a spokesperson said the alliance was \"monitoring the situation very closely and will continue to do so\" and \"takes it very seriously protecting its members.\"[112]After the shooting down of a Turkish military jet by Syria in June 2012 and Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities in October 2012[113] resulting in two Article 4 consultations, NATO approved Operation Active Fence. In the past decade the conflict has only escalated. In response to the 2015 Suruç bombing, which Turkey attributed to ISIS, and other security issues along its southern border,[114][115][116][117] Turkey called for an emergency meeting. The latest consultation happened in February 2020, as part of increasing tensions due to the Northwestern Syria offensive, which involved[118] Syrian and suspected Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops, and risked direct confrontation between Russia and a NATO member.[119]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg"},{"link_name":"Tropic of Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer"},{"link_name":"Tropic of Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2011122%E2%80%93123-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"its independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"The 32 NATO members are:Albania\n Belgium\n Bulgaria\n Canada\n Croatia\n Czech Republic\n Denmark\n Estonia\n Finland\n France\n Germany\n Greece\n Hungary\n Iceland\n Italy\n Latvia\n Lithuania\n Luxembourg\n Montenegro\n Netherlands\n North Macedonia\n Norway\n Poland\n Portugal\n Romania\n Slovakia\n Slovenia\n Spain\n Sweden\n Turkey\n United Kingdom\n United StatesMember states of NATO are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the Tropic of Cancer.NATO has thirty-two members, mostly in Europe with two in North America. Some of these countries also have territory on other continents, which is covered by the security agreements only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer, which together with the Atlantic Ocean defines NATO's \"area of responsibility\" under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty.[120][121] French Algeria was, however, covered until its independence on 3 July 1962.[122] Twelve of these thirty-two are original members who joined in 1949, while the other twenty joined in one of ten enlargement rounds.[123]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Space Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Space_Force"},{"link_name":"Pituffik Space Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-France-26"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-france-40"}],"sub_title":"Special arrangements","text":"The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland, and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allows the U.S. Space Force to maintain Pituffik Space Base, in Greenland.[124]From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed \"Gaullo-Mitterrandism\".[125] Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and, unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance.[26][40]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"post-Soviet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"reunification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"1999 Washington summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Washington_summit"},{"link_name":"Membership Action Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_Action_Plan"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Russia's invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swe-membership-final-14"},{"link_name":"Ukraine's relationship with NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yanukovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"2014 Ukrainian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"occupied Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"armed separatists in eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"2021 Brussels Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brussels_summit"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"missile defense systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense"},{"link_name":"long-range missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"crossing a red line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_line_(phrase)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"former Soviet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Russia invaded Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"annexed the country's southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obama_says_no-144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_(51905505001).jpg"},{"link_name":"Russia's invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Senate Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel_review-145"},{"link_name":"Levada Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levada_Center"},{"link_name":"Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Security Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Studies_(journal)"},{"link_name":"democratic consolidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_consolidation"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"sub_title":"Enlargement","text":"NATO has added 16 new members since German reunification and the end of the Cold War.NATO was established on 4 April 1949 by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the alliance were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[126]Four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many former Warsaw Pact and post-Soviet states sought membership. In 1990, the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined, and NATO issued new guidelines for membership, with individualized \"Membership Action Plans\". These plans governed the addition of new members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020.[127] Finland and Sweden are the newest members, joining on 4 April 2023 and 7 March 2024 respectively, spurred on by Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[128][14]Ukraine's relationship with NATO began with the NATO–Ukraine Action Plan in 2002.[129] In 2010, under President Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine re-affirmed its non-aligned status and renounced aspirations of joining NATO.[130] During the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russia occupied Crimea and supported armed separatists in eastern Ukraine. As a result, in December 2014 Ukraine's parliament voted to end its non-aligned status,[131] and in 2019 it enshrined the goal of NATO membership in the Constitution.[132][133] At the June 2021 Brussels Summit, NATO leaders affirmed that Ukraine would eventually join the Alliance, and supported Ukraine's right to self-determination without interference.[134] In late 2021, there was another massive Russian military buildup near Ukraine's borders. On 30 November, Russian president Putin said Ukraine joining NATO, and the deployment of missile defense systems or long-range missiles in Ukraine, would be crossing a red line. However, there were no such plans to deploy missiles in Ukraine.[135][136][137] The Russian Foreign Ministry drafted a treaty that would forbid Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining NATO.[138] Secretary-General Stoltenberg replied that the decision is up to Ukraine and NATO members, adding \"Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors\".[139][140] NATO offered to improve communications with Russia and discuss missile placements and military exercises, as long as Russia withdrew troops from Ukraine's borders.[141] Instead, Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia proclaimed it had annexed the country's southeast.[142]Georgia was promised \"future membership\" during the 2008 summit in Bucharest,[143] but US president Barack Obama said in 2014 that the country was not \"currently on a path\" to membership.[144]Protestors at a February 2022 rally against Russia's invasion of Ukraine march past the statue of Tsar Alexander II in Senate Square in Helsinki, FinlandRussia continued to politically oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with informal understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and European and US negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification.[145] A June 2016 Levada Center poll found that 68 percent of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.[146] In contrast, 65 percent of Poles surveyed in a 2017 Pew Research Center report identified Russia as a \"major threat\", with an average of 31 percent saying so across all NATO countries,[147] and 67 percent of Poles surveyed in 2018 favour US forces being based in Poland.[148] Of non-CIS Eastern European countries surveyed by Gallup in 2016, all but Serbia and Montenegro were more likely than not to view NATO as a protective alliance rather than a threat.[149] A 2006 study in the journal Security Studies argued that NATO enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe.[150] China also opposes further expansion.[151]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NATO defence expenditure","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfek-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfek-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funding-154"}],"sub_title":"NATO defence expenditure - Direct contributions","text":"Member states pay for NATO's three common funds (the civil and military budgets and the security investment programme) based on a cost-sharing formula that includes per capita gross national income and other factors.[152][153] In 2023–2024, the United States and Germany were the biggest contributors with 16.2% each.[153][154]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfek-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funding-154"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funding-154"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfek-153"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agss-155"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agss-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"sub_title":"NATO defence expenditure - Indirect contributions","text":"Member states pay for and maintain their own troops and equipment.[153][154] They contribute to NATO operations and missions by committing troops and equipment on a voluntary basis.[154] Since 2006, the goal has been for each country to spend at least 2 percent of its gross domestic product on its own defence; in 2014, a NATO declaration said that countries not meeting the goal would \"aim to move towards the 2 percent guideline within a decade\".[153][155] In July 2022, NATO estimated that 11 members would meet the target in 2023.[155] On 14 February 2024, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that 18 member states would meet the 2% target in 2024.[156]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cooperative_Archer_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Partnership for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfp-158"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfp-158"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Berlin Plus agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Plus_agreement"},{"link_name":"right of first refusal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_first_refusal"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Tropic of Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Cooperation Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Cooperation_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Article 10 of NATO's founding treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_10"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"global partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_global_partners"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gao-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"AUSCANNZUKUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS"},{"link_name":"Jens Stoltenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg"},{"link_name":"rise of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Century"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"text":"Partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises such as Cooperative Archer, which took place in Tbilisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members, eight PfP members, and Jordan, a Mediterranean Dialogue participant.[157]The Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country may choose the extent of its participation.[158] Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[159] The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants.[160] The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership.[158] Other third countries have also been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework, such as Afghanistan.[161]The European Union (EU) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002. With this agreement, the EU was given the possibility of using NATO assets if it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act – the so-called \"right of first refusal\".[162] For example, Article 42(7) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that \"If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power\". The treaty applies globally to specified territories, whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer. It provides a \"double framework\" for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP programme.[163][164]Additionally, NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialogue forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue. The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council.[165] In June 2018, Qatar expressed a wish to join NATO,[166] who ruled it out, saying that only additional European countries could join according to Article 10 of NATO's founding treaty.[167] Qatar and NATO had earlier signed a joint security agreement, in January 2018.[168]Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990, and since then, the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives.[169] In 1998, NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations, but reflect the Allies' desire to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term \"Contact Countries\" was agreed by the Allies in 2000. By 2012, the Alliance had broadened this group, which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange, under the names \"global partners\" or \"partners across the globe\".[170][171] Australia and New Zealand, both contact countries, are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance, and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stated that NATO needs to \"address the rise of China\", by closely cooperating with Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea.[172] Colombia is NATO's latest partner and has access to the full range of cooperative activities offered; it is the first and only Latin American country to cooperate with NATO.[173][174]","title":"Partnerships with third countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"secretary general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"NATO Parliamentary Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"NATO headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_headquarters"},{"link_name":"City of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Treaty Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Treaty_Association"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_Territory_Map.svg"},{"link_name":"SHAPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"LC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Land_Command"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Command"},{"link_name":"JFCBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Brunssum"},{"link_name":"JFCNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Naples"},{"link_name":"JFC NF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Force_Command_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"JSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Support_and_Enabling_Command"},{"link_name":"HQ SACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation"},{"link_name":"JWC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Warfare_Centre"},{"link_name":"JFTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Force_Training_Centre"},{"link_name":"JALLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Analysis_and_Lessons_Learned_Centre"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_Territory_Map.svg"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Allied Command Transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation"},{"link_name":"Allied Command Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Operations"},{"link_name":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"},{"link_name":"Military Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Military_Committee"},{"link_name":"member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"Chiefs of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"its chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"NATO Military Command Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Military_Command_Structure"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Allied Command Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Eurocorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocorps"},{"link_name":"I. German/Dutch Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._German/Dutch_Corps"},{"link_name":"Multinational Corps Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast"},{"link_name":"NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Rapid_Deployable_Italian_Corps"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Allied Command Transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"}],"text":"The North Atlantic Council convening in 2010 with a defence/foreign minister configurationAll agencies and organizations of NATO are integrated into either the civilian administrative or military executive roles. For the most part, they perform roles and functions that directly or indirectly support the security role of the alliance as a whole.[citation needed]The civilian structure includes:The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the body which has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO, consisting of member states' permanent representatives or representatives at higher level (ministers of foreign affairs or defence, or heads of state or government). The NAC convenes at least once a week and takes major decisions regarding NATO's policies. The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the secretary general and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon by consensus.[175] There is no voting or decision by majority. Each state represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions.[176]\nThe NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO PA) is a body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO, which meets at two session per year. NATO PA interacts directly with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members, or ambassadors to NATO. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members. It is however officially a structure different from NATO, and has as aim to join deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council.[177]\nNATO headquarters, located on Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan, B-1110 Brussels, which is in the City of Brussels municipality.[178] The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries, as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states.[179] Non-governmental groups have also grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council/Atlantic Treaty Association movement.[180][181]SHAPE    ACLCMCJFCBSJFCNPJFC NF JSECHQ SACTJWCJFTCJALLCclass=notpageimage| Locations of NATO's two strategic commands — Allied Command Transformation (ACT) with its subordinate centres (blue marks) and Allied Command Operations (ACO), headquartered at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) and including its subordinate and joint force commands (red marks).The military structure includes:The Military Committee (MC) is the body of NATO that is composed of member states' Chiefs of Defence (CHOD) and advises the North Atlantic Council (NAC) on military policy and strategy. The national CHODs are regularly represented in the MC by their permanent Military Representatives (MilRep), who often are two- or three-star flag officers. Like the council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence, the most senior military officer in each country's armed forces. The MC is led by its chairman, who directs NATO's military operations.[182] Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France, due to that country's 1966 decision to remove itself from the NATO Military Command Structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee, and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members.[183] Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom.[184]\nAllied Command Operations (ACO) is the NATO command responsible for NATO operations worldwide.[185]\nThe Rapid Deployable Corps include Eurocorps, I. German/Dutch Corps, Multinational Corps Northeast, and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others, as well as naval High Readiness Forces (HRFs), which all report to Allied Command Operations.[186]\nAllied Command Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces.[187]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terla-188"},{"link_name":"UCMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCMJ"},{"link_name":"Sir Mike Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Wesley Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Clark"},{"link_name":"KFOR actions at Pristina Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsmjdt-189"},{"link_name":"Law of Armed Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Armed_Conflict"},{"link_name":"CDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terla-188"}],"sub_title":"Legal authority of NATO commanders","text":"NATO is an alliance of 32 sovereign states and their individual sovereignty is unaffected by participation in the alliance. NATO has no parliaments, no laws, no enforcement, and no power to punish individual citizens. As a consequence of this lack of sovereignty the power and authority of a NATO commander are limited. NATO commanders cannot punish offences such as failure to obey a lawful order; dereliction of duty; or disrespect to a senior officer.[188] NATO commanders expect obeisance but sometimes need to subordinate their desires or plans to the operators who are themselves subject to sovereign codes of conduct like the UCMJ. A case in point was the clash between General Sir Mike Jackson and General Wesley Clark over KFOR actions at Pristina Airport.[189]NATO commanders can issue orders to their subordinate commanders in the form of operational plans (OPLANs), operational orders (OPORDERs), tactical direction, or fragmental orders (FRAGOs) and others. The joint rules of engagement must be followed, and the Law of Armed Conflict must be obeyed at all times. Operational resources \"remain under national command but have been transferred temporarily to NATO. Although these national units, through the formal process of transfer of authority, have been placed under the operational command and control of a NATO commander, they never lose their national character.\" Senior national representatives, like CDS, \"are designated as so-called red-cardholders\". Caveats are restrictions listed \"nation by nation... that NATO Commanders... must take into account\".[188]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NATO"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NATO&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"\"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121003015226/http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/2003-08-Transforming_the_NATO_Military_Command_Structure.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/2003-08-Transforming_the_NATO_Military_Command_Structure.pdf"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/profile/Silvia_Borzutzky/publication/227307146_NATO_and_the_war_on_terror_The_organizational_challenges_of_the_post_911_world/links/54f78d520cf2ccffe9db4481.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ismay, Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay"},{"link_name":"\"NATO: The First Five Years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization;isad"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170315234941/http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization%3Bisad"},{"link_name":"\"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951–2009\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110721043422/http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=54342"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-845-0134-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-845-0134-2"}],"text":"Library resources about NATO \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesAtlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). \"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.\nAxelrod, Robert, and Silvia Borzutzky. \"NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world.\" Review of International Organizations 1.3 (2006): 293–307. online\nBorawski, John, and Thomas-Durell Young. NATO after 2000: the future of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance (Greenwood, 2001).\nIsmay, Hastings (1954). \"NATO: The First Five Years\". Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\nHendrickson, Ryan C. \"NATO's next secretary general: Rasmussen's leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg.\" Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.\nPedlow, Gregory W. \"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951–2009\" (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.\nSayle, Timothy Andrews. Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Cornell University Press, 2019) online review\n\"NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security\", Special issue of Journal of Transatlantic Studies 17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267.\nNATO Office of Information and Press, NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint, ISBN 92-845-0134-2","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"West Germany joined NATO in 1955, which led to the formation of the rival Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-098967%2C_Aufnahme_der_Bundesrepublik_in_die_NATO.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-098967%2C_Aufnahme_der_Bundesrepublik_in_die_NATO.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked a turning point in NATO's role in Europe, and this section of the wall is now displayed outside NATO headquarters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Berlin_Wall_at_NATO_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Berlin_Wall_at_NATO_Headquarters.jpg"},{"image_text":"Family photo of the 2023 Vilnius summit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Family_photo_from_2023_NATO_Vilnius_summit_%2853038388599%29.jpg/220px-Family_photo_from_2023_NATO_Vilnius_summit_%2853038388599%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steadfast Defender 24 was the largest NATO exercise since the end of the Cold War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/FLEET-20240311-XE0146-010.jpg/220px-FLEET-20240311-XE0146-010.jpg"},{"image_text":"A USAF aircraft landing during Operation Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica massacre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/F-16_deliberate_force.JPG/220px-F-16_deliberate_force.JPG"},{"image_text":"German KFOR soldiers on patrol in southern Kosovo in 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/German_KFOR_troops_patrol_southern_Kosovo%2C_summer_1999.jpg/220px-German_KFOR_troops_patrol_southern_Kosovo%2C_summer_1999.jpg"},{"image_text":"KFOR-MSU Carabinieri Patrols in front of the Ibar Bridge in Mitrovica, Kosovo, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MSU_Mitrovica_Manbox_-_Ibar_Bridge_summer_2019.jpg/220px-MSU_Mitrovica_Manbox_-_Ibar_Bridge_summer_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/220px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg"},{"image_text":"General Austin S. Miller (right) became commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan in September 2018 and oversaw the withdrawal until July 2021. Lloyd Austin, the 28th United States Secretary of Defense, is on the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/210321-D-BN624-1005_%2851058690203%29.jpg/220px-210321-D-BN624-1005_%2851058690203%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Italian Major General Giovanni Armentani, Deputy Commanding General for the NATO Training Mission, meets with a U.S. Advise and Assist Brigade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Armentani_and_Trujillo.jpg/220px-Armentani_and_Trujillo.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Farragut destroying a Somali pirate skiff in March 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gulf_of_Aden_-_disabled_pirate_boat.jpg/220px-Gulf_of_Aden_-_disabled_pirate_boat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers destroyed by the French Air Force near Benghazi in March 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg/220px-Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Member states of NATO are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the Tropic of Cancer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg/220px-World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg.png"},{"image_text":"NATO has added 16 new members since German reunification and the end of the Cold War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg/220px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Protestors at a February 2022 rally against Russia's invasion of Ukraine march past the statue of Tsar Alexander II in Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851905505001%29.jpg/220px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851905505001%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises such as Cooperative Archer, which took place in Tbilisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members, eight PfP members, and Jordan, a Mediterranean Dialogue participant.[157]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cooperative_Archer_2007.jpg/220px-Cooperative_Archer_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"The North Atlantic Council convening in 2010 with a defence/foreign minister configuration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg/220px-NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Atlanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanticism"},{"title":"Common Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy"},{"title":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"title":"History of the Common Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy"},{"title":"Ranks and insignia of NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO"},{"title":"Major non-NATO ally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally"},{"title":"List of military alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_alliances"},{"title":"List of military equipment of NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_of_NATO"},{"title":"List of countries in Europe by military expenditures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_in_Europe_by_military_expenditures"}]
[{"reference":"\"Final Communiqué\". www.nato.int. 17 September 1949. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2 March 2024. English and French shall be the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/docu/comm/49-95/c490917a.htm","url_text":"\"Final Communiqué\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206002220/http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/49-95/c490917a.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"NATO (4 April 1949). \"The North Atlantic Treaty\". NATO. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2024. This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm","url_text":"\"The North Atlantic Treaty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110914102953/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2023)\" (PDF). NATO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf","url_text":"\"Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2023)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What is NATO?\". NATO – Homepage. n.d. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html","url_text":"\"What is NATO?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220228095023/https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Lorne (25 May 2017). \"NATO, the world's biggest military alliance, explained\". Military Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2017/05/25/nato-the-world-s-biggest-military-alliance-explained/","url_text":"\"NATO, the world's biggest military alliance, explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Times","url_text":"Military Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525215404/http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/nato-the-worlds-biggest-military-alliance-explained","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Animus in consulendo liber\". NATO. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/multi/animus.htm","url_text":"\"Animus in consulendo liber\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170109002130/http://www.nato.int/multi/animus.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Szenes, Zoltan. \"Reinforcing deterrence: assessing NATO's 2022 Strategic Concept.\" Defense & Security Analysis 39.4 (2023): 539–560\". doi:10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230","url_text":"\"Szenes, Zoltan. \"Reinforcing deterrence: assessing NATO's 2022 Strategic Concept.\" Defense & Security Analysis 39.4 (2023): 539–560\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14751798.2023.2270230","url_text":"10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331123940/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO to accelerate deployment of up to 300,000 soldiers on eastern border\". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/19/7394109/","url_text":"\"NATO to accelerate deployment of up to 300,000 soldiers on eastern border\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230319140033/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/19/7394109/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, Tom (9 March 2022). \"Where are Nato troops stationed and how many are deployed across Europe?\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nato-troops-russia-ukraine-estonia-map-b2031894.html","url_text":"\"Where are Nato troops stationed and how many are deployed across Europe?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220608211009/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nato-troops-russia-ukraine-estonia-map-b2031894.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges\". SIPRI. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges","url_text":"\"World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230428171848/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"NATO. \"The Wales Declaration on the Transatlantic Bond\". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112985.htm","url_text":"\"The Wales Declaration on the Transatlantic Bond\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180610061817/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112985.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erlanger, Steven (26 March 2014). \"Europe Begins to Rethink Cuts to Military Spending\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014. Last year, only a handful of NATO countries met the target, according to NATO figures, including the United States, at 4.1 percent, and Britain, at 2.4 percent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/europe-begins-to-rethink-cuts.html","url_text":"\"Europe Begins to Rethink Cuts to Military Spending\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140329132620/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/europe-begins-to-rethink-cuts.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Notification Reference No. 2024-008\" (PDF). United States Department of State. 7 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NATO-Sweden-Accession-Protocol-Notification-of-Entry-Into-Force-March-7-2024.pdf","url_text":"\"Notification Reference No. 2024-008\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141956/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NATO-Sweden-Accession-Protocol-Notification-of-Entry-Into-Force-March-7-2024.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The origins of WEU: Western Union\". University of Luxembourg. December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/d5906df5-4f83-4603-85f7-0cabc24b9fe1/051bd03c-4887-4f53-82eb-0f12e59f8dbd","url_text":"\"The origins of WEU: Western Union\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621020009/https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/d5906df5-4f83-4603-85f7-0cabc24b9fe1/051bd03c-4887-4f53-82eb-0f12e59f8dbd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A short history of NATO\". NATO. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm","url_text":"\"A short history of NATO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231233/http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada and NATO – 1949\". Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_161511.htm","url_text":"\"Canada and NATO – 1949\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408074851/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_161511.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Findley, Paul (2011). Speaking Out: A Congressman's Lifelong Fight Against Bigotry, Famine, and War. Chicago Review Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781569768914. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8LgDutkaOU0C&dq=%22author+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22&pg=PA293","url_text":"Speaking Out: A Congressman's Lifelong Fight Against Bigotry, Famine, and War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569768914","url_text":"9781569768914"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032047/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LgDutkaOU0C&dq=%22author+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22&pg=PA293","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography: An International Reference Work. McGraw-Hill. 1973. ISBN 9780070796331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nktsAAAAIAAJ&q=%22founder+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22","url_text":"The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography: An International Reference Work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070796331","url_text":"9780070796331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085605/https://books.google.com/books?id=nktsAAAAIAAJ&q=%22founder+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ismay, Hastings (4 September 2001). \"NATO the first five years 1949–1954\". NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay","url_text":"Ismay, Hastings"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315234941/http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization%3Bisad","url_text":"\"NATO the first five years 1949–1954\""},{"url":"http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization;isad","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Hanson (28 September 1952). \"Navies Meet the Test in Operation Mainbrace\". New York Times: E7. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/28/archives/navies-meet-the-test-in-operation-mainbrace-important-role-in.html","url_text":"\"Navies Meet the Test in Operation Mainbrace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010140743/http://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/28/archives/navies-meet-the-test-in-operation-mainbrace-important-role-in.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO: The Man with the Oilcan\". Time. 24 March 1952. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816183,00.html","url_text":"\"NATO: The Man with the Oilcan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816183,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glass, Andrew (14 May 2014). \"Soviet Union establishes Warsaw Pact, May 14, 1955\". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/this-day-in-politics-106640","url_text":"\"Soviet Union establishes Warsaw Pact, May 14, 1955\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924060153/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/this-day-in-politics-106640","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Olmsted, Dan (September 2020). \"Should the United States Keep Troops in Germany?\". National WW2 Museum. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/should-united-states-keep-troops-germany","url_text":"\"Should the United States Keep Troops in Germany?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125212146/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/should-united-states-keep-troops-germany","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). \"After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/11/AR2009031100547.html","url_text":"\"After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171026171515/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/11/AR2009031100547.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain and NATO\". Country Studies US. Source: U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/spain/88.htm","url_text":"\"Spain and NATO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415105730/http://countrystudies.us/spain/88.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Luke (14 July 2007). \"Kremlin tears up arms pact with Nato\". The Observer. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/15/russia.nato","url_text":"\"Kremlin tears up arms pact with Nato\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831182652/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/15/russia.nato","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Daryl (August 2017). \"The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Adapted CFE Treaty at a Glance\". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheet/cfe","url_text":"\"The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Adapted CFE Treaty at a Glance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222245/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheet/cfe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Techau, Jan (2 September 2015). \"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe\". Carnegie Europe. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","url_text":"\"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923231851/http://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eichler, Jan (2021). NATO's Expansion After the Cold War: Geopolitics and Impacts for International Security. Springer Nature. pp. 34, 35. ISBN 9783030666415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030666415","url_text":"9783030666415"}]},{"reference":"\"Declassified documents show security assurances against NATO expansion to Soviet leaders from Baker, Bush, Genscher, Kohl, Gates, Mitterrand, Thatcher, Hurd, Major, and Woerner\". National Security Archive. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2017-12-12/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early","url_text":"\"Declassified documents show security assurances against NATO expansion to Soviet leaders from Baker, Bush, Genscher, Kohl, Gates, Mitterrand, Thatcher, Hurd, Major, and Woerner\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191223011430/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2017-12-12/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wiegrefe, Klaus (18 February 2022). \"Neuer Aktenfund von 1991 stützt russischen Vorwurf\". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/nato-osterweiterung-aktenfund-stuetzt-russische-version-a-1613d467-bd72-4f02-8e16-2cd6d3285295","url_text":"\"Neuer Aktenfund von 1991 stützt russischen Vorwurf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220303104526/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/nato-osterweiterung-aktenfund-stuetzt-russische-version-a-1613d467-bd72-4f02-8e16-2cd6d3285295","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Peter (9 January 2022). \"In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/us/politics/russia-ukraine-james-baker.html","url_text":"\"In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301223355/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/us/politics/russia-ukraine-james-baker.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Announces Special 70th Anniversary Summit In London In December\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-announces-special-summit-in-london-in-december/29754567.html","url_text":"\"NATO Announces Special 70th Anniversary Summit In London In December\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190406165903/https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-announces-special-summit-in-london-in-december/29754567.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jing Ke (2008). \"Did the US Media Reflect the Reality of the Kosovo War in an Objective Manner? A Case Study of The Washington Post and The Washington Times\" (PDF). University of Rhode Island. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093720/https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/16-Jing-Ke.pdf","url_text":"\"Did the US Media Reflect the Reality of the Kosovo War in an Objective Manner? A Case Study of The Washington Post and The Washington Times\""},{"url":"https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/16-Jing-Ke.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NATO. \"Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)\". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","url_text":"\"Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310022112/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Invocation of Article 5 confirmed\". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","url_text":"\"Invocation of Article 5 confirmed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121230143558/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Counter-piracy operations\". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48815.htm","url_text":"\"Counter-piracy operations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526115212/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48815.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stratton, Allegra (17 June 2008). \"Sarkozy military plan unveiled\". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/17/france.military","url_text":"\"Sarkozy military plan unveiled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307184804/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/17/france.military","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Planning Committee (DPC) (Archived)\". NATO. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49201.htm","url_text":"\"Defence Planning Committee (DPC) (Archived)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165648/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49201.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under article 4 of the Washington Treaty\". NATO Newsroom. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_107716.htm","url_text":"\"Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under article 4 of the Washington Treaty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182356/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_107716.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The consultation process and Article 4\". NATO. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","url_text":"\"The consultation process and Article 4\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220402192427/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Techau, Jan (2 September 2015). \"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe\". Carnegie Europe. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018. A month before [the alliance's summit in Riga in 2006], Victoria Nuland, then the U.S. ambassador to NATO, called the 2 percent metric the \"unofficial floor\" on defence spending in NATO. But never had all governments of NATO's 28 nations officially embraced it at the highest possible political level – a summit declaration.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221337/https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","url_text":"\"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Europe","url_text":"Carnegie Europe"},{"url":"http://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance\". NATO. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm","url_text":"\"NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331223713/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McLeary, Paul; Toosi, Nahal (11 February 2022). \"U.S. sending 3,000 more troops to Poland amid fresh Ukraine invasion warnings\". Politico. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/11/us-sending-3000-more-troops-to-poland-00008357","url_text":"\"U.S. sending 3,000 more troops to Poland amid fresh Ukraine invasion warnings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220222062321/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/11/us-sending-3000-more-troops-to-poland-00008357","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain sends warships to Black Sea, considers sending warplanes\". Reuters. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/spain-sends-warships-black-sea-considers-sending-warplanes-2022-01-20/","url_text":"\"Spain sends warships to Black Sea, considers sending warplanes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220122113343/https://www.reuters.com/world/spain-sends-warships-black-sea-considers-sending-warplanes-2022-01-20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain will send four fighter jets and 130 troops to Bulgaria\". Reuters. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-will-send-four-fighter-jets-130-troops-bulgaria-2022-02-09/","url_text":"\"Spain will send four fighter jets and 130 troops to Bulgaria\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180335/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-will-send-four-fighter-jets-130-troops-bulgaria-2022-02-09/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO, G7, EU leaders display unity, avoid confrontation with Russia\". Deutsche Welle. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/nato-g7-eu-leaders-display-unity-avoid-confrontation-with-russia/a-61259981","url_text":"\"NATO, G7, EU leaders display unity, avoid confrontation with Russia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082458/https://www.dw.com/en/nato-g7-eu-leaders-display-unity-avoid-confrontation-with-russia/a-61259981","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Oriana (26 February 2022). \"NATO Response Force deploys for first time\". Axios. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/nato-kremlin-russian-invasion-ukraine-0872be5e-b5e0-486b-b356-2985370e5148.html","url_text":"\"NATO Response Force deploys for first time\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320114915/https://www.axios.com/nato-kremlin-russian-invasion-ukraine-0872be5e-b5e0-486b-b356-2985370e5148.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO BOOSTS FORCES IN EAST TO DETER RUSSIAN MENACE\". BIRN. Balkan Insight. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network. 14 June 2022. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://balkaninsight.com/2022/06/14/nato-boosts-forces-in-east-to-deter-russian-menace/","url_text":"\"NATO BOOSTS FORCES IN EAST TO DETER RUSSIAN MENACE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615152556/https://balkaninsight.com/2022/06/14/nato-boosts-forces-in-east-to-deter-russian-menace/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO's Operations 1949–Present\" (PDF). NATO. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130301231459/http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/NATO%20Operations,%201949-Present.pdf","url_text":"\"NATO's Operations 1949–Present\""},{"url":"http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/NATO%20Operations,%201949-Present.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NATO Handbook: Evolution of the Conflict, NATO, archived from the original on 7 November 2001","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011107101023/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","url_text":"NATO Handbook: Evolution of the Conflict"},{"url":"http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tice, Jim (22 February 2009). \"Thousands more now eligible for NATO Medal\". Army Times. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120907225123/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/02/army_natomedal_022209w/","url_text":"\"Thousands more now eligible for NATO Medal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Times","url_text":"Army Times"},{"url":"http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/02/army_natomedal_022209w/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nato to strike Yugoslavia\". BBC News. 24 March 1999. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/302265.stm","url_text":"\"Nato to strike Yugoslavia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926010110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/302265.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thorpe, Nick (24 March 2004). \"UN Kosovo mission walks a tightrope\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3565799.stm","url_text":"\"UN Kosovo mission walks a tightrope\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120726190617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3565799.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Kosovo refugee crisis\" (PDF). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 19 December 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unhcr.org/africa/sites/afr/files/legacy-pdf/3ba0bbeb4.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kosovo refugee crisis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723203620/https://www.unhcr.org/africa/sites/afr/files/legacy-pdf/3ba0bbeb4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO reaffirms power to take action without UN approval\". CNN. 24 April 1999. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/24/nato.un/","url_text":"\"NATO reaffirms power to take action without UN approval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128045422/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/24/nato.un/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Allied Command Atlantic\". NATO Handbook. NATO. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080813225955/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb120704.htm","url_text":"\"Allied Command Atlantic\""},{"url":"http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb120704.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kosovo Report Card\". International Crisis Group. 28 August 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304114736/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2000/kosovo-report-card.aspx","url_text":"\"Kosovo Report Card\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crisis_Group","url_text":"International Crisis Group"},{"url":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2000/kosovo-report-card.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helm, Toby (27 September 2001). \"Macedonia mission a success, says Nato\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/macedonia/1357773/Macedonia-mission-a-success-says-Nato.html","url_text":"\"Macedonia mission a success, says Nato\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905212636/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/macedonia/1357773/Macedonia-mission-a-success-says-Nato.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO's role in Kosovo\". NATO. 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48818.htm","url_text":"\"NATO's role in Kosovo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230626155525/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48818.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Münch, Philipp (2021). \"Creating common sense: Getting NATO to Afghanistan\". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 19 (2): 138–166. doi:10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs42738-021-00067-0","url_text":"\"Creating common sense: Getting NATO to Afghanistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs42738-021-00067-0","url_text":"10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Update: Invocation of Article 5 confirmed\". NATO. 2 October 2001. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","url_text":"\"NATO Update: Invocation of Article 5 confirmed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825031521/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO takes historic step into Afghanistan\". Al Jazeera. Reuters. 11 August 2003. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/8/11/nato-takes-historic-step-into-afghanistan","url_text":"\"NATO takes historic step into Afghanistan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723205859/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/8/11/nato-takes-historic-step-into-afghanistan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UNSC Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/mandate/unscr/resolution_1510.pdf","url_text":"\"UNSC Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009021301/http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/mandate/unscr/resolution_1510.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ISAF Chronology\". NATO. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/chronology/index.html","url_text":"\"ISAF Chronology\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113041055/http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/chronology/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morales, Alex (5 October 2006). \"NATO Takes Control of East Afghanistan From U.S.-Led Coalition\". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1qU01AKOHT8","url_text":"\"NATO Takes Control of East Afghanistan From U.S.-Led Coalition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg L.P."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724142511/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1qU01AKOHT8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La France et l'OTAN\". Le Monde (in French). France. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=1002456&clef=ARC-TRK-NC_01","url_text":"\"La France et l'OTAN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175557/http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=1002456&clef=ARC-TRK-NC_01","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO sets \"irreversible\" but risky course to end Afghan war\". Reuters. Reuters. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE84J02C20120521?sp=true","url_text":"\"NATO sets \"irreversible\" but risky course to end Afghan war\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022162349/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE84J02C20120521?sp=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, Sune Engel (28 December 2014). \"Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years","url_text":"\"Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102134349/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal\". VOA News. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal","url_text":"\"NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOA_News","url_text":"VOA News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000426/https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse\". The Guardian. 13 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse","url_text":"\"Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815063215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Taliban surge in Afghanistan: EU and NATO in state of shock\". Deutsche Welle. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/taliban-surge-in-afghanistan-eu-and-nato-in-state-of-shock/a-58881129","url_text":"\"Taliban surge in Afghanistan: EU and NATO in state of shock\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130423/https://www.dw.com/en/taliban-surge-in-afghanistan-eu-and-nato-in-state-of-shock/a-58881129","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afghanistan takeover sparks concern from NATO allies\". Deutsche Welle. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-takeover-sparks-concern-from-nato-allies/a-58880292","url_text":"\"Afghanistan takeover sparks concern from NATO allies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819073025/https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-takeover-sparks-concern-from-nato-allies/a-58880292","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Migration fears complicate Europe's response to Afghanistan crisis\". Politico. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/afghanistan-crisis-migration-europe-response/","url_text":"\"Migration fears complicate Europe's response to Afghanistan crisis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819092700/https://www.politico.eu/article/afghanistan-crisis-migration-europe-response/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Website\". Jfcnaples.nato.int. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/training_mission_iraq.aspx","url_text":"\"Official Website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111212165020/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/training_mission_iraq.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"El Gamal, Rania (17 December 2011). \"NATO closes up training mission in Iraq\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-withdrawal-nato-idUSTRE7BG0IK20111217","url_text":"\"NATO closes up training mission in Iraq\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111218070636/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/17/us-iraq-withdrawal-nato-idUSTRE7BG0IK20111217","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Croft, Adrian (3 October 2012). \"NATO demands halt to Syria aggression against Turkey\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-alliance-idUSBRE8921F220121003","url_text":"\"NATO demands halt to Syria aggression against Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004011242/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/03/us-syria-crisis-alliance-idUSBRE8921F220121003","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Dana (26 July 2015). \"Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border\". Cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/index.html","url_text":"\"Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150727233434/http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Allied Provider\". Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://shape.nato.int/page13984631","url_text":"\"Operation Allied Provider\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe","url_text":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114050617/https://shape.nato.int/page13984631","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Ocean Shield\". NATO. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513125123/http://www.manw.nato.int/page_operation_ocean_shield.aspx","url_text":"\"Operation Ocean Shield\""},{"url":"http://www.manw.nato.int/page_operation_ocean_shield.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles\". NATO. October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429152017/http://www.manw.nato.int/page_news_archive_OOS_%202010.aspx","url_text":"\"2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles\""},{"url":"http://www.manw.nato.int/page_news_archive_OOS_%202010.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Ocean Shield purpose\". 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48815.htm","url_text":"\"Operation Ocean Shield purpose\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104750/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48815.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya arms embargo\". NATO. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-E403D555-2A5EEC9A/natolive/news_71689.htm?mode=pressrelease","url_text":"\"Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya arms embargo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110428121505/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-E403D555-2A5EEC9A/natolive/news_71689.htm?mode=pressrelease","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Press briefing by NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu, Brigadier General Pierre St-Amand, Canadian Air Force and General Massimo Panizzi, spokesperson of the Chairman of the Military Committee\". NATO. 23 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-83A5384E-C37D94AC/natolive/opinions_71716.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"\"Press briefing by NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu, Brigadier General Pierre St-Amand, Canadian Air Force and General Massimo Panizzi, spokesperson of the Chairman of the Military Committee\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110428121332/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-83A5384E-C37D94AC/natolive/opinions_71716.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO reaches deal to take over Libya operation; allied planes hit ground forces\". Washington Post. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130217004750/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-03-25/world/35208327_1_libya-operation-charles-bouchard-nato","url_text":"\"NATO reaches deal to take over Libya operation; allied planes hit ground forces\""},{"url":"https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-03-25/world/35208327_1_libya-operation-charles-bouchard-nato","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO to police Libya no-fly zone\". English.aljazeera.net. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html","url_text":"\"NATO to police Libya no-fly zone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326033949/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Arieh (31 March 2011). \"UAE and Qatar pack an Arab punch in Libya operation\". Jerusalem Post. se. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214574","url_text":"\"UAE and Qatar pack an Arab punch in Libya operation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106134641/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214574","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO: Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadhafi forces in Libya is 'surprising'\". The Washington Post. UPI. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/10/11/NATO-surprised-by-pro-Gadhafi-resistance/UPI-62851318359224/","url_text":"\"NATO: Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadhafi forces in Libya is 'surprising'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI","url_text":"UPI"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016020425/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/10/11/NATO-surprised-by-pro-Gadhafi-resistance/UPI-62851318359224/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO strategy in Libya may not work elsewhere\". USA Today. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-10-21/Libya-NATO/50858104/1?csp=34news","url_text":"\"NATO strategy in Libya may not work elsewhere\""}]},{"reference":"Tharoor, Ishaan (16 May 2012). \"How Many Innocent Civilians Did NATO Kill in Libya?\". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://world.time.com/2012/05/16/how-many-innocent-civilians-did-nato-kill-in-libya/","url_text":"\"How Many Innocent Civilians Did NATO Kill in Libya?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401032328/http://world.time.com/2012/05/16/how-many-innocent-civilians-did-nato-kill-in-libya/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Croft, Adrian. \"NATO to advise Libya on strengthening security forces\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-nato-idUSBRE99K0GX20131021","url_text":"\"NATO to advise Libya on strengthening security forces\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930090823/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/21/us-libya-nato-idUSBRE99K0GX20131021","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The consultation process and Article 4\". NATO. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","url_text":"\"The consultation process and Article 4\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220402192427/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Dana (27 July 2015). \"Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border\". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/","url_text":"\"Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016195052/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barnard, Anne; Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric (27 July 2015). \"Turkey and U.S. Plan to Create Syria 'Safe Zone' Free of ISIS\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/world/middleeast/turkey-and-us-agree-on-plan-to-clear-isis-from-strip-of-northern-syria.html","url_text":"\"Turkey and U.S. Plan to Create Syria 'Safe Zone' Free of ISIS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016195051/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/world/middleeast/turkey-and-us-agree-on-plan-to-clear-isis-from-strip-of-northern-syria.html?_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty\". NATO. 28 July 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_121926.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"\"Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227190355/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_121926.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia denies involvement in airstrikes on Turkish troops in Idlib\". Daily Sabah. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/russia-denies-involvement-in-airstrikes-on-turkish-troops-in-idlib","url_text":"\"Russia denies involvement in airstrikes on Turkish troops in Idlib\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Sabah","url_text":"Daily Sabah"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200228080529/https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/russia-denies-involvement-in-airstrikes-on-turkish-troops-in-idlib","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Greece 'vetoes NATO statement' on support for Turkey amid Syria escalation\". 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2022. The Russian military later explained that the Syrian army targeted Hayat Tahrir al-Sham terrorists operating in the province, adding that Syrian government forces were not informed about the Turkish presence in the area.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303074219/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2020/02/29/idlib/3223514","url_text":"\"Greece 'vetoes NATO statement' on support for Turkey amid Syria escalation\""},{"url":"https://www.tert.am/en/news/2020/02/29/idlib/3223514","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The area of responsibility\". NATO Declassified. NATO. 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/encyclopedia/the_birth_of_nato/the_key_issues_of_contention/the_area_of_responsibility/","url_text":"\"The area of responsibility\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601131134/http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/encyclopedia/the_birth_of_nato/the_key_issues_of_contention/the_area_of_responsibility/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Treaty\". NATO. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C6AD72DE-2E05A89E/natolive/topics_67656.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"\"Washington Treaty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016081817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C6AD72DE-2E05A89E/natolive/topics_67656.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How does a country join NATO?\". Al Jazeera. 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/how-does-a-country-join-nato-2","url_text":"\"How does a country join NATO?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230722162248/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/how-does-a-country-join-nato-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Denmark and NATO – 1949\". Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162357.htm","url_text":"\"Denmark and NATO – 1949\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220413192145/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162357.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why the concept of Gaullo-Mitterrandism is still relevant\". IRIS. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iris-france.org/136272-why-the-concept-of-gaullo-mitterrandism-is-still-relevant/","url_text":"\"Why the concept of Gaullo-Mitterrandism is still relevant\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307043522/https://www.iris-france.org/136272-why-the-concept-of-gaullo-mitterrandism-is-still-relevant/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"NATO. \"Member countries\". NATO. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","url_text":"\"Member countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329231751/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"NATO. \"Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)\". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","url_text":"\"Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310022112/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins\". BBC News. 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65173043","url_text":"\"NATO's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404150315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65173043","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans\". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm","url_text":"\"NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130310015635/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yanukovych signs law declaring Ukraine's non-aligned status\". Kyiv Post. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-signs-law-declaring-ukraines-non-aligne-73680.html","url_text":"\"Yanukovych signs law declaring Ukraine's non-aligned status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post","url_text":"Kyiv Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025840/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-signs-law-declaring-ukraines-non-aligne-73680.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine drops non-aligned status in swipe at Moscow\". France 24. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20141223-ukraine-parliament-votes-scrap-non-aligned-status-russia-nato","url_text":"\"Ukraine drops non-aligned status in swipe at Moscow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240308140645/https://www.france24.com/en/20141223-ukraine-parliament-votes-scrap-non-aligned-status-russia-nato","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO\". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html","url_text":"\"Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency","url_text":"Ukrainian Independent Information Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215054226/https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force | European integration portal\". eu-ua.org (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-ua.org/novyny/zakon-pro-zminy-do-konstytuciyi-shchodo-kursu-na-vstup-v-yes-i-nato-nabuv-chynnosti","url_text":"\"The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force | European integration portal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928024828/https://eu-ua.org/novyny/zakon-pro-zminy-do-konstytuciyi-shchodo-kursu-na-vstup-v-yes-i-nato-nabuv-chynnosti","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brussels Summit Communiqué issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021\". NATO. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm","url_text":"\"Brussels Summit Communiqué issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221172546/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says\". The Guardian. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says","url_text":"\"Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211217112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine\". The Drive. 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine","url_text":"\"NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214164345/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine\". Reuters. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/","url_text":"\"Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119022224/https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine\". Reuters. 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/","url_text":"\"Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081106/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO chief: \"Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence\"\". Axios. 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html","url_text":"\"NATO chief: \"Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214172403/https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions\". BBC News. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589","url_text":"\"Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211219125518/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine\". Associated Press. 26 January 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90","url_text":"\"US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143405/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory\". The Guardian. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory","url_text":"\"Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001000623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"George J, Teigen JM (2008). \"NATO Enlargement and Institution Building: Military Personnel Policy Challenges in the Post-Soviet Context\". European Security. 17 (2): 346. doi:10.1080/09662830802642512. S2CID 153420615.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662830802642512","url_text":"10.1080/09662830802642512"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153420615","url_text":"153420615"}]},{"reference":"Cathcourt, Will (27 March 2014). \"Obama Tells Georgia to Forget About NATO After Encouraging It to Join\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/27/obama-tells-georgia-to-forget-about-nato-after-encouraging-it-to-join.html","url_text":"\"Obama Tells Georgia to Forget About NATO After Encouraging It to Join\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast","url_text":"The Daily Beast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140416193123/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/27/obama-tells-georgia-to-forget-about-nato-after-encouraging-it-to-join.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klussmann, Uwe; Schepp, Matthias; Wiegrefe, Klaus (26 November 2009). \"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?\". Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-did-the-west-break-its-promise-to-moscow-a-663315.html","url_text":"\"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_Online","url_text":"Spiegel Online"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140405190301/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-did-the-west-break-its-promise-to-moscow-a-663315.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pew survey: Russia disliked around world; most in Poland, Turkey see Kremlin as major threat\". Kyiv Post. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/pew-survey-russia-disliked-around-world-poland-turkey-see-kremlin-major-threat.html","url_text":"\"Pew survey: Russia disliked around world; most in Poland, Turkey see Kremlin as major threat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093746/https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/pew-survey-russia-disliked-around-world-poland-turkey-see-kremlin-major-threat.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO summit: Poland pins its hopes on the USA\". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/nato-summit-poland-pins-its-hopes-on-the-usa/a-44606598","url_text":"\"NATO summit: Poland pins its hopes on the USA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121243/https://www.dw.com/en/nato-summit-poland-pins-its-hopes-on-the-usa/a-44606598","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michael (10 February 2017). \"Most NATO Members in Eastern Europe See It as Protection\". Gallup. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.gallup.com/poll/203819/nato-members-eastern-europe-protection.aspx","url_text":"\"Most NATO Members in Eastern Europe See It as Protection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153827/https://news.gallup.com/poll/203819/nato-members-eastern-europe-protection.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Epstein, Rachel (2006). \"Nato Enlargement and the Spread of Democracy: Evidence and Expectations\". Security Studies. 14: 63. doi:10.1080/09636410591002509. S2CID 143878355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636410591002509","url_text":"10.1080/09636410591002509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143878355","url_text":"143878355"}]},{"reference":"\"China joins Russia in opposing Nato expansion\". BBC News. 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60257080","url_text":"\"China joins Russia in opposing Nato expansion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220217171200/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60257080","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues\". Congressional Research Service. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30150.html","url_text":"\"NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service","url_text":"Congressional Research Service"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240214122605/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30150.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (13 February 2024). \"Fact-checking Trump comments on 'delinquent' NATO countries\". Roll Call. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rollcall.com/2024/02/13/fact-checking-trump-comments-on-delinquent-nato-countries/","url_text":"\"Fact-checking Trump comments on 'delinquent' NATO countries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_Call","url_text":"Roll Call"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240214034901/https://rollcall.com/2024/02/13/fact-checking-trump-comments-on-delinquent-nato-countries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Funding NATO\". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_67655.htm","url_text":"\"Funding NATO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization","url_text":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240213182554/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_67655.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Andrew; Siebold, Sabine (13 February 2024). \"What did Trump say about NATO funding and what is Article 5?\". Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/what-did-trump-say-about-nato-funding-what-is-article-5-2024-02-12/","url_text":"\"What did Trump say about NATO funding and what is Article 5?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Sabbagh, Dan (14 February 2024). \"Nato chief rebukes Donald Trump and announces record defence spending\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/nato-chief-rebukes-donald-trump-and-announces-record-defence-spending","url_text":"\"Nato chief rebukes Donald Trump and announces record defence spending\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163731/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/nato-chief-rebukes-donald-trump-and-announces-record-defence-spending","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cooperative Archer military exercise begins in Georgia\". RIA Novosti. 9 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107122519/http://en.ria.ru/world/20070709/68610511.html","url_text":"\"Cooperative Archer military exercise begins in Georgia\""},{"url":"http://en.ria.ru/world/20070709/68610511.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Partnership for Peace\". NATO. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/issues/pfp/index.html","url_text":"\"Partnership for Peace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110301054735/http://www.nato.int/issues/pfp/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nato and Belarus – partnership, past tensions and future possibilities\". Foreign Policy and Security Research Center. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020091957/http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities","url_text":"\"Nato and Belarus – partnership, past tensions and future possibilities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy_and_Security_Research_Center","url_text":"Foreign Policy and Security Research Center"},{"url":"http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Topics: The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council\". NATO. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49276.htm","url_text":"\"NATO Topics: The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024110254/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49276.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Declaration by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan\". NATO. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100908042229/http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b060906e.htm","url_text":"\"Declaration by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan\""},{"url":"http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b060906e.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boxhoorn, Bram (21 September 2005). \"Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands\". ATA Education. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070218090444/http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107","url_text":"\"Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands\""},{"url":"http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howorth, Jolyon (2019). \"Strategic Autonomy and EU-NATO Cooperation: A Win-Win Approach\". L'Europe en Formation (2): 85–103. doi:10.3917/eufor.389.0085. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2019-2-page-85.htm?ref=doi","url_text":"\"Strategic Autonomy and EU-NATO Cooperation: A Win-Win Approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Feufor.389.0085","url_text":"10.3917/eufor.389.0085"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220228130506/https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2019-2-page-85.htm?ref=doi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Journal of the European Union\". EUR-Lex. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12016M042","url_text":"\"Official Journal of the European Union\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174341/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12016M042","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Partner countries\". NATO. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-4CA2943D-E00ED2BF/natolive/51288.htm","url_text":"\"NATO Partner countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805170235/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-4CA2943D-E00ED2BF/natolive/51288.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Qatar eyes full NATO membership: Defense minister\". The Peninsula. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/05/06/2018/Qatar-eyes-full-NATO-membership-Defense-minister","url_text":"\"Qatar eyes full NATO membership: Defense minister\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191002235442/https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/05/06/2018/Qatar-eyes-full-NATO-membership-Defense-minister","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nato rejects Qatar membership ambition\". Dhaka Tribune. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2018/06/06/qatar-says-it-wants-to-join-nato","url_text":"\"Nato rejects Qatar membership ambition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191202221638/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2018/06/06/qatar-says-it-wants-to-join-nato","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Qatar signs security agreement with NATO\". NATO. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_150794.htm","url_text":"\"Qatar signs security agreement with NATO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001140343/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_150794.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Topics:NATO's relations with Contact Countries\". NATO. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910234056/http://www.nato.int/summit2009/topics_en/12-contact_countries.html","url_text":"\"NATO Topics:NATO's relations with Contact Countries\""},{"url":"https://www.nato.int/summit2009/topics_en/12-contact_countries.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO PARTNERSHIPS: DOD Needs to Assess U.S. Assistance in Response to Changes to the Partnership for Peace Program\" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130618101741/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d101015.pdf","url_text":"\"NATO PARTNERSHIPS: DOD Needs to Assess U.S. Assistance in Response to Changes to the Partnership for Peace Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Accountability_Office","url_text":"United States Government Accountability Office"},{"url":"http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d101015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Partners\". NATO. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/51288.htm","url_text":"\"Partners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007061711/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/51288.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO needs to address China's rise, says Stoltenberg\". Reuters. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-nato/nato-needs-to-address-chinas-rise-says-stoltenberg-idUSKCN1UX0YX","url_text":"\"NATO needs to address China's rise, says Stoltenberg\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190814225018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-nato/nato-needs-to-address-chinas-rise-says-stoltenberg-idUSKCN1UX0YX","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Relations with Colombia\". nato.int. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170521075718/http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"\"Relations with Colombia\""},{"url":"http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm?selectedLocale=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colombia to be NATO's first Latin American global partner\". Reuters. 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-nato-idUSKCN1IR0E8","url_text":"\"Colombia to be NATO's first Latin American global partner\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818152139/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-nato-idUSKCN1IR0E8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Topic: Consensus decision-making at NATO\". NATO. 5 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49178.htm","url_text":"\"Topic: Consensus decision-making at NATO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225212946/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49178.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Piehler, G. Kurt (24 July 2013). Encyclopedia of Military Science. SAGE Publications. pp. 991–995. ISBN 978-1-5063-1081-7. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CX1ZDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Military Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-1081-7","url_text":"978-1-5063-1081-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723205346/https://books.google.com/books?id=CX1ZDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Parliamentary Assembly in brief\". The House of Commons. 30 June 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8951/","url_text":"\"NATO Parliamentary Assembly in brief\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723205347/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8951/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO homepage\". Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/","url_text":"\"NATO homepage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073647/http://www.nato.int/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Headquarters\". NATO. 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49284.htm","url_text":"\"NATO Headquarters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100913014616/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49284.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Small, Melvin (1 June 1998). \"The Atlantic Council—The Early Years\" (PDF). NATO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/small.pdf","url_text":"\"The Atlantic Council—The Early Years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170512/http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/small.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic Treaty Association and Youth Atlantic Treaty Association\". NATO. 7 April 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69053.htm","url_text":"\"Atlantic Treaty Association and Youth Atlantic Treaty Association\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030102644/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69053.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chair of the Military Committee\". NATO. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49152.htm","url_text":"\"Chair of the Military Committee\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230626161908/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49152.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"France to rejoin NATO command\". CNN. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/17/france.nato/","url_text":"\"France to rejoin NATO command\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205111043/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/17/france.nato/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Thomas (18 February 2003). \"Reaching accord, EU warns Saddam of his 'last chance'\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012115843/http://iht.com/articles/2003/02/18/eu_ed3__1.php","url_text":"\"Reaching accord, EU warns Saddam of his 'last chance'\""},{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/02/18/eu_ed3__1.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://shape.nato.int/about","url_text":"\"About us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe","url_text":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308080129/https://shape.nato.int/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rapid Deployable Corps\". NATO. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50088.htm","url_text":"\"The Rapid Deployable Corps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910135843/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50088.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are\". Allied Command Transformation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.act.nato.int/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Who We Are\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation","url_text":"Allied Command Transformation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220306193652/https://www.act.nato.int/who-we-are","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Randall, Thomas E. (July 2014). \"Legal Authority of NATO Commanders\" (PDF). NATO Legal Gazette (34): 39–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.act.nato.int/application/files/1016/0999/3864/legal_gazette_34.pdf","url_text":"\"Legal Authority of NATO Commanders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829212244/https://www.act.nato.int/application/files/1016/0999/3864/legal_gazette_34.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, General Sir Mike (4 September 2007). \"Gen Sir Mike Jackson: My clash with Nato chief\". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1562161/Gen-Sir-Mike-Jackson-My-clash-with-Nato-chief.html","url_text":"\"Gen Sir Mike Jackson: My clash with Nato chief\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1562161/Gen-Sir-Mike-Jackson-My-clash-with-Nato-chief.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Art, Robert J. (1998). \"Creating a Disaster: NATO's Open Door Policy\". Political Science Quarterly. 113 (3): 383–403. doi:10.2307/2658073. JSTOR 2658073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Art","url_text":"Art, Robert J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2658073","url_text":"10.2307/2658073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658073","url_text":"2658073"}]},{"reference":"Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR55","url_text":"The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46304-1","url_text":"978-0-521-46304-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403080406/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR55","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clausson, M.I. (2006). NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60021-098-3. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ei38uQH5M5kC&pg=PA94","url_text":"NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-098-3","url_text":"978-1-60021-098-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405181655/https://books.google.com/books?id=ei38uQH5M5kC&pg=PA94","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35491-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KyBPuKcUXowC","url_text":"NATO: A Guide to the Issues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35491-5","url_text":"978-0-313-35491-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415183835/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyBPuKcUXowC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"van der Eyden, Ton (2003). Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context. Vol. 1. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-291-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyHlwgWnGQC&pg=PA104","url_text":"Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-291-3","url_text":"978-1-58603-291-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418225810/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyHlwgWnGQC&pg=PA104","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zenko, Micah (2010). Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7191-7. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_Zenko","url_text":"Zenko, Micah"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rJHU9VZRhjwC&pg=PA133","url_text":"Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7191-7","url_text":"978-0-8047-7191-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411152001/https://books.google.com/books?id=rJHU9VZRhjwC&pg=PA133","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atlantic Council of the United States (August 2003). \"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121003015226/http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/2003-08-Transforming_the_NATO_Military_Command_Structure.pdf","url_text":"\"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future\""},{"url":"http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/2003-08-Transforming_the_NATO_Military_Command_Structure.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ismay, Hastings (1954). \"NATO: The First Five Years\". Paris: NATO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay","url_text":"Ismay, Hastings"},{"url":"http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization;isad","url_text":"\"NATO: The First Five Years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315234941/http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization%3Bisad","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pedlow, Gregory W. \"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951–2009\" (PDF). aco.nato.int. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043422/http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951–2009\""},{"url":"http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/","external_links_name":"nato.int"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/docu/comm/49-95/c490917a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Final Communiqué\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206002220/http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/49-95/c490917a.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm","external_links_name":"\"The North Atlantic Treaty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110914102953/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2023)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html","external_links_name":"\"What is NATO?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220228095023/https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2017/05/25/nato-the-world-s-biggest-military-alliance-explained/","external_links_name":"\"NATO, the world's biggest military alliance, explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525215404/http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/nato-the-worlds-biggest-military-alliance-explained","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/multi/animus.htm","external_links_name":"\"Animus in consulendo liber\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170109002130/http://www.nato.int/multi/animus.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230","external_links_name":"\"Szenes, Zoltan. \"Reinforcing deterrence: assessing NATO's 2022 Strategic Concept.\" Defense & Security Analysis 39.4 (2023): 539–560\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14751798.2023.2270230","external_links_name":"10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331123940/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14751798.2023.2270230","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/19/7394109/","external_links_name":"\"NATO to accelerate deployment of up to 300,000 soldiers on eastern border\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230319140033/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/19/7394109/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nato-troops-russia-ukraine-estonia-map-b2031894.html","external_links_name":"\"Where are Nato troops stationed and how many are deployed across Europe?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220608211009/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/nato-troops-russia-ukraine-estonia-map-b2031894.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/nato.php","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240309125749/https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/nato.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges","external_links_name":"\"World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230428171848/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112985.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Wales Declaration on the Transatlantic Bond\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180610061817/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112985.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/europe-begins-to-rethink-cuts.html","external_links_name":"\"Europe Begins to Rethink Cuts to Military Spending\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140329132620/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/world/europe/europe-begins-to-rethink-cuts.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NATO-Sweden-Accession-Protocol-Notification-of-Entry-Into-Force-March-7-2024.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notification Reference No. 2024-008\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141956/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NATO-Sweden-Accession-Protocol-Notification-of-Entry-Into-Force-March-7-2024.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/d5906df5-4f83-4603-85f7-0cabc24b9fe1/051bd03c-4887-4f53-82eb-0f12e59f8dbd","external_links_name":"\"The origins of WEU: Western Union\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621020009/https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/d5906df5-4f83-4603-85f7-0cabc24b9fe1/051bd03c-4887-4f53-82eb-0f12e59f8dbd","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm","external_links_name":"\"A short history of NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231233/http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_161511.htm","external_links_name":"\"Canada and NATO – 1949\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408074851/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_161511.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8LgDutkaOU0C&dq=%22author+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22&pg=PA293","external_links_name":"Speaking Out: A Congressman's Lifelong Fight Against Bigotry, Famine, and War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032047/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LgDutkaOU0C&dq=%22author+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22&pg=PA293","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nktsAAAAIAAJ&q=%22founder+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22","external_links_name":"The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography: An International Reference Work"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085605/https://books.google.com/books?id=nktsAAAAIAAJ&q=%22founder+of+the+north+atlantic+treaty%22","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315234941/http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization%3Bisad","external_links_name":"\"NATO the first five years 1949–1954\""},{"Link":"http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization;isad","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/28/archives/navies-meet-the-test-in-operation-mainbrace-important-role-in.html","external_links_name":"\"Navies Meet the Test in Operation Mainbrace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010140743/http://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/28/archives/navies-meet-the-test-in-operation-mainbrace-important-role-in.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816183,00.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO: The Man with the Oilcan\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816183,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/this-day-in-politics-106640","external_links_name":"\"Soviet Union establishes Warsaw Pact, May 14, 1955\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924060153/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/this-day-in-politics-106640","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/should-united-states-keep-troops-germany","external_links_name":"\"Should the United States Keep Troops in Germany?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125212146/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/should-united-states-keep-troops-germany","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/11/AR2009031100547.html","external_links_name":"\"After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171026171515/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/11/AR2009031100547.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://countrystudies.us/spain/88.htm","external_links_name":"\"Spain and NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415105730/http://countrystudies.us/spain/88.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/15/russia.nato","external_links_name":"\"Kremlin tears up arms pact with Nato\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831182652/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/15/russia.nato","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheet/cfe","external_links_name":"\"The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Adapted CFE Treaty at a Glance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222245/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheet/cfe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","external_links_name":"\"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923231851/http://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2017-12-12/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early","external_links_name":"\"Declassified documents show security assurances against NATO expansion to Soviet leaders from Baker, Bush, Genscher, Kohl, Gates, Mitterrand, Thatcher, Hurd, Major, and Woerner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191223011430/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2017-12-12/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/nato-osterweiterung-aktenfund-stuetzt-russische-version-a-1613d467-bd72-4f02-8e16-2cd6d3285295","external_links_name":"\"Neuer Aktenfund von 1991 stützt russischen Vorwurf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220303104526/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/nato-osterweiterung-aktenfund-stuetzt-russische-version-a-1613d467-bd72-4f02-8e16-2cd6d3285295","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/us/politics/russia-ukraine-james-baker.html","external_links_name":"\"In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301223355/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/us/politics/russia-ukraine-james-baker.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-announces-special-summit-in-london-in-december/29754567.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO Announces Special 70th Anniversary Summit In London In December\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190406165903/https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-announces-special-summit-in-london-in-december/29754567.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093720/https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/16-Jing-Ke.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Did the US Media Reflect the Reality of the Kosovo War in an Objective Manner? A Case Study of The Washington Post and The Washington Times\""},{"Link":"https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/16-Jing-Ke.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","external_links_name":"\"Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310022112/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Invocation of Article 5 confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121230143558/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48815.htm","external_links_name":"\"Counter-piracy operations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526115212/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48815.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/17/france.military","external_links_name":"\"Sarkozy military plan unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307184804/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/17/france.military","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49201.htm","external_links_name":"\"Defence Planning Committee (DPC) (Archived)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165648/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49201.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_107716.htm","external_links_name":"\"Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under article 4 of the Washington Treaty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182356/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_107716.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","external_links_name":"\"The consultation process and Article 4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220402192427/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221337/https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","external_links_name":"\"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe\""},{"Link":"http://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331223713/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/11/us-sending-3000-more-troops-to-poland-00008357","external_links_name":"\"U.S. sending 3,000 more troops to Poland amid fresh Ukraine invasion warnings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220222062321/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/11/us-sending-3000-more-troops-to-poland-00008357","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/spain-sends-warships-black-sea-considers-sending-warplanes-2022-01-20/","external_links_name":"\"Spain sends warships to Black Sea, considers sending warplanes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220122113343/https://www.reuters.com/world/spain-sends-warships-black-sea-considers-sending-warplanes-2022-01-20/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-will-send-four-fighter-jets-130-troops-bulgaria-2022-02-09/","external_links_name":"\"Spain will send four fighter jets and 130 troops to Bulgaria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180335/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-will-send-four-fighter-jets-130-troops-bulgaria-2022-02-09/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/nato-g7-eu-leaders-display-unity-avoid-confrontation-with-russia/a-61259981","external_links_name":"\"NATO, G7, EU leaders display unity, avoid confrontation with Russia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082458/https://www.dw.com/en/nato-g7-eu-leaders-display-unity-avoid-confrontation-with-russia/a-61259981","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/nato-kremlin-russian-invasion-ukraine-0872be5e-b5e0-486b-b356-2985370e5148.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO Response Force deploys for first time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320114915/https://www.axios.com/nato-kremlin-russian-invasion-ukraine-0872be5e-b5e0-486b-b356-2985370e5148.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://balkaninsight.com/2022/06/14/nato-boosts-forces-in-east-to-deter-russian-menace/","external_links_name":"\"NATO BOOSTS FORCES IN EAST TO DETER RUSSIAN MENACE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615152556/https://balkaninsight.com/2022/06/14/nato-boosts-forces-in-east-to-deter-russian-menace/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130301231459/http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/NATO%20Operations,%201949-Present.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NATO's Operations 1949–Present\""},{"Link":"http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/NATO%20Operations,%201949-Present.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011107101023/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","external_links_name":"NATO Handbook: Evolution of the Conflict"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/54/549","external_links_name":"A/54/549"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912110426/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A%2F54%2F549","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120907225123/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/02/army_natomedal_022209w/","external_links_name":"\"Thousands more now eligible for NATO Medal\""},{"Link":"http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/02/army_natomedal_022209w/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/302265.stm","external_links_name":"\"Nato to strike Yugoslavia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926010110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/302265.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3565799.stm","external_links_name":"\"UN Kosovo mission walks a tightrope\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120726190617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3565799.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.unhcr.org/africa/sites/afr/files/legacy-pdf/3ba0bbeb4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Kosovo refugee crisis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723203620/https://www.unhcr.org/africa/sites/afr/files/legacy-pdf/3ba0bbeb4.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/24/nato.un/","external_links_name":"\"NATO reaffirms power to take action without UN approval\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128045422/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/24/nato.un/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080813225955/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb120704.htm","external_links_name":"\"Allied Command Atlantic\""},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb120704.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304114736/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2000/kosovo-report-card.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Kosovo Report Card\""},{"Link":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2000/kosovo-report-card.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/macedonia/1357773/Macedonia-mission-a-success-says-Nato.html","external_links_name":"\"Macedonia mission a success, says Nato\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905212636/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/macedonia/1357773/Macedonia-mission-a-success-says-Nato.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48818.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO's role in Kosovo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230626155525/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48818.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs42738-021-00067-0","external_links_name":"\"Creating common sense: Getting NATO to Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs42738-021-00067-0","external_links_name":"10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Update: Invocation of Article 5 confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825031521/http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2001/1001/e1002a.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/8/11/nato-takes-historic-step-into-afghanistan","external_links_name":"\"NATO takes historic step into Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723205859/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/8/11/nato-takes-historic-step-into-afghanistan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/mandate/unscr/resolution_1510.pdf","external_links_name":"\"UNSC Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009021301/http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/mandate/unscr/resolution_1510.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/chronology/index.html","external_links_name":"\"ISAF Chronology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113041055/http://www.nato.int/isaf/topics/chronology/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1qU01AKOHT8","external_links_name":"\"NATO Takes Control of East Afghanistan From U.S.-Led Coalition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724142511/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a1qU01AKOHT8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=1002456&clef=ARC-TRK-NC_01","external_links_name":"\"La France et l'OTAN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175557/http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=1002456&clef=ARC-TRK-NC_01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE84J02C20120521?sp=true","external_links_name":"\"NATO sets \"irreversible\" but risky course to end Afghan war\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022162349/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE84J02C20120521?sp=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years","external_links_name":"\"Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102134349/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal","external_links_name":"\"NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000426/https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse","external_links_name":"\"Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815063215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/taliban-surge-in-afghanistan-eu-and-nato-in-state-of-shock/a-58881129","external_links_name":"\"Taliban surge in Afghanistan: EU and NATO in state of shock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130423/https://www.dw.com/en/taliban-surge-in-afghanistan-eu-and-nato-in-state-of-shock/a-58881129","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-takeover-sparks-concern-from-nato-allies/a-58880292","external_links_name":"\"Afghanistan takeover sparks concern from NATO allies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819073025/https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-takeover-sparks-concern-from-nato-allies/a-58880292","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/afghanistan-crisis-migration-europe-response/","external_links_name":"\"Migration fears complicate Europe's response to Afghanistan crisis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819092700/https://www.politico.eu/article/afghanistan-crisis-migration-europe-response/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/training_mission_iraq.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Official Website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111212165020/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/training_mission_iraq.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-withdrawal-nato-idUSTRE7BG0IK20111217","external_links_name":"\"NATO closes up training mission in Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111218070636/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/17/us-iraq-withdrawal-nato-idUSTRE7BG0IK20111217","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-alliance-idUSBRE8921F220121003","external_links_name":"\"NATO demands halt to Syria aggression against Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004011242/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/03/us-syria-crisis-alliance-idUSBRE8921F220121003","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150727233434/http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://shape.nato.int/page13984631","external_links_name":"\"Operation Allied Provider\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114050617/https://shape.nato.int/page13984631","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513125123/http://www.manw.nato.int/page_operation_ocean_shield.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Operation Ocean Shield\""},{"Link":"http://www.manw.nato.int/page_operation_ocean_shield.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429152017/http://www.manw.nato.int/page_news_archive_OOS_%202010.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles\""},{"Link":"http://www.manw.nato.int/page_news_archive_OOS_%202010.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48815.htm","external_links_name":"\"Operation Ocean Shield purpose\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913104750/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48815.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-E403D555-2A5EEC9A/natolive/news_71689.htm?mode=pressrelease","external_links_name":"\"Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya arms embargo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110428121505/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-E403D555-2A5EEC9A/natolive/news_71689.htm?mode=pressrelease","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-83A5384E-C37D94AC/natolive/opinions_71716.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"\"Press briefing by NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu, Brigadier General Pierre St-Amand, Canadian Air Force and General Massimo Panizzi, spokesperson of the Chairman of the Military Committee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110428121332/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-83A5384E-C37D94AC/natolive/opinions_71716.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130217004750/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-03-25/world/35208327_1_libya-operation-charles-bouchard-nato","external_links_name":"\"NATO reaches deal to take over Libya operation; allied planes hit ground forces\""},{"Link":"https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-03-25/world/35208327_1_libya-operation-charles-bouchard-nato","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO to police Libya no-fly zone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326033949/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214574","external_links_name":"\"UAE and Qatar pack an Arab punch in Libya operation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106134641/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214574","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/6/9/worldupdates/2011-06-09T025953Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-575860-1&sec=Worldupdates","external_links_name":"\"NATO strikes Tripoli, Gaddafi army close on Misrata\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812030653/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F6%2F9%2Fworldupdates%2F2011-06-09T025953Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-575860-1&sec=Worldupdates","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304259304576375293567474306?mod=googlenews_wsj","external_links_name":"\"Political Gridlock at NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010140850/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304259304576375293567474306?mod=googlenews_wsj","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-nato-20110609,0,6023643.story","external_links_name":"\"Gates Calls on NATO Allies to Do More in Libya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314100915/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-jun-09-la-fg-libya-nato-20110609-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-nato-20110609,0,6023643.story","external_links_name":"\"Gates calls for more NATO allies to join Libya air campaign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314100911/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-jun-09-la-fg-libya-nato-20110609-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/10/gates-blasts-nato-questions-future-alliance/?page=all","external_links_name":"\"Gates blasts NATO, questions future of alliance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213305/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/10/gates-blasts-nato-questions-future-alliance/?page=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gates-rebukes-european-allies-in-farewell-speech/2011/06/10/AG9tKeOH_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Gates rebukes European allies in farewell speech\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170825192654/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gates-rebukes-european-allies-in-farewell-speech/2011/06/10/AG9tKeOH_story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norway-to-quit-libya-operation-by-august-2011jun10-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Norway to quit Libya operation by August\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200411165833/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norway-to-quit-libya-operation-by-august-2011jun10-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110610/world/Danish-planes-running-out-of-bombs.369868","external_links_name":"\"Danish planes running out of bombs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612163628/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110610/world/Danish-planes-running-out-of-bombs.369868","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120724041541/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=6770530&c=EUR&s=AIR","external_links_name":"\"Danish Planes in Libya Running Out of Bombs: Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8573849/Navy-chief-Britain-cannot-keep-up-its-role-in-Libya-air-war-due-to-cuts.html","external_links_name":"\"Navy chief: Britain cannot keep up its role in Libya air war due to cuts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913110403/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8573849/Navy-chief-Britain-cannot-keep-up-its-role-in-Libya-air-war-due-to-cuts.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/10/11/NATO-surprised-by-pro-Gadhafi-resistance/UPI-62851318359224/","external_links_name":"\"NATO: Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadhafi forces in Libya is 'surprising'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016020425/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/10/11/NATO-surprised-by-pro-Gadhafi-resistance/UPI-62851318359224/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-10-21/Libya-NATO/50858104/1?csp=34news","external_links_name":"\"NATO strategy in Libya may not work elsewhere\""},{"Link":"http://world.time.com/2012/05/16/how-many-innocent-civilians-did-nato-kill-in-libya/","external_links_name":"\"How Many Innocent Civilians Did NATO Kill in Libya?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160401032328/http://world.time.com/2012/05/16/how-many-innocent-civilians-did-nato-kill-in-libya/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-nato-idUSBRE99K0GX20131021","external_links_name":"\"NATO to advise Libya on strengthening security forces\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930090823/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/21/us-libya-nato-idUSBRE99K0GX20131021","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_pm-turkey-may-invoke-natos-article-5-over-syrian-border-fire_277185.html","external_links_name":"todayszaman.com: \"PM: Turkey may invoke NATO's Article 5 over Syrian border fire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182142/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_pm-turkey-may-invoke-natos-article-5-over-syrian-border-fire_277185.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_observers-say-natos-fifth-charter-comes-into-play-if-clashes-with-syria-get-worse_277187.html","external_links_name":"todayszaman.com: \"Observers say NATO's fifth charter comes into play if clashes with Syria get worse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626180355/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_observers-say-natos-fifth-charter-comes-into-play-if-clashes-with-syria-get-worse_277187.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_nato-says-monitoring-tension-in-turkey-syria-border_277247.html","external_links_name":"todayszaman.com: \"NATO says monitoring tension in Turkey-Syria border\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626231647/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_nato-says-monitoring-tension-in-turkey-syria-border_277247.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","external_links_name":"\"The consultation process and Article 4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220402192427/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49187.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11764178/Turkey-calls-for-Nato-meeting-to-discuss-Isil-and-PKK.html","external_links_name":"telegraph.co.uk: \"Turkey calls for emergency Nato meeting to discuss Isil and PKK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016195051/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11764178/Turkey-calls-for-Nato-meeting-to-discuss-Isil-and-PKK.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016195052/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/26/middleeast/turkey-nato-talks/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/world/middleeast/turkey-and-us-agree-on-plan-to-clear-isis-from-strip-of-northern-syria.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey and U.S. Plan to Create Syria 'Safe Zone' Free of ISIS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016195051/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/world/middleeast/turkey-and-us-agree-on-plan-to-clear-isis-from-strip-of-northern-syria.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_121926.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"\"Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220227190355/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_121926.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/russia-denies-involvement-in-airstrikes-on-turkish-troops-in-idlib","external_links_name":"\"Russia denies involvement in airstrikes on Turkish troops in Idlib\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200228080529/https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/russia-denies-involvement-in-airstrikes-on-turkish-troops-in-idlib","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303074219/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2020/02/29/idlib/3223514","external_links_name":"\"Greece 'vetoes NATO statement' on support for Turkey amid Syria escalation\""},{"Link":"https://www.tert.am/en/news/2020/02/29/idlib/3223514","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/encyclopedia/the_birth_of_nato/the_key_issues_of_contention/the_area_of_responsibility/","external_links_name":"\"The area of responsibility\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601131134/http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/encyclopedia/the_birth_of_nato/the_key_issues_of_contention/the_area_of_responsibility/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C6AD72DE-2E05A89E/natolive/topics_67656.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"\"Washington Treaty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016081817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C6AD72DE-2E05A89E/natolive/topics_67656.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/how-does-a-country-join-nato-2","external_links_name":"\"How does a country join NATO?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230722162248/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/how-does-a-country-join-nato-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162357.htm","external_links_name":"\"Denmark and NATO – 1949\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220413192145/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162357.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.iris-france.org/136272-why-the-concept-of-gaullo-mitterrandism-is-still-relevant/","external_links_name":"\"Why the concept of Gaullo-Mitterrandism is still relevant\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307043522/https://www.iris-france.org/136272-why-the-concept-of-gaullo-mitterrandism-is-still-relevant/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","external_links_name":"\"Member countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329231751/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","external_links_name":"\"Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310022112/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65173043","external_links_name":"\"NATO's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404150315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65173043","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130310015635/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-signs-law-declaring-ukraines-non-aligne-73680.html","external_links_name":"\"Yanukovych signs law declaring Ukraine's non-aligned status\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025840/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-signs-law-declaring-ukraines-non-aligne-73680.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20141223-ukraine-parliament-votes-scrap-non-aligned-status-russia-nato","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine drops non-aligned status in swipe at Moscow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240308140645/https://www.france24.com/en/20141223-ukraine-parliament-votes-scrap-non-aligned-status-russia-nato","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215054226/https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eu-ua.org/novyny/zakon-pro-zminy-do-konstytuciyi-shchodo-kursu-na-vstup-v-yes-i-nato-nabuv-chynnosti","external_links_name":"\"The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force | European integration portal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928024828/https://eu-ua.org/novyny/zakon-pro-zminy-do-konstytuciyi-shchodo-kursu-na-vstup-v-yes-i-nato-nabuv-chynnosti","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Brussels Summit Communiqué issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221172546/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says","external_links_name":"\"Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211217112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine","external_links_name":"\"NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214164345/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/","external_links_name":"\"Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220119022224/https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/","external_links_name":"\"Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081106/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO chief: \"Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214172403/https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589","external_links_name":"\"Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211219125518/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90","external_links_name":"\"US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143405/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001000623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662830802642512","external_links_name":"10.1080/09662830802642512"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153420615","external_links_name":"153420615"},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/27/obama-tells-georgia-to-forget-about-nato-after-encouraging-it-to-join.html","external_links_name":"\"Obama Tells Georgia to Forget About NATO After Encouraging It to Join\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140416193123/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/27/obama-tells-georgia-to-forget-about-nato-after-encouraging-it-to-join.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-did-the-west-break-its-promise-to-moscow-a-663315.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140405190301/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-did-the-west-break-its-promise-to-moscow-a-663315.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/","external_links_name":"Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190307/http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/pew-survey-russia-disliked-around-world-poland-turkey-see-kremlin-major-threat.html","external_links_name":"\"Pew survey: Russia disliked around world; most in Poland, Turkey see Kremlin as major threat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093746/https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/pew-survey-russia-disliked-around-world-poland-turkey-see-kremlin-major-threat.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/nato-summit-poland-pins-its-hopes-on-the-usa/a-44606598","external_links_name":"\"NATO summit: Poland pins its hopes on the USA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121243/https://www.dw.com/en/nato-summit-poland-pins-its-hopes-on-the-usa/a-44606598","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.gallup.com/poll/203819/nato-members-eastern-europe-protection.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Most NATO Members in Eastern Europe See It as Protection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153827/https://news.gallup.com/poll/203819/nato-members-eastern-europe-protection.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636410591002509","external_links_name":"10.1080/09636410591002509"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143878355","external_links_name":"143878355"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60257080","external_links_name":"\"China joins Russia in opposing Nato expansion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220217171200/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60257080","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30150.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240214122605/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30150.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rollcall.com/2024/02/13/fact-checking-trump-comments-on-delinquent-nato-countries/","external_links_name":"\"Fact-checking Trump comments on 'delinquent' NATO countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240214034901/https://rollcall.com/2024/02/13/fact-checking-trump-comments-on-delinquent-nato-countries/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_67655.htm","external_links_name":"\"Funding NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240213182554/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_67655.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/what-did-trump-say-about-nato-funding-what-is-article-5-2024-02-12/","external_links_name":"\"What did Trump say about NATO funding and what is Article 5?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/nato-chief-rebukes-donald-trump-and-announces-record-defence-spending","external_links_name":"\"Nato chief rebukes Donald Trump and announces record defence spending\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163731/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/nato-chief-rebukes-donald-trump-and-announces-record-defence-spending","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107122519/http://en.ria.ru/world/20070709/68610511.html","external_links_name":"\"Cooperative Archer military exercise begins in Georgia\""},{"Link":"http://en.ria.ru/world/20070709/68610511.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/issues/pfp/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Partnership for Peace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110301054735/http://www.nato.int/issues/pfp/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020091957/http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities","external_links_name":"\"Nato and Belarus – partnership, past tensions and future possibilities\""},{"Link":"http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49276.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Topics: The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024110254/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49276.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100908042229/http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b060906e.htm","external_links_name":"\"Declaration by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/b060906e.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070218090444/http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107","external_links_name":"\"Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands\""},{"Link":"http://www.ataedu.org/article_new.php?id=107","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2019-2-page-85.htm?ref=doi","external_links_name":"\"Strategic Autonomy and EU-NATO Cooperation: A Win-Win Approach\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Feufor.389.0085","external_links_name":"10.3917/eufor.389.0085"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220228130506/https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2019-2-page-85.htm?ref=doi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12016M042","external_links_name":"\"Official Journal of the European Union\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174341/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12016M042","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-4CA2943D-E00ED2BF/natolive/51288.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Partner countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805170235/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-4CA2943D-E00ED2BF/natolive/51288.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/05/06/2018/Qatar-eyes-full-NATO-membership-Defense-minister","external_links_name":"\"Qatar eyes full NATO membership: Defense minister\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191002235442/https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/05/06/2018/Qatar-eyes-full-NATO-membership-Defense-minister","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2018/06/06/qatar-says-it-wants-to-join-nato","external_links_name":"\"Nato rejects Qatar membership ambition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191202221638/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2018/06/06/qatar-says-it-wants-to-join-nato","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_150794.htm","external_links_name":"\"Qatar signs security agreement with NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001140343/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_150794.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910234056/http://www.nato.int/summit2009/topics_en/12-contact_countries.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO Topics:NATO's relations with Contact Countries\""},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/summit2009/topics_en/12-contact_countries.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130618101741/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d101015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NATO PARTNERSHIPS: DOD Needs to Assess U.S. Assistance in Response to Changes to the Partnership for Peace Program\""},{"Link":"http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d101015.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/51288.htm","external_links_name":"\"Partners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007061711/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/51288.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-nato/nato-needs-to-address-chinas-rise-says-stoltenberg-idUSKCN1UX0YX","external_links_name":"\"NATO needs to address China's rise, says Stoltenberg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190814225018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-nato/nato-needs-to-address-chinas-rise-says-stoltenberg-idUSKCN1UX0YX","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170521075718/http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"\"Relations with Colombia\""},{"Link":"http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm?selectedLocale=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-nato-idUSKCN1IR0E8","external_links_name":"\"Colombia to be NATO's first Latin American global partner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818152139/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-nato-idUSKCN1IR0E8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49178.htm","external_links_name":"\"Topic: Consensus decision-making at NATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225212946/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49178.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CX1ZDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Military Science"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723205346/https://books.google.com/books?id=CX1ZDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8951/","external_links_name":"\"NATO Parliamentary Assembly in brief\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230723205347/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8951/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/","external_links_name":"\"NATO homepage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073647/http://www.nato.int/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49284.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100913014616/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49284.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/small.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Atlantic Council—The Early Years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170512/http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/small.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69053.htm","external_links_name":"\"Atlantic Treaty Association and Youth Atlantic Treaty Association\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030102644/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69053.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49152.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chair of the Military Committee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230626161908/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49152.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/17/france.nato/","external_links_name":"\"France to rejoin NATO command\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205111043/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/17/france.nato/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012115843/http://iht.com/articles/2003/02/18/eu_ed3__1.php","external_links_name":"\"Reaching accord, EU warns Saddam of his 'last chance'\""},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/02/18/eu_ed3__1.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://shape.nato.int/about","external_links_name":"\"About us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308080129/https://shape.nato.int/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50088.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Rapid Deployable Corps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910135843/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50088.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.act.nato.int/who-we-are","external_links_name":"\"Who We Are\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220306193652/https://www.act.nato.int/who-we-are","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.act.nato.int/application/files/1016/0999/3864/legal_gazette_34.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Legal Authority of NATO Commanders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829212244/https://www.act.nato.int/application/files/1016/0999/3864/legal_gazette_34.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1562161/Gen-Sir-Mike-Jackson-My-clash-with-Nato-chief.html","external_links_name":"\"Gen Sir Mike Jackson: My clash with Nato chief\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1562161/Gen-Sir-Mike-Jackson-My-clash-with-Nato-chief.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2658073","external_links_name":"10.2307/2658073"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658073","external_links_name":"2658073"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR55","external_links_name":"The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403080406/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR55","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ei38uQH5M5kC&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405181655/https://books.google.com/books?id=ei38uQH5M5kC&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KyBPuKcUXowC","external_links_name":"NATO: A Guide to the Issues"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415183835/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyBPuKcUXowC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyHlwgWnGQC&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418225810/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyHlwgWnGQC&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rJHU9VZRhjwC&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411152001/https://books.google.com/books?id=rJHU9VZRhjwC&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NATO","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NATO&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121003015226/http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/2003-08-Transforming_the_NATO_Military_Command_Structure.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future\""},{"Link":"http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/2003-08-Transforming_the_NATO_Military_Command_Structure.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Silvia_Borzutzky/publication/227307146_NATO_and_the_war_on_terror_The_organizational_challenges_of_the_post_911_world/links/54f78d520cf2ccffe9db4481.pdf","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization;isad","external_links_name":"\"NATO: The First Five Years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315234941/http://archives.nato.int/nato-first-5-years-1949-1954-by-lord-ismay-secretary-general-of-north-atlantic-treaty-organization%3Bisad","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043422/http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951–2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=54342","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_212668.htm","external_links_name":"Secretary General’s Annual Reports 2011–present"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/organisations/nato.html","external_links_name":"NATO"},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/tag/nato/","external_links_name":"NATO"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/nato","external_links_name":"NATO"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/topic/organization/north-atlantic-treaty-organization","external_links_name":"NATO"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/529467/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115376279","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000474426768","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148423701","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90056314","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX93263","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868595r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868595r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513879406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/377-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266414605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000008525","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006743","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/ljx0xrh40rrc8jx","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004314&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568052","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711289&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35390828","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record56828","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000041111&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548628705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/74868","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/11468","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00468578?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500225812","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/936003","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=70571","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041283","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tf3tcr","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026438453","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Acts
Rowlatt Act
["1 Purpose and introduction","2 Effect","3 Revocation","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Government act passed in 1919 by the British in India This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919Imperial Legislative CouncilRepealed byThe Special Laws Repeal Act, 1922Status: Repealed Sidney Rowlatt, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1917 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the Indian independence movement and political terrorism in India. The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was a law, applied during the British India period. It was a legislative council act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, imprisonment without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War. It was enacted in the light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as had occurred during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the Defence of India Act would enable.: 137  Purpose and introduction The British Colonial Government passed the "Rowlatt Act" which gave power to the police to arrest any person without any reason. The purpose of the Act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. Mahatma Gandhi called upon the people to perform satyagraha against the act. Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee and named after its president, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, the act effectively authorized the colonial British government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in British India for up to two years, and gave the colonial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities. The unpopular legislation provided for stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts. The accused were denied the right to know the accusers and the evidence used in the trial. Those convicted were required to deposit securities upon release, and were prohibited from taking part in any political, educational, or religious activities. On the report of the committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt, two bills were introduced in the Central Legislature on 6 February 1919. These bills came to be known as "Black Bills". They gave enormous powers to the police to search a place and arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant. Despite much opposition, the Rowlatt Act was passed on 18 March 1919. The purpose of the act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. Under the Rowlatt act 1919, the chief justice was empowered to decide on the immediate custody of the accused between the trial and release on bail for smooth implementation of the act. The act also provides a penalty for disobedience of any order promulgated under sections 22 and 27 of the act, which is imprisonment for a maximum of six months or a fine of Rs. 500 or both. Effect Mahatma Gandhi, among other Indian leaders, was extremely critical of the Act and argued that not everyone should be punished in response to isolated political crimes. Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mazarul Haque and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a member of the All-India Muslim League resigned from the Imperial legislative council in protest against the act. The act also infuriated many other Indian leaders and the public, which caused the government to implement repressive measures. Gandhi and others thought that constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on 6 April, a hartal took place. This was an event in which Indians suspended businesses and went on strikes and would fast, pray and hold public meetings against the 'Black Act' as a sign of their opposition and civil disobedience would be offered against the law. Mahatma Gandhi bathed in the sea at Mumbai and made a speech before a procession to Madhav Baug temple took place. This event was part of the Non-cooperation movement. It was the Rowlatt Act which brought Gandhi to the mainstream of the Indian struggle for independence and ushered in the Gandhian Era of Indian politics. Jawaharlal Nehru described Gandhi's entry into the protests in his Glimpses of World History: Early in 1919 he was very ill. He had barely recovered from it when the Rowlatt Bill agitation filled the country. He also joined his voice to the universal outcry. But this voice was somehow different from others. It was quiet and low, and yet it could be heard above the shouting of the multitude; it was soft and gentle , and yet there seemed to be steel hidden away somewhere in it; it was courteous and full of appeal, and yet there was something grim and frightening in it; every word used was full of meaning and seemed to carry a deadly earnestness. Behind the language of peace and friendship there was power and quivering shadow of action and a determination not to submit to a wrong...This was something very different from our daily politics of condemnation and nothing else, long speeches always ending in the same futile and ineffective resolutions of protest which nobody took very seriously. This was the politics of action, not of talk. However, the success of the hartal in Delhi, on 30 March, was overshadowed by tensions running high, which resulted in rioting in the Punjab, Delhi and Gujarat. Deciding that Indians were not ready to make a stand consistent with the principle of nonviolence, an integral part of satyagraha (disobeying the British colonial government's laws without using violence), Gandhi suspended the resistance. The Rowlatt Act came into effect on 21 March 1919. In Punjab the protest movement was very strong, and on 10 April two leaders of the congress, Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, were arrested and taken secretly to Dharamsala. On 13 April people from neighbouring villages gathered for Baisakhi Day celebrations and to protest against their deportation in Amritsar. Subsequently, the army was called into Punjab, which resulted in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919. Revocation Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee, the British colonial government repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other laws in March 1922. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rowlatt Act. Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha Non-cooperation movement Notes ^ As per Section 15, at any trials conducted under Part 1 of the Article, the accused may be charged with and convicted of any offense against any provision of law which is referred to in the Schedule. Section 124-A of IPC, 1860 (Sedition) is one of the Sections mentioned under Section 2 of the Schedule. ^ As mentioned in clause (a) of Sub-section 1 of Section 34 of Rowlatt Act, provided conditions for the application of Part 3 are met. As per Sub-section 2, the arrest of any such person can be effected at any place where he may be found by any government officer. Section 35 further directs that any person making an arrest under clause (a) of Sub-section 1 of the previous article shall immediately report the arrest to the Local Government. Pending receipt of orders of Government, the person is to be detained in custody for a maximum of 7 days, which could be extended to 15 days as per the direction of the Local Government. ^ Stated in Sub-section 2 of Section 26 as follows- "The investigating authority shall then hold an inquiry in-camera for the purpose of ascertaining what, in its opinion, having regard to the facts and circumstances adduced by the Government, appears against the person in respect of whom the order has been made." Section 30 states that the investigating authority shall consist of 3 persons, of whom 2 shall be persons having held judicial office not inferior to that of a District and Sessions Judge, and one shall be a person not in the service of the Crown in India. ^ Stated in Clause (b) of sub-section 2 of Section 26 as follows- "The investigating authority shall not disclose to the person in question any fact the communication of which might endanger the public safety or the safety of any individual:" ^ Stated in Sub-section 3 of section 26 as follows- "Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) the inquiry shall be conducted in such manner as the investigating authority considers best suited to elicit the facts of the case: and in making the inquiry, such authority shall not be bound to observe the rules of the law of evidence." ^ As mentioned in clause (c) of sub-section 1 of section 34, applicable when Part III is in force. Sub-section 3 of the same section states that the search could be carried out by any Government officer. Further, Section 36 mentions that a search warrant is to be issued by the District Magistrate and is deemed to be sufficient authority for seizure of anything found in such place which the officer believes could be a nuisance to public safety. ^ Including, but not limited to, Vallabhbhai Patel, Madan Mohan Malviya References ^ Popplewell, Richard (1995). Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 175. doi:10.4324/9781315037417. ISBN 978-0-7146-4580-3. S2CID 239566146. ^ Lovett, Verney (1920). A history of the Indian nationalist movement. London: John Murray. pp. 94, 187–191. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (March 1921). "A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement. (Review by Verney Lovett)". Political Science Quarterly. 36 (1): 136–138. doi:10.2307/2142669. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3nw01g05. JSTOR 2142669. ^ Tinker, Hugh (October 1968). "India in the First World War and after". Journal of Contemporary History. 3 (4): 92. doi:10.1177/002200946800300407. S2CID 150456443. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ Fisher, Margaret W. (Spring 1972). "Essays on Gandhian Politics: the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919. (in Book Reviews)". Pacific Affairs. 45 (1): 129. doi:10.2307/2755297. JSTOR 2755297. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ Du Boulay, James Houssemayne (May 1919). "Copy of a Press Message from Reed, Bombay to "Times", London, passed at Bombay". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ a b Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (24 February 1919). "Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17" (PDF). New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India. p. 297. Retrieved 12 March 2022. in the event of these Bills becoming law and until they are withdrawn, we shall refuse civilly to obey these laws and such other laws as a Committee ^ Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens (17 March 1919). "Rowlatt Bills". Hansard. UK Parliament. Retrieved 12 March 2022. The Government of India has informed the Secretary of State that the Bill, as modified in Select Committee, limits the total period of confinement to two years ^ "Section 124-A of Indian Penal Code". India Code. Government of India. 1860. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ a b c d e f "Act No. XI of 1919" (PDF). India Code. Government of India. 21 March 1919. p. 39. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ a b Vohra, Ranbir (2001). The Making of India: A Historical Survey, 2nd Ed. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0711-5. p. 126. ^ "Proceedings, June 1919, no. 82". Home Department, Government of India. 1919. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2022. I place below the second and more important Bill in connection with the report of the Rowlatt Committee ^ Sen, Siba Pada (1974). Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. III (M-R). Calcutta: Institute of Historical Studies. p. 33. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ "| Making Britain". www.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ^ Malaviya, Madan Mohan; Nehru, Motilal; Gandhi, Mohandas K.; Das, Chittaranjan; Tyabji, Abbas; Jayakar, M. R.; Santhanam, K. (1920). The Congress Punjab Inquiry, 1919-20 (PDF). Mumbai: Pandit K. Santhanam. p. 31. The final passage of this bill on the 18th March, with some modifications, which the member in charge of it accepted and which did not touch the scheme or the scope of it, brought about three notable resignations i.e. from Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mr. Mazarul Haque and Mr. M. A. Jinnah. ^ "Indian Affairs". Greymouth Evening Star. Greymouth: New Zealand Government. Allied Press. 9 July 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 13 March 2022. ^ Balaji, Balamurali (9 April 2013). "Remembering this week: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre – April 6th to April 15th, 1919". GandhiTopia. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (6 April 1919). "Speech at Chowpatty, Bombay- Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17" (PDF). Publications Division, Government of India. pp. 382–387. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (1934–35). Glimpses of World History. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-9-385-99006-9. ^ "Proceedings of the Home Department, 1919". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. November 1919. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ "CAB 24/153, British Empire and Africa Report No.112". The National Archives Website. The National Archives. 15 April 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 12 March 2022. The trouble occurred principally in the Punjab, particularly at Amritsar, the sacred city of the Sikhs, and in Bombay Presidency at Ahmedabad, the second city of the Presidency. ^ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (6 July 1919). "Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 18" (PDF). New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India. pp. 182–186. Retrieved 12 March 2022. the discovery I have made, namely, that he only is able and attains the right to offer civil disobedience who has known how to offer voluntary and deliberate obedience to the laws of the State""I have suggested that civil disobedience by the others should not be taken up for at least one month after I have been taken charge of by the Government. ^ "Extract from the "Independent," Allahabad, dated the 19th November 1919". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. Retrieved 12 March 2022. ^ "Extract from A. B. Patrika, dated Calcutta, the 19th November 1919". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. Retrieved 12 March 2022. he was directed by the Government of Sir Michael O'Dwyer to deport Drs. Kichlew and Satyapal" "But after they had been under his roof for half an hour as his guests, they were caught hold of, and removed towards Dharmasala under police escort ^ "From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City". The Tribune. 26 January 2006. ^ "Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh". Daily Times. 13 April 2003. ^ The History of British India: a chronology, John F. Riddick, 2006 ^ "Act No. IV of 1922" (PDF). India Code. Hastings Street, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. 22 February 1922. p. 3. Retrieved 12 March 2022. External links Committee, Sedition (1918), Sedition Committee Report, 1918, Home Department, Government of India. Rowlatt act, GetLegal India vteIndian independence movementHistory Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophiesand ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Socialreformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B. R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J. B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddy Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A. K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja-ud-Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud-Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi V. O. Chidamabaram V. K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Sidney_Arthur_Taylor_Rowlatt_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sidney Rowlatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"British Indian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Indian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"political terrorism in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Imperial Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"indefinite detention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_detention"},{"link_name":"Defence of India Act 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"conspiracies as had occurred during the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarkar1921-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sidney Rowlatt, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1917 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the Indian independence movement and political terrorism in India.The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was a law, applied during the British India period. It was a legislative council act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 \nMarch 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, imprisonment without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War. It was enacted in the light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as had occurred during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the Defence of India Act would enable.[1][2][3]: 137 \n[4][5]","title":"Rowlatt Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satyagraha_Pledge-7"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee"},{"link_name":"Sir Sidney Rowlatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"in camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_camera"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vohra_2001,_126-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vohra_2001,_126-16"},{"link_name":"Central Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The British Colonial Government passed the \"Rowlatt Act\" which gave power to the police to arrest any person without any reason. The purpose of the Act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. Mahatma Gandhi called upon the people to perform satyagraha against the act.[6][7]\nPassed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee and named after its president, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, the act effectively authorized the colonial British government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in British India for up to two years,[8] and gave the colonial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities.The unpopular legislation provided for stricter control of the press,[a] arrests without warrant,[b] indefinite detention without trial, and juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts.[c] The accused were denied the right to know the accusers[d] and the evidence used in the trial.[e][11] Those convicted were required to deposit securities upon release, and were prohibited from taking part in any political, educational, or religious activities.[11]\nOn the report of the committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt, two bills were introduced in the Central Legislature on 6 February 1919.[12] These bills came to be known as \"Black Bills\". They gave enormous powers to the police to search a place[f] and arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant. Despite much opposition, the Rowlatt Act was passed on 18 March 1919. The purpose of the act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. Under the Rowlatt act 1919, the chief justice was empowered to decide on the immediate custody of the accused between the trial and release on bail for smooth implementation of the act. The act also provides a penalty for disobedience of any order promulgated under sections 22 and 27 of the act, which is imprisonment for a maximum of six months or a fine of Rs. 500 or both.","title":"Purpose and introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Madan Mohan Malaviya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya"},{"link_name":"Mazarul Haque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Mazharul_Haque"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"hartal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Non-cooperation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Glimpses of World History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"excessive quote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"nonviolence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Satyapal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyapal"},{"link_name":"Saifuddin Kitchlew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew"},{"link_name":"Dharamsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Baisakhi Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Jallianwala Bagh massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti-32"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da-33"}],"text":"Mahatma Gandhi, among other Indian leaders,[g] was extremely critical of the Act and argued that not everyone should be punished in response to isolated political crimes. Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mazarul Haque and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a member of the All-India Muslim League resigned from the Imperial legislative council in protest against the act.[14][15] The act also infuriated many other Indian leaders and the public, which caused the government to implement repressive measures. Gandhi and others thought that constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on 6 April, a hartal took place.[16] This was an event in which Indians suspended businesses and went on strikes and would fast, pray and hold public meetings against the 'Black Act' as a sign of their opposition and civil disobedience would be offered against the law. Mahatma Gandhi bathed in the sea at Mumbai and made a speech before a procession to Madhav Baug temple took place.[17][18] This event was part of the Non-cooperation movement.It was the Rowlatt Act which brought Gandhi to the mainstream of the Indian struggle for independence and ushered in the Gandhian Era of Indian politics. Jawaharlal Nehru described Gandhi's entry into the protests in his Glimpses of World History:Early in 1919 he was very ill. He had barely recovered from it when the Rowlatt Bill agitation filled the country. He also joined his voice to the universal outcry. But this voice was somehow different from others. It was quiet and low, and yet it could be heard above the shouting of the multitude; it was soft and gentle , and yet there seemed to be steel hidden away somewhere in it; it was courteous and full of appeal, and yet there was something grim and frightening in it; every word used was full of meaning and seemed to carry a deadly earnestness. Behind the language of peace and friendship there was power and quivering shadow of action and a determination not to submit to a wrong...This was something very different from our daily politics of condemnation and nothing else, long speeches always ending in the same futile and ineffective resolutions of protest which nobody took very seriously. This was the politics of action, not of talk.[19][excessive quote]However, the success of the hartal in Delhi, on 30 March, was overshadowed by tensions running high, which resulted in rioting in the Punjab, Delhi and Gujarat.[20][21] Deciding that Indians were not ready to make a stand consistent with the principle of nonviolence, an integral part of satyagraha (disobeying the British colonial government's laws without using violence), Gandhi suspended the resistance.[22]The Rowlatt Act came into effect on 21 March 1919. In Punjab the protest movement was very strong, and on 10 April two leaders of the congress, Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, were arrested and taken secretly to Dharamsala.[23][24] On 13 April people from neighbouring villages gathered for Baisakhi Day celebrations and to protest against their deportation in Amritsar. Subsequently, the army was called into Punjab, which resulted in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.[25][26]","title":"Effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British colonial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Press Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Act"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riddick-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee, the British colonial government repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other laws in March 1922.[27][28]","title":"Revocation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act_No._XI-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act_No._XI-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act_No._XI-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act_No._XI-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act_No._XI-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act_No._XI-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satyagraha_Pledge-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"^ As per Section 15, at any trials conducted under Part 1 of the Article, the accused may be charged with and convicted of any offense against any provision of law which is referred to in the Schedule. Section 124-A of IPC, 1860 (Sedition)[9] is one of the Sections mentioned under Section 2 of the Schedule.[10]\n\n^ As mentioned in clause (a) of Sub-section 1 of Section 34 of Rowlatt Act, provided conditions for the application of Part 3 are met. As per Sub-section 2, the arrest of any such person can be effected at any place where he may be found by any government officer. Section 35 further directs that any person making an arrest under clause (a) of Sub-section 1 of the previous article shall immediately report the arrest to the Local Government. Pending receipt of orders of Government, the person is to be detained in custody for a maximum of 7 days, which could be extended to 15 days as per the direction of the Local Government.[10]\n\n^ Stated in Sub-section 2 of Section 26 as follows- \"The investigating authority shall then hold an inquiry in-camera for the purpose of ascertaining what, in its opinion, having regard to the facts and circumstances adduced by the Government, appears against the person in respect of whom the order has been made.\" Section 30 states that the investigating authority shall consist of 3 persons, of whom 2 shall be persons having held judicial office not inferior to that of a District and Sessions Judge, and one shall be a person not in the service of the Crown in India.[10]\n\n^ Stated in Clause (b) of sub-section 2 of Section 26 as follows- \"The investigating authority shall not disclose to the person in question any fact the communication of which might endanger the public safety or the safety of any individual:\"[10]\n\n^ Stated in Sub-section 3 of section 26 as follows- \"Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) the inquiry shall be conducted in such manner as the investigating authority considers best suited to elicit the facts of the case: and in making the inquiry, such authority shall not be bound to observe the rules of the law of evidence.\"[10]\n\n^ As mentioned in clause (c) of sub-section 1 of section 34, applicable when Part III is in force. Sub-section 3 of the same section states that the search could be carried out by any Government officer. Further, Section 36 mentions that a search warrant is to be issued by the District Magistrate and is deemed to be sufficient authority for seizure of anything found in such place which the officer believes could be a nuisance to public safety.[10]\n\n^ Including, but not limited to, Vallabhbhai Patel,[7] Madan Mohan Malviya[13]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Sidney Rowlatt, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1917 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the Indian independence movement and political terrorism in India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sir_Sidney_Arthur_Taylor_Rowlatt_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Sir_Sidney_Arthur_Taylor_Rowlatt_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Rowlatt Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rowlatt_Act"},{"title":"Champaran Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha"},{"title":"Kheda Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha"},{"title":"Non-cooperation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)"}]
[{"reference":"Popplewell, Richard (1995). Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 175. doi:10.4324/9781315037417. ISBN 978-0-7146-4580-3. S2CID 239566146.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315037417/intelligence-imperial-defence-richard-popplewell","url_text":"Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315037417","url_text":"10.4324/9781315037417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4580-3","url_text":"978-0-7146-4580-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239566146","url_text":"239566146"}]},{"reference":"Lovett, Verney (1920). A history of the Indian nationalist movement. London: John Murray. pp. 94, 187–191. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924024064523/page/n109/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"A history of the Indian nationalist movement"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (March 1921). \"A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement. (Review by Verney Lovett)\". Political Science Quarterly. 36 (1): 136–138. doi:10.2307/2142669. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3nw01g05. JSTOR 2142669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoy_Kumar_Sarkar","url_text":"Sarkar, Benoy Kumar"},{"url":"http://archive.org/details/historyofindiann00loveiala","url_text":"\"A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement. (Review by Verney Lovett)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2142669","url_text":"10.2307/2142669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft3nw01g05","url_text":"2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3nw01g05"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142669","url_text":"2142669"}]},{"reference":"Tinker, Hugh (October 1968). \"India in the First World War and after\". Journal of Contemporary History. 3 (4): 92. doi:10.1177/002200946800300407. S2CID 150456443. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200946800300407","url_text":"\"India in the First World War and after\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946800300407","url_text":"10.1177/002200946800300407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150456443","url_text":"150456443"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Margaret W. (Spring 1972). \"Essays on Gandhian Politics: the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919. (in Book Reviews)\". Pacific Affairs. 45 (1): 129. doi:10.2307/2755297. JSTOR 2755297. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755297","url_text":"\"Essays on Gandhian Politics: the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919. (in Book Reviews)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2755297","url_text":"10.2307/2755297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755297","url_text":"2755297"}]},{"reference":"Du Boulay, James Houssemayne (May 1919). \"Copy of a Press Message from Reed, Bombay to \"Times\", London, passed at Bombay\". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Houssemayne_Du_Boulay","url_text":"Du Boulay, James Houssemayne"},{"url":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/actions-taken-deal-leaders-passive-resistance-satyagraha-rowlatt-billpoll-may-455-472-part","url_text":"\"Copy of a Press Message from Reed, Bombay to \"Times\", London, passed at Bombay\""}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (24 February 1919). \"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17\" (PDF). New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India. p. 297. Retrieved 12 March 2022. in the event of these Bills becoming law and until they are withdrawn, we shall refuse civilly to obey these laws and such other laws as a Committee","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi","url_text":"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand"},{"url":"https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens (17 March 1919). \"Rowlatt Bills\". Hansard. UK Parliament. Retrieved 12 March 2022. The Government of India has informed the Secretary of State that the Bill, as modified in Select Committee, limits the total period of confinement to two years","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Albert_Laurens_Fisher","url_text":"Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens"},{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1919/mar/17/rowlatt-bills","url_text":"\"Rowlatt Bills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Section 124-A of Indian Penal Code\". India Code. Government of India. 1860. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2263?sam_handle=123456789/1362","url_text":"\"Section 124-A of Indian Penal Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"Act No. XI of 1919\" (PDF). India Code. Government of India. 21 March 1919. p. 39. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1919-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Act No. XI of 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proceedings, June 1919, no. 82\". Home Department, Government of India. 1919. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2022. I place below the second and more important Bill in connection with the report of the Rowlatt Committee","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rowlatt-act-proceedings-scanned-copy/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Proceedings, June 1919, no. 82\""}]},{"reference":"Sen, Siba Pada (1974). Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. III (M-R). Calcutta: Institute of Historical Studies. p. 33. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnationalbiographyvol.3mrsens.p._623_K/page/33/mode/2up","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. III (M-R)"}]},{"reference":"\"| Making Britain\". www.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohammed-ali-jinnah","url_text":"\"| Making Britain\""}]},{"reference":"Malaviya, Madan Mohan; Nehru, Motilal; Gandhi, Mohandas K.; Das, Chittaranjan; Tyabji, Abbas; Jayakar, M. R.; Santhanam, K. (1920). The Congress Punjab Inquiry, 1919-20 (PDF). Mumbai: Pandit K. Santhanam. p. 31. The final passage of this bill on the 18th March, with some modifications, which the member in charge of it accepted and which did not touch the scheme or the scope of it, brought about three notable resignations i.e. from Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mr. Mazarul Haque and Mr. M. A. Jinnah.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya","url_text":"Malaviya, Madan Mohan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Nehru","url_text":"Nehru, Motilal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi","url_text":"Gandhi, Mohandas K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das","url_text":"Das, Chittaranjan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji","url_text":"Tyabji, Abbas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._Jayakar","url_text":"Jayakar, M. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Santhanam","url_text":"Santhanam, K."},{"url":"https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2414/1/25414.pdf","url_text":"The Congress Punjab Inquiry, 1919-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Santhanam","url_text":"Pandit K. Santhanam"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Affairs\". Greymouth Evening Star. Greymouth: New Zealand Government. Allied Press. 9 July 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GEST19190709.2.18?items_per_page=10&page=6&query=rowlatt+bill&snippet=true","url_text":"\"Indian Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"Balaji, Balamurali (9 April 2013). \"Remembering this week: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre – April 6th to April 15th, 1919\". GandhiTopia. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gandhitopia.org/profiles/blogs/remembering-this-week-jalianwala-bagh-massacre-april-6th-to-april","url_text":"\"Remembering this week: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre – April 6th to April 15th, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (6 April 1919). \"Speech at Chowpatty, Bombay- Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17\" (PDF). Publications Division, Government of India. pp. 382–387. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi","url_text":"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand"},{"url":"https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Speech at Chowpatty, Bombay- Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17\""}]},{"reference":"Nehru, Jawaharlal (1934–35). Glimpses of World History. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-9-385-99006-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-385-99006-9","url_text":"978-9-385-99006-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Proceedings of the Home Department, 1919\". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. November 1919. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/distribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form-0","url_text":"\"Proceedings of the Home Department, 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAB 24/153, British Empire and Africa Report No.112\". The National Archives Website. The National Archives. 15 April 1919. p. 6. Retrieved 12 March 2022. The trouble occurred principally in the Punjab, particularly at Amritsar, the sacred city of the Sikhs, and in Bombay Presidency at Ahmedabad, the second city of the Presidency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/aftermath/p_amritsar.htm","url_text":"\"CAB 24/153, British Empire and Africa Report No.112\""}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (6 July 1919). \"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 18\" (PDF). New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India. pp. 182–186. Retrieved 12 March 2022. the discovery I have made, namely, that he only is able and attains the right to offer civil disobedience who has known how to offer voluntary and deliberate obedience to the laws of the State\"\"I have suggested that civil disobedience by the others should not be taken up for at least one month after I have been taken charge of by the Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi","url_text":"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand"},{"url":"https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 18\""}]},{"reference":"\"Extract from the \"Independent,\" Allahabad, dated the 19th November 1919\". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/distribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form","url_text":"\"Extract from the \"Independent,\" Allahabad, dated the 19th November 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"Extract from A. B. Patrika, dated Calcutta, the 19th November 1919\". Indianculture.gov. National Archives of India. Retrieved 12 March 2022. he was directed by the Government of Sir Michael O'Dwyer to deport Drs. Kichlew and Satyapal\" \"But after they had been under his roof for half an hour as his guests, they were caught hold of, and removed towards Dharmasala under police escort","urls":[{"url":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/question-action-be-taken-stop-unfair-journalistic-comments-evidence-hunter-committee-poll","url_text":"\"Extract from A. B. Patrika, dated Calcutta, the 19th November 1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City\". The Tribune. 26 January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060126/aplus.htm#1","url_text":"\"From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh\". Daily Times. 13 April 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_13-4-2003_pg3_2","url_text":"\"Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Act No. IV of 1922\" (PDF). India Code. Hastings Street, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. 22 February 1922. p. 3. Retrieved 12 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1922-4.pdf","url_text":"\"Act No. IV of 1922\""}]},{"reference":"Committee, Sedition (1918), Sedition Committee Report, 1918, Home Department, Government of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hindswaraj.bjplib.028/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Sedition Committee Report, 1918"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315037417/intelligence-imperial-defence-richard-popplewell","external_links_name":"Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315037417","external_links_name":"10.4324/9781315037417"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239566146","external_links_name":"239566146"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924024064523/page/n109/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"A history of the Indian nationalist movement"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/historyofindiann00loveiala","external_links_name":"\"A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement. (Review by Verney Lovett)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2142669","external_links_name":"10.2307/2142669"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft3nw01g05","external_links_name":"2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3nw01g05"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142669","external_links_name":"2142669"},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200946800300407","external_links_name":"\"India in the First World War and after\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946800300407","external_links_name":"10.1177/002200946800300407"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150456443","external_links_name":"150456443"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755297","external_links_name":"\"Essays on Gandhian Politics: the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919. (in Book Reviews)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2755297","external_links_name":"10.2307/2755297"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755297","external_links_name":"2755297"},{"Link":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/actions-taken-deal-leaders-passive-resistance-satyagraha-rowlatt-billpoll-may-455-472-part","external_links_name":"\"Copy of a Press Message from Reed, Bombay to \"Times\", London, passed at Bombay\""},{"Link":"https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1919/mar/17/rowlatt-bills","external_links_name":"\"Rowlatt Bills\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2263?sam_handle=123456789/1362","external_links_name":"\"Section 124-A of Indian Penal Code\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1919-11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Act No. XI of 1919\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis0002vohr/page/126/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"The Making of India: A Historical Survey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rowlatt-act-proceedings-scanned-copy/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"Proceedings, June 1919, no. 82\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnationalbiographyvol.3mrsens.p._623_K/page/33/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. III (M-R)"},{"Link":"http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohammed-ali-jinnah","external_links_name":"\"| Making Britain\""},{"Link":"https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2414/1/25414.pdf","external_links_name":"The Congress Punjab Inquiry, 1919-20"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GEST19190709.2.18?items_per_page=10&page=6&query=rowlatt+bill&snippet=true","external_links_name":"\"Indian Affairs\""},{"Link":"http://www.gandhitopia.org/profiles/blogs/remembering-this-week-jalianwala-bagh-massacre-april-6th-to-april","external_links_name":"\"Remembering this week: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre – April 6th to April 15th, 1919\""},{"Link":"https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Speech at Chowpatty, Bombay- Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 17\""},{"Link":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/distribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form-0","external_links_name":"\"Proceedings of the Home Department, 1919\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/aftermath/p_amritsar.htm","external_links_name":"\"CAB 24/153, British Empire and Africa Report No.112\""},{"Link":"https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 18\""},{"Link":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/distribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form","external_links_name":"\"Extract from the \"Independent,\" Allahabad, dated the 19th November 1919\""},{"Link":"https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/question-action-be-taken-stop-unfair-journalistic-comments-evidence-hunter-committee-poll","external_links_name":"\"Extract from A. B. Patrika, dated Calcutta, the 19th November 1919\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060126/aplus.htm#1","external_links_name":"\"From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_13-4-2003_pg3_2","external_links_name":"\"Op-ed: Let's not forget Jallianwala Bagh\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA106","external_links_name":"The History of British India: a chronology"},{"Link":"https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1922-4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Act No. IV of 1922\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hindswaraj.bjplib.028/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"Sedition Committee Report, 1918"},{"Link":"https://getlegalindia.com/rowlatt-act/","external_links_name":"Rowlatt act"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast
British Columbia Coast
["1 Boundaries","2 Major subregions","3 History","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","4.2 Ecology","5 Demographics","5.1 Regional districts","6 Culture","7 Economy","7.1 Fishing","8 Transportation","8.1 Highways","8.2 Maritime routes","8.3 Ports","8.4 Rail","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Coastal region of British Columbia, Canada This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "British Columbia Coast" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Region in British Columbia, CanadaBritish Columbia Coast French: Côte de la Colombie-BritanniqueRegion From top, left to right: Vancouver, Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, Lax Kw'alaams backdropped by the Kitimat Ranges, Qualicum Beach and the Strait of GeorgiaNickname: "The Coast"CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaPrincipal cities List VancouverSurreyBurnabyRichmondAbbotsfordCoquitlamDeltaNanaimoVictoriaChilliwackMaple RidgeNew WestminsterPort CoquitlamNorth Vancouver Area • 15 Districts244,778 km2 (94,509 sq mi)Highest elevationMt. Waddington4,019 m (13,186 ft)Lowest elevationSea level0 m (0 ft)Population (2016)3,686,900 • Density80.24/km2 (207.8/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (PDT)Postal code prefixesVArea codes236, 250, 604, 672, 778 The British Columbia Coast, popularly referred to as the BC Coast or simply the Coast, is a geographic region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As the entire western continental coastline of Canada along the Pacific Ocean is in the province, it is synonymous with being the West Coast of Canada. While the exact boundaries are variously defined, the region is generally defined to include the 15 regional districts that have coastline along the Pacific Ocean or Salish Sea, or are part of the Lower Mainland, a subregion of the British Columbia Coast. Other boundaries may exclude parts of or even entire regional districts, such as those of the aforementioned Lower Mainland. Boundaries While the term British Columbia Coast has been recorded from the earliest period of non-native settlement in British Columbia, it has never been officially defined in legal terms. The term has historically been in popular usage for over a century to describe a region of the province that extends west from the Coast Mountains and North Cascades. This definition makes the term British Columbia Coast largely synonymous with the 15 regional districts that have territory in this region. Major subregions Among locals, the British Columbia Coast can further be divided into seven major subregions: Vancouver Island: Includes Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands, and sometimes Quadra Island. Lower Mainland: Includes Greater Vancouver, Fraser Valley, and sometimes the Sea-to-Sky Corridor. Sunshine Coast: Includes the islands and mainland coast between Howe Sound and Desolation Sound. South Coast: Includes the Lower Mainland and Sunshine Coast, but excludes Vancouver Island. This subregion is closely associated with the Salish Sea. Central Coast: Includes the islands and mainland coast between Desolation Sound and Cape Caution. This subregion is sparsely populated and is represented by the regional districts of Strathcona and Mount Waddington. The northern limit of this subregion is often extended northward to the Don Peninsula to include Central Coast Regional District. North Coast: Includes the islands and mainland coast between Cape Caution and Portland Canal. This subregion is represented by the regional districts of Central Coast, Kitimat–Stikine, and North Coast. This subregion is closely associated with the Great Bear Rainforest. Haida Gwaii: Includes the Haida Gwaii archipelago, which located about 90 km (56 mi) west of the mainland North Coast. History Main article: History of British Columbia Research from the 1990s has indicated that the Ice Age-era coastline of the British Columbia Coast was lower by about 100 m (330 ft). The effect of the sea level on the coastline was such that Queen Charlotte Sound, which is between Haida Gwaii and the northern end of Vancouver Island, was a coastal plain, as were all the straits inland from it, except for those that were mountain valleys. Underwater archaeology has shown the presence of permanent human habitations and other activity at the 100 m (330 ft) contour, and the Ice Age existence of such a coastal plain has put a new light on Ice Age populations in North America as well as on the strong likelihood of this area having been the major migration route from (and perhaps to) Asia. The heavy indentation and mild climate of the British Columbia Coast have led to inevitable comparisons with the geography's predisposition to encouraging increased human settlement and movement as well as cultural foment and population growth in the Aegean, the Irish Sea/Hebrides and in the Danish Archipelago and adjoining Scandinavian coasts. The natural fecundity of the environment – rich in seafood, wild game, and greenery – combined with the ease of travel (by water) is seen in all cases (British Columbia, Denmark, Greece) to have generated a dynamic and gifted civilization. And there are comparisons to be made between the artistic and political and social level of the Pacific Northwest Peoples and those of pre-Conversion pagan Scandinavia, Ireland and Archaic-Era Greece. Geography See also: Geography of British Columbia The British Columbia Coast stretches from the southern tip of Vancouver Island along the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the community of Stewart at the head of Portland Canal. The aerial distance between these two points is approximately 954 km (593 mi). However, due to its deeply incised coastline and over 40,000 islands of varying sizes, the total length of the British Columbia Coast is over 25,725 km (15,985 mi), or approximately 10% of the entire Canadian coastline. This coastal geography is shared with the neighbouring U.S. states of Alaska and Washington. The dominant landforms are the Insular Mountains of Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, and the Coast Mountains that stretch along the entire length of the coast. The proximity of these mountains to the coast produce fjords that rival those of Norway in length and depth. Several large Islands fill the strait between Vancouver Island and the Mainland with Texada Island, Cortes Island and Salt Spring Island being the largest in size. Fjords of note include Burrard Inlet, Burke Channel, Howe Sound, Jervis Inlet, Desolation Sound, Dean Channel, Douglas Channel, and Portland Inlet. Climate The BC Coast is dominated by a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with warm summers, cool winters, and constant rainfall that peaks during the winter months. These areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall below freezing. The southernmost region of the coast (surrounding the Salish Sea) features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. This gradually transitions to a predominantly oceanic climate in the north along the coast and further inland into the foothills of the Pacific Ranges. Higher elevations feature a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfc) with cool summers, cold winters, and constant rainfall that peaks during the winter months. The highest elevations feature a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc). Ecology Temperate rainforest ecosystem in Garibaldi Provincial Park The British Columbia Coast is dominated by temperate rainforest. According to the ecoregion system used by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the BC Coast is part of five distinct ecoregions: Puget lowland forests, Central Pacific coastal forests, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Haida Gwaii coastal forests, and Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra. According to the ecozone system used by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), the BC Coast is part of four distinct ecozones: Pacific Coastal Mountains, Coastal Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce Forests, Pacific and Nass Ranges, and Strait of Georgia/Puget Lowland. According to the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, which uses an ecosystem classification system independent of the WWF and ECCC, the BC Coast is part of two distinct biogeoclimatic zones: Coastal Western Hemlock and Coastal Douglas-fir. Demographics This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020) Regional districts Below are the 15 regional districts of British Columbia defined as being in the Coast region: British Columbia regional districts as of January 29, 2020 Name Population(2016) Area(km2) Density(/km2) Head officelocation Alberni-Clayoquot 30,981 6,588 4.7 Port Alberni Capital 383,360 2,340 163.8 Victoria Central Coast 3,319 24,492 0.14 Bella Coola Comox Valley 66,527 1,701 39.1 Courtenay Cowichan Valley 83,739 3,475 24.1 Duncan Fraser Valley 295,934 13,335 22.2 Chilliwack Kitimat–Stikine 37,367 104,461 0.36 Terrace Metro Vancouver 2,463,431 2,883 854.5 Burnaby Mount Waddington 11,035 20,244 0.55 Port McNeill Nanaimo 155,698 2,038 76.4 Nanaimo North Coast 18,133 19,781 0.92 Prince Rupert qathet 20,070 5,075 4.0 Powell River Squamish-Lillooet 42,665 16,310 2.6 Pemberton Strathcona 44,671 18,278 2.4 Campbell River Sunshine Coast 29,970 3,777 7.9 Sechelt Culture ʼNamgis Big House and totem pole near Alert Bay This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020) Economy This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020) Fishing Trawling for herring in the Salish Sea See also: List of canneries in British Columbia The fishery of the Pacific Northwest Coast is legendary, especially for its many salmon runs and the cultures that built on top of them throughout the region. Salmon runs have greatly diminished since pre-Contact years and the advent of commercial canning and, ultimately, depletion of stocks by high-seas fishing. Other commercial fisheries include halibut, herring and herring roe, sea urchin and other specialty sushis, hake, haddock, cod, crab and shellfish. Transportation Highways The Coast Region of B.C is connected to the rest of B.C by various roads depending on the region. The populous Fraser Valley and Lower Mainland is linked to the rest of the province by Highway 1 (Fraser Canyon Highway), Highway 5 (Coquihalla Freeway), Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) and Highway 99 (Sea to Sky Highway). The Lower Mainland is also connected to the U.S. by four highway border crossings with the Peace Arch on Interstate 5 being the largest. Several freeways connect lower mainland communities together. The backbone of Vancouver Island's highway network is the Highway 19 which along with a portion of Highway 1 forms the Island Highway. The Island highway is a mix of 4-lane freeway, 4 lane arterial highway and 2 lane highway running roughly along the east shore of Vancouver Island. Access to the west coast of Vancouver Island can be accomplished by crossing mountain passes on Highway 4 to Tofino and Highway 28 to Gold River. Thousands of other roads ranging from small freeways near Victoria to logging roads exist all over the Island. Although the Sunshine Coast is on the mainland it is connected to the highway network only by ferries. It has one route which is Highway 101, a narrow curvy 2 lane road split in two by a ferry crossing. Texada Island, a large island off the Sunshine Coast and has its own network of highway standard roads although they are unnumbered. Owing to the challenging topography of the British Columbia Coast, there is no north–south highway linking the coastal communities of the province between Port Hardy and Kitimat. Instead, travellers utilize one of the coastal ferry lines operated by BC Ferries. The exceptions are Bella Coola is accessible by a long largely gravel Highway 20 from the B.C interior over a high pass; and the towns of Terrace, Prince Rupert and Kitimat which is assessed from the B.C. interior on Highway 16. Haida Gwaii has an extension of Highway 16 on it, one of Haida Gwaii's few paved roads. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020) Maritime routes BC Ferries' Northern Expedition sails daily along the Inside Passage route connecting Prince Rupert and Port Hardy The sheltered waterways of the British Columbia Coast form part of the Inside Passage, a coastal maritime route along which vessels navigate to avoid the rough waters and bad weather of the open North Pacific. As such, the maritime route is heavily trafficked by cruise ships, cargo ships, ferries, and other marine vessels. BC Ferries, an independently managed publicly-owned company, operates scheduled daily crossings between major population centres throughout the British Columbia Coast. Dozens of smaller ferries ply lesser routes within and between these regions. The Alaska Marine Highway also operates nonstop ferry service through the British Columbia Coast along its Bellingham-Ketchikan route. Ports The Port of Vancouver is the largest commercial shipping port in all of Canada and along the entire Pacific Ocean / Pacific coast of North America by metric tons, which handles a total cargo volume of 76.5 million metric tons. By the same metric, the Port of Vancouver is also the fifth largest commercial shipping port in North America. The Port of Prince Rupert possesses the deepest ice-free natural harbour in North America, and the 3rd deepest natural harbour in the world. Situated at 54° North, the harbour is the northwesternmost port in North America linked to the continent's railway network. The port is the first inbound and last outbound port of call for some cargo ships travelling between eastern Asia and western North America since it is the closest North American port to key Asian destinations. Rail See also: Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia CPR train traversing the Stoney Creek Bridge See also Geography portalCanada portal Atlantic Canada British Columbia Interior Pacific Northwest References ^ "2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results". Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-10-23. ^ a b Population Estimates – Province of British Columbia ^ Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2013-05-14). "North Coast Fisheries | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada". www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-10-06. ^ Sebert, L.M., and M. R. Munro. 1972. Dimensions and Areas of Maps of the National Topographic System of Canada. Technical Report 72-1. Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Surveys and Mapping Branch. ^ "Municipal and sub-provincial areas population, 2011 to 2019". Government of British Columbia. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ "2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results". Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2017-10-25. ^ "Alaska State Ferry Route | Alaska Marine Highway System". dot.alaska.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-05. ^ "World Port Rankings – 2005" Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – Port Industry Statistics – American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) – Updated May 1, 2007 – (Microsoft Excel *.XLS document) ^ "North American Port Container Traffic – 2006" Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine – Port Industry Statistics – American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) – Updated May 14, 2007 – (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document) ^ Prince Rupert Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine www.vancouverisland.com ^ "Shortest sailing time to Asian markets gives Prince Rupert Port a major edge in exports". Export Development Canada. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ "Prince Rupert Transit Time Advantage". CN. Canadian National Railway. Retrieved 11 September 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coast of British Columbia. Watch the NFB documentary The Intertidal Zone on BC's coastline The Atlas of Canada – Coastline and Shoreline vteSubdivisions of British ColumbiaSubdivisions Regional districts School districts Land districts Health regions Counties (court system) Communities Municipalities Cities District municipalities Indian government districts Island municipalities Mountain resort municipalities Resort municipalities Towns Villages Ghost towns Indian reserves Metro areas andagglomerations Abbotsford–Mission Chilliwack Kamloops Greater Kelowna Nanaimo Greater Vancouver Greater Vernon Greater Victoria Census agglomerations RegionsCoast Alberni Valley Central Coast Comox Valley Cowichan Valley Discovery Islands Fraser Valley Gulf Islands Haida Gwaii Lower Mainland North Coast Sea-to-Sky Corridor Skeena Country South Coast Sunshine Coast Vancouver Island Interior Atlin District Boundary Country Bridge River Country Bulkley Valley Cariboo Cassiar Country Chilcotin Country Columbia Country Fraser Canyon Kootenays Liard Country Lillooet Country Nechako Country Nicola Country Okanagan Omineca Country Peace River Country Robson Valley Shuswap Country Similkameen Country Skeena Country Slocan Valley Stikine Country Thompson Country Category:British Columbia Portal:Canada WikiProject:British Columbia vteHydrography of British ColumbiaRivers Columbia Cowichan Fraser Kootenay Liard Nanaimo Nass Nechako Peace Quesnel Skeena Stikine Thompson more... Lakes Atlin Babine Cowichan Great Central Harrison Kinbasket Kootenay Nechako Okanagan Shuswap Tagish Teslin Williston more... Coastal featuresHaida Gwaii Cumshewa Inlet Darwin Sound Laskeek Bay Masset Inlet Rennell Sound Skidegate Channel Skidegate Inlet North Coast Arthur Passage Burke Channel Chatham Sound Dixon Entrance Douglas Channel Finlayson Channel Fisher Channel Fitz Hugh Sound Gardner Canal Grenville Channel Hecate Strait Juan Perez Sound Lama Passage Laredo Channel Milbanke Sound Portland Inlet Prince Rupert Harbour Princess Royal Channel Principe Channel Queen Charlotte Sound Rivers Inlet Seaforth Channel Smith Inlet Smith Sound Wright Sound Central Coast Belize Inlet Bute Inlet Call Inlet Cordero Channel Drury Inlet Frederick Arm Goletas Channel Johnstone Strait Kingcome Inlet Knight Inlet Loughborough Inlet Nodales Channel Phillips Arm Pryce Channel Queen Charlotte Strait Seymour Inlet Sutlej Channel Wells Passage Salish Sea Active Pass Baynes Sound Boundary Bay Boundary Pass Burrard Inlet Calm Channel Captain Passage Desolation Sound Discovery Passage Haro Strait Homfray Channel Hoskyn Channel Howe Sound Jervis Inlet Malaspina Strait Okisollo Channel Port San Juan Ramsay Arm Saanich Inlet Sansum Narrows Satellite Channel Sechelt Inlet Stuart Channel Strait of Georgia Strait of Juan de Fuca Sutil Channel Toba Inlet Trincomali Channel Victoria Harbour Vancouver Island Barkley Sound Brooks Bay Checleset Bay Clayoquot Sound Hansen Bay Kyuquot Sound Nootka Sound Pachena Bay Quatsino Sound San Josef Bay
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"regional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_district"},{"link_name":"Salish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lower Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland"},{"link_name":"subregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subregion"}],"text":"Region in British Columbia, CanadaThe British Columbia Coast, popularly referred to as the BC Coast or simply the Coast, is a geographic region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As the entire western continental coastline of Canada along the Pacific Ocean is in the province, it is synonymous with being the West Coast of Canada.While the exact boundaries are variously defined, the region is generally defined to include the 15 regional districts that have coastline along the Pacific Ocean or Salish Sea, or are part of the Lower Mainland, a subregion of the British Columbia Coast. Other boundaries may exclude parts of or even entire regional districts, such as those of the aforementioned Lower Mainland.","title":"British Columbia Coast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coast Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North Cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cascades"}],"text":"While the term British Columbia Coast has been recorded from the earliest period of non-native settlement in British Columbia, it has never been officially defined in legal terms. The term has historically been in popular usage for over a century to describe a region of the province that extends west from the Coast Mountains and North Cascades. This definition makes the term British Columbia Coast largely synonymous with the 15 regional districts that have territory in this region.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Gulf Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Islands"},{"link_name":"Quadra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadra_Island"},{"link_name":"Lower Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland"},{"link_name":"Greater Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Fraser Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Valley"},{"link_name":"Sea-to-Sky Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-to-Sky_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Howe Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_Sound"},{"link_name":"Desolation Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desolation_Sound"},{"link_name":"Salish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Cape Caution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Caution"},{"link_name":"Strathcona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathcona_Regional_District"},{"link_name":"Mount Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Waddington_Regional_District"},{"link_name":"Don Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Regional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Regional_District"},{"link_name":"Cape Caution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Caution"},{"link_name":"Portland Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Canal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Regional_District"},{"link_name":"Kitimat–Stikine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_District_of_Kitimat%E2%80%93Stikine"},{"link_name":"North Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Regional_District"},{"link_name":"Great Bear Rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Rainforest"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii"}],"text":"Among locals, the British Columbia Coast can further be divided into seven major subregions:Vancouver Island: Includes Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands, and sometimes Quadra Island.\nLower Mainland: Includes Greater Vancouver, Fraser Valley, and sometimes the Sea-to-Sky Corridor.\nSunshine Coast: Includes the islands and mainland coast between Howe Sound and Desolation Sound.\nSouth Coast: Includes the Lower Mainland and Sunshine Coast, but excludes Vancouver Island. This subregion is closely associated with the Salish Sea.\nCentral Coast: Includes the islands and mainland coast between Desolation Sound and Cape Caution. This subregion is sparsely populated and is represented by the regional districts of Strathcona and Mount Waddington. The northern limit of this subregion is often extended northward to the Don Peninsula to include Central Coast Regional District.\nNorth Coast: Includes the islands and mainland coast between Cape Caution and Portland Canal.[3] This subregion is represented by the regional districts of Central Coast, Kitimat–Stikine, and North Coast. This subregion is closely associated with the Great Bear Rainforest.\nHaida Gwaii: Includes the Haida Gwaii archipelago, which located about 90 km (56 mi) west of the mainland North Coast.","title":"Major subregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Sound_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"wild game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_game"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Research from the 1990s has indicated that the Ice Age-era coastline of the British Columbia Coast was lower by about 100 m (330 ft). The effect of the sea level on the coastline was such that Queen Charlotte Sound, which is between Haida Gwaii and the northern end of Vancouver Island, was a coastal plain, as were all the straits inland from it, except for those that were mountain valleys.Underwater archaeology has shown the presence of permanent human habitations and other activity at the 100 m (330 ft) contour, and the Ice Age existence of such a coastal plain has put a new light on Ice Age populations in North America as well as on the strong likelihood of this area having been the major migration route from (and perhaps to) Asia.The heavy indentation and mild climate of the British Columbia Coast have led to inevitable comparisons with the geography's predisposition to encouraging increased human settlement and movement as well as cultural foment and population growth in the Aegean, the Irish Sea/Hebrides and in the Danish Archipelago and adjoining Scandinavian coasts.The natural fecundity of the environment – rich in seafood, wild game, and greenery – combined with the ease of travel (by water) is seen in all cases (British Columbia, Denmark, Greece) to have generated a dynamic and gifted civilization. And there are comparisons to be made between the artistic and political and social level of the Pacific Northwest Peoples and those of pre-Conversion pagan Scandinavia, Ireland and Archaic-Era Greece. [citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geography of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Strait of Juan de Fuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Portland Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Canal"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Insular Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii"},{"link_name":"Coast Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountains"},{"link_name":"fjords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjords"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Texada Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texada_Island"},{"link_name":"Cortes Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Island"},{"link_name":"Salt Spring Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Spring_Island"},{"link_name":"Burrard Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrard_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Burke Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Channel"},{"link_name":"Howe Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_Sound"},{"link_name":"Jervis Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervis_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Desolation Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desolation_Sound"},{"link_name":"Dean Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Channel"},{"link_name":"Douglas Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Channel"},{"link_name":"Portland Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Inlet"}],"text":"See also: Geography of British ColumbiaThe British Columbia Coast stretches from the southern tip of Vancouver Island along the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the community of Stewart at the head of Portland Canal. The aerial distance between these two points is approximately 954 km (593 mi). However, due to its deeply incised coastline and over 40,000 islands of varying sizes, the total length of the British Columbia Coast is over 25,725 km (15,985 mi), or approximately 10% of the entire Canadian coastline. This coastal geography is shared with the neighbouring U.S. states of Alaska and Washington.[4]The dominant landforms are the Insular Mountains of Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, and the Coast Mountains that stretch along the entire length of the coast. The proximity of these mountains to the coast produce fjords that rival those of Norway in length and depth. Several large Islands fill the strait between Vancouver Island and the Mainland with Texada Island, Cortes Island and Salt Spring Island being the largest in size. Fjords of note include Burrard Inlet, Burke Channel, Howe Sound, Jervis Inlet, Desolation Sound, Dean Channel, Douglas Channel, and Portland Inlet.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate#Marine_west_coast_(Cfb)"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Salish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea"},{"link_name":"warm-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ranges"},{"link_name":"subpolar oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate#Subpolar_variety_(Cfc,_Cwc)"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The BC Coast is dominated by a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with warm summers, cool winters, and constant rainfall that peaks during the winter months. These areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall below freezing.The southernmost region of the coast (surrounding the Salish Sea) features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. This gradually transitions to a predominantly oceanic climate in the north along the coast and further inland into the foothills of the Pacific Ranges. Higher elevations feature a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfc) with cool summers, cold winters, and constant rainfall that peaks during the winter months. The highest elevations feature a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temperate rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_mainland_coastal_forests"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"temperate rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_rainforest"},{"link_name":"ecoregion system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"World Wide Fund for Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"Puget lowland forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_lowland_forests"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific coastal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_coastal_forests"},{"link_name":"British Columbia mainland coastal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_mainland_coastal_forests"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii coastal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii#Environment"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coastal_Mountain_icefields_and_tundra"},{"link_name":"ecozone system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozones_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coastal Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Maritime_Ecozone_(CEC)"},{"link_name":"Coastal Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Maritime_Ecozone_(CEC)"},{"link_name":"Pacific and Nass Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Maritime_Ecozone_(CEC)"},{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia/Puget Lowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Maritime_Ecozone_(CEC)"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Ministry of Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_British_Columbia#Caabinet"},{"link_name":"ecosystem classification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoclimatic_zones_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"ECCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada"},{"link_name":"Coastal Western Hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemlock"},{"link_name":"Coastal Douglas-fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-fir"}],"sub_title":"Ecology","text":"Temperate rainforest ecosystem in Garibaldi Provincial ParkThe British Columbia Coast is dominated by temperate rainforest. According to the ecoregion system used by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the BC Coast is part of five distinct ecoregions: Puget lowland forests, Central Pacific coastal forests, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Haida Gwaii coastal forests, and Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra.According to the ecozone system used by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), the BC Coast is part of four distinct ecozones: Pacific Coastal Mountains, Coastal Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce Forests, Pacific and Nass Ranges, and Strait of Georgia/Puget Lowland.According to the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, which uses an ecosystem classification system independent of the WWF and ECCC, the BC Coast is part of two distinct biogeoclimatic zones: Coastal Western Hemlock and Coastal Douglas-fir.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_district"}],"sub_title":"Regional districts","text":"Below are the 15 regional districts of British Columbia defined as being in the Coast region:","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namgis_Big_House_(9411102177).jpg"},{"link_name":"ʼNamgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BCNamgis"},{"link_name":"Alert Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_Bay,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"ʼNamgis Big House and totem pole near Alert Bay","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herring_fishing,_day_one.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawling"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_herring"},{"link_name":"Salish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea"},{"link_name":"List of canneries in British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canneries_in_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"halibut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halibut"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"sea urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin"},{"link_name":"sushis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hake"},{"link_name":"haddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddock"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"}],"sub_title":"Fishing","text":"Trawling for herring in the Salish SeaSee also: List of canneries in British ColumbiaThe fishery of the Pacific Northwest Coast is legendary, especially for its many salmon runs and the cultures that built on top of them throughout the region. Salmon runs have greatly diminished since pre-Contact years and the advent of commercial canning and, ultimately, depletion of stocks by high-seas fishing.Other commercial fisheries include halibut, herring and herring roe, sea urchin and other specialty sushis, hake, haddock, cod, crab and shellfish.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Highway 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquihalla_Highway"},{"link_name":"Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"Peace Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Arch_Border_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"Highway 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"Island Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Highway"},{"link_name":"Highway 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_4"},{"link_name":"Tofino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofino"},{"link_name":"Highway 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_28"},{"link_name":"Gold River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_River,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_101"},{"link_name":"Texada Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texada_Island"},{"link_name":"Port Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hardy,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kitimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitimat,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"},{"link_name":"Bella Coola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kitimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitimat"},{"link_name":"Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_16"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"The Coast Region of B.C is connected to the rest of B.C by various roads depending on the region.The populous Fraser Valley and Lower Mainland is linked to the rest of the province by Highway 1 (Fraser Canyon Highway), Highway 5 (Coquihalla Freeway), Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) and Highway 99 (Sea to Sky Highway). The Lower Mainland is also connected to the U.S. by four highway border crossings with the Peace Arch on Interstate 5 being the largest. Several freeways connect lower mainland communities together.The backbone of Vancouver Island's highway network is the Highway 19 which along with a portion of Highway 1 forms the Island Highway. The Island highway is a mix of 4-lane freeway, 4 lane arterial highway and 2 lane highway running roughly along the east shore of Vancouver Island. Access to the west coast of Vancouver Island can be accomplished by crossing mountain passes on Highway 4 to Tofino and Highway 28 to Gold River. Thousands of other roads ranging from small freeways near Victoria to logging roads exist all over the Island.Although the Sunshine Coast is on the mainland it is connected to the highway network only by ferries. It has one route which is Highway 101, a narrow curvy 2 lane road split in two by a ferry crossing. Texada Island, a large island off the Sunshine Coast and has its own network of highway standard roads although they are unnumbered.Owing to the challenging topography of the British Columbia Coast, there is no north–south highway linking the coastal communities of the province between Port Hardy and Kitimat. Instead, travellers utilize one of the coastal ferry lines operated by BC Ferries. The exceptions are Bella Coola is accessible by a long largely gravel Highway 20 from the B.C interior over a high pass; and the towns of Terrace, Prince Rupert and Kitimat which is assessed from the B.C. interior on Highway 16.Haida Gwaii has an extension of Highway 16 on it, one of Haida Gwaii's few paved roads.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_Northern_Expedition,_Nanaimo,_March_6_2009(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"},{"link_name":"Northern Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Northern_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Inside Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Passage"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Port Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Inside Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Passage"},{"link_name":"maritime route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lane"},{"link_name":"North Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific"},{"link_name":"cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"BC Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"},{"link_name":"publicly-owned company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise"},{"link_name":"Alaska Marine Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Marine_Highway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Maritime routes","text":"BC Ferries' Northern Expedition sails daily along the Inside Passage route connecting Prince Rupert and Port HardyThe sheltered waterways of the British Columbia Coast form part of the Inside Passage, a coastal maritime route along which vessels navigate to avoid the rough waters and bad weather of the open North Pacific. As such, the maritime route is heavily trafficked by cruise ships, cargo ships, ferries, and other marine vessels.BC Ferries, an independently managed publicly-owned company, operates scheduled daily crossings between major population centres throughout the British Columbia Coast. Dozens of smaller ferries ply lesser routes within and between these regions. The Alaska Marine Highway also operates nonstop ferry service through the British Columbia Coast along its Bellingham-Ketchikan route.[7]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"metric tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tons"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAPA-PIS-WPR-2005-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAPA-PIS-NAPCT-2006-9"},{"link_name":"Port of Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Prince_Rupert"},{"link_name":"ice-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-free_port"},{"link_name":"natural harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_harbour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Ports","text":"The Port of Vancouver is the largest commercial shipping port in all of Canada and along the entire Pacific Ocean / Pacific coast of North America by metric tons, which handles a total cargo volume of 76.5 million metric tons.[8] By the same metric, the Port of Vancouver is also the fifth largest commercial shipping port in North America.[9]The Port of Prince Rupert possesses the deepest ice-free natural harbour in North America, and the 3rd deepest natural harbour in the world.[10] Situated at 54° North, the harbour is the northwesternmost port in North America linked to the continent's railway network. The port is the first inbound and last outbound port of call for some cargo ships travelling between eastern Asia and western North America since it is the closest North American port to key Asian destinations.[11][12]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_in_British_Columbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stoney Creek Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoney_Creek_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"See also: Canadian Pacific Railway in British ColumbiaCPR train traversing the Stoney Creek Bridge","title":"Transportation"}]
[{"image_text":"Temperate rainforest ecosystem in Garibaldi Provincial Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg/250px-Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg"},{"image_text":"ʼNamgis Big House and totem pole near Alert Bay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Namgis_Big_House_%289411102177%29.jpg/250px-Namgis_Big_House_%289411102177%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trawling for herring in the Salish Sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Herring_fishing%2C_day_one.jpg/250px-Herring_fishing%2C_day_one.jpg"},{"image_text":"BC Ferries' Northern Expedition sails daily along the Inside Passage route connecting Prince Rupert and Port Hardy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MV_Northern_Expedition%2C_Nanaimo%2C_March_6_2009%282%29.jpg/250px-MV_Northern_Expedition%2C_Nanaimo%2C_March_6_2009%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"CPR train traversing the Stoney Creek Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg/170px-Eastbound_over_SCB.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Atlantic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada"},{"title":"British Columbia Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior"},{"title":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"}]
[{"reference":"\"2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204618/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","url_text":"\"2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results\""},{"url":"http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2013-05-14). \"North Coast Fisheries | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada\". www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.html","url_text":"\"North Coast Fisheries | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal and sub-provincial areas population, 2011 to 2019\". Government of British Columbia. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129220941/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/pop_bc_estimatesby_subprov_areas_2011_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Municipal and sub-provincial areas population, 2011 to 2019\""},{"url":"https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/pop_bc_estimatesby_subprov_areas_2011_2019.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2017-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204618/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","url_text":"\"2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results\""},{"url":"http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska State Ferry Route | Alaska Marine Highway System\". dot.alaska.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.alaska.gov/amhs/route.shtml","url_text":"\"Alaska State Ferry Route | Alaska Marine Highway System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shortest sailing time to Asian markets gives Prince Rupert Port a major edge in exports\". Export Development Canada. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edc.ca/en/blog/prince-rupert-port-close-to-asian-markets.html","url_text":"\"Shortest sailing time to Asian markets gives Prince Rupert Port a major edge in exports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_Development_Canada","url_text":"Export Development Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Rupert Transit Time Advantage\". CN. Canadian National Railway. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cn.ca/en/repository/popups/tools/prince-rupert-transit-time-advantage/","url_text":"\"Prince Rupert Transit Time Advantage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway","url_text":"Canadian National Railway"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Columbia+Coast%22","external_links_name":"\"British Columbia Coast\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Columbia+Coast%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Columbia+Coast%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Columbia+Coast%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Columbia+Coast%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Columbia+Coast%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Coast&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Coast&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Coast&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Coast&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Coast&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204618/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/population-estimates","external_links_name":"Population Estimates – Province of British Columbia"},{"Link":"https://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.html","external_links_name":"\"North Coast Fisheries | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129220941/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/pop_bc_estimatesby_subprov_areas_2011_2019.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Municipal and sub-provincial areas population, 2011 to 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/pop_bc_estimatesby_subprov_areas_2011_2019.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204618/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2016 British Columbia Census Total Population Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/2016Census/PopulationHousing/CensusDivisions.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dot.alaska.gov/amhs/route.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Alaska State Ferry Route | Alaska Marine Highway System\""},{"Link":"http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202005.xls","external_links_name":"\"World Port Rankings – 2005\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223354/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202005.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2006%5FNorth%5FAmerican%5FContainer%5FTraffic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"North American Port Container Traffic – 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219193825/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2006_North_American_Container_Traffic.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.vancouverisland.com/regions/towns/?townID=3660","external_links_name":"Prince Rupert"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611210455/http://www.vancouverisland.com/regions/towns/?townID=3660","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.edc.ca/en/blog/prince-rupert-port-close-to-asian-markets.html","external_links_name":"\"Shortest sailing time to Asian markets gives Prince Rupert Port a major edge in exports\""},{"Link":"https://www.cn.ca/en/repository/popups/tools/prince-rupert-transit-time-advantage/","external_links_name":"\"Prince Rupert Transit Time Advantage\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfb.ca/film/intertidal_zone/","external_links_name":"Watch the NFB documentary The Intertidal Zone on BC's coastline"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010233858/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/coastline.html/","external_links_name":"The Atlas of Canada – Coastline and Shoreline"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji
Hōryū-ji
["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Present complex","2.2 Characteristics","2.3 Pagoda","2.4 Kondō","2.5 Yumedono (Hall of Dreams)","3 Treasures","3.1 Kudara Kannon","3.2 Murals","3.3 Shaka Triad","3.4 Tamamushi Shrine","3.5 Yakushi Nyorai","3.6 Yumedono (Guze) Kannon","4 Serving the needs of architectural research","5 Images","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°36′51″N 135°44′03″E / 34.614275°N 135.734236°E / 34.614275; 135.734236Buddhist temple in Nara Prefecture, Japan Hōryū-ji法隆寺Kondo (left), and Pagoda (right) ReligionAffiliationShōtokuDeityShaka Nyorai (Śākyamuni)LocationLocation1-1 Hōryū-ji Sannai, Ikaruga-chō, Ikoma-gun, Nara PrefectureCountryJapanArchitectureFounderEmpress Suiko, Prince ShōtokuCompleted607Websitewww.horyuji.or.jp Part of a series onBuddhism in Japan Schools Jōjitsu Hosso Sanron Kegon Ritsu Kusha Tendai Shingon Jōdo-shū Jōdo Shinshū Rinzai Sōtō Nichiren Ōbaku Fuke-shū Shugendo Japanese new religions Zen in the US Key figures Shōtoku Tori Busshi Rōben Saichō Kūkai Jōchō Kūya En no Gyōja Hōnen Myōe Shinran Jōkei Eison Ninshō Dōgen Eisai Ingen Nichiren Unkei Enni Issan Ichinei Musō Soseki Sen no Rikyū Rennyo Sesshū Tōyō Takuan Sōhō Ingen Hasegawa Tōhaku Sakuden Tenkai Inoue Enryō Murakami Senshō Nishida Kitarō Shaku Sōen D. T. Suzuki Suzuki Shunryū Key topics Nihon Shoki Art Deities Architecture Temples Hongaku Honji suijaku Shinbutsu-shūgō Gongen Nenbutsu Death poem Zen garden Zazen Daimoku Sōhei Ikkō-ikki Butsudan Obon Kaichō Kanjin Senjafuda Danka system Shinbutsu bunri Haibutsu kishaku Gozan Bungaku Glossary of Japanese Buddhismvte Hōryū-ji (Japanese: 法隆寺, Hepburn: Temple of the Flourishing Dharma) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples, in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji (法隆学問寺), or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law, the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery. The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607, but according to the Nihon Shoki, in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning. However, reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago, the Kondō (main hall) is widely recognized as the world's oldest wooden building. A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of the Kondō on January 26, 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period, a national treasure, and shocked the Japanese. Based on this accident, the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties. In 1993, Hōryū-ji Temple, along with Hokki-ji, was registered as Japan's first UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name of Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area. A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story pagoda were cut down in 594, before it burned down in 670. History Shichidō garan The temple was originally commissioned by Prince Shōtoku; at the time it was called Wakakusadera, a name that is still sometimes used. This first temple is believed to have been completed by 607. Hōryū-ji was dedicated to Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of healing and in honor of the prince's father. Excavations done in 1939 confirmed that Prince Shotoku's palace, the Ikaruga-no-miya (斑鳩宮), occupied the eastern part of the current temple complex, where the Tō-in (東院) sits today. Also discovered were the ruins of a temple complex which was southwest of the prince's palace and not completely within the present temple complex. The original temple, named by modern historians and archaeologists Wakakusa-garan (若草伽藍), was lost, probably burned to the ground after being hit by lightning in 670. The temple was reconstructed but slightly reoriented in a northwest position, which is believed to have been completed by around 711. The temple was repaired and reassembled in the early twelfth century, in 1374, and 1603. During the Kamakura period, as the cult of Shōtoku rose to prominence in Japan, Hōryū-ji became an important site for veneration of the long-dead prince. Ritual practices dedicated to Prince Shōtoku increased in number during this time. A memorial service for the prince called the ceremony of Shōryō-e became an annual event at Hōryū-ji in the early 12th century, and it is still practiced at the temple and other temples associated with Prince Shōtoku to this day. The Kamakura and early Heian period also brought new additions to Hōryū-ji, including the dedication of several new halls in the Eastern and Western compounds to venerate the Prince as the incarnation of the bodhisattva Kannon. The growth of the Shōtoku cult from the 7th century onward propelled the rise of Hōryū-ji as a well-known temple in Japan. By the end of Tokugawa rule in the mid-1800s, the temple was receiving extensive funds from the shogunate on a regular basis. Furthermore, the temple grew and maintained close relations with the Hossō sect throughout the Edo period. Beginning in the early years of the Meiji period, significant political shifts in Japan brought new challenges for Hōryū-ji. Shinto was instated as the official state religion in 1868, resulting in government confiscation of many Buddhist lands, strict government supervision and categorization of Buddhist temples, and a steep decrease in financial support for Hōryū-ji itself. The recategorization of officially recognized Buddhist sects by the government, which occurred soon after the start of Meiji rule, did not recognize the Hossō sect as a formal institution of Japanese Buddhism. When the seat of the Hossō sect, Kōfuku-ji, was shut down for a time during the Meiji restoration, Hōryū-ji became affiliated with Shingon Buddhism. However, after the government changed its position and allowed Buddhist temples to choose their own affiliated sect in the late 19th century, Hōryū-ji renewed its affiliation with the Hossō school. Due to the lack of resources during the early Meiji period, the monks at Hōryū-ji decided to donate many of the temple's treasures for museum display. They were able to secure compensation for this donation, improving the financial situation of the temple. Conservation work at the site began in 1895, but culminated in 1934, when a massive restoration project at Hōryū-ji began. The project was interrupted during the Second World War, when large portions of the temple itself were dismantled and hidden in the hills surrounding Nara. However, due to the policy of the United States of America regarding the preservation of cultural sites in Nara and Kyoto, the entire site was spared from bombings during the war. The restoration project resumed after the war and concluded in 1985. Much of the temple complex was repaired from centuries of environmental damage. During the restoration, older paintings of the temple were used to determine the original layout of the complex, and many of the living quarters built during the intervening years were demolished. Today, the temple can be identified as the headquarters of the Shōtoku sect, and is a popular site for pilgrimage. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hōryū-ji is also an attractive site for tourists. According to the temple's website, it is currently home to over 180 of Japan's designated National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties, and was the first structure in Japan to become a World Heritage Site. Hōryū-ji also still holds frequent events in a variety of locations in the complex, and many of its structures are open to the public. Architecture The Chūmon (Inner Gate) with its entasis columns Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area Closer look of wooden carving in Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area. Present complex The current temple is made up of two areas, the Sai-in (西院) in the west and the Tō-in (東院) in the east. The western part of the temple contains the Kondō (金堂, sanctuary Hall) and the temple's five-story pagoda. The Tō-in area holds the octagonal Yumedono Hall (夢殿, Hall of Dreams) and sits 122 meters east of the Sai-in area. The complex also contains monk's quarters, lecture halls, libraries, and dining halls. Characteristics The belfry of the East Precinct The reconstructed buildings embrace significant cultural influences from the Three Kingdoms of Korea, particularly those of Baekje, from Eastern Han to Northern Wei of China, as well as from ancient Greek architecture, especially on the columns. The reconstruction has allowed Hōryū-ji to absorb and feature a unique fusion of early Asuka period style elements, added with some distinct ones only seen in Hōryū-ji, such as the extremely small proportions of the fifth story of the pagoda, which buildings constructed in later years lack. It is also home to unique examples of early Japanese architecture, such as the Tamamushi Shrine. There are many features that suggest the current precinct of Hōryū-ji is not entirely related to the Asuka period style in the same way as other works from the period. Scholars note that the style of Hōryū-ji is more "conservative" than other examples from the period, such as Yakushiji. Pagoda The pagoda has certain characteristics unique to Hōryū-ji The five-story pagoda, located in Sai-in area, stands at 32.45 meters in height (122 feet) and is one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world. The wood used in the central pillar or axis mundi of the pagoda is estimated through a dendrochronological analysis to have been felled in 594. The axis mundi rests three meters below the surface of the massive foundation stone, stretching into the ground. At its base, a relic believed to be a fragment of the bones of the Buddha is enshrined. Around it, four sculpted scenes from the life of the Buddha face in the four cardinal directions. The pagoda is five-storied but, as is customary for pagodas, there is no access to the interior. Kondō The kondō The kondō, located side by side to the pagoda in Sai-in, is another one of the oldest wood buildings extant in the world. The hall measures 18.5 meters by 15.2 meters. The hall has two stories, with roofs curved in the corners. Only the first story has a double roof. This was added later in the Nara period with extra posts to hold up the original first roof because it extended more than four meters past the building. Due to a fire that broke out on January 26, 1949, severe damage was caused to the building, mainly its first floor, and the murals. As a result of the restoration (completed in 1954), it is estimated that about fifteen to twenty percent of the original seventh century Kondo materials is left in the current building, while the charred members were carefully removed and rebuilt to a separate fireproof warehouse for future research. Through a recent dendrochronological analysis carried out using the materials preserved during the restorations done in the 1950s, it has turned out that some of them were felled prior to 670, suggesting a possibility that the current kondō was already under construction when "the fire in 670", as recorded in the Nihon Shoki, burned the former Wakakusa-garan down. The hall holds the famous Shaka Triad, together with a bronze Yakushi and Amida Nyorai statues, and other national treasures. The wall paintings shown today in the Kondō are a reproduction from 1967. Yumedono, a hall associated with Prince Shōtoku Yumedono (Hall of Dreams) Yumedono is one of the main constructions in the Tō-in area, built on the ground which was once Prince Shōtoku's private palace, Ikaruga no miya. The present incarnation of this hall was built in 739 to assuage the Prince's spirit. The hall acquired its present-day common name in the Heian period, after a legend that says a Buddha arrived as Prince Shōtoku and meditated in a hall that existed here. The hall also contains the famous Yumedono Kannon (also Kuse-, or Guze Kannon); which is only displayed at certain times of the year. Treasures The treasures of the temple are considered to be a time capsule of Buddhist art from the sixth and seventh century. Many of the frescoes, statues, and other pieces of art within the temple, as well as the architecture of the temple's buildings themselves show the strong cultural influence from China, Korea and India, as well as aspects of Buddhist practice in Japan. The Tokyo National Museum holds over 300 objects which were donated to the Imperial Household by Hōryū-ji in 1878. Some of these items are on public display, and all are available for study as part of the museum's digital collection. Kudara Kannon Kudara Kannon Kudara Kannon is one of the best representative Buddhist sculptures in the Asuka period, with Guze Kannon in Yumedono. Probably made in the early – middle 7th century, it is 209 cm in height and has a quite slim figure. While frontality is a prominent characteristic of the Shaka Triad by Tori Busshi, this statue intends to be seen rather from a side. Most parts of it are made of camphor. Initially some parts, such as its bare body, were finished with lacquer, and colored vividly, but the lacquer has severely degraded over time. The origin of the statue is veiled in mystery. Ancient catalogs for Hōryūji's treasures, even one written in the late Kamakura period, never mention it. The first surviving record which referred to it was from 1698 C.E. and implies that it was moved from somewhere sometime after the Kamakura period. The record calls it Kokūzō Bosatsu (Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva), not Kannon Bosatsu (Guanyin), and says "it came from Baekje, but was made in India." At least in the Edo period, no official records remained about its origin, which continues to be shrouded in legend. Although it is referred to as the Kudara Kannon today, its name in the oral tradition was Kokūzō Bosatsu. In 1911, a crown created for the statue was discovered in a storehouse of Hōryūji. The crown was characterized with a curved Amitabha, a typical attribute for Kannon statues. Since then, it has been commonly known to be a depiction of Kannon. The name Kudara Kannon first appeared in a book published in 1917. While its precise origins are unclear, some modern-day investigations suggest that the statue was made in Japan during the Asuka period. The statue is carved from Camphora officinarum (a species of evergreen tree that is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern Japan, Korea, India, and Vietnam), which was a very typical medium for Japanese Buddhist sculptures in the 7th century. The base of the statue and the water bottle it holds are made of Japanese hinoki cypress, a species endemic to Japan. Furthermore, the style of flower ornaments in the crown closely resemble those of Guze Kannon and the Four Devas in the Kondō. The influences on the style could stem from a variety of places. The Northern Qi, Northern Zhou or Sui dynasties are all possibilities. The relative rarity of surviving Chinese Buddhist sculptures makes it difficult to pinpoint the potential influences on the sculpture from China. Murals Amitabha paradise before fire The murals of the kondō comprise fifty walls; four larger walls, eight mid-sized walls and thirty-eight small wall areas inside the building. The original murals were removed after the fire incident in 1949 and are kept in a non-public treasure house. Twenty small wall paintings, unscathed from the 1949 fire, are in their original places while reproductions replaced the parts that were removed due to damage. It is generally believed that the paintings on the large walls represent the Pure Land (浄土 jōdo) with Shaka, Amida, Miroku and Yakushi Nyorai Buddhas. Some of the artistic choices, including the way the robes are modeled, are similar to murals found in Ajanta Caves (India) or Dunhuang (China). Also observed are Tang and Indian flavors of the Bosatsu and Kannon drawn on the sides of the Amida. Judging from the early Tang influences, the present day consensus on the time of creation of the paintings is end of the 7th century. Thus ruling out the possibilities of authorship by those early 7th-century figures who were once believed to be the creator, e.g. Tori or Donchō, there is no clear or accepted author of this work. Shaka Triad Tori Busshi is credited with the casting of this massive Buddhist statue. It is a triad and so Sakyamuni, the center Buddha, is attended by two other figures, Bhaisajyaguru to its right and Amitābha to its left. The statues are dated to 623 and the style originates in Northern Wei art. The style of the statue is also known as Tori style and is characterized by the two-dimensionality of the figure and the repetitive pattern-like depictions of the cloth the triad sits upon. At each corner of the triad stand four wooden Shitennō statues from the end of the Asuka period. They are the oldest examples of Shitennō statues in Japan. Tamamushi Shrine The Tamamushi Shrine, Tamamushi-no-zushi, a miniature shrine once decorated with the iridescent wings of the tamamushi beetle (Chrysochroa fulgidissima) Further information: Tamamushi Shrine The Tamamushi Shrine is a small wooden Buddhist shrine that is currently stored in the Great Treasure Repository of Hōryū-ji. The shrine is named for the many wings of the tamamushi beetle that once adorned it but have since deteriorated. The shrine was likely created before the year 693, perhaps even dating back to before the construction of Hōryū-ji. It is notable for its smallness (it measures only 226 centimeters in height) and for the fact that it is the oldest surviving shrine of its kind in East Asia. The paintings that cover building and dais are of Jataka tales, bodhisattvas, the Four Heavenly Kings, and other buddhist iconography. The front panels of the building show the Four Guardian Kings clad in armor with long flowing scarves. On the side doors are bodhisattvas holding lotus blossoms and forming a mudra. On the back is represented a sacred landscape with heights topped with pagodas. The dais shows on its front relics, seated monks making offerings, and apsara. On the back is depicted Mount Sumeru. The right side shows a scene from the Nirvana Sutra, where the Buddha offers his life in return for more of the sacred teachings, before being caught in his plummet by Indra. On the left panel of the dais is a scene from the Golden Light Sutra of a bodhisattva removing his upper garments before casting himself from a cliff to feed a hungry tigress and her cubs. Yakushi Nyorai The statue of Yakushi of the original temple was saved during the fire of 670. While the temple was being rebuilt the Shaka Triad was commissioned or had been already cast. Yumedono (Guze) Kannon This Kannon is a statue that supposedly is the representation of Prince Shotoku. It is approximate six feet and one inch and some sources believe that Shotoku was that height. It is 197 centimeters in height. The kannon is made of gilded wood. It is suggested that the statue was made to assuage the dead prince's spirit based on the fact that the halo was attached to the statue by a nail driven through the head. The statue bears a close resemblance to extant portraiture of the prince. The Kannon retains most of its gilt. It is in superb condition because it was kept in the Dream Hall and wrapped in five hundred meters of cloth and never viewed in sunlight. The statue was held to be sacred and was never seen until it was unwrapped at the demand of Ernest Fenollosa, who was charged by the Japanese government to catalogue the art of the state and later became a curator at the Boston Museum of Fine Art. Art historians suggest that this figure is based on the Tori Busshi style. Inscription on the halo of Bhaisajyaguru A replica of The Heart Sutra and Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra manuscript in Siddham script on palm-leaf in 609 CE. First page and the first line of second page is The Heart Sutra second page is Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra Hōryū-ji, Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script Serving the needs of architectural research The Nihon Shoki records the arrival of a carpenter and a buddhist sculptor in 577, along with the monks, from Baekje to Japan in order to build temples locally. These experts are recorded to have stationed in Naniwa, or present-day Osaka, where the Shitennō-ji was built. There is no record, on the other hand, as to who exactly were the people that have engaged in the construction of Hōryū-ji, although the Nihon Shoki records the existence of 46 temples in 624. The bracket work of Hōryū-ji resembles that of the partial remainder of a miniature Baekje gilt bronze pagoda. Images Kudarakan'nondō Kondō and pagoda Bronze lantern Yumedono roof decoration Guardian statue Reidō and the Cloister of Toin Onigawara roof tile Dragon ornaments on the roof The Horyu-ji complex Panoramic view See also Japan portalReligion portalArchitecture portal Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area Buddhist temples in Japan For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism. Hokki-ji Japanese architecture List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-others) List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures) List of National Treasures of Japan (temples) List of tallest structures built before the 20th century Masaoka Shiki Nanto Shichi Daiji, Seven Great Temples of Nanto. Tourism in Japan References ^ "Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, UNESCO World Heritage". Retrieved 2007-04-02. ^ a b June Kinoshita; Nicholas Palevsky (1998). Gateway to Japan, "A Japanese Prince and his temple". Kodansha International. ISBN 9784770020185. Retrieved 2007-04-02. ^ ja:光谷拓実 (2001). 法隆寺五重塔心柱の年輪年代 (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-08. ^ Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 61. ISBN 0-13-117601-3. ^ Buswell, R.E.J. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ^ a b John Whitney Hall (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan "The Asuka Enlightenment" p.175. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ a b Web Japan, sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. "One hundred years older than supposed?: World Heritage Pagoda". Retrieved 2007-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Marstein, Nils; Knut Einar Larsen (2000). Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach. Elsevier. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7506-3434-2. ^ Pradel, Chari (2008). "Shōkō Mandara and the Cult of Prince Shōtoku in the Kamakura Period". Artibus Asiae. 68 (2): 215–246. JSTOR 40599600. ^ McDermott, Hiroko (Autumn 2006). "The Hōryūji Treasures and Early Meiji Cultural Policy". Monumenta Nipponica. 61 (3): 342. doi:10.1353/mni.2006.0033. S2CID 143040238. ^ a b McDermott 2006, p. 341. ^ McDermott 2006, p. 362. ^ a b Burgess, John. "After 51 Years, a Temple is Restored". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 April 2019. ^ "Introduction: Horyuji". Horyuji. Retrieved 27 April 2019. ^ Sameer Das Gupta (1 January 2008). Advanced history of Buddhism: monasteries and temples. Cyber Tech Publications. pp. 289–. ISBN 9788178843438. ^ orientalarchitecture.com. "Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey". Asian Architecture. ^ Inoue, Shoichi (2000). "Interpretation of Ancient Japanese Architecture: Focusing on Links with World History". Japan Review (12): 129–143. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 25791051. ^ Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 65. ISBN 0-13-117601-3. ^ a b Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture. Architectural Press. p. 731. ISBN 9780750622677. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 62. ISBN 0-13-117601-3. ^ Ryōshin Takada 高田良信 (2007). sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru 世界文化遺産法隆寺を語る (Horyuji, a World Heritage described). Yanagihara Shuppan 柳原出版. pp. 185–190. During the reconstruction of the pagoda in the 1950s, the reliquary was shortly removed from the hollow for restoration, then placed back. ^ a b Seiroku Noma (2003). The Arts of Japan, p40. Kodansha International. ISBN 9784770029775. Retrieved 2007-04-03. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b Crouch, Dora P; Johnson, June G (2001). ISBN 0195088913 p20. Oxford University. ISBN 9780195088915. Not retrievable on the web as of April 2nd, 2007 ^ Nils Marstein; Knut Einar Larsen (2000). Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach p21. Elsevier. ISBN 9780750634342. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ Niels Gutschow; Siegfried RCT Enders (1998). Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan, p48. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 9783930698981. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ "Find rekindles debate over Horyuji Temple". Japan Times. 2004-07-20. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2021-08-14. ^ Usually in spring and autumn, for about a month period each. ^ "The Archeology of Korea and Cultural Features". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-04-02. ^ John Whitney Hall (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan "The Asuka Enlightenment" p.176. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ "東京国立博物館 – 展示 法隆寺宝物館". Tnm.go.jp. Retrieved 2012-08-15. ^ a b c d e f 小泉 惠英 (1998), "百済観音 (Kudara Kannon)", in 大橋一章 (ed.) "法隆寺美術 論争と視点 (The Art of Horyuji, the perspectives of controversy)", グラフ社, pp.121–150. ^ a b Statue of Kudara Kannon (in Japanese). Kokuyo Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ 百済観音 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ James Huntley Grayson (2002). Korea: A Religious History "Early Korea" p36. Routledge. ISBN 9780700716050. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ Takada, Ryoshin (1998). Horyu-ji no nazo 法隆寺の謎 Mysteries of Horyu-ji. Shogakukan. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-4-09-387265-2. ^ a b c d Tsuneko S. Sadao; Stephanie Wada (2003). Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview, p42. Kodansha International. ISBN 9784770029393. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ Chatfield Pier, Garrett (2005). Temple Treasures of Japan. Kessinger Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4179-6569-4. ^ Hōryūji (tourist brochure). Kyoto, Japan: Benrido Co., Ltd. 2007. pp. 11–12. ^ a b Mizuno Seiichi (1974). Asuka Buddhist Art: Horyuji. Weatherhill. pp. 40–52. ^ "Sentaibutsu". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 9 March 2012. ^ Walley, Akiko (2012). "Flowers of Compassion: The Tamamushi Shrine and the Nature of Devotion in Seventh-Century Japan". Artibus Asiae. 72 (2): 269. JSTOR 24240761. ^ Robert Treat Paine (1981). The Art and Architecture of Japan , p300. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300053333. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ Kinoshita, June; Nicholas Palevsky (1998). Gateway to Japan. Kodansha. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-4-7700-2018-5. ^ "Asian Historical Architecture, Horyuji Temple". www.orientalarchitecture.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02. ^ Ryoshin Takada (2007). 世界文化遺産法隆寺を語る sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru" (Horyuji, a World Heritage described). Yanagihara Shoten. pp. 76–77. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2010-07-12. ^ Shin Young-hoon. "Audio/Slide Program for Use in Korean Studies, ARCHITECTURE, Indiana University". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-04-03. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Horyuji (category) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Horyuji. Hōryū-ji Home Page Horyuji – World History Encyclopedia Asian Historical Architecture: Hōryū-ji Japan Mint: Hōryū-ji Temple Silver Medallion Photos of Hōryū-ji and nearby Chuguji Temple Geographic data related to Hōryū-ji at OpenStreetMap 34°36′51″N 135°44′03″E / 34.614275°N 135.734236°E / 34.614275; 135.734236 vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. R. Ambedkar Ajahn Chah Thích Nhất Hạnh Texts Early Buddhist Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Dhammapada Sutra Vinaya Madhyamakālaṃkāra Abhidharmadīpa Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Buryatia Kalmykia Tuva (ru) Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Africa Central Asia Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Mexico United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Kanishka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco-Buddhism Menander I Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Buddhism and democracy Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihāra Kyaung Wat Ordination hall Stupa Pagoda Burmese pagoda Candi Dzong architecture List of Buddhist architecture in China Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco-Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddha in art Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Māgha Pūjā Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Hama Yumi Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Brahmā Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Māra Ṛddhi Siddhi Sacred languages Pāḷi Sanskrit Comparison Baháʼí Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Buddhas Buddhists Suttas Sutras Temples Festivals Category Religion portal vteBuddhist temples in JapanJapanese Buddhist architectureArchitectonic elements hidden roof hisashi irimoya kaerumata: see nakazonae kairō karahafu karesansui kentozuka: see nakazonae komainu katōmado mokoshi moya nakazonae Niō or Kongōrikishi sandō shichidō garan shōrō sōrin tokyō tōrō onigawara Mon (gates) karamon nijūmon niōmon rōmon sanmon sōmon torii Buildings Chinjusha chōzuya/temizuya -dō main hall (kon-dō, hon-dō, butsuden) kuri kyōzō or kyō-dō shoin Japanese pagodas gorintō hōkyōintō hōtō kasatōba sotōba muhōtō tahōtō Styles Daibutsuyō Wayō Setchūyō Shoin-zukuri Shin-Wayō Zenshūyō Ōbaku Zen architecture Others A-un ken Schools and objects of worshipMajor schools Jōdo Nichiren Shingon Tendai Zen schools Sōtō Ōbaku Rinzai Nanto rokushū Jōjitsu Hossō Kusha Kegon Ritsu Sanron Objects of worship Amida Nyōrai Benzaiten Dainichi Nyorai Jizō Kannon Marishi-ten Shaka Nyorai Shitennō (Four Kings) Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō) Yakushi Nyorai Other elementsImplements kei (ritual gong) mokugyō Others bussokuseki butsudan Glossary of Japanese Buddhism Japanese Buddhist pantheon jingū-ji miyadera saisenbako Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Seven Great Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanto_Shichi_Daiji"},{"link_name":"Ikaruga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaruga,_Nara"},{"link_name":"Nara Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Prince Shōtoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku"},{"link_name":"Nihon Shoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHHoryuji-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GW2JPN-2"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"Hokki-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokki-ji"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji_Area"},{"link_name":"shinbashira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinbashira"},{"link_name":"pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Buddhist temple in Nara Prefecture, JapanHōryū-ji (Japanese: 法隆寺, Hepburn: Temple of the Flourishing Dharma) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples, in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji (法隆学問寺), or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law, the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery.The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607, but according to the Nihon Shoki, in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning. However, reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago, the Kondō (main hall) is widely recognized as the world's oldest wooden building.[1][2]A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of the Kondō on January 26, 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period, a national treasure, and shocked the Japanese. Based on this accident, the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties.In 1993, Hōryū-ji Temple, along with Hokki-ji, was registered as Japan's first UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name of Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area.A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story pagoda were cut down in 594, before it burned down in 670.[3]","title":"Hōryū-ji"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shichidō garan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan"},{"link_name":"Prince Shōtoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yakushi Nyorai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GW2JPN-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0521223520-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0521223520-6"},{"link_name":"garan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100years-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0750634340a-8"},{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Kannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"Kōfuku-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji"},{"link_name":"Meiji restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_restoration"},{"link_name":"Shingon Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006341-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006341-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006362-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-13"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Shichidō garanThe temple was originally commissioned by Prince Shōtoku; at the time it was called Wakakusadera, a name that is still sometimes used.[4] This first temple is believed to have been completed by 607.[5] Hōryū-ji was dedicated to Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of healing and in honor of the prince's father.[2] Excavations done in 1939 confirmed that Prince Shotoku's palace, the Ikaruga-no-miya (斑鳩宮), occupied the eastern part of the current temple complex, where the Tō-in (東院) sits today.[6] Also discovered were the ruins of a temple complex which was southwest of the prince's palace and not completely within the present temple complex.[6] The original temple, named by modern historians and archaeologists Wakakusa-garan (若草伽藍), was lost, probably burned to the ground after being hit by lightning in 670. The temple was reconstructed but slightly reoriented in a northwest position, which is believed to have been completed by around 711.[7] The temple was repaired and reassembled in the early twelfth century, in 1374, and 1603.[8]During the Kamakura period, as the cult of Shōtoku rose to prominence in Japan, Hōryū-ji became an important site for veneration of the long-dead prince. Ritual practices dedicated to Prince Shōtoku increased in number during this time. A memorial service for the prince called the ceremony of Shōryō-e became an annual event at Hōryū-ji in the early 12th century, and it is still practiced at the temple and other temples associated with Prince Shōtoku to this day. The Kamakura and early Heian period also brought new additions to Hōryū-ji, including the dedication of several new halls in the Eastern and Western compounds to venerate the Prince as the incarnation of the bodhisattva Kannon.[9] The growth of the Shōtoku cult from the 7th century onward propelled the rise of Hōryū-ji as a well-known temple in Japan. By the end of Tokugawa rule in the mid-1800s, the temple was receiving extensive funds from the shogunate on a regular basis. Furthermore, the temple grew and maintained close relations with the Hossō sect throughout the Edo period.[10]Beginning in the early years of the Meiji period, significant political shifts in Japan brought new challenges for Hōryū-ji. Shinto was instated as the official state religion in 1868, resulting in government confiscation of many Buddhist lands, strict government supervision and categorization of Buddhist temples, and a steep decrease in financial support for Hōryū-ji itself. The recategorization of officially recognized Buddhist sects by the government, which occurred soon after the start of Meiji rule, did not recognize the Hossō sect as a formal institution of Japanese Buddhism. When the seat of the Hossō sect, Kōfuku-ji, was shut down for a time during the Meiji restoration, Hōryū-ji became affiliated with Shingon Buddhism.[11] However, after the government changed its position and allowed Buddhist temples to choose their own affiliated sect in the late 19th century, Hōryū-ji renewed its affiliation with the Hossō school.[11]\nDue to the lack of resources during the early Meiji period, the monks at Hōryū-ji decided to donate many of the temple's treasures for museum display.[12] They were able to secure compensation for this donation, improving the financial situation of the temple. Conservation work at the site began in 1895, but culminated in 1934, when a massive restoration project at Hōryū-ji began.[13] The project was interrupted during the Second World War, when large portions of the temple itself were dismantled and hidden in the hills surrounding Nara. However, due to the policy of the United States of America regarding the preservation of cultural sites in Nara and Kyoto, the entire site was spared from bombings during the war. The restoration project resumed after the war and concluded in 1985. Much of the temple complex was repaired from centuries of environmental damage. During the restoration, older paintings of the temple were used to determine the original layout of the complex, and many of the living quarters built during the intervening years were demolished.[13]Today, the temple can be identified as the headquarters of the Shōtoku sect, and is a popular site for pilgrimage. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hōryū-ji is also an attractive site for tourists. According to the temple's website, it is currently home to over 180 of Japan's designated National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties, and was the first structure in Japan to become a World Heritage Site.[14] Hōryū-ji also still holds frequent events in a variety of locations in the complex, and many of its structures are open to the public.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji03s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji_Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122508.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji_Area"}],"text":"The Chūmon (Inner Gate) with its entasis columnsBuddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji AreaCloser look of wooden carving in Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Present complex","text":"The current temple is made up of two areas, the Sai-in (西院) in the west and the Tō-in (東院) in the east. The western part of the temple contains the Kondō (金堂, sanctuary Hall) and the temple's five-story pagoda. The Tō-in area holds the octagonal Yumedono Hall (夢殿, Hall of Dreams) and sits 122 meters east of the Sai-in area. The complex also contains monk's quarters, lecture halls, libraries, and dining halls.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji37s3200.jpg"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta2008-15"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0750622679-19"},{"link_name":"Yakushiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushiji"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Characteristics","text":"The belfry of the East PrecinctThe reconstructed buildings embrace significant cultural influences from the Three Kingdoms of Korea, particularly those of Baekje,[15] from Eastern Han to Northern Wei of China,[16] as well as from ancient Greek architecture, especially on the columns.[17]The reconstruction has allowed Hōryū-ji to absorb and feature a unique fusion of early Asuka period style elements, added with some distinct ones only seen in Hōryū-ji, such as the extremely small proportions of the fifth story of the pagoda, which buildings constructed in later years lack. It is also home to unique examples of early Japanese architecture, such as the Tamamushi Shrine.[18]There are many features that suggest the current precinct of Hōryū-ji is not entirely related to the Asuka period style in the same way as other works from the period.[19] Scholars note that the style of Hōryū-ji is more \"conservative\" than other examples from the period, such as Yakushiji.[20]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji06s3200.jpg"},{"link_name":"dendrochronological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100years-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_4770029772-22"}],"sub_title":"Pagoda","text":"The pagoda has certain characteristics unique to Hōryū-jiThe five-story pagoda, located in Sai-in area, stands at 32.45 meters in height (122 feet) and is one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world. The wood used in the central pillar or axis mundi of the pagoda is estimated through a dendrochronological analysis to have been felled in 594.[7] The axis mundi rests three meters below the surface of the massive foundation stone, stretching into the ground. At its base, a relic believed to be a fragment of the bones of the Buddha is enshrined. Around it, four sculpted scenes from the life of the Buddha face in the four cardinal directions.[21] The pagoda is five-storied but, as is customary for pagodas, there is no access to the interior.[22]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji42s3200.jpg"},{"link_name":"kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0750622679-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0195088913-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_4770029772-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0750634340b-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_3930698986-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoryujiYumedono0363edit4.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Kondō","text":"The kondōThe kondō, located side by side to the pagoda in Sai-in, is another one of the oldest wood buildings extant in the world. The hall measures 18.5 meters by 15.2 meters.[19] The hall has two stories, with roofs curved in the corners. Only the first story has a double roof. This was added later in the Nara period with extra posts to hold up the original first roof because it extended more than four meters past the building.[23]Due to a fire that broke out on January 26, 1949, severe damage was caused to the building, mainly its first floor, and the murals. As a result of the restoration (completed in 1954), it is estimated that about fifteen to twenty percent of the original seventh century Kondo materials is left in the current building, while the charred members were carefully removed and rebuilt to a separate fireproof warehouse for future research.[22][24][25]Through a recent dendrochronological analysis carried out using the materials preserved during the restorations done in the 1950s, it has turned out that some of them were felled prior to 670, suggesting a possibility that the current kondō was already under construction when \"the fire in 670\", as recorded in the Nihon Shoki, burned the former Wakakusa-garan down.[26]The hall holds the famous Shaka Triad, together with a bronze Yakushi and Amida Nyorai statues, and other national treasures. The wall paintings shown today in the Kondō are a reproduction from 1967.Yumedono, a hall associated with Prince Shōtoku","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Yumedono (Hall of Dreams)","text":"Yumedono is one of the main constructions in the Tō-in area, built on the ground which was once Prince Shōtoku's private palace, Ikaruga no miya. The present incarnation of this hall was built in 739 to assuage the Prince's spirit. The hall acquired its present-day common name in the Heian period, after a legend that says a Buddha arrived as Prince Shōtoku and meditated in a hall that existed here. The hall also contains the famous Yumedono Kannon (also Kuse-, or Guze Kannon); which is only displayed at certain times of the year.[27]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0521223520_2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The treasures of the temple are considered to be a time capsule of Buddhist art from the sixth and seventh century. Many of the frescoes, statues, and other pieces of art within the temple, as well as the architecture of the temple's buildings themselves show the strong cultural influence from China, Korea and India, as well as aspects of Buddhist practice in Japan.[28][29]The Tokyo National Museum holds over 300 objects which were donated to the Imperial Household by Hōryū-ji in 1878. Some of these items are on public display, and all are available for study as part of the museum's digital collection.[30]","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kudara_kannon_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koizumi-31"},{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphora_officinarum"},{"link_name":"lacquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer"},{"link_name":"Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koizumi-31"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Amitabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koizumi-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koizumi-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koku240621-32"},{"link_name":"Camphora officinarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphora_officinarum"},{"link_name":"Japanese hinoki cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koto080523-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koku240621-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koizumi-31"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koizumi-31"}],"sub_title":"Kudara Kannon","text":"Kudara KannonKudara Kannon is one of the best representative Buddhist sculptures in the Asuka period, with Guze Kannon in Yumedono. Probably made in the early – middle 7th century, it is 209 cm in height and has a quite slim figure. While frontality is a prominent characteristic of the Shaka Triad by Tori Busshi, this statue intends to be seen rather from a side.[31] Most parts of it are made of camphor. Initially some parts, such as its bare body, were finished with lacquer, and colored vividly, but the lacquer has severely degraded over time.The origin of the statue is veiled in mystery. Ancient catalogs for Hōryūji's treasures, even one written in the late Kamakura period, never mention it. The first surviving record which referred to it was from 1698 C.E. and implies that it was moved from somewhere sometime after the Kamakura period. The record calls it Kokūzō Bosatsu (Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva), not Kannon Bosatsu (Guanyin), and says \"it came from Baekje, but was made in India.\" At least in the Edo period, no official records remained about its origin, which continues to be shrouded in legend.[31]Although it is referred to as the Kudara Kannon today, its name in the oral tradition was Kokūzō Bosatsu.[citation needed] In 1911, a crown created for the statue was discovered in a storehouse of Hōryūji. The crown was characterized with a curved Amitabha, a typical attribute for Kannon statues. Since then, it has been commonly known to be a depiction of Kannon. The name Kudara Kannon first appeared in a book published in 1917.[31]While its precise origins are unclear, some modern-day investigations suggest that the statue was made in Japan during the Asuka period.[31][32] The statue is carved from Camphora officinarum (a species of evergreen tree that is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern Japan, Korea, India, and Vietnam), which was a very typical medium for Japanese Buddhist sculptures in the 7th century. The base of the statue and the water bottle it holds are made of Japanese hinoki cypress, a species endemic to Japan.[33][32] Furthermore, the style of flower ornaments in the crown closely resemble those of Guze Kannon and the Four Devas in the Kondō.[31]The influences on the style could stem from a variety of places. The Northern Qi, Northern Zhou or Sui dynasties are all possibilities. The relative rarity of surviving Chinese Buddhist sculptures makes it difficult to pinpoint the potential influences on the sculpture from China.[31]","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%AC%AC06%E5%8F%B7%E5%A3%81.%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%9B%BE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pure Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land"},{"link_name":"Shaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha"},{"link_name":"Miroku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya"},{"link_name":"Yakushi Nyorai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushi_Nyorai"},{"link_name":"Ajanta Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang"},{"link_name":"Bosatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Kannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Donchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0195088913-23"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KoreaReligious-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Murals","text":"Amitabha paradise before fireThe murals of the kondō comprise fifty walls; four larger walls, eight mid-sized walls and thirty-eight small wall areas inside the building. The original murals were removed after the fire incident in 1949 and are kept in a non-public treasure house. Twenty small wall paintings, unscathed from the 1949 fire, are in their original places while reproductions replaced the parts that were removed due to damage.It is generally believed that the paintings on the large walls represent the Pure Land (浄土 jōdo) with Shaka, Amida, Miroku and Yakushi Nyorai Buddhas. Some of the artistic choices, including the way the robes are modeled, are similar to murals found in Ajanta Caves (India) or Dunhuang (China). Also observed are Tang and Indian flavors of the Bosatsu and Kannon drawn on the sides of the Amida.Judging from the early Tang influences, the present day consensus on the time of creation of the paintings is end of the 7th century. Thus ruling out the possibilities of authorship by those early 7th-century figures who were once believed to be the creator, e.g. Tori or Donchō, there is no clear or accepted author of this work.[23][34][35]","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tori Busshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi"},{"link_name":"Sakyamuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Bhaisajyaguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru"},{"link_name":"Amitābha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_477002939X-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_141796569X-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_477002939X-36"},{"link_name":"Shitennō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Shaka Triad","text":"Tori Busshi is credited with the casting of this massive Buddhist statue. It is a triad and so Sakyamuni, the center Buddha, is attended by two other figures, Bhaisajyaguru to its right and Amitābha to its left. The statues are dated to 623 and the style originates in Northern Wei art.[36][37] The style of the statue is also known as Tori style and is characterized by the two-dimensionality of the figure and the repetitive pattern-like depictions of the cloth the triad sits upon.[36] At each corner of the triad stand four wooden Shitennō statues from the end of the Asuka period. They are the oldest examples of Shitennō statues in Japan.[38]","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamamushi_Shrine.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tamamushi Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamamushi_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Chrysochroa fulgidissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysochroa_fulgidissima"},{"link_name":"Tamamushi Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamamushi_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Tamamushi Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamamushi_Shrine"},{"link_name":"tamamushi beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamamushi"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mizuno-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Jataka tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales"},{"link_name":"bodhisattvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Four Heavenly Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings"},{"link_name":"lotus blossoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_(attribute)"},{"link_name":"mudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudra"},{"link_name":"pagodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra"},{"link_name":"apsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsara"},{"link_name":"Sumeru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeru"},{"link_name":"Nirvana Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Golden Light Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra"},{"link_name":"tigress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mizuno-39"}],"sub_title":"Tamamushi Shrine","text":"The Tamamushi Shrine, Tamamushi-no-zushi, a miniature shrine once decorated with the iridescent wings of the tamamushi beetle (Chrysochroa fulgidissima)Further information: Tamamushi ShrineThe Tamamushi Shrine is a small wooden Buddhist shrine that is currently stored in the Great Treasure Repository of Hōryū-ji. The shrine is named for the many wings of the tamamushi beetle that once adorned it but have since deteriorated.[39][40] The shrine was likely created before the year 693, perhaps even dating back to before the construction of Hōryū-ji. It is notable for its smallness (it measures only 226 centimeters in height) and for the fact that it is the oldest surviving shrine of its kind in East Asia.[41] The paintings that cover building and dais are of Jataka tales, bodhisattvas, the Four Heavenly Kings, and other buddhist iconography. The front panels of the building show the Four Guardian Kings clad in armor with long flowing scarves. On the side doors are bodhisattvas holding lotus blossoms and forming a mudra. On the back is represented a sacred landscape with heights topped with pagodas. The dais shows on its front relics, seated monks making offerings, and apsara. On the back is depicted Mount Sumeru. The right side shows a scene from the Nirvana Sutra, where the Buddha offers his life in return for more of the sacred teachings, before being caught in his plummet by Indra. On the left panel of the dais is a scene from the Golden Light Sutra of a bodhisattva removing his upper garments before casting himself from a cliff to feed a hungry tigress and her cubs.[39]","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_0300053339-42"}],"sub_title":"Yakushi Nyorai","text":"The statue of Yakushi of the original temple was saved during the fire of 670.[42] While the temple was being rebuilt the Shaka Triad was commissioned or had been already cast.","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_477002939X-36"},{"link_name":"Ernest Fenollosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_477002018Xp587-43"},{"link_name":"Tori Busshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISBN_477002939X-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscription_on_the_halo_of_the_statue_of_Bhaisajyaguru.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falongsibeiye.png"},{"link_name":"Siddham script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddham_script"},{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae"}],"sub_title":"Yumedono (Guze) Kannon","text":"This Kannon is a statue that supposedly is the representation of Prince Shotoku. It is approximate six feet and one inch and some sources believe that Shotoku was that height. It is 197 centimeters in height.[36] The kannon is made of gilded wood. It is suggested that the statue was made to assuage the dead prince's spirit based on the fact that the halo was attached to the statue by a nail driven through the head. The statue bears a close resemblance to extant portraiture of the prince.\nThe Kannon retains most of its gilt. It is in superb condition because it was kept in the Dream Hall and wrapped in five hundred meters of cloth and never viewed in sunlight. The statue was held to be sacred and was never seen until it was unwrapped at the demand of Ernest Fenollosa, who was charged by the Japanese government to catalogue the art of the state and later became a curator at the Boston Museum of Fine Art.[43] Art historians suggest that this figure is based on the Tori Busshi style.[36]Inscription on the halo of BhaisajyaguruA replica of The Heart Sutra and Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra manuscript in Siddham script on palm-leaf in 609 CE. First page and the first line of second page is The Heart Sutra second page is Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra Hōryū-ji, Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nihon Shoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shitennō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-978-4-8409-5016-9_p7677-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiana-46"}],"text":"The Nihon Shoki records the arrival of a carpenter and a buddhist sculptor in 577, along with the monks, from Baekje to Japan in order to build temples locally. These experts are recorded to have stationed in Naniwa, or present-day Osaka, where the Shitennō-ji was built.[44]There is no record, on the other hand, as to who exactly were the people that have engaged in the construction of Hōryū-ji, although the Nihon Shoki records the existence of 46 temples in 624.[45] The bracket work of Hōryū-ji resembles that of the partial remainder of a miniature Baekje gilt bronze pagoda.[46]","title":"Serving the needs of architectural research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji28s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji43s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji35s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji15s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyuji-L0344.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji34s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji19s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji_onigawara.JPG"},{"link_name":"Onigawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onigawara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyuji_Temple_02.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoryujiGrounds0311Print.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyuji_Temple_01_b.jpg"}],"text":"Kudarakan'nondō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKondō and pagoda\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBronze lantern\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYumedono roof decoration\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuardian statue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReidō and the Cloister of Toin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOnigawara roof tile\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDragon ornaments on the roof\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Horyu-ji complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanoramic view","title":"Images"}]
[{"image_text":"Shichidō garan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg/250px-Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Chūmon (Inner Gate) with its entasis columns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Horyu-ji03s3200.jpg/220px-Horyu-ji03s3200.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg/220px-Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg"},{"image_text":"Closer look of wooden carving in Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122508.jpg/220px-Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122508.jpg"},{"image_text":"The belfry of the East Precinct","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Horyu-ji37s3200.jpg/220px-Horyu-ji37s3200.jpg"},{"image_text":"The pagoda has certain characteristics unique to Hōryū-ji","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Horyu-ji06s3200.jpg/220px-Horyu-ji06s3200.jpg"},{"image_text":"The kondō","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Horyu-ji42s3200.jpg/220px-Horyu-ji42s3200.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yumedono, a hall associated with Prince Shōtoku","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HoryujiYumedono0363edit4.jpg/220px-HoryujiYumedono0363edit4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kudara Kannon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kudara_kannon_1.JPG/200px-Kudara_kannon_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amitabha paradise before fire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E7%AC%AC06%E5%8F%B7%E5%A3%81.%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%9B%BE.jpg/220px-%E7%AC%AC06%E5%8F%B7%E5%A3%81.%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E5%87%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%9B%BE.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tamamushi Shrine, Tamamushi-no-zushi, a miniature shrine once decorated with the iridescent wings of the tamamushi beetle (Chrysochroa fulgidissima)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tamamushi_Shrine.JPG/150px-Tamamushi_Shrine.JPG"},{"image_text":"Inscription on the halo of Bhaisajyaguru","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Inscription_on_the_halo_of_the_statue_of_Bhaisajyaguru.jpg/120px-Inscription_on_the_halo_of_the_statue_of_Bhaisajyaguru.jpg"},{"image_text":"A replica of The Heart Sutra and Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra manuscript in Siddham script on palm-leaf in 609 CE. First page and the first line of second page is The Heart Sutra second page is Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra Hōryū-ji, Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Falongsibeiye.png/400px-Falongsibeiye.png"}]
[{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg"},{"title":"Architecture portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Architecture"},{"title":"Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji_Area"},{"title":"Buddhist temples in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan"},{"title":"Glossary of Japanese Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism"},{"title":"Hokki-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokki-ji"},{"title":"Japanese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"},{"title":"List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-others)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(crafts-others)"},{"title":"List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(sculptures)"},{"title":"List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(temples)"},{"title":"List of tallest structures built before the 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century"},{"title":"Masaoka Shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaoka_Shiki"},{"title":"Nanto Shichi Daiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanto_Shichi_Daiji"},{"title":"Tourism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Japan"}]
[{"reference":"\"Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, UNESCO World Heritage\". Retrieved 2007-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/660","url_text":"\"Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, UNESCO World Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"June Kinoshita; Nicholas Palevsky (1998). Gateway to Japan, \"A Japanese Prince and his temple\". Kodansha International. ISBN 9784770020185. Retrieved 2007-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_MSioiABQC&q=horyu+ji&pg=PA47","url_text":"Gateway to Japan, \"A Japanese Prince and his temple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784770020185","url_text":"9784770020185"}]},{"reference":"ja:光谷拓実 [in Japanese] (2001). 法隆寺五重塔心柱の年輪年代 (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%8B%93%E5%AE%9F","url_text":"ja:光谷拓実"},{"url":"https://repository.nabunken.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/11177/309/1/BA67898227_2001_032_033.pdf","url_text":"法隆寺五重塔心柱の年輪年代"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 61. ISBN 0-13-117601-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-117601-3","url_text":"0-13-117601-3"}]},{"reference":"Buswell, R.E.J. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John Whitney Hall (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan \"The Asuka Enlightenment\" p.175. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&q=horyu+ji&pg=PA175","url_text":"The Cambridge history of Japan \"The Asuka Enlightenment\" p.175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521223522","url_text":"9780521223522"}]},{"reference":"Web Japan, sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. \"One hundred years older than supposed?: World Heritage Pagoda\". Retrieved 2007-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://web-japan.org/trends00/honbun/tj010330.html","url_text":"\"One hundred years older than supposed?: World Heritage Pagoda\""}]},{"reference":"Marstein, Nils; Knut Einar Larsen (2000). Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach. Elsevier. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7506-3434-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVk7s0W8IT8C&pg=PA22","url_text":"Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3434-2","url_text":"978-0-7506-3434-2"}]},{"reference":"Pradel, Chari (2008). \"Shōkō Mandara and the Cult of Prince Shōtoku in the Kamakura Period\". Artibus Asiae. 68 (2): 215–246. JSTOR 40599600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40599600","url_text":"40599600"}]},{"reference":"McDermott, Hiroko (Autumn 2006). \"The Hōryūji Treasures and Early Meiji Cultural Policy\". Monumenta Nipponica. 61 (3): 342. doi:10.1353/mni.2006.0033. S2CID 143040238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2006.0033","url_text":"10.1353/mni.2006.0033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143040238","url_text":"143040238"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, John. \"After 51 Years, a Temple is Restored\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/12/26/after-51-years-a-temple-is-restored/39e9345f-d796-40be-b639-587fba1d8319/","url_text":"\"After 51 Years, a Temple is Restored\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction: Horyuji\". Horyuji. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horyuji.or.jp/en/garan/","url_text":"\"Introduction: Horyuji\""}]},{"reference":"Sameer Das Gupta (1 January 2008). Advanced history of Buddhism: monasteries and temples. Cyber Tech Publications. pp. 289–. ISBN 9788178843438.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ckAQAAIAAJ&q=H%C5%8Dryu-ji+baekje","url_text":"Advanced history of Buddhism: monasteries and temples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178843438","url_text":"9788178843438"}]},{"reference":"orientalarchitecture.com. \"Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey\". Asian Architecture.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/nara/horyujiindex.htm","url_text":"\"Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey\""}]},{"reference":"Inoue, Shoichi (2000). \"Interpretation of Ancient Japanese Architecture: Focusing on Links with World History\". Japan Review (12): 129–143. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 25791051.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25791051","url_text":"\"Interpretation of Ancient Japanese Architecture: Focusing on Links with World History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0915-0986","url_text":"0915-0986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25791051","url_text":"25791051"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 65. ISBN 0-13-117601-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-117601-3","url_text":"0-13-117601-3"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture. Architectural Press. p. 731. ISBN 9780750622677. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1jTpXAThwC&pg=PA731","url_text":"Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750622677","url_text":"9780750622677"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Penelope (2005). History of Japanese Art (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. p. 62. ISBN 0-13-117601-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-117601-3","url_text":"0-13-117601-3"}]},{"reference":"Ryōshin Takada 高田良信 (2007). sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru 世界文化遺産法隆寺を語る (Horyuji, a World Heritage described). Yanagihara Shuppan 柳原出版. pp. 185–190.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Seiroku Noma (2003). The Arts of Japan, p40. Kodansha International. ISBN 9784770029775. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RfswGk-C0ykC&q=horyu+ji&pg=RA3-PA40","url_text":"The Arts of Japan, p40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784770029775","url_text":"9784770029775"}]},{"reference":"Crouch, Dora P; Johnson, June G (2001). ISBN 0195088913 p20. Oxford University. ISBN 9780195088915.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cSxV9fhu-CYC&q=horyu+ji&pg=PA20","url_text":"ISBN 0195088913 p20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195088915","url_text":"9780195088915"}]},{"reference":"Nils Marstein; Knut Einar Larsen (2000). Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach p21. Elsevier. ISBN 9780750634342. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Marstein","url_text":"Nils Marstein"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVk7s0W8IT8C&pg=PA21","url_text":"Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach p21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750634342","url_text":"9780750634342"}]},{"reference":"Niels Gutschow; Siegfried RCT Enders (1998). Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan, p48. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 9783930698981. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zh88TftnTsYC&pg=RA1-PA48","url_text":"Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan, p48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783930698981","url_text":"9783930698981"}]},{"reference":"\"Find rekindles debate over Horyuji Temple\". Japan Times. 2004-07-20. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2021-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/07/20/national/find-rekindles-debate-over-horyuji-temple/","url_text":"\"Find rekindles debate over Horyuji Temple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107222820if_/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/07/20/national/find-rekindles-debate-over-horyuji-temple/#.XDPSot-nxPY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Archeology of Korea and Cultural Features\". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713164925/http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_archaeology.html","url_text":"\"The Archeology of Korea and Cultural Features\""},{"url":"http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_archaeology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Whitney Hall (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan \"The Asuka Enlightenment\" p.176. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521223522. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&q=koguryo+murals&pg=PA176","url_text":"The Cambridge history of Japan \"The Asuka Enlightenment\" p.176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521223522","url_text":"9780521223522"}]},{"reference":"\"東京国立博物館 – 展示 法隆寺宝物館\". Tnm.go.jp. Retrieved 2012-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tnm.go.jp/en/servlet/Con?pageId=B01&processId=00&mansion_id=M4","url_text":"\"東京国立博物館 – 展示 法隆寺宝物館\""}]},{"reference":"Statue of Kudara Kannon (in Japanese). Kokuyo Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624033449/https://www.e-theoria.com/museum/042.html","url_text":"Statue of Kudara Kannon"},{"url":"https://www.e-theoria.com/museum/042.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"百済観音 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230508141336/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3-55460","url_text":"百済観音"},{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3-55460","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Huntley Grayson (2002). Korea: A Religious History \"Early Korea\" p36. Routledge. ISBN 9780700716050. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e1BzL2lwPqEC&q=koguryo+monk+murals&pg=PA36","url_text":"Korea: A Religious History \"Early Korea\" p36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700716050","url_text":"9780700716050"}]},{"reference":"Takada, Ryoshin (1998). Horyu-ji no nazo 法隆寺の謎 Mysteries of Horyu-ji. Shogakukan. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-4-09-387265-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-09-387265-2","url_text":"978-4-09-387265-2"}]},{"reference":"Tsuneko S. Sadao; Stephanie Wada (2003). Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview, p42. Kodansha International. ISBN 9784770029393. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zMC4RMXQkn0C&q=chuguji+miroku&pg=PA42","url_text":"Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview, p42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784770029393","url_text":"9784770029393"}]},{"reference":"Chatfield Pier, Garrett (2005). Temple Treasures of Japan. Kessinger Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4179-6569-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s_S4NqCg4iMC&pg=PA15","url_text":"Temple Treasures of Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-6569-4","url_text":"978-1-4179-6569-4"}]},{"reference":"Hōryūji (tourist brochure). Kyoto, Japan: Benrido Co., Ltd. 2007. pp. 11–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mizuno Seiichi (1974). Asuka Buddhist Art: Horyuji. Weatherhill. pp. 40–52.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhill","url_text":"Weatherhill"}]},{"reference":"\"Sentaibutsu\". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 9 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sentaibutsu.htm","url_text":"\"Sentaibutsu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Architecture_and_Art_Net_Users_System","url_text":"Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System"}]},{"reference":"Walley, Akiko (2012). \"Flowers of Compassion: The Tamamushi Shrine and the Nature of Devotion in Seventh-Century Japan\". Artibus Asiae. 72 (2): 269. JSTOR 24240761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240761","url_text":"24240761"}]},{"reference":"Robert Treat Paine (1981). The Art and Architecture of Japan , p300. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300053333. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pO6ErY9hE7gC&q=horyuji&pg=PA300","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of Japan , p300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300053333","url_text":"978-0300053333"}]},{"reference":"Kinoshita, June; Nicholas Palevsky (1998). Gateway to Japan. Kodansha. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-4-7700-2018-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2018-5","url_text":"978-4-7700-2018-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Historical Architecture, Horyuji Temple\". www.orientalarchitecture.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/nara/horyujiindex.htm","url_text":"\"Asian Historical Architecture, Horyuji Temple\""}]},{"reference":"Ryoshin Takada (2007). 世界文化遺産法隆寺を語る sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru\" (Horyuji, a World Heritage described). Yanagihara Shoten. pp. 76–77. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2010-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416195237/http://www.yanagiharashoten.co.jp/","url_text":"世界文化遺産法隆寺を語る sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru\" (Horyuji, a World Heritage described)"},{"url":"http://www.yanagiharashoten.co.jp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shin Young-hoon. \"Audio/Slide Program for Use in Korean Studies, ARCHITECTURE, Indiana University\". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185009/http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/architecture/3-2.htm","url_text":"\"Audio/Slide Program for Use in Korean Studies, ARCHITECTURE, Indiana University\""},{"url":"http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/architecture/3-2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji&params=34.614275_N_135.734236_E_region:JP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°36′51″N 135°44′03″E / 34.614275°N 135.734236°E / 34.614275; 135.734236"},{"Link":"http://www.horyuji.or.jp/","external_links_name":"www.horyuji.or.jp"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/660","external_links_name":"\"Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, UNESCO World Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_MSioiABQC&q=horyu+ji&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"Gateway to Japan, \"A Japanese Prince and his temple\""},{"Link":"https://repository.nabunken.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/11177/309/1/BA67898227_2001_032_033.pdf","external_links_name":"法隆寺五重塔心柱の年輪年代"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&q=horyu+ji&pg=PA175","external_links_name":"The Cambridge history of Japan \"The Asuka Enlightenment\" p.175"},{"Link":"http://web-japan.org/trends00/honbun/tj010330.html","external_links_name":"\"One hundred years older than supposed?: World Heritage Pagoda\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVk7s0W8IT8C&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40599600","external_links_name":"40599600"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2006.0033","external_links_name":"10.1353/mni.2006.0033"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143040238","external_links_name":"143040238"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/12/26/after-51-years-a-temple-is-restored/39e9345f-d796-40be-b639-587fba1d8319/","external_links_name":"\"After 51 Years, a Temple is Restored\""},{"Link":"http://www.horyuji.or.jp/en/garan/","external_links_name":"\"Introduction: Horyuji\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ckAQAAIAAJ&q=H%C5%8Dryu-ji+baekje","external_links_name":"Advanced history of Buddhism: monasteries and temples"},{"Link":"https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/nara/horyujiindex.htm","external_links_name":"\"Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25791051","external_links_name":"\"Interpretation of Ancient Japanese Architecture: Focusing on Links with World History\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0915-0986","external_links_name":"0915-0986"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25791051","external_links_name":"25791051"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1jTpXAThwC&pg=PA731","external_links_name":"Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RfswGk-C0ykC&q=horyu+ji&pg=RA3-PA40","external_links_name":"The Arts of Japan, p40"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cSxV9fhu-CYC&q=horyu+ji&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"ISBN 0195088913 p20"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVk7s0W8IT8C&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: an ecological approach p21"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zh88TftnTsYC&pg=RA1-PA48","external_links_name":"Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan, p48"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/07/20/national/find-rekindles-debate-over-horyuji-temple/","external_links_name":"\"Find rekindles debate over Horyuji Temple\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107222820if_/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/07/20/national/find-rekindles-debate-over-horyuji-temple/#.XDPSot-nxPY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713164925/http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_archaeology.html","external_links_name":"\"The Archeology of Korea and Cultural Features\""},{"Link":"http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_archaeology.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&q=koguryo+murals&pg=PA176","external_links_name":"The Cambridge history of Japan \"The Asuka Enlightenment\" p.176"},{"Link":"http://www.tnm.go.jp/en/servlet/Con?pageId=B01&processId=00&mansion_id=M4","external_links_name":"\"東京国立博物館 – 展示 法隆寺宝物館\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624033449/https://www.e-theoria.com/museum/042.html","external_links_name":"Statue of Kudara Kannon"},{"Link":"https://www.e-theoria.com/museum/042.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230508141336/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3-55460","external_links_name":"百済観音"},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3-55460","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e1BzL2lwPqEC&q=koguryo+monk+murals&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"Korea: A Religious History \"Early Korea\" p36"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zMC4RMXQkn0C&q=chuguji+miroku&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview, p42"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s_S4NqCg4iMC&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"Temple Treasures of Japan"},{"Link":"http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sentaibutsu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sentaibutsu\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240761","external_links_name":"24240761"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pO6ErY9hE7gC&q=horyuji&pg=PA300","external_links_name":"The Art and Architecture of Japan , p300"},{"Link":"http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/nara/horyujiindex.htm","external_links_name":"\"Asian Historical Architecture, Horyuji Temple\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416195237/http://www.yanagiharashoten.co.jp/","external_links_name":"世界文化遺産法隆寺を語る sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru\" (Horyuji, a World Heritage described)"},{"Link":"http://www.yanagiharashoten.co.jp/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185009/http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/architecture/3-2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Audio/Slide Program for Use in Korean Studies, ARCHITECTURE, Indiana University\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/architecture/3-2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://horyuji.or.jp/","external_links_name":"Hōryū-ji Home Page"},{"Link":"https://www.worldhistory.org/Horyuji/","external_links_name":"Horyuji – World History Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/japan/nara/horyuji.php","external_links_name":"Asian Historical Architecture: Hōryū-ji"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071206051016/http://www.mint.go.jp/eng/coin/international/metallic_11.html","external_links_name":"Hōryū-ji Temple Silver Medallion"},{"Link":"http://www.taleofgenji.org/horyuji.html","external_links_name":"Hōryū-ji"},{"Link":"http://www.taleofgenji.org/chuguji.html","external_links_name":"Chuguji Temple"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/43549741","external_links_name":"Hōryū-ji"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji&params=34.614275_N_135.734236_E_region:JP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°36′51″N 135°44′03″E / 34.614275°N 135.734236°E / 34.614275; 135.734236"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308697500","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4681633-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007522626105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80079830","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00346130","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01928301?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner_(sociologist)
Bryan Turner (sociologist)
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Professional recognition","4 Selected bibliography","5 References"]
British-Australian sociologist (born 1945) Bryan TurnerBornBryan Stanley Turner (1945-01-16) 16 January 1945 (age 79)Birmingham, United KingdomNationalityBritish, AustralianOccupation(s)scholar, professorTitlePresidential ProfessorAcademic backgroundAlma materUniversity of LeedsThesisThe Decline of Methodism (1970)Academic workDisciplineSociologySub-disciplineSociology of religionInstitutionsThe Graduate Center, CUNY, University of Western Sydney Bryan Stanley Turner (born 1945) is a British and Australian sociologist. He was born in January 1945 in Birmingham, England. Turner has held university appointments in England, Scotland, Australia, Germany, Holland, Singapore and the United States. He was a Professor of Sociology at the University of Cambridge (1998–2005) and Research Team Leader for the Religion Cluster at the Asian Research Institute, National University of Singapore (2005–2008). Turner is currently Professor of the Sociology of Religion at the Institute for Religion, Politics and Society at the Australian Catholic University. He is also faculty Associate of the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale University, Research Associate, GEMASS at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the American Sociological Research Association. Early life Turner attended Harborne Collegiate School for Boys and George Dixon Grammar School. He went on to the University of Leeds, where he completed a first class honours degree in Sociology in 1966. He received his Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leeds in 1970 with a thesis titled "The Decline of Methodism: an analysis of religious commitment and organisation". He has received several honorary degrees recognising his contributions to Sociology: Doctor of Letters at Flinders University in 1987, Master of Arts at the University of Cambridge in 2002 and Doctor of Letters at the University of Cambridge in 2009. Career Professor Turner's research interests include sociological theory, sociology of globalisation and religion, concentrating on such issues as religious conflict and the modern state, religious authority and electronic information, religious consumerism and youth cultures, human rights and religion, the human body, medical change, and religious cosmologies. Turner wrote his first book Weber and Islam in 1974 and has since established an international reputation for his work on religion, Max Weber and comparative sociology. He is the founding editor of the journals: Body & Society (with Mike Featherstone), Citizenship Studies, and Journal of Classical Sociology (with John O'Neill). He is also an editorial member of numerous journals including: British Journal of Sociology, European Journal of Social Theory, Contemporary Islam and Journal of Human Rights. He is the editor of two book series for Anthem Press: Key Issues in Modern Sociology and Tracts for Our Times; and also of Religion in Contemporary Asia for Routledge. Professional recognition Years Award or Recognition 1981 Morris Ginsberg Fellow, London School of Economics, University of London. 1987 Fellow of the Australian Academy of Social Sciences 1987–1988 Alexander von Humboldt Professorial Fellow, University of Bielefeld, Germany. 1995 Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland. 2002–2005 Fellow, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, UK. 2009 Member, American Sociological Research Association. 2009–2010 Alona Evans Distinguished Visiting Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College 2011 Honorary Fellow of the Albanian Academy of Arts and Sciences 2015 Max Planck Research Award Selected bibliography Year Monographs 1974 Weber and Islam. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1994 Orientalism, Postmodernism and Globalism. London: Routledge. 2004 The New Medical Sociology. New York: Norton. 2006 Vulnerability and Human Rights. Penn State University Press 2008 Rights and Virtues. Political Essays on Citizenship and Social Justice. Oxford: Bardwell Press 2008 Body and Society. Explorations in Social Theory. London: Sage (third revised edition) 2009 Can we live forever? A sociological and moral inquiry. London: Anthem Press. 2011 Religion and Modern Society. Citizenship, Secularisation and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Year Edited 1990 Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: SAGE Publications. 2006 The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009 The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory. Oxford: Blackwell-Wiley. 2009 The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies. London: Routledge. 2010 The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010 Secularization. (Four-Volume Set). UK: SAGE. 2013 The Sociology of Islam: Collected Essays of Bryan S. Turner. (with Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir). UK: Ashgate. Year Joint Authored Monographs 2002 June Edmunds and Bryan Turner. Generations, Culture and Society. UK: Open University Press. 2010 Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir, Alexius Pereira and Bryan Turner. Muslims in Singapore: Piety, Politics and Policies. Routledge: London. 2010 Bryan Turner and Habibul Khondker. Globalization East and West. SAGE: London. 2014 Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir and Bryan Turner. The Future of Singapore: Population, Society and the Nature of the State. Routledge: London. References ^ a b Turner, Bryan S. (1970). The Decline of Methodism: An Analysis of Religious Commitment and Organisation (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Leeds. Retrieved 5 November 2016. ^ a b "Professor Bryan Turner". Religion and Society Research Center. University of Western Sydney. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016. ^ "Turner, Bryan S." Library of Congress Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 November 2016. ^ "NUS: ARI > About ARI > People". Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Center for Cultural Sociology – Yale University – http://ccs.research.yale.edu/fellows/faculty/#turner Archived 14 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Centre national de la recherche scientifique – http://www.cnrs.fr/ ^ Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) – "Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner". Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ World Who's Who – http://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/entry.html?id=sl2170601 ^ Weber and Islam Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Centre for the Study of Contemporary Muslim Societies – http://www.uws.edu.au/cscms/centre_for_the_study_of_contemporary_muslim_societies/key_people ^ CSCMS Profile – http://uws.edu.au/cscms/centre_for_the_study_of_contemporary_muslim_societies/key_people/professor_bryan_turner ^ "Academy Fellow – Professor Bryan Turner FASSA". Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia "Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner". Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ "Award for two pioneering thinkers in the fields of religion and modernity - Max Planck Society". Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"National University of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_the_Social_Sciences_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sociological Research Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_Research_Association"}],"text":"Bryan Stanley Turner (born 1945) is a British and Australian sociologist. He was born in January 1945 in Birmingham, England. Turner has held university appointments in England, Scotland, Australia, Germany, Holland, Singapore and the United States. He was a Professor of Sociology at the University of Cambridge (1998–2005) and Research Team Leader for the Religion Cluster at the Asian Research Institute, National University of Singapore (2005–2008).[4]Turner is currently Professor of the Sociology of Religion at the Institute for Religion, Politics and Society at the Australian Catholic University. He is also faculty Associate of the Center for Cultural Sociology[5] at Yale University, Research Associate, GEMASS at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,[6] Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia[7] and Member of the American Sociological Research Association.","title":"Bryan Turner (sociologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Dixon Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dixon_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honours_degree"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"}],"text":"Turner attended Harborne Collegiate School for Boys and George Dixon Grammar School. He went on to the University of Leeds, where he completed a first class honours degree in Sociology in 1966. He received his Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leeds in 1970 with a thesis titled \"The Decline of Methodism: an analysis of religious commitment and organisation\". He has received several honorary degrees recognising his contributions to Sociology: Doctor of Letters at Flinders University in 1987, Master of Arts at the University of Cambridge in 2002 and Doctor of Letters at the University of Cambridge in 2009.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sociological theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theory"},{"link_name":"globalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"religious conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_intolerance"},{"link_name":"modern state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_state"},{"link_name":"consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"the human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body"},{"link_name":"medical change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociology"},{"link_name":"cosmologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Max Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"comparative sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_sociology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Citizenship Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_Studies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Professor Turner's research interests include sociological theory, sociology of globalisation and religion, concentrating on such issues as religious conflict and the modern state, religious authority and electronic information, religious consumerism and youth cultures, human rights and religion, the human body, medical change, and religious cosmologies.[8]Turner wrote his first book Weber and Islam[9] in 1974 and has since established an international reputation for his work on religion, Max Weber and comparative sociology.[10]He is the founding editor of the journals: Body & Society (with Mike Featherstone), Citizenship Studies, and Journal of Classical Sociology (with John O'Neill). He is also an editorial member of numerous journals including: British Journal of Sociology, European Journal of Social Theory, Contemporary Islam and Journal of Human Rights.[11]He is the editor of two book series for Anthem Press: Key Issues in Modern Sociology and Tracts for Our Times; and also of Religion in Contemporary Asia for Routledge.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Turner, Bryan S. (1970). The Decline of Methodism: An Analysis of Religious Commitment and Organisation (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Leeds. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2895/1/uk_bl_ethos_518937.pdf","url_text":"The Decline of Methodism: An Analysis of Religious Commitment and Organisation"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Bryan Turner\". Religion and Society Research Center. University of Western Sydney. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161105230312/http://www.westernsydney.edu.au/religion_and_society/people/researchers/professor_bryan_turner","url_text":"\"Professor Bryan Turner\""},{"url":"http://www.westernsydney.edu.au/religion_and_society/people/researchers/professor_bryan_turner","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turner, Bryan S.\" Library of Congress Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80161669.html","url_text":"\"Turner, Bryan S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"NUS: ARI > About ARI > People\". Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612164314/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/people_details.asp?peopleid=207","url_text":"\"NUS: ARI > About ARI > People\""},{"url":"http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/people_details.asp?peopleid%3D207","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner\". Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110301182017/http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id=328","url_text":"\"Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner\""},{"url":"http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id%3D328","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Academy Fellow – Professor Bryan Turner FASSA\". Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialsciences.org.au/academy-fellow/?sId=0032v000033l9O6AAI","url_text":"\"Academy Fellow – Professor Bryan Turner FASSA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner\". Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110301182017/http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id=328","url_text":"\"Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner\""},{"url":"http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id%3D328","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Award for two pioneering thinkers in the fields of religion and modernity - Max Planck Society\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpg.de/9329087/max-planck-research-award-2015","url_text":"\"Award for two pioneering thinkers in the fields of religion and modernity - Max Planck Society\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2895/1/uk_bl_ethos_518937.pdf","external_links_name":"The Decline of Methodism: An Analysis of Religious Commitment and Organisation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161105230312/http://www.westernsydney.edu.au/religion_and_society/people/researchers/professor_bryan_turner","external_links_name":"\"Professor Bryan Turner\""},{"Link":"http://www.westernsydney.edu.au/religion_and_society/people/researchers/professor_bryan_turner","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80161669.html","external_links_name":"\"Turner, Bryan S.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612164314/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/people_details.asp?peopleid=207","external_links_name":"\"NUS: ARI > About ARI > People\""},{"Link":"http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/people_details.asp?peopleid%3D207","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ccs.research.yale.edu/fellows/faculty/#turner","external_links_name":"http://ccs.research.yale.edu/fellows/faculty/#turner"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110314153032/http://ccs.research.yale.edu/fellows/faculty/#turner","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnrs.fr/","external_links_name":"http://www.cnrs.fr/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110301182017/http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id=328","external_links_name":"\"Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner\""},{"Link":"http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id%3D328","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/entry.html?id=sl2170601","external_links_name":"http://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/entry.html?id=sl2170601"},{"Link":"http://www.getcited.org/pub/101511428","external_links_name":"Weber and Islam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031159/http://www.getcited.org/pub/101511428","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uws.edu.au/cscms/centre_for_the_study_of_contemporary_muslim_societies/key_people","external_links_name":"http://www.uws.edu.au/cscms/centre_for_the_study_of_contemporary_muslim_societies/key_people"},{"Link":"http://uws.edu.au/cscms/centre_for_the_study_of_contemporary_muslim_societies/key_people/professor_bryan_turner","external_links_name":"http://uws.edu.au/cscms/centre_for_the_study_of_contemporary_muslim_societies/key_people/professor_bryan_turner"},{"Link":"https://socialsciences.org.au/academy-fellow/?sId=0032v000033l9O6AAI","external_links_name":"\"Academy Fellow – Professor Bryan Turner FASSA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110301182017/http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id=328","external_links_name":"\"Profile of ASSA Fellow: Professor Bryan Turner\""},{"Link":"http://www.assa.edu.au/fellows/profile.php?id%3D328","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mpg.de/9329087/max-planck-research-award-2015","external_links_name":"\"Award for two pioneering thinkers in the fields of religion and modernity - Max Planck Society\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012280928X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64049874","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtmgWJT6c6MbbRfFJhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90056644","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1114903","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121814358","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121814358","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523552106706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124210503","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269177205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14174600","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80161669","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/c9psxrtw00396ww","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000030636&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00516669","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008647&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36063936","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199627980","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000188009&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068556748","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566971505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/477926","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00267667?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/612514","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030390508","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Matthews_(physiologist)
Peter Matthews (physiologist)
["1 Biography","2 Selected works","2.1 Monographs","2.2 Journal articles","3 References"]
British physiologist (1928–2020) Peter Bryan Conrad Matthews FRS (23 December 1928 – 2 March 2020) was a British physiologist who made particular contributions to the study of muscle spindles. He was elected as fellow of the Royal Society in 1973. He was the Professor of Sensorimotor Physiology at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Christ Church. While in Oxford he worked on proprioception. Biography He was born in Cambridge to the physiologist Sir Bryan Harold Cabot Matthews and Rachel Eckhard. After schooling at King's College School, Cambridge he moved to Marlborough College in 1942. He then studied Natural Sciences at King's College, Cambridge, before moving to Oxford for studies in clinical medicine. He married Margaret Blears, an autonomic physiologist. Margaret (Matthews) became a Fellow at Lady Margaret Hall; they had two children, including Hugh Matthews, a Reader in Sensory Physiology at the University of Cambridge. In 1956 he was appointed University Demonstrator in the Department of Physiology, Oxford, Dr Lee’s Reader in Anatomy in 1958 and Official Student (Fellow) at Christ Church, then becoming a University Lecturer in 1961. He subsequently became a Professor of Sensorimotor Physiology in Oxford, known particularly for his work on muscle spindles. Selected works Monographs Matthews, Peter (1972). Mammalian muscle receptors and their central actions. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 9780713141917. Journal articles Matthews, P. B. C. (10 October 1962). "The differentiation of two types of fusimotor fibre by their effects on the dynamic response of muscle spindle primary endings". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences. 47 (4): 324–333. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001616. PMID 13933877. References ^ Proske, Uwe (1 January 2008). "The discovery of two types of fusimotor fibre by Peter Matthews". Experimental Physiology. 93 (1): 50–52. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039099. PMID 18165432. S2CID 206366296. ^ "Peter Matthews | Royal Society". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 7 March 2020. ^ Glickstein, Mitchell (2006). "Mitchell Glickstein". In Squire, Larry R. (ed.). The history of neuroscience in autobiography. Volume 5. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 339–340. ISBN 9780080461915. ^ Banks, Bob (May 2020). "Obituary: Peter Bryan Conrad Matthews 1928 – 2020". Physiology News. 118 (Spring 2020): 49. doi:10.36866/pn.118.49. S2CID 234696885. ^ "Peter B C Matthews FRS". www.dpag.ox.ac.uk. Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG). Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands Academics Scopus Other IdRef This biography of an English academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"muscle spindles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Peter Bryan Conrad Matthews FRS (23 December 1928 – 2 March 2020) was a British physiologist who made particular contributions to the study of muscle spindles.[1] He was elected as fellow of the Royal Society in 1973.[2] He was the Professor of Sensorimotor Physiology at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Christ Church.While in Oxford he worked on proprioception.[3]","title":"Peter Matthews (physiologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Bryan Harold Cabot Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Matthews"},{"link_name":"King's College School, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_School,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Marlborough College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks20-4"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"muscle spindles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindle"}],"text":"He was born in Cambridge to the physiologist Sir Bryan Harold Cabot Matthews and Rachel Eckhard. \nAfter schooling at King's College School, Cambridge he moved to Marlborough College in 1942.[4] He then studied Natural Sciences at King's College, Cambridge, before moving to Oxford for studies in clinical medicine.He married Margaret Blears, an autonomic physiologist. Margaret (Matthews) became a Fellow at Lady Margaret Hall; they had two children, including Hugh Matthews, a Reader in Sensory Physiology at the University of Cambridge.In 1956 he was appointed University Demonstrator in the Department of Physiology, Oxford, Dr Lee’s Reader in Anatomy in 1958 and Official Student (Fellow) at Christ Church, then becoming a University Lecturer in 1961. He subsequently became a Professor of Sensorimotor Physiology in Oxford,[5] known particularly for his work on muscle spindles.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780713141917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713141917"}],"sub_title":"Monographs","text":"Matthews, Peter (1972). Mammalian muscle receptors and their central actions. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 9780713141917.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1962.sp001616"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13933877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13933877"}],"sub_title":"Journal articles","text":"Matthews, P. B. C. (10 October 1962). \"The differentiation of two types of fusimotor fibre by their effects on the dynamic response of muscle spindle primary endings\". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences. 47 (4): 324–333. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001616. PMID 13933877.","title":"Selected works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Matthews, Peter (1972). Mammalian muscle receptors and their central actions. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 9780713141917.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713141917","url_text":"9780713141917"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, P. B. C. (10 October 1962). \"The differentiation of two types of fusimotor fibre by their effects on the dynamic response of muscle spindle primary endings\". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences. 47 (4): 324–333. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001616. PMID 13933877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1962.sp001616","url_text":"10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13933877","url_text":"13933877"}]},{"reference":"Proske, Uwe (1 January 2008). \"The discovery of two types of fusimotor fibre by Peter Matthews\". Experimental Physiology. 93 (1): 50–52. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039099. PMID 18165432. S2CID 206366296.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2007.039099","url_text":"10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18165432","url_text":"18165432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206366296","url_text":"206366296"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Matthews | Royal Society\". royalsociety.org. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-matthews-11910/","url_text":"\"Peter Matthews | Royal Society\""}]},{"reference":"Glickstein, Mitchell (2006). \"Mitchell Glickstein\". In Squire, Larry R. (ed.). The history of neuroscience in autobiography. Volume 5. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 339–340. ISBN 9780080461915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080461915","url_text":"9780080461915"}]},{"reference":"Banks, Bob (May 2020). \"Obituary: Peter Bryan Conrad Matthews 1928 – 2020\". Physiology News. 118 (Spring 2020): 49. doi:10.36866/pn.118.49. S2CID 234696885.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.36866%2Fpn.118.49","url_text":"\"Obituary: Peter Bryan Conrad Matthews 1928 – 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.36866%2Fpn.118.49","url_text":"10.36866/pn.118.49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234696885","url_text":"234696885"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter B C Matthews FRS\". www.dpag.ox.ac.uk. Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/news/peter-b-c-matthews-frs-obituary","url_text":"\"Peter B C Matthews FRS\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1962.sp001616","external_links_name":"10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001616"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13933877","external_links_name":"13933877"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2007.039099","external_links_name":"10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039099"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18165432","external_links_name":"18165432"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206366296","external_links_name":"206366296"},{"Link":"https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-matthews-11910/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Matthews | Royal Society\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.36866%2Fpn.118.49","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Peter Bryan Conrad Matthews 1928 – 2020\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.36866%2Fpn.118.49","external_links_name":"10.36866/pn.118.49"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234696885","external_links_name":"234696885"},{"Link":"https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/news/peter-b-c-matthews-frs-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Peter B C Matthews FRS\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029988447","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/184210449","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppBrQgRY6Br6vHwKxkXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007363803805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90714285","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p145711307","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7202324772","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/118623567","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Matthews_(physiologist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_15000_series
Tokyo Metro 15000 series
["1 Design","2 Operations","3 Formation","4 Interior","5 History","6 References","7 External links"]
Japanese train type Tokyo Metro 15000 seriesA Tozai Line 15000 series trainIn serviceMay 2010–presentManufacturerHitachiBuilt atKudamatsu, YamaguchiFamily nameHitachi A-trainReplacedTokyo Metro 05 series (Batch 1)Constructed2010–2017Entered service7 May 2010Number built160 vehicles (16 sets)Number in service160 vehicles (16 sets)Formation10 cars per trainsetFleet numbers51–66Capacity143 (38 seating) (front car), 154 (44 seating) (intermediate cars), 155 (42) (intermediate cars with wheelchair space)OperatorsTokyo MetroDepotsFukagawa DepotLines servedT Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line, JB Chūō-Sōbu Line, TR Tōyō Rapid LineSpecificationsCar body constructionAluminium alloyCar length20.520 m (67 ft 4 in) (end cars)20.000 m (65 ft 7 in) (intermediate cars)Width2.850 m (9 ft 4 in)Height4.022 m (13 ft 2.3 in), with pantograph: 4.080 m (13 ft 5 in)Doors4 pairs per sideMaximum speed100 km/h (62 mph)Weight294.3 tTraction systemIGBT–VVVF (Mitsubishi Electric)Traction motors3-phase AC induction motor (Mitsubishi Electric)Power output4.5 MW (6,035 hp)Acceleration3.3 km/(h⋅s) (2.1 mph/s)Deceleration3.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.2 mph/s) (service)5.0 km/(h⋅s) (3.1 mph/s) (emergency)Electric system(s)1,500 V DC overhead catenaryCurrent collector(s)PantographBogiesFS778Braking system(s)Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes with regenerative braking, pure electric brakingSafety system(s)New CS-ATC/CS-ATC (Tokyo Metro Tozai Line), ATS-P (Chūō-Sōbu Line), WS-ATC (Tōyō Rapid Railway)Coupling systemShibataTrack gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) The Tokyo Metro 15000 series (東京メトロ15000系, Tōkyō Metoro 15000-kei) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro on the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line in Tokyo, Japan, since May 2010. Design Based on the earlier Tokyo Metro 05 series (13th batch) and Tokyo Metro 10000 series trains, the 15000 series trains have 500 mm (19.7 in) wider doors (1,800 mm (70.9 in) as opposed to 1,300 mm (51.2 in)) to speed up boarding and alighting at stations during rush-hour periods. Exterior view at Fukagawa Depot in April 2010 Operations The 15000 series trains are used on Tokyo Metro Tozai Line inter-running services, to and from Mitaka on the JR East Chuo-Sobu Line in the west, Tōyō-Katsutadai on the Toyo Rapid Railway Line and Tsudanuma on the Chuo-Sobu Line in the east. The 15000 series trains replaced the first batch of the 05 series trains, which have been in service since 1988. Formation As of 1 April 2016, the fleet consists of 13 ten-car sets, numbered 51 to 63, and formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Nishi-Funabashi (west) end. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Designation CT1 M1' M2 T Mc1 Tc T' M1 M2' CT2 Numbering 15100 15200 15300 15400 15500 15600 15700 15800 15900 15000 Capacity 143 155 154 155 143 Weight 26.9 t 33.6 t 34.0 t 24.3 t 32.5 t 24.3 t 24.1 t 33.8 t 33.9 t 26.9 t Cars 2 and 8 each have two single-arm pantographs. Car 5 has one single-arm pantograph. Interior Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout, with six-person seats between the doors, and two-person seats at the car ends. Passenger information is provided by pairs of 17-inch (432 mm) LCD information screens above each doorway. Interior view Priority seats Interior view showing 1,800 mm (70.9 in) wide doorway LCD passenger information display Driver's cab of the 15000 series History Set 15111 being delivered in June 2011 The first set was delivered from Hitachi's Kudamatsu factory in February 2010. The first 15000 series sets entered revenue service on 7 May 2010. Thirteen sets (15101 to 15113) were delivered by 2011, with a further three sets scheduled to be delivered during fiscal 2016. References ^ a b c d 東京地下鉄15000系 . Japan Railfan Magazine. Vol. 50, no. 592. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2010. pp. 70–75. ^ "Doors on new Tozai Line subway carriages to be extra wide to beat rush hour delays". The Mainichi Daily News. Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers Co. Ltd. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010. ^ Tokyo Metro news release: オールワイドドアの「15000系」新型車両を投入します (New 15000 series trains to be introduced with wide doors), 16 June 2009). Retrieved on 17 June 2009. (in Japanese) ^ a b c 私鉄車両編成表 2016 (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. 25 July 2016. p. 73. ISBN 978-4-330-70116-5. ^ 甲種鉄道車両輸送計画表 . Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine. Vol. 39, no. 311. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. March 2010. p. 125. ^ 東京メトロ15000系15114編成が甲種輸送される . Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tokyo Metro 15000 series. Tokyo Metro 15000 series information (in Japanese) vteTrainsets of the Tokyo MetroCurrent 02 series 05 series 07 series 08 series 1000 series 2000 series 8000 series 9000 series 10000 series 13000 series 15000 series 16000 series 17000 series 18000 series Former 100 series 300 series 400 series 500 series 900 series 1000 series 1100 series 1200 series 1300 series 1400 series 1500 series 1500N series 1600 series 1700 series 1800 series 1900 series 2000 series 3000 series 5000 series 6000 series 7000 series 01 series 03 series 06 series vteHitachi A-train family E257 series 683 series 815 series 817 series 883-1000 series 885 series Fukuoka Subway 3000 series Hankyu 9000 series Hankyu 9300 series Seibu 20000 series Seibu 30000 series Tobu 50000 series Tobu N100 series Tokyo Metro 05N series Tokyo Metro 10000 series Tōyō Rapid 2000 series TX-1000 series TX-2000 series British Rail Class 385 British Rail Class 395 British Rail Class 800 British Rail Class 801 British Rail Class 802 British Rail Class 803 British Rail Class 805 British Rail Class 807 British Rail Class 810 TRA TEMU1000 TRA EMU3000 Korail Class 200000
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Tozai Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Tozai_Line"}],"text":"The Tokyo Metro 15000 series (東京メトロ15000系, Tōkyō Metoro 15000-kei) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro on the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line in Tokyo, Japan, since May 2010.","title":"Tokyo Metro 15000 series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro 05 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_05_series"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro 10000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_10000_series"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20100406-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyometro20090616-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_Metro_15101_Fukagawa_20100417.jpg"}],"text":"Based on the earlier Tokyo Metro 05 series (13th batch) and Tokyo Metro 10000 series trains, the 15000 series trains have 500 mm (19.7 in) wider doors (1,800 mm (70.9 in) as opposed to 1,300 mm (51.2 in)) to speed up boarding and alighting at stations during rush-hour periods.[2]\n[3]Exterior view at Fukagawa Depot in April 2010","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Metro Tozai Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Tozai_Line"},{"link_name":"Mitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Chuo-Sobu Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo-Sobu_Line"},{"link_name":"Tōyō-Katsutadai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D-Katsutadai_Station"},{"link_name":"Toyo Rapid Railway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Rapid_Railway_Line"},{"link_name":"Tsudanuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsudanuma_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrrprivate2016-4"}],"text":"The 15000 series trains are used on Tokyo Metro Tozai Line inter-running services, to and from Mitaka on the JR East Chuo-Sobu Line in the west, Tōyō-Katsutadai on the Toyo Rapid Railway Line and Tsudanuma on the Chuo-Sobu Line in the east.[4] The 15000 series trains replaced the first batch of the 05 series trains, which have been in service since 1988.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metro_15000_series&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrrprivate2016-4"},{"link_name":"pantographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan592-1"}],"text":"As of 1 April 2016[update], the fleet consists of 13 ten-car sets, numbered 51 to 63, and formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Nishi-Funabashi (west) end.[4]Cars 2 and 8 each have two single-arm pantographs. Car 5 has one single-arm pantograph.[1]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan592-1"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan592-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro_Series15000_Inside.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro_Series15000_Priority-seat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro_Series15000_Inside_Door.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro_Series15000_Inside_LCD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Metro_Series15000_Cab.jpg"}],"text":"Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout, with six-person seats between the doors, and two-person seats at the car ends.[1] Passenger information is provided by pairs of 17-inch (432 mm) LCD information screens above each doorway.[1]Interior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPriority seats\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior view showing 1,800 mm (70.9 in) wide doorway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLCD passenger information display\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDriver's cab of the 15000 series","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EF66-122_15111_20110610.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"Kudamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudamatsu,_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj311-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrrprivate2016-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railfan20170115-6"}],"text":"Set 15111 being delivered in June 2011The first set was delivered from Hitachi's Kudamatsu factory in February 2010.[5]The first 15000 series sets entered revenue service on 7 May 2010.[4]Thirteen sets (15101 to 15113) were delivered by 2011, with a further three sets scheduled to be delivered during fiscal 2016.[6]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Set 15111 being delivered in June 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EF66-122_15111_20110610.jpg/220px-EF66-122_15111_20110610.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"東京地下鉄15000系 [Tokyo Metro 15000 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine. Vol. 50, no. 592. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2010. pp. 70–75.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railfan_Magazine","url_text":"Japan Railfan Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Doors on new Tozai Line subway carriages to be extra wide to beat rush hour delays\". The Mainichi Daily News. Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers Co. Ltd. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100408005827/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20100406p2a00m0na009000c.html","url_text":"\"Doors on new Tozai Line subway carriages to be extra wide to beat rush hour delays\""},{"url":"http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20100406p2a00m0na009000c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"私鉄車両編成表 2016 [Private Railway Rolling Stock Formations - 2016] (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. 25 July 2016. p. 73. ISBN 978-4-330-70116-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-330-70116-5","url_text":"978-4-330-70116-5"}]},{"reference":"甲種鉄道車両輸送計画表 [New rolling stock delivery schedule]. Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine. Vol. 39, no. 311. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. March 2010. p. 125.","urls":[]},{"reference":"東京メトロ15000系15114編成が甲種輸送される [Tokyo Metro 15000 series set 15114 delivered]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://railf.jp/news/2017/01/15/182500.html","url_text":"東京メトロ15000系15114編成が甲種輸送される"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170116001928/http://railf.jp/news/2017/01/15/182500.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metro_15000_series&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100408005827/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20100406p2a00m0na009000c.html","external_links_name":"\"Doors on new Tozai Line subway carriages to be extra wide to beat rush hour delays\""},{"Link":"http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20100406p2a00m0na009000c.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tokyometro.jp/news/2009/2009-29.html","external_links_name":"オールワイドドアの「15000系」新型車両を投入します (New 15000 series trains to be introduced with wide doors), 16 June 2009)"},{"Link":"http://railf.jp/news/2017/01/15/182500.html","external_links_name":"東京メトロ15000系15114編成が甲種輸送される"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170116001928/http://railf.jp/news/2017/01/15/182500.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tokyometro.jp/corporate/enterprise/passenger_rail/cars/working/tozai_15000/index.html","external_links_name":"Tokyo Metro 15000 series information"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_State_of_the_Union_Address
1986 State of the Union Address
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889Speech by US president Ronald Reagan 1986 State of the Union AddressFull video of the speech as published by the Ronald Reagan Presidential LibraryDateFebruary 4, 1986 (1986-02-04)Time9:00 p.m. ESTDuration31 minutesVenueHouse Chamber, United States CapitolLocationWashington, D.C.Coordinates38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889TypeState of the Union AddressParticipantsRonald ReaganGeorge H. W. BushTip O'NeillPrevious1985 State of the Union AddressNext1987 State of the Union Address The 1986 State of the Union Address was given by the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, on February 4, 1986, at 9:00 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 99th United States Congress. It was Reagan's fifth State of the Union Address and his sixth speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Tip O'Neill, accompanied by George H. W. Bush, the vice president. Economic growth, increased job opportunities, and falling inflation rates were among some of the key issues discussed in this address. Reagan advocated for both an increase in national defense and a reevaluation of the federal budget, arguing the importance of national security and economic stability by appealing to American family values. In addition, the speech addressed welfare issues and proposed that new programs be created to support poor families. Reagan also asked that he be given the authority of a line-item veto. The speech lasted approximately 31 minutes and contained 3,514 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television. This was the first State of the Union Address to have been postponed from its original date. Reagan planned to give his address on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, but after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day's events. Reagan delivered a much shorter address to the nation, focused solely upon the tragic events of the Challenger disaster, which served as an explanation for the delay of the speech. Reagan justified this delay by stating that “today is a day for mourning and remembering,” inviting the nation to devote the day to recognizing what he defined as “truly a national loss.” As a continuation of the tradition President Reagan started at the delivery of his State of the Union Address in 1982, he invited hand-selected special guests to be present during the speech. These four guests included Tyrone Ford, a 12-year-old with a talent in gospel music, 13-year-old Trevor Ferrell, who took an initiative to support the homeless, 13-year-old Shelby Butler, who risked her own life to save a classmate from oncoming traffic, and Richard Cavoli, a student of science who had designed an experiment that had been carried aboard Space Shuttle Challenger. These four guests were chosen because President Reagan saw them as everyday examples of young heroes in America. Each of these individuals was mentioned directly during the speech. The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell (ME), Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods (MO), Gov. Charles Robb (VA), Rep. Thomas Daschle (SD), and Rep. William Gray (PA), who had previously taken part in the group response to President Reagan's State of the Union Address delivered on January 25, 1984. See also Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan 1986 United States House of Representatives elections References ^ Reagan, Ronald (February 4, 1986). "Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union - 1986". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved July 19, 2021. ^ "State of the Union Address: Ronald Reagan, February 4, 1986". Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "Length of State of the Union Addresses in Minutes". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-22. ^ "Length of State of the Union Addresses". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-22. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (January 29, 1986). "The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech". New York Times. p. A9. ^ "Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2006. ^ "Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger Address to the Nation, January 28, 1986". Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "President Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address". Retrieved April 29, 2018. ^ "List of Opposition Responses to State of the Union Addresses". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-22. ^ "List and Transcripts of Opposition Party Responses to State of the Union Addresses". Retrieved April 28, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1986 State of the Union Address. Wikisource has original text related to this article: 1986 State of the Union Address (full transcript), The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. Full video and audio, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 1986 State of the Union Address (video) at C-SPAN Preceded by1985 State of the Union Address State of the Union addresses 1986 Succeeded by1987 State of the Union Address vteRonald Reagan 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) Life andpolitics Birthplace Pitney Store Boyhood home General Electric Showcase House 668 St. Cloud Road Rancho del Cielo Filmography Political positions Governorship of California 1969 People's Park protest Tyler Prize Rockefeller Commission Citizens for the Republic Presidential Library and Museum Reagan era Reagan coalition 1989 trip to Japan Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute Death and state funeral Presidency(timeline) Transition First inauguration and Release of hostages Second inauguration Assassination attempt Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Administration scandals AIDS Bush transition Impeachment efforts Opinion polling Executive orders Presidential proclamations Foreign policy Reagan Doctrine Cold War 1st term 2nd term Soviet Union summits Geneva Reykjavík Washington INF Treaty Moscow Governors Island Constructive engagement Invasion of Grenada Iran–Contra affair Libya bombing Strategic Defense Initiative International trips "We begin bombing in five minutes" Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act Goldwater–Nichols Act Montreal Protocol Executive Order 12333 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Form I-9 H-2A visa H-2B visa American Homecoming Act Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act Exon–Florio Amendment Domestic policy Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 Office of National Drug Control Policy Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act Cannabis policy Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Coastal Barrier Resources Act Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 Armed Career Criminal Act Sentencing Reform Act United States Sentencing Commission Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Toxics Release Inventory Emergency Wetlands Resources Act Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988 Grace Commission Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 Martin Luther King Jr. Day Medical Waste Tracking Act Minerals Management Service National Appliance Energy Conservation Act National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 Nuclear Waste Policy Act Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act 1982 VRA Amendments Water Quality Act of 1987 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 Water Resources Development Act of 1988 Economic policy Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 Agriculture Mediation Program Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 Expedited Funds Availability Act Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 Food Security Act of 1985 Conservation Reserve Program Dairy Export Incentive Program Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 Reagan tax cuts Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver Tax Reform Act of 1986 Low-Income Housing Tax Credit MACRS Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act Surface Transportation Assistance Act Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 Video Privacy Protection Act Speeches Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine (1961) "A Time for Choosing" (1964) States' rights speech (1980) Inaugural address 1981 1985 "Ash heap of history" (1982) "Evil empire" (1983) "Tear down this wall!" (1987) Joint session of Congress (1981) State of the Union Address 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Books An American Life The Reagan Diaries ElectionsGubernatorial 1966 1970 Presidential 1976 campaign primaries convention 1980 campaign "Let's make America great again" "There you go again" primaries running mate selection convention debates election 1984 campaign "Morning in America" "Bear in the woods" primaries convention debates election Cultural depictions Bibliography In music Let Them Eat Jellybeans! (1981) U.S. Postage stamps Rap Master Ronnie Ed the Happy Clown (1983 comic series) Spitting Image (TV series) (1984) A Mind Forever Voyaging (1985 game) The Dark Knight Returns (1986) film adaptation Pizza Man (1991 film) The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001 film) Reagan's War (2002 book) The Reagans (2003 film) Reagan (2011 documentary) The Butler (2013 film) Killing Reagan (2015 book) Killing Reagan (2016 film) Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020 game) The Reagans (2020 miniseries) Reagan (2024 film) "What would Reagan do?" Legacy Namesakes and memorials U.S. Capitol statue USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) Ronald Reagan Day Reagan Day Dinner Accolades Family Jane Wyman (first wife) Nancy Reagan (second wife) Maureen Reagan (daughter) Michael Reagan (adopted son) Patti Davis (daughter) Ron Reagan (son) Jack Reagan (father) Nelle Wilson Reagan (mother) Neil Reagan (brother) Rex (dog) ← Jimmy Carter George H. W. Bush → Category vteState of the Union (list) Joint session of Congress list President's guests Designated survivor Responses State of the State State of the City Washington Jan. 1790 Dec. 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 J. Adams 1797 1798 1799 1800 Jefferson 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 Madison 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 Monroe 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 (Monroe Doctrine) 1824 J. Q. Adams 1825 1826 1827 1828 Jackson 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 Van Buren 1837 1838 1839 1840 Tyler 1841 1842 1843 1844 Polk 1845 1846 1847 1848 Taylor 1849 Fillmore 1850 1851 1852 Pierce 1853 1854 1855 1856 Buchanan 1857 1858 1859 1860 Lincoln 1861 1862 1863 1864 A. Johnson 1865 1866 1867 1868 Grant 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Hayes 1877 1878 1879 1880 Arthur 1881 1882 1883 1884 Cleveland 1885 1886 1887 1888 Harrison 1889 1890 1891 1892 Cleveland 1893 1894 1895 1896 McKinley 1897 1898 1899 1900 T. Roosevelt 1901 1902 1903 1904 (Roosevelt Corollary) 1905 1906 1907 1908 Taft 1909 1910 1911* 1912* Wilson 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Harding 1921 1922 Coolidge 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 Hoover 1929 1930 1931 1932 F. Roosevelt 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 (Four Freedoms) 1942 1943 1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 1945 Truman 1946 1947 1948 1949 (Fair Deal) 1950 1951 1952 1953 Eisenhower 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 Kennedy 1961 1962 1963 L. Johnson 1964 (War on poverty) 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Nixon 1970 1971 1972† 1973* 1974† Ford 1975 1976 1977 Carter 1978† 1979† 1980† 1981 Reagan 1981‡ 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 G. H. W. Bush 1989‡ 1990 1991 1992 Clinton 1993‡ 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 G. W. Bush 2001‡ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Obama 2009‡ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Trump 2017‡ 2018 2019 2020 Biden 2021‡ 2022 2023 2024 Legend: Address to Joint Session Written message Written message with national radio address* Split into multiple parts † Included a detailed written supplement ‡ Not officially a "State of the Union"Presidents William Henry Harrison (1841) and James Garfield (1881) died in office before delivering a State of the Union
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"99th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1986_sotu_transcript-1"},{"link_name":"State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"sixth speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1981_Ronald_Reagan_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"joint session of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"House speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Tip O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"line-item veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-item_veto_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_State_of_the_Union_address"},{"link_name":"George Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Harriett Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriett_Woods"},{"link_name":"Charles Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robb"},{"link_name":"Thomas Daschle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daschle"},{"link_name":"William Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Gray_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Speech by US president Ronald ReaganThe 1986 State of the Union Address was given by the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, on February 4, 1986, at 9:00 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 99th United States Congress.[1] It was Reagan's fifth State of the Union Address and his sixth speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Tip O'Neill, accompanied by George H. W. Bush, the vice president.Economic growth, increased job opportunities, and falling inflation rates were among some of the key issues discussed in this address. Reagan advocated for both an increase in national defense and a reevaluation of the federal budget, arguing the importance of national security and economic stability by appealing to American family values. In addition, the speech addressed welfare issues and proposed that new programs be created to support poor families. Reagan also asked that he be given the authority of a line-item veto.[2] The speech lasted approximately 31 minutes[3] and contained 3,514 words.[4] The address was broadcast live on radio and television.This was the first State of the Union Address to have been postponed from its original date.[5] Reagan planned to give his address on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, but after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day's events.[6] Reagan delivered a much shorter address to the nation, focused solely upon the tragic events of the Challenger disaster, which served as an explanation for the delay of the speech. Reagan justified this delay by stating that “today is a day for mourning and remembering,” inviting the nation to devote the day to recognizing what he defined as “truly a national loss.”[7]As a continuation of the tradition President Reagan started at the delivery of his State of the Union Address in 1982, he invited hand-selected special guests to be present during the speech. These four guests included Tyrone Ford, a 12-year-old with a talent in gospel music, 13-year-old Trevor Ferrell, who took an initiative to support the homeless, 13-year-old Shelby Butler, who risked her own life to save a classmate from oncoming traffic, and Richard Cavoli, a student of science who had designed an experiment that had been carried aboard Space Shuttle Challenger. These four guests were chosen because President Reagan saw them as everyday examples of young heroes in America. Each of these individuals was mentioned directly during the speech.[8]The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell (ME), Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods (MO), Gov. Charles Robb (VA), Rep. Thomas Daschle (SD), and Rep. William Gray (PA),[9] who had previously taken part in the group response to President Reagan's State of the Union Address delivered on January 25, 1984.[10]","title":"1986 State of the Union Address"}]
[]
[{"title":"Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_and_debates_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"title":"1986 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"}]
[{"reference":"Reagan, Ronald (February 4, 1986). \"Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union - 1986\". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved July 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan","url_text":"Reagan, Ronald"},{"url":"https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-joint-session-congress-state-union-1986","url_text":"\"Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union - 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"State of the Union Address: Ronald Reagan, February 4, 1986\". Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36646","url_text":"\"State of the Union Address: Ronald Reagan, February 4, 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"Length of State of the Union Addresses in Minutes\". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_minutes.php","url_text":"\"Length of State of the Union Addresses in Minutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Length of State of the Union Addresses\". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_words.php#axzz1uwEqkUwK","url_text":"\"Length of State of the Union Addresses\""}]},{"reference":"Weinraub, Bernard (January 29, 1986). \"The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech\". New York Times. p. A9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/29/us/the-shuttle-explosion-reagan-postpones-state-of-union-speech.html","url_text":"\"The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech\""}]},{"reference":"\"Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster\". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219124528/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/12886b.htm","url_text":"\"Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster\""},{"url":"http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/12886b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger Address to the Nation, January 28, 1986\". Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/reagan12886.html","url_text":"\"Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger Address to the Nation, January 28, 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address\". Retrieved April 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.house.gov/Collection/Detail/30794","url_text":"\"President Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Opposition Responses to State of the Union Addresses\". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_response.php","url_text":"\"List of Opposition Responses to State of the Union Addresses\""}]},{"reference":"\"List and Transcripts of Opposition Party Responses to State of the Union Addresses\". Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_response.php","url_text":"\"List and Transcripts of Opposition Party Responses to State of the Union Addresses\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1986_State_of_the_Union_Address&params=38_53_23_N_77_00_32_W_region:US-DC_type:event","external_links_name":"38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1986_State_of_the_Union_Address&params=38_53_23_N_77_00_32_W_region:US-DC_type:event","external_links_name":"38°53′23″N 77°00′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889"},{"Link":"https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-joint-session-congress-state-union-1986","external_links_name":"\"Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union - 1986\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36646","external_links_name":"\"State of the Union Address: Ronald Reagan, February 4, 1986\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_minutes.php","external_links_name":"\"Length of State of the Union Addresses in Minutes\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_words.php#axzz1uwEqkUwK","external_links_name":"\"Length of State of the Union Addresses\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/29/us/the-shuttle-explosion-reagan-postpones-state-of-union-speech.html","external_links_name":"\"The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219124528/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/12886b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster\""},{"Link":"http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/12886b.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/reagan12886.html","external_links_name":"\"Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger Address to the Nation, January 28, 1986\""},{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Collection/Detail/30794","external_links_name":"\"President Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_response.php","external_links_name":"\"List of Opposition Responses to State of the Union Addresses\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou_response.php","external_links_name":"\"List and Transcripts of Opposition Party Responses to State of the Union Addresses\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=36646","external_links_name":"(full transcript), The American Presidency Project"},{"Link":"http://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/february-4-1986-state-union-address","external_links_name":"Full video and audio"},{"Link":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?125975-1/1986-state-union-address","external_links_name":"1986 State of the Union Address"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Liu
Lucy Liu
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Health","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Video games","4.4 Documentary","4.5 Director","5 Art exhibitions","6 Awards and nominations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
American actress (born 1968) Not to be confused with Lucy Li. Lucy LiuLiu in 2008BornLucy Alexis Liu (1968-12-02) December 2, 1968 (age 55)Queens, New York, U.S.Alma materNew York UniversityUniversity of MichiganNew York Studio SchoolOccupationActressYears active1991–presentChildren1Chinese nameTraditional Chinese劉玉玲TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLiú Yùlíng Websitewww.lucyliu.net Lucy Alexis Liu /ˈluː/ (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress. Born in New York City to Chinese immigrant parents, she has starred in the television series Ally McBeal (1998–2002), in two Charlie's Angels films (2000 and 2003), and in the crime-drama series Elementary (2012–2019), as well as in films Payback (1999), Shanghai Noon (2000), Chicago (2002), Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003), Lucky Number Slevin (2006), Watching the Detectives (2007), The Man with the Iron Fists (2012), and Set It Up (2018). She voice acted as Master Viper in the first three installments of the Kung Fu Panda franchise (2008–2016) and Silvermist in the Tinker Bell series (2008–2014). Her other voice credits include Maya & Miguel (2004–2007), Mulan II (2004), as well as the English and Mandarin-dubbed versions of Magic Wonderland (2014) and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2013). She also voiced Callisto Mal in the Disney-animated film Strange World (2022). Most recently, she starred as Kalypso in Shazam! Fury of the Gods and directed the Disney show American Born Chinese. She has received several accolades including a Critics' Choice Television Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Seoul International Drama Award, in addition to a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award. Early life Liu as a high school senior in 1986 Lucy Liu was born in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. In high school, she adopted a middle name, Alexis. She is the youngest of three children born to Cecilia, who worked as a biochemist, and Tom Liu, a civil engineer who sold digital clock pens. Liu's parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and immigrated to Taiwan as adults before meeting in New York. She has an older brother, John, and an older sister, Jenny. Her parents had many jobs while Lucy and her siblings were growing up. Liu has stated that she grew up in a diverse neighborhood. She learned to speak Mandarin at home and began studying English when she was five. She studied the martial art kali-eskrima-silat as a hobby when she was young. Liu attended Joseph Pulitzer Middle School (I.S.145), and graduated from Stuyvesant High School. She later enrolled at New York University and transferred to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she was a member of the Chi Omega sorority and studied Asian languages and cultures. Career At the age of 19, while traveling on the subway, Liu was discovered by an agent. She appeared in one commercial as a result. As a member of the Basement Arts student-run theater group, she auditioned in 1989 for the University of Michigan's production of Alice in Wonderland during her senior year of college. Although she had originally tried out for only a supporting role, Liu was cast in the lead. While in line to audition for the musical Miss Saigon in 1990, she told The New York Times, "There aren't many Asian roles, and it's very difficult to get your foot in the door." In May 1992, Liu made her New York stage debut in Fairy Bones, directed by Tina Chen. Liu had small roles in films and TV, marking her debut. In 1992, she made her big-screen debut in the Hong Kong film Rhythm of Destiny, which starred Danny Lee and Aaron Kwok. In 1993, she appeared in an episode of L.A. Law as a Chinese widow giving her evidence in Mandarin. Liu starred on the sitcom Pearl, which lasted one season. Shortly after the end of Pearl's run in 1997, Liu was cast in a role on Ally McBeal. Liu originally auditioned for the role of Nelle Porter (played by Portia de Rossi), and the character Ling Woo was later created specifically for her. Liu's part on the series was originally temporary, but high audience ratings secured Liu as a permanent cast member. Additionally, she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. Liu speaking at the USAID Human Trafficking Symposium in September 2009In 2000, Liu starred in Charlie's Angels along with Drew Barrymore and Cameron Diaz. In 2001, Liu was the spokeswoman for the Lee National Denim Day fundraiser, which raises money for breast cancer research and education. In 2004 Liu was appointed an ambassador for U.S. Fund for UNICEF. She traveled to Pakistan and Lesotho, among several other countries. In 2002, Liu played Rita Foster in Vincenzo Natali's Brainstorm. She appeared as O-Ren Ishii in Quentin Tarantino's 2003 film, Kill Bill. While in negotiations for Kill Bill with Tarantino the two joined to help produce the Hungarian sports documentary Freedom's Fury. She won an MTV Award for Best Movie Villain for her part in Kill Bill. Subsequently, Liu appeared on several episodes of Joey with Matt LeBlanc, who played her love interest in the Charlie's Angels films. She also had minor roles as Kitty Baxter in the film Chicago and as a psychologist opposite Keira Knightley in the thriller Domino. In Lucky Number Slevin, she played the leading love interest to Josh Hartnett. 3 Needles was released on December 1, 2006, Liu portrayed Jin Ping, an HIV-positive Chinese woman. Liu had previously presented her artwork under her Chinese name, Yu Ling. Liu, who is an artist in several media, has had several gallery shows showcasing her collage, paintings, and photography. She began doing collage mixed media when she was 16 years old, and became a photographer and painter. Liu attended the New York Studio School for drawing, painting, and sculpture from 2004 to 2006. In September 2006, Liu held an art show and donated her share of the profits to UNICEF. She also had another show in 2008 in Munich. Her painting, "Escape", was incorporated into Montblanc's Cutting Edge Art Collection and was shown during Art Basel Miami 2008, which showed works by contemporary American artists. Liu has stated that she donated her share of the profits from the NYC Milk Gallery gallery show to UNICEF. In London, a portion of the proceeds from her book Seventy Two went to UNICEF. Early in 2006, Liu received an "Asian Excellence Award" for Visibility. She also hosted an MTV documentary, Traffic, for the MTV EXIT campaign in 2007. In 2008, she produced and narrated the short film The Road to Traffik, about the Cambodian author and human rights advocate Somaly Mam. The film was directed by Kerry Girvin and co-produced by photographer Norman Jean Roy. This led to a partnership with producers on the documentary film Redlight. In 2007, Liu appeared in Code Name: The Cleaner; Rise: Blood Hunter, a supernatural thriller co-starring Michael Chiklis in which Liu plays an undead reporter (for which she was ranked number 41 on "Top 50 Sexiest Vampires"); and Watching the Detectives, an independent romantic comedy co-starring Cillian Murphy. She made her producer debut and also starred in a remake of Charlie Chan, which had been planned as early as 2000. In 2007 Empire named Liu number 96 of their "100 Sexiest Movie Stars". The producers of Dirty Sexy Money created a role for Liu as a series regular. Liu played Nola Lyons, a powerful attorney who faced Nick George (Peter Krause). Liu voiced Silvermist in Disney Fairies and Viper in Kung Fu Panda. In March 2010, Liu made her Broadway debut in the Tony Award–winning play God of Carnage as Annette on the second replacement cast alongside Jeff Daniels, Janet McTeer, and Dylan Baker. Liu is a supporter of marriage equality for same-sex marriage, and became a spokeswoman for the Human Rights Campaign in 2011. She has teamed up with Heinz to combat the widespread global health threat of iron deficiency anemia and vitamin and mineral malnutrition among infants and children in the developing world. Liu at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con In March 2012, she was cast as Joan Watson for Elementary. Elementary is an American Sherlock Holmes adaptation, and the role Liu was offered is traditionally played by men. She has gained praise for her role as Watson, including three consecutive nominations for the People's Choice Awards for Favorite TV Crime Drama Actress. She also has played police officer Jessica Tang on Southland, a television show focusing on the lives of police officers and detectives in Los Angeles, as a recurring guest actor during the fourth season. She received the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Guest Actress for this role. Liu's other directorial credits include 6 episodes of Elementary, an episode of Graceland, the episode "Dearly Beloved" of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second-season premiere of Luke Cage. In August 2011, Liu became a narrator for the musical group The Bullitts. In 2013, Liu was invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Liu was named Harvard's 2016 Artist of the Year. She was awarded the Harvard Foundation's arts medal at the annual Harvard Foundation Award ceremony, during the Cultural Rhythms Festival in Sanders Theatre. She is also part of the cast in the post-apocalyptic thriller Future World, directed by James Franco and Bruce Thierry Cheung. Her first national museum exhibition was held at the National Museum of Singapore in early 2019 and was titled "Unhomed Belongings." In April 2021, Liu was cast as the villainess Kalypso in the superhero film Shazam! Fury of the Gods. In 2022, she was cast to voice a role in the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Strange World, and in Jake Kasdan's upcoming film Red One. Personal life Liu has been vegetarian since childhood. Liu has studied various religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jewish mysticism. She has stated, "I'm into all things spiritual—anything to do with meditation or chants or any of that stuff. I studied Chinese philosophy in school. There's something in the metaphysical that I find very fascinating." She has been a member of the Chinese-American organization Committee of 100 since 2004. She has a son, Rockwell, who was born in 2015 via gestational surrogate. She has stated that surrogacy was the right option for her because, "I was working and I didn't know when I was going to be able to stop." She has decided to raise him as a single parent. She was involved in Tylenol's #HowWeFamily Mother's Day Campaign, which celebrated non-traditional families. Health In 1991, Liu had surgery after a breast cancer scare. She said: "The doctor sort of felt and said it was cancer and it needs to come out. I went into shell-shock. It was pretty traumatizing." The lump was removed two days after the doctor's examination and was found to be benign. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1992 Rhythm of Destiny Donna 1993 Protozoa Ari Short 1995 Bang Hooker 1996 Guy Woman at Newsstand Jerry Maguire Former Girlfriend 1997 Gridlock'd Cee-Cee City of Industry Cathi Rose 1998 Flypaper Dot Love Kills Kashi 1999 Payback Pearl True Crime Toy Shop Girl Molly Brenda The Mating Habits of the Earthbound Human The Female's Friend (Lydia) Play It to the Bone Lia 2000 Shanghai Noon Princess Pei Pei Charlie's Angels Alex Munday 2001 Hotel Kawika 2002 Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever Agent Sever Cypher Rita Foster Chicago Kitty Baxter 2003 Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle Alex Munday Kill Bill: Volume 1 O-Ren Ishii 2004 Kill Bill: Volume 2 Mulan II Mei (voice) Video 2005 3 Needles Jin Ping Domino Taryn Mills 2006 Lucky Number Slevin Lindsey 2007 Code Name: The Cleaner Gina Rise: Blood Hunter Sadie Blake Watching the Detectives Violet 2008 The Year of Getting to Know Us Anne Kung Fu Panda Master Viper (voice) Tinker Bell Silvermist (voice) Video 2009 Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure 2010 Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Nomads Susan 2011 Detachment Dr. Doris Parker The Trouble with Bliss Andrea Kung Fu Panda 2 Master Viper (voice) Someday This Pain Will Be Useful to You Rowena 2012 Secret of the Wings Silvermist (voice) The Man with the Iron Fists Madame Blossom 2013 The Tale of the Princess Kaguya Lady Sagami (voice) 2014 The Pirate Fairy Silvermist (voice) Video Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Magic Wonderland Princess Ocean (voice) 2016 Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll Master Viper (voice) Short Kung Fu Panda 3 2018 Future World The Queen Set It Up Kirsten Stevens 2020 Stage Mother Sienna 2022 Strange World Callisto Mal (voice) 2023 Shazam! Fury of the Gods Kalypso 2024 Presence Rebecca Payne The Tiger's Apprentice Nu Kua/Cynthia (voice) Old Guy Anata Post-production Red One Jacqueline Frost Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1991 Beverly Hills, 90210 Courtney Episode: "Pass, Not Pass" 1993 L.A. Law Mei Lin Episode: "Foreign Co-Respondent" 1994 Hotel Malibu Co-Worker Episode: "Do Not Disturb" Coach Nicole Wong Episode: "It Should Happen to You" & "Out of Control" 1995 Home Improvement Woman #3 Episode: "Bachelor of the Year" Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Oi-Lan Episode: "The March to Freedom" ER Mei-Sun Leow Recurring cast (season 2) 1996 Nash Bridges Joy Powell Episode: "Genesis" The X-Files Kim Hsin Episode: "Hell Money" High Incident Officer Whin 2 episodes 1996–1997 Pearl Amy Li Main cast 1997 The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Melana (voice) 2 episodes NYPD Blue Amy Chu Episode: "A Wrenching Experience" Riot Tiffany Episode: "Empty" Dellaventura Yuling Chong Episode: "Pilot" Michael Hayes Alice Woo Episode: "Slaves" 1998–2002 Ally McBeal Ling Woo Main cast (season 2–4), recurring cast (season 5) 2000 MADtv Herself/Host Episode: "Episode #6.6" Live & Kicking Herself Episode: "Episode #8.8" Saturday Night Live Episode: "Lucy Liu/Jay-Z" 2001 Sex and the City Episode: "Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda" 2001–2002 Futurama Herself (voice) 2 episodes 2002 Rank Herself Episode: "25 Toughest Stars" VH-1 Behind the Movie Episode: "Chicago" King of the Hill Tid Pao (voice) Episode: "Bad Girls, Bad Girls, Whatcha Gonna Do" 2003 Biography Herself Episode: "Bernie Mac: TV's Family Man" Bo' Selecta! Episode: "Episode #2.5" 2004 Jackie Chan Adventures Adult Jade Chan (voice) Episode: "J2: Rise of the Dragons" Game Over Raquel Smashenburn (voice) Main cast 2004–2005 Joey Lauren Beck Recurring cast (season 1) 2004–2007 Maya & Miguel Maggie Lee (voice) Recurring cast (season 1–5) 2005 Clifford's Puppy Days Teacup (voice) Episode: "Adopt-a-Pup" The Simpsons Madam Wu (voice) Episode: "Goo Goo Gai Pan" 2006 Getaway Herself/Celebrity Traveller Episode: "Episode #15.38" 2007 Ugly Betty Grace Chin 2 episodes 2008 Cashmere Mafia Mia Mason Main cast Ben & Izzy Yasmine (voice) Main cast Little Spirit: Christmas in New York Leo's Mom (voice) Television film 2008–2009 Dirty Sexy Money Nola Lyons Main cast (season 2) 2009 Afro Samurai: Resurrection Sio (voice) Television film 2010 Marry Me Rae Carter Episode: "Part 1 & 2" Ni Hao, Kai-Lan Bear Queen (voice) Episode: "Princess Kai-Lan" Kung Fu Panda Holiday Master Viper (voice) Television film 2011 Pixie Hollow Games Silvermist (voice) Television film 2011–2016 Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness Master Viper (voice) Main cast 2012 Southland Officer Jessica Tang Recurring cast (season 4) 2012–2019 Elementary Dr. Joan Watson Main cast 2013 Pixie Hollow Bake Off Silvermist (voice) Television film 2014 Huading Awards Herself/Host Main host 2015–2016 Jeopardy! Herself/Video Clue Presenter 2 episodes 2016 Girls Detective Mosedale Episode: "Japan" 2017 Difficult People Veronica Ford Recurring cast (season 3) Sesame Street Cinderella Episode: "Cinderella's Slippery Slippers" Michael Jackson's Halloween Conformity (voice) Television film 2018 Animals Yumi (voice) Recurring cast (season 3) 2019 Why Women Kill Simone Main cast (season 1) 2020 A World of Calm Herself/Narrator (voice) Episode: "The Coral City" 2021 Star Wars: Visions Bandit Leader (voice) Episode: "The Duel" Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Herself (voice) Episode: "The Tao of Scoob!" Curb Your Enthusiasm Herself Episode: "The Five-Foot Fence" Death to 2021 Snook Austin Television special 2024 A Man in Full Joyce Newman Main cast Jentry Chau vs. The Underworld (voice) In production Video games Year Title Voice role 2001 SSX Tricky Elise Riggs 2003 Charlie's Angels Alex Munday 2012 Sleeping Dogs Vivienne Lu 2023 The Pirate Queen: A Forgotten Legend Cheng Shih Documentary Year Title Role Notes 2004 My Date with Drew Herself 2009 Redlight Narrator Producer 2019 QT8: The First Eight Herself 2022 If You Have Director Year Title Notes 2011 Meena Short film 2014–2019 Elementary 7 seasons 2015 Graceland Episode: "Master of Weak Ties" 2018 Luke Cage Episode: "Soul Brother #1" 2019 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Episode: "Dearly Beloved" Why Women Kill Episode: "Marriages Don't Break Up on Account of Murder - It's Just A Symptom That Something Else Is Wrong" 2020 New Amsterdam Episode: "Hiding Behind My Smile" 2023 American Born Chinese Episode: "Hot Stuff" Art exhibitions Year Title Location Notes 1993 Unraveling As Liu Yu-ling, Cast Iron Gallery, SoHo, New York, US Collection of multimedia art pieces, photographs 2006 Antenna Emotion Picture Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Incorporating paint and drawing into photographs. Seven pieces of which two new. March 5 to June 30. 2007 — Art Basel Miami, Casa Tua in South Beach Miami, US as part of Montblanc's Cutting Edge Art Collection Painting Escape, a black and white abstraction 2008 je suis. envois-moi As Yu Ling, Six Friedrich Lisa Ungar, Munich, Germany Six oil paintings, four prints and ten sculptures. Revenue was donated to UNICEF. May 8 to 31 2010 — As Yu Ling. Painting included in the Bloomsbury Auctions 20th Century Art and Editions sale in New York, US Painting 2011 Seventy Two Salon Vert, London, UK Personal canvases – hand-stitched and stuck with funny little found objects, pieces of rubbish 2013 Totem The Popular Institute gallery, Manchester, UK Series of work on linen, explores the fragility of the human form 2019 Unhomed Belongings National Museum of Singapore First museum exhibit, included works by Shubigi Rao 2023 what was The New York Studio School, New York City, US Collection of multimedia art pieces, acrylic on canvas, books and found objects Awards and nominations This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Lucy Liu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Award Category Nominated work Result 1997 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Ally McBeal Nominated 1998 Won 1999 Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series 2000 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Supporting Actress – Action Shanghai Noon Won 2001 Favorite Team Charlie's Angels MTV Movie Award Best On-Screen Duo Best Dressed Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress 2003 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Cast Chicago Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Cast Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won Teen Choice Award Choice Hissy Fit Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Dance Sequence Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle 2004 Best Villain Kill Bill: Volume 1 Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2011 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Marry Me 2012 New York Women in Film & Television Muse Award Best Actress Elementary Won 2013 Prism Awards Female Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Best Actress Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Action Critics' Choice Television Award Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Southland NAACP Image Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Actress Elementary 2016 2017 2024 Golden Raspberry Award Worst Supporting Actress Shazam! Fury of the Gods Nominated See also Chinese Americans in New York City References ^ "Birthdays". The Modesto Bee. Associated Press. December 2, 2018. p. 7B. Actress Lucy Liu is 50. ^ "Lucy Liu Biography". Who2. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. ^ Minn, Tammy (November 2012). "Smart & Savvy Lucy Liu". Inland Empire Magazine. p. 88. The youngest of three children born to Taiwanese immigrants, Liu was born in Queens, New York and attended public schools. ^ "Lucy Liu, from Jackson Heights to Hollywood lights". Queens Chronicle. June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023. ^ Scharf, Lindzi (May 2012). "what's NOW! PARTIES". InStyle. p. 108. ISBN 978-7099210640. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012. ^ a b c Rose, Steve (October 5, 2011). "Fragments of Lucy Liu". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2012. ^ "Lucy Liu- Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. ^ Rajan Zed (January 22, 2010). "Hollywood's Lucy Liu to film in India". Scoop World. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018. ^ Rose, Tiffany (June 29, 2003). "Lucy Liu: The Q interview – Features, Films". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010. ^ winie (October 27, 2009). "The Asian Faces of Hollywood". MTVAsia.com Blog. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010. ^ "Lucy Liu – an agent of change". The Independent. London. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010. ^ Talmadge, Eric (July 15, 2008). "Liu says 'Kung Fu Panda' is an improve adventure". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010. ^ "Lucy Liu- Biography". Yahoo! Movies. ^ Josh Cooper (November 17, 2011). "Brush with Fame: Lucy Liu". Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012. ^ a b Radish, Christina (December 6, 2006). "Lucy Liu and Shawn Ashmore Talk about '3 Needles'". MediaBlvd Magazine. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2006. ^ a b Estrin, Eric (March 2012). "Q+LA Lucy Liu". Los Angeles Times Magazine. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013. ^ a b Ogunnaike, Lola (October 13, 2003). "The Perks and Pitfalls of a Ruthless-Killer Role; Lucy Liu Boosts the Body Count in New Film". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2018. ^ "Lucy Liu in the Hot Seat". June 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2018 – via YouTube. ^ "Before You Graduate The Basement await". e-TrueBlue: Seniors, The e-newsletter for U-M seniors. Alumni Association – University of Michigan. February 20, 2003. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2013. ^ a b c d e Roberts, Sheila (December 21, 2006). "Lucy Liu Interview, CodeName The Cleaner". Movies Online. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2006. ^ Rothstein, Mervyn (October 2, 1990). "Scores of Actors Flock to Tryouts For Ethnic Roles in 'Miss Saigon'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2012. ^ Mel Gussow (May 11, 1992). "Review/Theatre: Outwitting a Variety of Demons". The New York Times. p. C11. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2012. ^ "10 Actors We Didn't Recognize In Their First Movies". Elite Readers. October 11, 2018. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020. ^ "Co-Respondent", Season 8, Episode 4 ^ "Lucy Liu Emmy Award Winner". Emmys.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ Frontline Newsletter. Fall 2001. "Actress Lucy Liu (Ling Woo—TV's Ally McBeal), served as spokeswoman for the 2001 Lee National Denim Day®, the world's largest single-day fundraiser for breast cancer. The one-day event was not just about raising funds, though—it was also about raising awareness." ^ a b "UNICEF". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ^ Krastev, Nikola (February 2, 2012). "Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019. ^ "Liu Shocked by Ridiculous Chinese AIDS 'Cures'". Contact Music. November 29, 2006. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2006. ^ Rosenberg, Karen (March 6, 2009). "Toplessness and Taxidermy in a Bottoming Market". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Tucker, Reed (May 1, 2006). "Painting By Numbers With Lucy Liu". Esquire. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ a b Live with Regis and Kelly. First aired on January 21, 2008. ^ a b "Acting out her art – CAN life be any more unfair?, January 24, 2008". gg-art.com. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2013. ^ "Auction of Lucy Liu's Artwork Raises More Than $330,000, October 17, 2006". Mcmurry.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2010. ^ "Custom Content Council". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. ^ "Lucy Liu Charity Work, Events and Causes" Archived July 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. looktothestars.org. ^ "Redlight The Movie Website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ Lucy Liu (November 26, 2007). Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special presented by Lucy Liu — Part 1. Hulu. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2012. MTV EXIT Documentary presented by Lucy Liu to raise awareness of human trafficking. Log on to www.mtvexit.org for more information. This program is produced rights-free and can be used by any broadcaster, website, organisation, or individual. ^ "Latest Men's Lifestyle Stories". UGO.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2010. ^ "EimpireOnline.com EmpireOnline.com, 100 Sexiest Movie Stars". Empire. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2010. ^ "Lucy Liu Talks Dirty" Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. AsianWeek. Retrieved September 8, 2008. ^ Kramer, Peter (January 27, 2010). "Lucy Liu set for Broadway's 'God of Carnage'". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ Liu profile Archived July 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, HRC.com. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ "Heinz Micronutrient Campaign". Heinz Company. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2012. ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (February 27, 2012). "Lucy Liu cast as Watson in Sherlock Holmes–based pilot". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Furlong, Maggie (February 27, 2012). "'Southland' Scoop: Which Cop Is Not Coming Back?". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Alex Ben Block (June 18, 2012). "Critics' Choice TV Awards 2012: 'Homeland' Wins Best Drama, 'Community' Nabs Best Comedy". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Stanhope, Kate (July 30, 2015). "'Graceland' First Look: Lucy Liu Steps Behind the Camera (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. ^ Cheng, Susan (July 11, 2017). "Lucy Liu Is Directing The 'Luke Cage' Season 2 Premiere". BuzzFeed. New York City. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. ^ "About The Bullitts". Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012. ^ Wete, Brad (August 4, 2011). "Actress Lucy Liu performs (well, narrates) with UK group The Bullitts: Watch here". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ "Latest Academy News". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. September 10, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013. ^ McNary, Dave (May 19, 2016). "Lucy Liu, Snoop Dogg Join James Franco's 'Future World'". Variety. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2016. ^ "Interview: Lucy Liu on art, acting and identity". SilverKris. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2019. ^ Silvis, John (November 29, 2019). "Lucy Liu on making art to find a sense of belonging". CNN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020. ^ Kit, Borys (April 12, 2021). "Lucy Liu Joins Helen Mirren in 'Shazam!' Sequel". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021. ^ Croll, Ben (June 17, 2022). "Jake Gyllenhaal Joined by Dennis Quaid, Lucy Liu, Gabrielle Union in Disney's 'Strange World'". Variety. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022. ^ "Lucy Liu To Star Opposite Dwayne Johnson & Chris Evans In Prime Video's Holiday Pic 'Red One'". Deadline. October 12, 2022. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ "Lucy Liu: Award-Winning Actress And Vegetarian". asianjournalusa.com. Retrieved January 24, 2023. ^ "Lucy Liu's Fitness Routine and Wellness Habits Aren't Crazy Tough". womenshealthmag.com. Retrieved January 24, 2023. ^ Profile Archived January 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, committee100.org. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ Mauch, Ally (August 29, 2020). "Lucy Liu Celebrates Son Rockwell's 5th Birthday with Rare Photo: 'He Is a Rainbow of Light'". People. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2024. ^ Takeda, Allison (August 27, 2015). "Lucy Liu Welcomes Son Rockwell Lloyd Liu Via Gestational Surrogate: First Picture". Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2015. ^ "Why Lucy Liu Chose Gestational Surrogacy: It Was the 'Best Solution for Me'". People. May 6, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018. ^ Abrahamson, Rachel Paula (July 15, 2022). "Lucy Liu reveals for the first time the meaning behind her son's name". Today. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024. ^ "Tylenol Celebrates An Inclusive Mother's Day With #HowWeFamily Ad". Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2017. ^ "Lucy Liu's Breast Cancer Scare". August 23, 2001. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Lucy Liu (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved June 5, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Patten, Dominic (December 6, 2023). "Sundance Unveils Packed 2024 Lineup That Includes A.I., Pedro Pascal, Kristen Stewart, Satan, Devo & Steven Yeun". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2023. ^ Petski, Denise; Andreeva, Nellie (February 11, 2019). "Lucy Liu To Star In 'Why Women Kill' On CBS All Access". Deadline. Archived from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019. ^ "Stunning New Star Wars: Visions Trailer Debuts". StarWars.com. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021. ^ White, Abbey (March 29, 2023). "Ali Wong to Lead 'Jentry Chau vs. the Underworld' Animated Series for Netflix". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 5, 2024. ^ McNary, Dave (February 13, 2019). "Director Reclaims Rights to Documentary '21 Years: Quentin Tarantino' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Jackson, Angelique (April 18, 2022). "Orlando Bloom, Sofia Carson and Lucy Liu Sign on to Ben Proudfoot's UNICEF's If You Have". Variety. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ "Actress Lucy Liu Creates a Name for Herself in Art". /. March 6, 2009. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "antenna's up". The Coast. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2013. ^ "Basel Player – Richard Phillips, December 11, 2007". The New York Times Magazine blog. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013. ^ "Lucy Liu Exhibition Opening". Getty Images. May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "Von einer Leinwand zur anderen". Gala. May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "Lucy Liu in München – Die Erotik eines Hollywood-Stars". Süddeutsche Zeitung. May 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013. ^ "Curio: Artist Yu Ling (a.k.a. Lucy Liu)". Film Experience blog. June 29, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ Rose, Steve (October 5, 2011). "Fragments of Lucy Liu". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ Ellen Stewart (May 17, 2013). "Much More Than An Angel: Meet Lucy Liu The Artist". MyDaily. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "Unhomed Belongings". National Museum of Singapore. 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ "Lucy Liu:what was". Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucy Liu. Wikiquote has quotations related to Lucy Liu. Official website Lucy Liu at IMDb  Lucy Liu at Emmys.com Lucy Liu on iTunes Awards for Lucy Liu vteCritics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Lucy Liu (2012) Jane Fonda (2013) Allison Janney (2014) Sam Elliott (2015) Margo Martindale (2016) Jeffrey Dean Morgan (2016) vteMTV Movie & TV Award for Best DuoBest On-Screen Duo (1992–2000) Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995) Chris Farley & David Spade (1996) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000) Best On-Screen Team (2001–2006) Drew Barrymore, Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002) Sean Astin, Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004) Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006) Best Cast (2012)Best On-Screen Duo (2013–2015) Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014) Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015) Ensemble Cast (2016)Best Duo (2017) Pitch Perfect 2 Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017) Best On-Screen Team (2018) Finn Wolfhard, Sophia Lillis, Jaeden Martell, Jack Dylan Grazer, Wyatt Oleff, Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018) Best Team (2022)Best Duo (2023) Tom Hiddleston, Sophia Di Martino & Owen Wilson (2022) Pedro Pascal & Bella Ramsey (2023) vteMTV Movie & TV Award for Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay (1992) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1993) Alicia Silverstone (1994) Dennis Hopper (1995) Kevin Spacey (1996) Jim Carrey (1997) Mike Myers (1998) Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff (1999) Mike Myers (2000) Jim Carrey (2001) Denzel Washington (2002) Daveigh Chase (2003) Lucy Liu (2004) Ben Stiller (2005) Hayden Christensen (2006) Jack Nicholson (2007) Johnny Depp (2008) Heath Ledger (2009) Tom Felton (2010) Tom Felton (2011) Jennifer Aniston (2012) Tom Hiddleston (2013) Mila Kunis (2014) Meryl Streep (2015) Adam Driver (2016) Jeffrey Dean Morgan (2017) Michael B. Jordan (2018) Josh Brolin (2019) No Award (2020) Kathryn Hahn (2021) Daniel Radcliffe (2022) Elizabeth Olsen (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Artists Emmy Awards MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucy Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Li"},{"link_name":"/ˈluː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ally McBeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Payback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payback_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Noon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Noon"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Kill Bill: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"Lucky Number Slevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Number_Slevin"},{"link_name":"Watching the Detectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watching_the_Detectives_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Man with the Iron Fists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Iron_Fists"},{"link_name":"Set It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_It_Up"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Silvermist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Fairies"},{"link_name":"Tinker Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Bell_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Maya & Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_%26_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Mulan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_II"},{"link_name":"Magic Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"The Tale of the Princess Kaguya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Princess_Kaguya_(film)"},{"link_name":"Disney-animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Strange World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_World_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shazam! Fury of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam!_Fury_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"American Born Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Born_Chinese_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"Seoul International Drama Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_International_Drama_Award"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Lucy Li.Lucy Alexis Liu /ˈluː/ (born December 2, 1968)[1][2] is an American actress. Born in New York City to Chinese immigrant parents, she has starred in the television series Ally McBeal (1998–2002), in two Charlie's Angels films (2000 and 2003), and in the crime-drama series Elementary (2012–2019), as well as in films Payback (1999), Shanghai Noon (2000), Chicago (2002), Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003), Lucky Number Slevin (2006), Watching the Detectives (2007), The Man with the Iron Fists (2012), and Set It Up (2018).She voice acted as Master Viper in the first three installments of the Kung Fu Panda franchise (2008–2016) and Silvermist in the Tinker Bell series (2008–2014). Her other voice credits include Maya & Miguel (2004–2007), Mulan II (2004), as well as the English and Mandarin-dubbed versions of Magic Wonderland (2014) and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2013). She also voiced Callisto Mal in the Disney-animated film Strange World (2022). Most recently, she starred as Kalypso in Shazam! Fury of the Gods and directed the Disney show American Born Chinese.She has received several accolades including a Critics' Choice Television Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Seoul International Drama Award, in addition to a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award.","title":"Lucy Liu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_Liu_HS_Yearbook.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Jackson Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"biochemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist"},{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Mandarin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu4-15"},{"link_name":"kali-eskrima-silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-16"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pulitzer Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Stuyvesant High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_2003-10-13-17"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Chi Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Omega"},{"link_name":"Asian languages and cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_studies"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_2003-10-13-17"}],"text":"Liu as a high school senior in 1986Lucy Liu was born in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens.[3][4] In high school, she adopted a middle name, Alexis.[5] She is the youngest of three children born to Cecilia, who worked as a biochemist, and Tom Liu, a civil engineer who sold digital clock pens.[6] Liu's parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and immigrated to Taiwan as adults before meeting in New York.[6][7][8] She has an older brother, John,[9][10][11][12] and an older sister, Jenny.[13] Her parents had many jobs while Lucy and her siblings were growing up.[14]Liu has stated that she grew up in a diverse neighborhood. She learned to speak Mandarin at home and began studying English when she was five.[15] She studied the martial art kali-eskrima-silat as a hobby when she was young.[16] Liu attended Joseph Pulitzer Middle School (I.S.145), and graduated from Stuyvesant High School.[17] She later enrolled at New York University and transferred to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she was a member of the Chi Omega sorority and studied Asian languages and cultures.[17]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu5-20"},{"link_name":"Miss Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Saigon"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tina Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Chen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Rhythm of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Danny Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Kwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Kwok"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"L.A. Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Law"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_(TV_show)"},{"link_name":"Portia de Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portia_de_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Ling Woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Woo"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu5-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_Liu_@_USAID_Human_Trafficking_Symposium_01_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Cameron Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Lee National Denim Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_National_Denim_Day"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fund for UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fund_for_UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNICEF-27"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu5-20"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Natali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Natali"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Kill Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Bill"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Freedom's Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%27s_Fury"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rferl-28"},{"link_name":"MTV Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Awards"},{"link_name":"Joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matt LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Keira Knightley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Lucky Number Slevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Number_Slevin"},{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"3 Needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Needles"},{"link_name":"HIV-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-positive"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu3-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-30"},{"link_name":"collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu2-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regis-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-33"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regis-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNICEF-27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"MTV EXIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_EXIT"},{"link_name":"Somaly Mam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaly_Mam"},{"link_name":"Redlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlight_(film)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TraffickingMTVExit-38"},{"link_name":"Code Name: The Cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Name:_The_Cleaner"},{"link_name":"Rise: Blood Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise:_Blood_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Michael Chiklis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chiklis"},{"link_name":"undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu4-15"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Watching the Detectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watching_the_Detectives_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cillian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cillian_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu5-20"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-empire-40"},{"link_name":"Dirty Sexy Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Sexy_Money"},{"link_name":"Peter Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Krause"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Disney Fairies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Fairies"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu5-20"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"God of Carnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_Carnage"},{"link_name":"Jeff Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Janet McTeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_McTeer"},{"link_name":"Dylan Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Baker"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"marriage equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_equality"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Heinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Company"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_Liu_SDCC_2012_(7588312808).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Graceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit"},{"link_name":"second-season premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Brother_No._1_(Luke_Cage)"},{"link_name":"Luke Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cage_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"The Bullitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bullitts"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Future World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_World_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Shazam! Fury of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam!_Fury_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Animation Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Strange World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_World_(film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Red One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_One_(film)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"At the age of 19, while traveling on the subway, Liu was discovered by an agent. She appeared in one commercial as a result.[18] As a member of the Basement Arts student-run theater group,[19] she auditioned in 1989 for the University of Michigan's production of Alice in Wonderland during her senior year of college. Although she had originally tried out for only a supporting role,[20] Liu was cast in the lead. While in line to audition for the musical Miss Saigon in 1990, she told The New York Times, \"There aren't many Asian roles, and it's very difficult to get your foot in the door.\"[21] In May 1992, Liu made her New York stage debut in Fairy Bones, directed by Tina Chen.[22]Liu had small roles in films and TV, marking her debut. In 1992, she made her big-screen debut in the Hong Kong film Rhythm of Destiny, which starred Danny Lee and Aaron Kwok.[23] In 1993, she appeared in an episode of L.A. Law as a Chinese widow giving her evidence in Mandarin.[24] Liu starred on the sitcom Pearl, which lasted one season. Shortly after the end of Pearl's run in 1997, Liu was cast in a role on Ally McBeal. Liu originally auditioned for the role of Nelle Porter (played by Portia de Rossi), and the character Ling Woo was later created specifically for her. Liu's part on the series was originally temporary, but high audience ratings secured Liu as a permanent cast member. Additionally, she earned a Primetime Emmy Award[25] nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.[20]Liu speaking at the USAID Human Trafficking Symposium in September 2009In 2000, Liu starred in Charlie's Angels along with Drew Barrymore and Cameron Diaz. In 2001, Liu was the spokeswoman for the Lee National Denim Day fundraiser, which raises money for breast cancer research and education.[26] In 2004 Liu was appointed an ambassador for U.S. Fund for UNICEF.[27] She traveled to Pakistan and Lesotho, among several other countries.[20] In 2002, Liu played Rita Foster in Vincenzo Natali's Brainstorm. She appeared as O-Ren Ishii in Quentin Tarantino's 2003 film, Kill Bill. While in negotiations for Kill Bill with Tarantino the two joined to help produce the Hungarian sports documentary Freedom's Fury.[28] She won an MTV Award for Best Movie Villain for her part in Kill Bill. Subsequently, Liu appeared on several episodes of Joey with Matt LeBlanc, who played her love interest in the Charlie's Angels films. She also had minor roles as Kitty Baxter in the film Chicago and as a psychologist opposite Keira Knightley in the thriller Domino. In Lucky Number Slevin, she played the leading love interest to Josh Hartnett. 3 Needles was released on December 1, 2006, Liu portrayed Jin Ping, an HIV-positive Chinese woman.[29]Liu had previously presented her artwork under her Chinese name, Yu Ling.[6][30] Liu, who is an artist in several media, has had several gallery shows showcasing her collage, paintings, and photography.[31] She began doing collage mixed media when she was 16 years old, and became a photographer and painter.[32] Liu attended the New York Studio School for drawing, painting, and sculpture from 2004 to 2006.[33] In September 2006, Liu held an art show and donated her share of the profits to UNICEF.[32][34] She also had another show in 2008 in Munich. Her painting, \"Escape\", was incorporated into Montblanc's Cutting Edge Art Collection and was shown during Art Basel Miami 2008, which showed works by contemporary American artists.[33] Liu has stated that she donated her share of the profits from the NYC Milk Gallery gallery show to UNICEF.[35] In London, a portion of the proceeds from her book Seventy Two went to UNICEF.[27]Early in 2006, Liu received an \"Asian Excellence Award\" for Visibility.[36] She also hosted an MTV documentary, Traffic, for the MTV EXIT campaign in 2007. In 2008, she produced and narrated the short film The Road to Traffik, about the Cambodian author and human rights advocate Somaly Mam. The film was directed by Kerry Girvin and co-produced by photographer Norman Jean Roy. This led to a partnership with producers on the documentary film Redlight.[37][38]In 2007, Liu appeared in Code Name: The Cleaner; Rise: Blood Hunter, a supernatural thriller co-starring Michael Chiklis in which Liu plays an undead reporter[15] (for which she was ranked number 41 on \"Top 50 Sexiest Vampires\");[39] and Watching the Detectives, an independent romantic comedy co-starring Cillian Murphy. She made her producer debut and also starred in a remake of Charlie Chan, which had been planned as early as 2000.[20] In 2007 Empire named Liu number 96 of their \"100 Sexiest Movie Stars\".[40] The producers of Dirty Sexy Money created a role for Liu as a series regular. Liu played Nola Lyons, a powerful attorney who faced Nick George (Peter Krause).[41] Liu voiced Silvermist in Disney Fairies and Viper in Kung Fu Panda.[20]In March 2010, Liu made her Broadway debut in the Tony Award–winning play God of Carnage as Annette on the second replacement cast alongside Jeff Daniels, Janet McTeer, and Dylan Baker.[42] Liu is a supporter of marriage equality for same-sex marriage, and became a spokeswoman for the Human Rights Campaign in 2011.[43] She has teamed up with Heinz to combat the widespread global health threat of iron deficiency anemia and vitamin and mineral malnutrition among infants and children in the developing world.[44]Liu at the 2012 San Diego Comic-ConIn March 2012, she was cast as Joan Watson for Elementary. Elementary is an American Sherlock Holmes adaptation, and the role Liu was offered is traditionally played by men.[45] She has gained praise for her role as Watson, including three consecutive nominations for the People's Choice Awards for Favorite TV Crime Drama Actress. She also has played police officer Jessica Tang on Southland, a television show focusing on the lives of police officers and detectives in Los Angeles, as a recurring guest actor during the fourth season.[46] She received the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Guest Actress for this role.[47] Liu's other directorial credits include 6 episodes of Elementary, an episode of Graceland,[48] the episode \"Dearly Beloved\" of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second-season premiere of Luke Cage.[49]In August 2011, Liu became a narrator for the musical group The Bullitts.[50][51] In 2013, Liu was invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[52] Liu was named Harvard's 2016 Artist of the Year. She was awarded the Harvard Foundation's arts medal at the annual Harvard Foundation Award ceremony, during the Cultural Rhythms Festival in Sanders Theatre. She is also part of the cast in the post-apocalyptic thriller Future World, directed by James Franco and Bruce Thierry Cheung.[53] Her first national museum exhibition was held at the National Museum of Singapore in early 2019[54] and was titled \"Unhomed Belongings.\"[55]In April 2021, Liu was cast as the villainess Kalypso in the superhero film Shazam! Fury of the Gods.[56] In 2022, she was cast to voice a role in the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Strange World,[57] and in Jake Kasdan's upcoming film Red One.[58]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Jewish mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_mysticism"},{"link_name":"meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-16"},{"link_name":"Committee of 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_100_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"gestational surrogate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_surrogacy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"single parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Liu has been vegetarian since childhood.[59][60] Liu has studied various religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jewish mysticism. She has stated, \"I'm into all things spiritual—anything to do with meditation or chants or any of that stuff. I studied Chinese philosophy in school. There's something in the metaphysical that I find very fascinating.\"[16] She has been a member of the Chinese-American organization Committee of 100 since 2004.[61]She has a son, Rockwell, who was born in 2015 via gestational surrogate.[62][63] She has stated that surrogacy was the right option for her because, \"I was working and I didn't know when I was going to be able to stop.\"[64] She has decided to raise him as a single parent.[65] She was involved in Tylenol's #HowWeFamily Mother's Day Campaign, which celebrated non-traditional families.[66]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"In 1991, Liu had surgery after a breast cancer scare. She said: \"The doctor sort of felt and said it was cancer and it needs to come out. I went into shell-shock. It was pretty traumatizing.\" The lump was removed two days after the doctor's examination and was found to be benign.[67]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Documentary","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Director","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Art exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Liu as a high school senior in 1986","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lucy_Liu_HS_Yearbook.jpeg/174px-Lucy_Liu_HS_Yearbook.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Liu speaking at the USAID Human Trafficking Symposium in September 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lucy_Liu_%40_USAID_Human_Trafficking_Symposium_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Lucy_Liu_%40_USAID_Human_Trafficking_Symposium_01_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liu at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lucy_Liu_SDCC_2012_%287588312808%29.jpg/199px-Lucy_Liu_SDCC_2012_%287588312808%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Chinese Americans in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_New_York_City"}]
[{"reference":"\"Birthdays\". The Modesto Bee. Associated Press. December 2, 2018. p. 7B. Actress Lucy Liu is 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modesto_Bee","url_text":"The Modesto Bee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu Biography\". Who2. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who2.com/bio/lucy-liu/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105085443/https://www.who2.com/bio/lucy-liu/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Minn, Tammy (November 2012). \"Smart & Savvy Lucy Liu\". Inland Empire Magazine. p. 88. The youngest of three children born to Taiwanese immigrants, Liu was born in Queens, New York and attended public schools.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire_Magazine","url_text":"Inland Empire Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans","url_text":"Taiwanese immigrants"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu, from Jackson Heights to Hollywood lights\". Queens Chronicle. June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/lucy-liu-from-jackson-heights-to-hollywood-lights/article_888cd6fe-9720-5252-ac80-6407885d8416.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu, from Jackson Heights to Hollywood lights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230616023832/https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/lucy-liu-from-jackson-heights-to-hollywood-lights/article_888cd6fe-9720-5252-ac80-6407885d8416.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scharf, Lindzi (May 2012). \"what's NOW! PARTIES\". InStyle. p. 108. ISBN 978-7099210640. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730075855/http://www.lindzi.com/features/INSTYLE_may12piece2.jpg","url_text":"\"what's NOW! PARTIES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InStyle","url_text":"InStyle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7099210640","url_text":"978-7099210640"},{"url":"http://www.lindzi.com/features/INSTYLE_may12piece2.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Steve (October 5, 2011). \"Fragments of Lucy Liu\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","url_text":"\"Fragments of Lucy Liu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302100937/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu- Biography\". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807124219/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/lucy-liu/biography.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu- Biography\""},{"url":"https://movies.yahoo.com/person/lucy-liu/biography.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rajan Zed (January 22, 2010). \"Hollywood's Lucy Liu to film in India\". Scoop World. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1001/S00479/hollywoods-lucy-liu-to-film-in-india.htm","url_text":"\"Hollywood's Lucy Liu to film in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_(website)","url_text":"Scoop World"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223156/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1001/S00479/hollywoods-lucy-liu-to-film-in-india.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Tiffany (June 29, 2003). \"Lucy Liu: The Q interview – Features, Films\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101117072458/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu-the-q-interview-542392.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu: The Q interview – Features, Films\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu-the-q-interview-542392.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"winie (October 27, 2009). \"The Asian Faces of Hollywood\". MTVAsia.com Blog. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101117010440/http://blog.mtvasia.com/2009/10/27/the-asian-faces-of-hollywood","url_text":"\"The Asian Faces of Hollywood\""},{"url":"http://blog.mtvasia.com/2009/10/27/the-asian-faces-of-hollywood/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu – an agent of change\". The Independent. London. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu--an-agent-of-change-855072.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu – an agent of change\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100219234929/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu--an-agent-of-change-855072.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Talmadge, Eric (July 15, 2008). \"Liu says 'Kung Fu Panda' is an improve adventure\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2008052078_appeopleliu.html","url_text":"\"Liu says 'Kung Fu Panda' is an improve adventure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622042909/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2008052078_appeopleliu.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Josh Cooper (November 17, 2011). \"Brush with Fame: Lucy Liu\". Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121005234758/https://www.hungertv.com/art-culture/feature/brush-with-fame-lucy-liu/","url_text":"\"Brush with Fame: Lucy Liu\""},{"url":"http://www.hungertv.com/art-culture/feature/brush-with-fame-lucy-liu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Radish, Christina (December 6, 2006). \"Lucy Liu and Shawn Ashmore Talk about '3 Needles'\". MediaBlvd Magazine. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120091404/http://www.mediablvd.com/magazine/the_news/celebrity/lucy_liu_and_shawn_ashmore_talk_about_%273_needles%27_20061206319.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu and Shawn Ashmore Talk about '3 Needles'\""},{"url":"http://www.mediablvd.com/magazine/the_news/celebrity/lucy_liu_and_shawn_ashmore_talk_about_%273_needles%27_20061206319.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Estrin, Eric (March 2012). \"Q+LA Lucy Liu\". Los Angeles Times Magazine. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011706/https://www.latimesmagazine.com/2012/03/qla-lucy-liu.html","url_text":"\"Q+LA Lucy Liu\""},{"url":"http://www.latimesmagazine.com/2012/03/qla-lucy-liu.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ogunnaike, Lola (October 13, 2003). \"The Perks and Pitfalls of a Ruthless-Killer Role; Lucy Liu Boosts the Body Count in New Film\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/13/movies/perks-pitfalls-ruthless-killer-role-lucy-liu-boosts-body-count-new-film.html","url_text":"\"The Perks and Pitfalls of a Ruthless-Killer Role; Lucy Liu Boosts the Body Count in New Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091110225410/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/13/movies/perks-pitfalls-ruthless-killer-role-lucy-liu-boosts-body-count-new-film.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu in the Hot Seat\". June 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiE_UHkFiqc","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu in the Hot Seat\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/OiE_UHkFiqc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Before You Graduate The Basement await\". e-TrueBlue: Seniors, The e-newsletter for U-M seniors. Alumni Association – University of Michigan. February 20, 2003. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umich.edu/~umalumni/e-newsletters/e-TrueBlueSenior022003.html","url_text":"\"Before You Graduate The Basement await\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124709/http://www.umich.edu/~umalumni/e-newsletters/e-TrueBlueSenior022003.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Sheila (December 21, 2006). \"Lucy Liu Interview, CodeName The Cleaner\". Movies Online. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070106023037/http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_10807.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Interview, CodeName The Cleaner\""},{"url":"http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_10807.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rothstein, Mervyn (October 2, 1990). \"Scores of Actors Flock to Tryouts For Ethnic Roles in 'Miss Saigon'\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/theater/scores-of-actors-flock-to-tryouts-for-ethnic-roles-in-miss-saigon.html","url_text":"\"Scores of Actors Flock to Tryouts For Ethnic Roles in 'Miss Saigon'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140417215221/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/theater/scores-of-actors-flock-to-tryouts-for-ethnic-roles-in-miss-saigon.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mel Gussow (May 11, 1992). \"Review/Theatre: Outwitting a Variety of Demons\". The New York Times. p. C11. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/11/theater/review-theater-outwitting-a-variety-of-demons.html","url_text":"\"Review/Theatre: Outwitting a Variety of Demons\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419211359/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/11/theater/review-theater-outwitting-a-variety-of-demons.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"10 Actors We Didn't Recognize In Their First Movies\". Elite Readers. October 11, 2018. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232052/https://www.elitereaders.net/10-actors-we-didnt-recognize-in-their-first-movies/","url_text":"\"10 Actors We Didn't Recognize In Their First Movies\""},{"url":"https://www.elitereaders.net/10-actors-we-didnt-recognize-in-their-first-movies/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu Emmy Award Winner\". Emmys.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/lucy-liu","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Emmy Award Winner\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529132822/http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/lucy-liu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UNICEF\". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unicefusa.org/partners/ambassadors/lucy-liu.html","url_text":"\"UNICEF\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140357/http://www.unicefusa.org/partners/ambassadors/lucy-liu.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Krastev, Nikola (February 2, 2012). \"Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1068204.html","url_text":"\"Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190331210037/https://www.rferl.org/a/1068204.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liu Shocked by Ridiculous Chinese AIDS 'Cures'\". Contact Music. November 29, 2006. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/liu%20shocked%20by%20ridiculous%20chinese%20aids%20cures_1014964","url_text":"\"Liu Shocked by Ridiculous Chinese AIDS 'Cures'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090113002216/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/liu%20shocked%20by%20ridiculous%20chinese%20aids%20cures_1014964","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Karen (March 6, 2009). \"Toplessness and Taxidermy in a Bottoming Market\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/design/07armo.html","url_text":"\"Toplessness and Taxidermy in a Bottoming Market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129191708/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/design/07armo.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Reed (May 1, 2006). \"Painting By Numbers With Lucy Liu\". Esquire. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a1303/esq0506lucyliu-124/","url_text":"\"Painting By Numbers With Lucy Liu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124031/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a1303/esq0506lucyliu-124/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Acting out her art – CAN life be any more unfair?, January 24, 2008\". gg-art.com. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172439/http://www.gg-art.com/news/read.php?newsid=6434","url_text":"\"Acting out her art – CAN life be any more unfair?, January 24, 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.gg-art.com/news/read.php?newsid=6434","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Auction of Lucy Liu's Artwork Raises More Than $330,000, October 17, 2006\". Mcmurry.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061126173246/http://www.mcmurry.com/about/about_news_release.asp?contentid=4741","url_text":"\"Auction of Lucy Liu's Artwork Raises More Than $330,000, October 17, 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.mcmurry.com/about/about_news_release.asp?contentid=4741","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Custom Content Council\". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124000/http://www.customcontentcouncil.com/news/auction-lucy-lius-artwork-raises-more-330000","url_text":"\"Custom Content Council\""},{"url":"http://www.customcontentcouncil.com/news/auction-lucy-lius-artwork-raises-more-330000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Redlight The Movie Website\". Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redlightthemovie.com/credits.html","url_text":"\"Redlight The Movie Website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130402085314/http://www.redlightthemovie.com/credits.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lucy Liu (November 26, 2007). Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special presented by Lucy Liu — Part 1. Hulu. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2012. MTV EXIT Documentary presented by Lucy Liu to raise awareness of human trafficking. Log on to www.mtvexit.org for more information. This program is produced rights-free and can be used by any broadcaster, website, organisation, or individual.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_7uuFasVcc","url_text":"Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special presented by Lucy Liu — Part 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu","url_text":"Hulu"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/R_7uuFasVcc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Men's Lifestyle Stories\". UGO.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090319034358/http://www.ugo.com/lifestyle/sexy-vampires/?cur=sadie-blake&morepics=1","url_text":"\"Latest Men's Lifestyle Stories\""},{"url":"http://www.ugo.com/lifestyle/sexy-vampires/?cur=sadie-blake&morepics=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EimpireOnline.com EmpireOnline.com, 100 Sexiest Movie Stars\". Empire. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826202654/http://www.empireonline.com/100sexiest/default.asp?star=96","url_text":"\"EimpireOnline.com EmpireOnline.com, 100 Sexiest Movie Stars\""},{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/100sexiest/default.asp?star=96","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Peter (January 27, 2010). \"Lucy Liu set for Broadway's 'God of Carnage'\". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/theater/news/2010-01-27-lucy-liu_N.htm","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu set for Broadway's 'God of Carnage'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101107191618/http://www.usatoday.com/life/theater/news/2010-01-27-lucy-liu_N.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Heinz Micronutrient Campaign\". Heinz Company. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014093519/https://www.heinz.com/sustainability/heinz-micronutrient-campaign.aspx","url_text":"\"Heinz Micronutrient Campaign\""},{"url":"http://www.heinz.com/sustainability/heinz-micronutrient-campaign.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Sandra (February 27, 2012). \"Lucy Liu cast as Watson in Sherlock Holmes–based pilot\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2012/02/27/lucy-liu-cast-as-watson-in-sherlock-holmes-based-pilot/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu cast as Watson in Sherlock Holmes–based pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163132/https://ew.com/article/2012/02/27/lucy-liu-cast-as-watson-in-sherlock-holmes-based-pilot/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Furlong, Maggie (February 27, 2012). \"'Southland' Scoop: Which Cop Is Not Coming Back?\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/southland-lucy-liu_n_1302568","url_text":"\"'Southland' Scoop: Which Cop Is Not Coming Back?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015327/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/southland-lucy-liu_n_1302568","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alex Ben Block (June 18, 2012). \"Critics' Choice TV Awards 2012: 'Homeland' Wins Best Drama, 'Community' Nabs Best Comedy\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-choice-awards-homeland-community-338834?page=2","url_text":"\"Critics' Choice TV Awards 2012: 'Homeland' Wins Best Drama, 'Community' Nabs Best Comedy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028054126/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-choice-awards-homeland-community-338834?page=2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stanhope, Kate (July 30, 2015). \"'Graceland' First Look: Lucy Liu Steps Behind the Camera (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/graceland-lucy-liu-directs-first-812016","url_text":"\"'Graceland' First Look: Lucy Liu Steps Behind the Camera (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221302/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/graceland-lucy-liu-directs-first-812016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Susan (July 11, 2017). \"Lucy Liu Is Directing The 'Luke Cage' Season 2 Premiere\". BuzzFeed. New York City. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/susancheng/lucy-liu-directing-luke-cage","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Is Directing The 'Luke Cage' Season 2 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed","url_text":"BuzzFeed"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170712011229/https://www.buzzfeed.com/susancheng/lucy-liu-directing-luke-cage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Bullitts\". Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebullitts.com/about.html","url_text":"\"About The Bullitts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120723235650/http://www.thebullitts.com/about.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wete, Brad (August 4, 2011). \"Actress Lucy Liu performs (well, narrates) with UK group The Bullitts: Watch here\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2011/08/04/lucy-liu-performs-the-bullitts/","url_text":"\"Actress Lucy Liu performs (well, narrates) with UK group The Bullitts: Watch here\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163129/https://ew.com/article/2011/08/04/lucy-liu-performs-the-bullitts/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Academy News\". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. September 10, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2013/20130628.html","url_text":"\"Latest Academy News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130701193455/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2013/20130628.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (May 19, 2016). \"Lucy Liu, Snoop Dogg Join James Franco's 'Future World'\". Variety. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lucy-liu-snoop-dogg-james-franco-future-world-1201779260/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu, Snoop Dogg Join James Franco's 'Future World'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075412/https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lucy-liu-snoop-dogg-james-franco-future-world-1201779260/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Lucy Liu on art, acting and identity\". SilverKris. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silverkris.com/interview-lucy-liu-art-acting-identity/","url_text":"\"Interview: Lucy Liu on art, acting and identity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195630/https://www.silverkris.com/interview-lucy-liu-art-acting-identity/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Silvis, John (November 29, 2019). \"Lucy Liu on making art to find a sense of belonging\". CNN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lucy-liu-artsy/index.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu on making art to find a sense of belonging\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118170539/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lucy-liu-artsy/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (April 12, 2021). \"Lucy Liu Joins Helen Mirren in 'Shazam!' Sequel\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lucy-liu-joins-helen-mirren-in-shazam-sequel","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Joins Helen Mirren in 'Shazam!' Sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412170414/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lucy-liu-joins-helen-mirren-in-shazam-sequel","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Croll, Ben (June 17, 2022). \"Jake Gyllenhaal Joined by Dennis Quaid, Lucy Liu, Gabrielle Union in Disney's 'Strange World'\". Variety. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/strange-world-jennifer-lee-baymax-zootopia-1235297289/","url_text":"\"Jake Gyllenhaal Joined by Dennis Quaid, Lucy Liu, Gabrielle Union in Disney's 'Strange World'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707114734/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/strange-world-jennifer-lee-baymax-zootopia-1235297289/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu To Star Opposite Dwayne Johnson & Chris Evans In Prime Video's Holiday Pic 'Red One'\". Deadline. October 12, 2022. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/dwayne-johnson-chris-evans-lucy-liu-red-one-amazon-1235142902/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu To Star Opposite Dwayne Johnson & Chris Evans In Prime Video's Holiday Pic 'Red One'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024213705/https://deadline.com/2022/10/dwayne-johnson-chris-evans-lucy-liu-red-one-amazon-1235142902/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mauch, Ally (August 29, 2020). \"Lucy Liu Celebrates Son Rockwell's 5th Birthday with Rare Photo: 'He Is a Rainbow of Light'\". People. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-celebrates-sons-5th-birthday/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Celebrates Son Rockwell's 5th Birthday with Rare Photo: 'He Is a Rainbow of Light'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002751/https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-celebrates-sons-5th-birthday/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takeda, Allison (August 27, 2015). \"Lucy Liu Welcomes Son Rockwell Lloyd Liu Via Gestational Surrogate: First Picture\". Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/lucy-liu-welcomes-baby-son-via-gestational-surrogate-first-picture-2015278","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Welcomes Son Rockwell Lloyd Liu Via Gestational Surrogate: First Picture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829091716/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/lucy-liu-welcomes-baby-son-via-gestational-surrogate-first-picture-2015278/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Lucy Liu Chose Gestational Surrogacy: It Was the 'Best Solution for Me'\". People. May 6, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-gestational-surrogate-son-rockwell/","url_text":"\"Why Lucy Liu Chose Gestational Surrogacy: It Was the 'Best Solution for Me'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231437/https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-gestational-surrogate-son-rockwell/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abrahamson, Rachel Paula (July 15, 2022). \"Lucy Liu reveals for the first time the meaning behind her son's name\". Today. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/parents/moms/lucy-liu-shares-meaning-son-rockwells-name-rcna38399","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu reveals for the first time the meaning behind her son's name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)","url_text":"Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923022551/https://www.today.com/parents/moms/lucy-liu-shares-meaning-son-rockwells-name-rcna38399","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tylenol Celebrates An Inclusive Mother's Day With #HowWeFamily Ad\". Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newnownext.com/tylenol-celebrates-an-inclusive-mothers-day-with-howwefamily-ad/05/2016/","url_text":"\"Tylenol Celebrates An Inclusive Mother's Day With #HowWeFamily Ad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829093209/http://www.newnownext.com/tylenol-celebrates-an-inclusive-mothers-day-with-howwefamily-ad/05/2016/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu's Breast Cancer Scare\". August 23, 2001. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/story/52073/lucy-lius-breast-cancer-scare","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu's Breast Cancer Scare\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012002351/http://news.sky.com/story/52073/lucy-lius-breast-cancer-scare","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu (visual voices guide)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved June 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Lucy-Liu/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu (visual voices guide)\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony; Patten, Dominic (December 6, 2023). \"Sundance Unveils Packed 2024 Lineup That Includes A.I., Pedro Pascal, Kristen Stewart, Satan, Devo & Steven Yeun\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/2024-sundance-film-festival-lineup-movies-1235652869/","url_text":"\"Sundance Unveils Packed 2024 Lineup That Includes A.I., Pedro Pascal, Kristen Stewart, Satan, Devo & Steven Yeun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240111194042/https://deadline.com/2023/12/2024-sundance-film-festival-lineup-movies-1235652869/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise; Andreeva, Nellie (February 11, 2019). \"Lucy Liu To Star In 'Why Women Kill' On CBS All Access\". Deadline. Archived from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/02/lucy-liu-to-star-in-why-women-kill-on-cbs-all-access-1202554856/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu To Star In 'Why Women Kill' On CBS All Access\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190211235143/https://deadline.com/2019/02/lucy-liu-to-star-in-why-women-kill-on-cbs-all-access-1202554856/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stunning New Star Wars: Visions Trailer Debuts\". StarWars.com. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-visions-trailer-and-cast","url_text":"\"Stunning New Star Wars: Visions Trailer Debuts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817133220/https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-visions-trailer-and-cast","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Abbey (March 29, 2023). \"Ali Wong to Lead 'Jentry Chau vs. the Underworld' Animated Series for Netflix\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/ali-wong-lucy-liu-netflix-jentry-chau-vs-the-underworld-1235362867/","url_text":"\"Ali Wong to Lead 'Jentry Chau vs. the Underworld' Animated Series for Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (February 13, 2019). \"Director Reclaims Rights to Documentary '21 Years: Quentin Tarantino' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/21-years-quentin-tarantino-director-reclaims-rights-1203137946/","url_text":"\"Director Reclaims Rights to Documentary '21 Years: Quentin Tarantino' (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200114014833/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/21-years-quentin-tarantino-director-reclaims-rights-1203137946/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Angelique (April 18, 2022). \"Orlando Bloom, Sofia Carson and Lucy Liu Sign on to Ben Proudfoot's UNICEF's If You Have\". Variety. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/2022/film/news/orlando-bloom-sofia-carson-lucy-liu-unicef-if-you-have-ben-proudfoot-1235233774/amp/","url_text":"\"Orlando Bloom, Sofia Carson and Lucy Liu Sign on to Ben Proudfoot's UNICEF's If You Have\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419232914/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/orlando-bloom-sofia-carson-lucy-liu-unicef-if-you-have-ben-proudfoot-1235233774/amp/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress Lucy Liu Creates a Name for Herself in Art\". /. March 6, 2009. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poplifeart.com/blog/2009/03/actress-lucy-liu-creates-name-for.html","url_text":"\"Actress Lucy Liu Creates a Name for Herself in Art\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127075912/http://www.poplifeart.com/blog/2009/03/actress-lucy-liu-creates-name-for.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"antenna's up\". The Coast. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/antennas-up/Content?oid=958745","url_text":"\"antenna's up\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132508/http://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/antennas-up/Content?oid=958745","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Basel Player – Richard Phillips, December 11, 2007\". The New York Times Magazine blog. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/basel-player-richard-phillips/","url_text":"\"Basel Player – Richard Phillips, December 11, 2007\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205115924/http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/basel-player-richard-phillips/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu Exhibition Opening\". Getty Images. May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/actress-lucy-liu-leaves-six-friedrich-gallery-on-may-8-2008-news-photo/81028701","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu Exhibition Opening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images","url_text":"Getty Images"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040639/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/actress-lucy-liu-leaves-six-friedrich-gallery-on-may-8-2008-news-photo/81028701","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Von einer Leinwand zur anderen\". Gala. May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gala.de/stars/news/lucy-liu-von-einer-leinwand-zur-anderen_13032.html","url_text":"\"Von einer Leinwand zur anderen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110012910/http://www.gala.de/stars/news/lucy-liu-von-einer-leinwand-zur-anderen_13032.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu in München – Die Erotik eines Hollywood-Stars\". Süddeutsche Zeitung. May 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/lucy-liu-in-muenchen-die-erotik-eines-hollywood-stars-1.185530","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu in München – Die Erotik eines Hollywood-Stars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511205930/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/lucy-liu-in-muenchen-die-erotik-eines-hollywood-stars-1.185530","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Curio: Artist Yu Ling (a.k.a. Lucy Liu)\". Film Experience blog. June 29, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmexperience.blogspot.com/2010/06/curio-artist-yu-ling-aka-lucy-liu.html","url_text":"\"Curio: Artist Yu Ling (a.k.a. Lucy Liu)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619034448/http://filmexperience.blogspot.com/2010/06/curio-artist-yu-ling-aka-lucy-liu.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Steve (October 5, 2011). \"Fragments of Lucy Liu\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","url_text":"\"Fragments of Lucy Liu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302100937/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellen Stewart (May 17, 2013). \"Much More Than An Angel: Meet Lucy Liu The Artist\". MyDaily. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140414131717/http://www.mydaily.co.uk/2013/05/17/lucy-liu-manchester-gallery-exhibition-totem/","url_text":"\"Much More Than An Angel: Meet Lucy Liu The Artist\""},{"url":"http://www.mydaily.co.uk/2013/05/17/lucy-liu-manchester-gallery-exhibition-totem_n_3290735.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unhomed Belongings\". National Museum of Singapore. 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhb.gov.sg/nationalmuseum/our-exhibitions/exhibition-list/unhomed-belongings","url_text":"\"Unhomed Belongings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728042936/https://www.nhb.gov.sg/nationalmuseum/our-exhibitions/exhibition-list/unhomed-belongings","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucy Liu:what was\". Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyss.org/exhibitions/","url_text":"\"Lucy Liu:what was\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230320153343/https://nyss.org/exhibitions/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.lucyliu.net/","external_links_name":"www.lucyliu.net"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lucy+Liu%22","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lucy+Liu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lucy+Liu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lucy+Liu%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lucy+Liu%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lucy+Liu%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.who2.com/bio/lucy-liu/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105085443/https://www.who2.com/bio/lucy-liu/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/lucy-liu-from-jackson-heights-to-hollywood-lights/article_888cd6fe-9720-5252-ac80-6407885d8416.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu, from Jackson Heights to Hollywood lights\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230616023832/https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/lucy-liu-from-jackson-heights-to-hollywood-lights/article_888cd6fe-9720-5252-ac80-6407885d8416.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730075855/http://www.lindzi.com/features/INSTYLE_may12piece2.jpg","external_links_name":"\"what's NOW! PARTIES\""},{"Link":"http://www.lindzi.com/features/INSTYLE_may12piece2.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","external_links_name":"\"Fragments of Lucy Liu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302100937/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807124219/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/lucy-liu/biography.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu- Biography\""},{"Link":"https://movies.yahoo.com/person/lucy-liu/biography.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1001/S00479/hollywoods-lucy-liu-to-film-in-india.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood's Lucy Liu to film in India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223156/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1001/S00479/hollywoods-lucy-liu-to-film-in-india.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101117072458/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu-the-q-interview-542392.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu: The Q interview – Features, Films\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu-the-q-interview-542392.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101117010440/http://blog.mtvasia.com/2009/10/27/the-asian-faces-of-hollywood","external_links_name":"\"The Asian Faces of Hollywood\""},{"Link":"http://blog.mtvasia.com/2009/10/27/the-asian-faces-of-hollywood/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu--an-agent-of-change-855072.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu – an agent of change\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100219234929/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lucy-liu--an-agent-of-change-855072.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2008052078_appeopleliu.html","external_links_name":"\"Liu says 'Kung Fu Panda' is an improve adventure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622042909/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2008052078_appeopleliu.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807124219/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/lucy-liu/biography.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu- Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121005234758/https://www.hungertv.com/art-culture/feature/brush-with-fame-lucy-liu/","external_links_name":"\"Brush with Fame: Lucy Liu\""},{"Link":"http://www.hungertv.com/art-culture/feature/brush-with-fame-lucy-liu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120091404/http://www.mediablvd.com/magazine/the_news/celebrity/lucy_liu_and_shawn_ashmore_talk_about_%273_needles%27_20061206319.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu and Shawn Ashmore Talk about '3 Needles'\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediablvd.com/magazine/the_news/celebrity/lucy_liu_and_shawn_ashmore_talk_about_%273_needles%27_20061206319.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011706/https://www.latimesmagazine.com/2012/03/qla-lucy-liu.html","external_links_name":"\"Q+LA Lucy Liu\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimesmagazine.com/2012/03/qla-lucy-liu.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/13/movies/perks-pitfalls-ruthless-killer-role-lucy-liu-boosts-body-count-new-film.html","external_links_name":"\"The Perks and Pitfalls of a Ruthless-Killer Role; Lucy Liu Boosts the Body Count in New Film\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091110225410/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/13/movies/perks-pitfalls-ruthless-killer-role-lucy-liu-boosts-body-count-new-film.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiE_UHkFiqc","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu in the Hot Seat\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/OiE_UHkFiqc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.umich.edu/~umalumni/e-newsletters/e-TrueBlueSenior022003.html","external_links_name":"\"Before You Graduate The Basement await\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124709/http://www.umich.edu/~umalumni/e-newsletters/e-TrueBlueSenior022003.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070106023037/http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_10807.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Interview, CodeName The Cleaner\""},{"Link":"http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_10807.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/theater/scores-of-actors-flock-to-tryouts-for-ethnic-roles-in-miss-saigon.html","external_links_name":"\"Scores of Actors Flock to Tryouts For Ethnic Roles in 'Miss Saigon'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140417215221/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/theater/scores-of-actors-flock-to-tryouts-for-ethnic-roles-in-miss-saigon.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/11/theater/review-theater-outwitting-a-variety-of-demons.html","external_links_name":"\"Review/Theatre: Outwitting a Variety of Demons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419211359/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/11/theater/review-theater-outwitting-a-variety-of-demons.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232052/https://www.elitereaders.net/10-actors-we-didnt-recognize-in-their-first-movies/","external_links_name":"\"10 Actors We Didn't Recognize In Their First Movies\""},{"Link":"https://www.elitereaders.net/10-actors-we-didnt-recognize-in-their-first-movies/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/lucy-liu","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Emmy Award Winner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529132822/http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/lucy-liu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.unicefusa.org/partners/ambassadors/lucy-liu.html","external_links_name":"\"UNICEF\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140357/http://www.unicefusa.org/partners/ambassadors/lucy-liu.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1068204.html","external_links_name":"\"Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190331210037/https://www.rferl.org/a/1068204.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/liu%20shocked%20by%20ridiculous%20chinese%20aids%20cures_1014964","external_links_name":"\"Liu Shocked by Ridiculous Chinese AIDS 'Cures'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090113002216/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/liu%20shocked%20by%20ridiculous%20chinese%20aids%20cures_1014964","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/design/07armo.html","external_links_name":"\"Toplessness and Taxidermy in a Bottoming Market\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129191708/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/design/07armo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a1303/esq0506lucyliu-124/","external_links_name":"\"Painting By Numbers With Lucy Liu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124031/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a1303/esq0506lucyliu-124/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172439/http://www.gg-art.com/news/read.php?newsid=6434","external_links_name":"\"Acting out her art – CAN life be any more unfair?, January 24, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.gg-art.com/news/read.php?newsid=6434","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061126173246/http://www.mcmurry.com/about/about_news_release.asp?contentid=4741","external_links_name":"\"Auction of Lucy Liu's Artwork Raises More Than $330,000, October 17, 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcmurry.com/about/about_news_release.asp?contentid=4741","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124000/http://www.customcontentcouncil.com/news/auction-lucy-lius-artwork-raises-more-330000","external_links_name":"\"Custom Content Council\""},{"Link":"http://www.customcontentcouncil.com/news/auction-lucy-lius-artwork-raises-more-330000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/163-lucy-liu","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Charity Work, Events and Causes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120726110234/http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/163-lucy-liu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.redlightthemovie.com/credits.html","external_links_name":"\"Redlight The Movie Website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130402085314/http://www.redlightthemovie.com/credits.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_7uuFasVcc","external_links_name":"Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special presented by Lucy Liu — Part 1"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/R_7uuFasVcc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090319034358/http://www.ugo.com/lifestyle/sexy-vampires/?cur=sadie-blake&morepics=1","external_links_name":"\"Latest Men's Lifestyle Stories\""},{"Link":"http://www.ugo.com/lifestyle/sexy-vampires/?cur=sadie-blake&morepics=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826202654/http://www.empireonline.com/100sexiest/default.asp?star=96","external_links_name":"\"EimpireOnline.com EmpireOnline.com, 100 Sexiest Movie Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/100sexiest/default.asp?star=96","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.asianweek.com/2008/09/04/lucy-liu-talks-dirty/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Talks Dirty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080915050856/http://www.asianweek.com/2008/09/04/lucy-liu-talks-dirty/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/theater/news/2010-01-27-lucy-liu_N.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu set for Broadway's 'God of Carnage'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101107191618/http://www.usatoday.com/life/theater/news/2010-01-27-lucy-liu_N.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hrc.org/videos/category/c/videos-lucy-liu-for-hrcs-new-yorkers-for-marriage-equality","external_links_name":"Liu profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120725010753/http://www.hrc.org/videos/category/c//videos-lucy-liu-for-hrcs-new-yorkers-for-marriage-equality","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014093519/https://www.heinz.com/sustainability/heinz-micronutrient-campaign.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Heinz Micronutrient Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.heinz.com/sustainability/heinz-micronutrient-campaign.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2012/02/27/lucy-liu-cast-as-watson-in-sherlock-holmes-based-pilot/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu cast as Watson in Sherlock Holmes–based pilot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163132/https://ew.com/article/2012/02/27/lucy-liu-cast-as-watson-in-sherlock-holmes-based-pilot/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/southland-lucy-liu_n_1302568","external_links_name":"\"'Southland' Scoop: Which Cop Is Not Coming Back?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015327/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/southland-lucy-liu_n_1302568","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-choice-awards-homeland-community-338834?page=2","external_links_name":"\"Critics' Choice TV Awards 2012: 'Homeland' Wins Best Drama, 'Community' Nabs Best Comedy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028054126/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-choice-awards-homeland-community-338834?page=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/graceland-lucy-liu-directs-first-812016","external_links_name":"\"'Graceland' First Look: Lucy Liu Steps Behind the Camera (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221302/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/graceland-lucy-liu-directs-first-812016","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/susancheng/lucy-liu-directing-luke-cage","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Is Directing The 'Luke Cage' Season 2 Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170712011229/https://www.buzzfeed.com/susancheng/lucy-liu-directing-luke-cage","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thebullitts.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About The Bullitts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120723235650/http://www.thebullitts.com/about.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2011/08/04/lucy-liu-performs-the-bullitts/","external_links_name":"\"Actress Lucy Liu performs (well, narrates) with UK group The Bullitts: Watch here\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163129/https://ew.com/article/2011/08/04/lucy-liu-performs-the-bullitts/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2013/20130628.html","external_links_name":"\"Latest Academy News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130701193455/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2013/20130628.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lucy-liu-snoop-dogg-james-franco-future-world-1201779260/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu, Snoop Dogg Join James Franco's 'Future World'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075412/https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lucy-liu-snoop-dogg-james-franco-future-world-1201779260/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.silverkris.com/interview-lucy-liu-art-acting-identity/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Lucy Liu on art, acting and identity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195630/https://www.silverkris.com/interview-lucy-liu-art-acting-identity/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lucy-liu-artsy/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu on making art to find a sense of belonging\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118170539/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lucy-liu-artsy/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lucy-liu-joins-helen-mirren-in-shazam-sequel","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Joins Helen Mirren in 'Shazam!' Sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412170414/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lucy-liu-joins-helen-mirren-in-shazam-sequel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/strange-world-jennifer-lee-baymax-zootopia-1235297289/","external_links_name":"\"Jake Gyllenhaal Joined by Dennis Quaid, Lucy Liu, Gabrielle Union in Disney's 'Strange World'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707114734/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/strange-world-jennifer-lee-baymax-zootopia-1235297289/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/dwayne-johnson-chris-evans-lucy-liu-red-one-amazon-1235142902/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu To Star Opposite Dwayne Johnson & Chris Evans In Prime Video's Holiday Pic 'Red One'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024213705/https://deadline.com/2022/10/dwayne-johnson-chris-evans-lucy-liu-red-one-amazon-1235142902/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125123302/https://asianjournalusa.com/lucy-liu-award-winning-actress-and-vegetarian/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu: Award-Winning Actress And Vegetarian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125122844/https://www.womenshealthmag.com/uk/health/g38105742/lucy-liu-health-habits/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu's Fitness Routine and Wellness Habits Aren't Crazy Tough\""},{"Link":"http://www.committee100.org/aboutus/aboutus_members.php?start=50&pn=7&sort=ln&dis=25","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116114730/http://www.committee100.org/aboutus/aboutus_members.php?start=50&pn=7&sort=ln&dis=25","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-celebrates-sons-5th-birthday/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Celebrates Son Rockwell's 5th Birthday with Rare Photo: 'He Is a Rainbow of Light'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002751/https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-celebrates-sons-5th-birthday/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/lucy-liu-welcomes-baby-son-via-gestational-surrogate-first-picture-2015278","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Welcomes Son Rockwell Lloyd Liu Via Gestational Surrogate: First Picture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829091716/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/lucy-liu-welcomes-baby-son-via-gestational-surrogate-first-picture-2015278/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-gestational-surrogate-son-rockwell/","external_links_name":"\"Why Lucy Liu Chose Gestational Surrogacy: It Was the 'Best Solution for Me'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231437/https://people.com/parents/lucy-liu-gestational-surrogate-son-rockwell/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.today.com/parents/moms/lucy-liu-shares-meaning-son-rockwells-name-rcna38399","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu reveals for the first time the meaning behind her son's name\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923022551/https://www.today.com/parents/moms/lucy-liu-shares-meaning-son-rockwells-name-rcna38399","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newnownext.com/tylenol-celebrates-an-inclusive-mothers-day-with-howwefamily-ad/05/2016/","external_links_name":"\"Tylenol Celebrates An Inclusive Mother's Day With #HowWeFamily Ad\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829093209/http://www.newnownext.com/tylenol-celebrates-an-inclusive-mothers-day-with-howwefamily-ad/05/2016/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.sky.com/story/52073/lucy-lius-breast-cancer-scare","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu's Breast Cancer Scare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012002351/http://news.sky.com/story/52073/lucy-lius-breast-cancer-scare","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Lucy-Liu/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu (visual voices guide)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/2024-sundance-film-festival-lineup-movies-1235652869/","external_links_name":"\"Sundance Unveils Packed 2024 Lineup That Includes A.I., Pedro Pascal, Kristen Stewart, Satan, Devo & Steven Yeun\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240111194042/https://deadline.com/2023/12/2024-sundance-film-festival-lineup-movies-1235652869/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/02/lucy-liu-to-star-in-why-women-kill-on-cbs-all-access-1202554856/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu To Star In 'Why Women Kill' On CBS All Access\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190211235143/https://deadline.com/2019/02/lucy-liu-to-star-in-why-women-kill-on-cbs-all-access-1202554856/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-visions-trailer-and-cast","external_links_name":"\"Stunning New Star Wars: Visions Trailer Debuts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817133220/https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-visions-trailer-and-cast","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/ali-wong-lucy-liu-netflix-jentry-chau-vs-the-underworld-1235362867/","external_links_name":"\"Ali Wong to Lead 'Jentry Chau vs. the Underworld' Animated Series for Netflix\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/21-years-quentin-tarantino-director-reclaims-rights-1203137946/","external_links_name":"\"Director Reclaims Rights to Documentary '21 Years: Quentin Tarantino' (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200114014833/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/21-years-quentin-tarantino-director-reclaims-rights-1203137946/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/2022/film/news/orlando-bloom-sofia-carson-lucy-liu-unicef-if-you-have-ben-proudfoot-1235233774/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Orlando Bloom, Sofia Carson and Lucy Liu Sign on to Ben Proudfoot's UNICEF's If You Have\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419232914/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/orlando-bloom-sofia-carson-lucy-liu-unicef-if-you-have-ben-proudfoot-1235233774/amp/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.poplifeart.com/blog/2009/03/actress-lucy-liu-creates-name-for.html","external_links_name":"\"Actress Lucy Liu Creates a Name for Herself in Art\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127075912/http://www.poplifeart.com/blog/2009/03/actress-lucy-liu-creates-name-for.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/antennas-up/Content?oid=958745","external_links_name":"\"antenna's up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132508/http://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/antennas-up/Content?oid=958745","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/basel-player-richard-phillips/","external_links_name":"\"Basel Player – Richard Phillips, December 11, 2007\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205115924/http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/basel-player-richard-phillips/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/actress-lucy-liu-leaves-six-friedrich-gallery-on-may-8-2008-news-photo/81028701","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu Exhibition Opening\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040639/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/actress-lucy-liu-leaves-six-friedrich-gallery-on-may-8-2008-news-photo/81028701","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gala.de/stars/news/lucy-liu-von-einer-leinwand-zur-anderen_13032.html","external_links_name":"\"Von einer Leinwand zur anderen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140110012910/http://www.gala.de/stars/news/lucy-liu-von-einer-leinwand-zur-anderen_13032.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/lucy-liu-in-muenchen-die-erotik-eines-hollywood-stars-1.185530","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu in München – Die Erotik eines Hollywood-Stars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511205930/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/lucy-liu-in-muenchen-die-erotik-eines-hollywood-stars-1.185530","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://filmexperience.blogspot.com/2010/06/curio-artist-yu-ling-aka-lucy-liu.html","external_links_name":"\"Curio: Artist Yu Ling (a.k.a. Lucy Liu)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619034448/http://filmexperience.blogspot.com/2010/06/curio-artist-yu-ling-aka-lucy-liu.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","external_links_name":"\"Fragments of Lucy Liu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302100937/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/oct/05/lucy-liu-art-exhibition","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140414131717/http://www.mydaily.co.uk/2013/05/17/lucy-liu-manchester-gallery-exhibition-totem/","external_links_name":"\"Much More Than An Angel: Meet Lucy Liu The Artist\""},{"Link":"http://www.mydaily.co.uk/2013/05/17/lucy-liu-manchester-gallery-exhibition-totem_n_3290735.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nhb.gov.sg/nationalmuseum/our-exhibitions/exhibition-list/unhomed-belongings","external_links_name":"\"Unhomed Belongings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728042936/https://www.nhb.gov.sg/nationalmuseum/our-exhibitions/exhibition-list/unhomed-belongings","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nyss.org/exhibitions/","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Liu:what was\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230320153343/https://nyss.org/exhibitions/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lucyliu.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005154/","external_links_name":"Lucy Liu"},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/bios/lucy-liu","external_links_name":"Lucy Liu"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/lucy-liu/206329468","external_links_name":"Lucy Liu"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/451717/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011497391X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/117477415","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGT9yCbWF7YcVKgMp9Dq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2022912","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1599733","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14039247q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14039247q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511323606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131731513","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007425244605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00031786","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0041135&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an41137992","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020K9629","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p25113380X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812423468505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/bios/lucy-liu","external_links_name":"Emmy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/42bfb05a-4982-4704-a31e-7c47822f9f2e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/-3-KyFOBb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/088520536","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_speed_control
Electronic speed control
["1 Function","2 Classification","3 ESC firmware","4 Vehicle applications","4.1 Electric cars","4.2 Electric bicycles","5 Remote control applications","5.1 Cars","5.2 Helicopters","5.3 Airplanes","5.4 Boats","5.5 Quadcopters","5.6 Model trains","6 See also","7 References"]
Electronic circuit that control motor speed Not to be confused with Motor controller. For other uses, see ESC. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Electronic speed control" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An electronic speed control (ESC) is an electronic circuit that controls and regulates the speed of an electric motor. It may also provide reversing of the motor and dynamic braking. Miniature electronic speed controls are used in electrically powered radio controlled models. Full-size electric vehicles also have systems to control the speed of their drive motors. Function An electronic speed control follows a speed reference signal (derived from a throttle lever, joystick, or other manual input) and varies the switching rate of a network of field effect transistors (FETs). By adjusting the duty cycle or switching frequency of the transistors, the speed of the motor is changed. The rapid switching of the current flowing through the motor is what causes the motor itself to emit its characteristic high-pitched whine, especially noticeable at lower speeds. Different types of speed controls are required for brushed DC motors and brushless DC motors. A brushed motor can have its speed controlled by varying the voltage on its armature. (Industrially, motors with electromagnet field windings instead of permanent magnets can also have their speed controlled by adjusting the strength of the motor field current.) A brushless motor requires a different operating principle. The speed of the motor is varied by adjusting the timing of pulses of current delivered to the several windings of the motor. A generic ESC module rated at 35 amperes with an integrated eliminator circuit Brushless ESC systems basically create three-phase AC power, like a variable frequency drive, to run brushless motors. Brushless motors are popular with radio controlled airplane hobbyists because of their efficiency, power, longevity and light weight in comparison to traditional brushed motors. Brushless DC motor controllers are much more complicated than brushed motor controllers. The correct phase of the current fed to the motor varies with the motor rotation, which is to be taken into account by the ESC: Usually, back EMF from the motor windings is used to detect this rotation, but variations exist that use separate magnetic (Hall effect) sensors or optical detectors. Computer-programmable speed controls generally have user-specified options which allow setting low voltage cut-off limits, timing, acceleration, braking and direction of rotation. Reversing the motor's direction may also be accomplished by switching any two of the three leads from the ESC to the motor. Classification ESCs are normally rated according to maximum current, for example, 25 amperes (25 A). Generally the higher the rating, the larger and heavier the ESC tends to be, which is a factor when calculating mass and balance in airplanes. Many modern ESCs support nickel metal hydride, lithium ion polymer and lithium iron phosphate batteries with a range of input and cut-off voltages. The type of battery and number of cells connected is an important consideration when choosing a battery eliminator circuit (BEC), whether built into the controller or as a stand-alone unit. A higher number of cells connected will result in a reduced power rating and therefore a lower number of servos supported by an integrated BEC, if it uses a linear voltage regulator. A well designed BEC using a switching regulator should not have a similar limitation. ESC firmware Most modern ESCs contain a microcontroller interpreting the input signal and appropriately controlling the motor using a built-in program, or firmware. In some cases it is possible to change the factory built-in firmware for an alternate, publicly available, open source firmware. This is done generally to adapt the ESC to a particular application. Some ESCs are factory built with the capability of user upgradable firmware. Others require soldering to connect a programmer. ESC are usually sold as black boxes with proprietary firmware. As of 2014, a Swedish engineer named Benjamin Vedder started an open source ESC project later called VESC. The VESC project has since attracted attention for its advanced customization options and relatively reasonable build price compared to other high end ESCs. Vehicle applications Electric cars Large, high-current ESCs are used in electric cars, such as the Nissan Leaf, Tesla Roadster (2008), Model S, Model X, Model 3, and the Chevrolet Bolt. The energy draw is usually measured in kilowatts (the Nissan Leaf, for instance, uses a 160 kW motor that produces up to 340 Nm torque ). Most mass-produced electric cars feature ESCs that capture energy when the car coasts or brakes, using the motor as a generator and slowing the car down. The captured energy is used to charge the batteries and thus extend the driving range of the car (this is known as regenerative braking). In some vehicles, such as those produced by Tesla, this can be used to slow down so effectively that the car's conventional brakes are only needed at very low speeds (the motor braking effect diminishes as the speed is reduced). In others, such as the Nissan Leaf, there is only a slight "drag" effect when coasting, and the ESC modulates the energy capture in tandem with the conventional brakes to bring the car to a stop. ESCs used in mass-produced electric cars usually have reversing capability, allowing the motor to run in both directions. The car may only have one gear ratio, and the motor simply runs in the opposite direction to make the car go in reverse. Some electric cars with DC motors also have this feature, using an electrical switch to reverse the direction of the motor, but others run the motor in the same direction all the time and use a traditional manual or automatic transmission to reverse direction (usually this is easier, since the vehicle used for the conversion already has the transmission, and the electric motor is simply installed in place of the original engine). Electric bicycles Electronic bicycle A motor used in an electric bicycle application requires high initial torque and therefore uses Hall effect sensors for speed measurement. Electric bicycle controllers generally use brake application sensors and pedal rotation sensors, and provide potentiometer-adjustable motor speed, closed-loop speed control for precise speed regulation, protection logic for over-voltage, over-current, and thermal protection. Sometimes pedal torque sensors are used to enable motor assistance proportional to applied torque and sometimes support is provided for regenerative braking; however, infrequent braking and the low mass of bicycles limit recovered energy. An implementation is described in a whitepaper by Zilog on an ebike hub motor controller for a 200 W, 24 V brushless DC electric (BLDC) motor. P.A.S or PAS may appear within the list of components of electric conversion kits for bicycles, which implies Pedal Assistance Sensor or sometimes Pulse Pedal Assistance Sensor. Pulse usually relates to a magnet and sensor which measures the rotational velocity of the crank. Pedal pressure sensors under the feet are possible but not common. Remote control applications An ESC can be a stand-alone unit which plugs into the receiver's throttle control channel or incorporated into the receiver itself, as is the case in most toy-grade R/C vehicles. Some R/C manufacturers that install proprietary hobby-grade electronics in their entry-level vehicles, vessels or aircraft use onboard electronics that combine the two on a single circuit board. Electronic speed controls for model RC vehicles may incorporate a battery eliminator circuit to regulate voltage for the receiver, removing the need for separate receiver batteries. The regulator may be linear or switched mode. ESCs, in a broader sense, are PWM controllers for electric motors. The ESC generally accepts a nominal 50 Hz PWM servo input signal whose pulse width varies from 1 ms to 2 ms. When supplied with a 1 ms width pulse at 50 Hz, the ESC responds by turning off the motor attached to its output. A 1.5 ms pulse-width input signal drives the motor at approximately half-speed. When presented with 2.0 ms input signal, the motor runs at full speed. Cars ESCs designed for sport use in cars generally have reversing capability; newer sport controls can have the reversing ability overridden so that it can not be used in a race. Controls designed specifically for racing and even some sport controls have the added advantage of dynamic braking capability. The ESC forces the motor to act as a generator by placing an electrical load across the armature. This in turn makes the armature harder to turn, thus slowing or stopping the model. Some controllers add the benefit of regenerative braking. Helicopters Drone ESCs designed for radio-control helicopters do not require a braking feature (since the one-way bearing would render it useless anyhow) nor do they require reverse direction (although it can be helpful since the motor wires can often be difficult to access and change once installed). Many high-end helicopter ESCs provide a "governor mode" which fixes the motor RPM to a set speed, greatly aiding CCPM-based flight. It is also used in quadcopters. Airplanes ESCs designed for radio-control airplanes usually contain a few safety features. If the power coming from the battery is insufficient to continue running the electric motor, the ESC will reduce or cut off power to the motor while allowing continued use of ailerons, rudder and elevator function. This allows the pilot to retain control of the airplane to glide or fly on low power to safety. Boats ESCs designed for boats are by necessity waterproof. The watertight structure is significantly different from that of non-marine type ESCs, with a more packed air trapping enclosure. Thus arises the need to cool the motor and ESC effectively to prevent rapid failure. Most marine-grade ESCs are cooled by circulated water run by the motor, or negative propeller vacuum near the drive shaft output. Like car ESCs, boat ESCs have braking and reverse capability. Quadcopters Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC) are an essential component of modern quadcopters (and all multirotors), offering high power, high frequency, high resolution 3-phase AC power to a motor in an extremely compact miniature package. These craft depend entirely on the variable speed of the motors driving the propellers. Fine speed control over a wide range in motor/prop speed gives all of the control necessary for a quadcopter (and all multirotors) to fly. Quadcopter ESCs usually can use a faster update rate compared to the standard 50 Hz signal used in most other RC applications. A variety of ESC protocols beyond PWM are utilized for modern-day multirotors, including, Oneshot42, Oneshot125, Multishot, and DShot. DShot is a digital protocol that offers certain advantages over classical analog control, such as higher resolution, CRC checksums, and lack of oscillator drift (removing the need for calibration). Modern day ESC protocols can communicate at speeds of 37.5 kHz or greater, with a DSHOT2400 frame only taking 6.5 μs. Model trains Most electric model trains are powered by electricity transported by the rails or by an overhead wire to the vehicle and so the electronic speed control does not have to be on board. This is however not the case for model trains with digital steering systems allowing multiple trains to run on the same track with different speed at the same time. See also Electronic control unit, automotive electronics control system JST connector, family of electric connectors Motor controller, used for electric motor performance coordination References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic Speed Control. ^ An Electronic Speed Control Primer ^ RC Models Wiz: Essential Guide to Electric Speed Control Systems. ^ A custom BLDC motor controller (a custom ESC) ^ https://www.vesc-project.com/ Archived 2019-10-21 at the Wayback Machine The VESC Project ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-11-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) application note ^ Zilog, Inc (2008). "Electric Bike BLDC Hub Motor Control" (PDF). Zilog, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-16. ^ USA Patent 5992553 ^ What is DShot ESC Protocol ^ KISS ESC 3-6S 32A (45A limit) - 32bit brushless Motor Ctrl | Flyduino
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motor controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_controller"},{"link_name":"ESC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESC_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"electronic circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"dynamic braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brake"},{"link_name":"radio controlled models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_controlled_model"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Motor controller.For other uses, see ESC.An electronic speed control (ESC) is an electronic circuit that controls and regulates the speed of an electric motor. It may also provide reversing of the motor and dynamic braking.\nMiniature electronic speed controls are used in electrically powered radio controlled models. Full-size electric vehicles also have systems to control the speed of their drive motors.","title":"Electronic speed control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field effect transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_effect_transistor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"adjusting the duty cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation"},{"link_name":"brushed DC motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_DC_motor"},{"link_name":"brushless DC motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_motor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESC_35A.jpg"},{"link_name":"three-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"variable frequency drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_frequency_drive"},{"link_name":"brushless motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_motor"},{"link_name":"radio controlled airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_controlled_airplane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"back EMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_EMF"},{"link_name":"Hall effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect"}],"text":"An electronic speed control follows a speed reference signal (derived from a throttle lever, joystick, or other manual input) and varies the switching rate of a network of field effect transistors (FETs).[1] By adjusting the duty cycle or switching frequency of the transistors, the speed of the motor is changed. The rapid switching of the current flowing through the motor is what causes the motor itself to emit its characteristic high-pitched whine, especially noticeable at lower speeds.Different types of speed controls are required for brushed DC motors and brushless DC motors. A brushed motor can have its speed controlled by varying the voltage on its armature. (Industrially, motors with electromagnet field windings instead of permanent magnets can also have their speed controlled by adjusting the strength of the motor field current.) A brushless motor requires a different operating principle. The speed of the motor is varied by adjusting the timing of pulses of current delivered to the several windings of the motor.A generic ESC module rated at 35 amperes with an integrated eliminator circuitBrushless ESC systems basically create three-phase AC power, like a variable frequency drive, to run brushless motors. Brushless motors are popular with radio controlled airplane hobbyists because of their efficiency, power, longevity and light weight in comparison to traditional brushed motors. Brushless DC motor controllers are much more complicated than brushed motor controllers.[2]The correct phase of the current fed to the motor varies with the motor rotation, which is to be taken into account by the ESC: Usually, back EMF from the motor windings is used to detect this rotation, but variations exist that use separate magnetic (Hall effect) sensors or optical detectors. Computer-programmable speed controls generally have user-specified options which allow setting low voltage cut-off limits, timing, acceleration, braking and direction of rotation. Reversing the motor's direction may also be accomplished by switching any two of the three leads from the ESC to the motor.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"amperes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"nickel metal hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_metal_hydride"},{"link_name":"lithium ion polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_polymer"},{"link_name":"lithium iron phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate"},{"link_name":"battery eliminator circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_eliminator_circuit"}],"text":"ESCs are normally rated according to maximum current, for example, 25 amperes (25 A). Generally the higher the rating, the larger and heavier the ESC tends to be, which is a factor when calculating mass and balance in airplanes. Many modern ESCs support nickel metal hydride, lithium ion polymer and lithium iron phosphate batteries with a range of input and cut-off voltages. The type of battery and number of cells connected is an important consideration when choosing a battery eliminator circuit (BEC), whether built into the controller or as a stand-alone unit. A higher number of cells connected will result in a reduced power rating and therefore a lower number of servos supported by an integrated BEC, if it uses a linear voltage regulator. A well designed BEC using a switching regulator should not have a similar limitation.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"VESC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedder_Electronic_Speed_Controller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Most modern ESCs contain a microcontroller interpreting the input signal and appropriately controlling the motor using a built-in program, or firmware. In some cases it is possible to change the factory built-in firmware for an alternate, publicly available, open source firmware. This is done generally to adapt the ESC to a particular application. Some ESCs are factory built with the capability of user upgradable firmware. Others require soldering to connect a programmer. ESC are usually sold as black boxes with proprietary firmware. As of 2014, a Swedish engineer named Benjamin Vedder started an open source ESC project later called VESC.[3] The VESC project has since attracted attention for its advanced customization options and relatively reasonable build price compared to other high end ESCs.[4]","title":"ESC firmware"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vehicle applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nissan Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leaf"},{"link_name":"Tesla Roadster (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)"},{"link_name":"Model S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S"},{"link_name":"Model X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X"},{"link_name":"Model 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake"}],"sub_title":"Electric cars","text":"Large, high-current ESCs are used in electric cars, such as the Nissan Leaf, Tesla Roadster (2008), Model S, Model X, Model 3, and the Chevrolet Bolt. The energy draw is usually measured in kilowatts (the Nissan Leaf, for instance, uses a 160 kW motor that produces up to 340 Nm torque ). Most mass-produced electric cars feature ESCs that capture energy when the car coasts or brakes, using the motor as a generator and slowing the car down. The captured energy is used to charge the batteries and thus extend the driving range of the car (this is known as regenerative braking). In some vehicles, such as those produced by Tesla, this can be used to slow down so effectively that the car's conventional brakes are only needed at very low speeds (the motor braking effect diminishes as the speed is reduced). In others, such as the Nissan Leaf, there is only a slight \"drag\" effect when coasting, and the ESC modulates the energy capture in tandem with the conventional brakes to bring the car to a stop.ESCs used in mass-produced electric cars usually have reversing capability, allowing the motor to run in both directions. The car may only have one gear ratio, and the motor simply runs in the opposite direction to make the car go in reverse. Some electric cars with DC motors also have this feature, using an electrical switch to reverse the direction of the motor, but others run the motor in the same direction all the time and use a traditional manual or automatic transmission to reverse direction (usually this is easier, since the vehicle used for the conversion already has the transmission, and the electric motor is simply installed in place of the original engine).","title":"Vehicle applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datteln_-_KF2011_-_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe_21_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"electric bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle"},{"link_name":"Hall effect sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect_sensors"},{"link_name":"closed-loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory#Closed-loop_transfer_function"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"brushless DC electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElectricBikeBLDCHubMotorControl-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Electric bicycles","text":"Electronic bicycleA motor used in an electric bicycle application requires high initial torque and therefore uses Hall effect sensors for speed measurement. Electric bicycle controllers generally use brake application sensors and pedal rotation sensors, and provide potentiometer-adjustable motor speed, closed-loop speed control for precise speed regulation, protection logic for over-voltage, over-current, and thermal protection. Sometimes pedal torque sensors are used to enable motor assistance proportional to applied torque and sometimes support is provided for regenerative braking; however, infrequent braking and the low mass of bicycles limit recovered energy. An implementation is described in a whitepaper by Zilog on an ebike hub motor controller[5] for a 200 W, 24 V brushless DC electric (BLDC) motor.[6]P.A.S or PAS may appear within the list of components of electric conversion kits for bicycles, which implies Pedal Assistance Sensor or sometimes Pulse Pedal Assistance Sensor. Pulse usually relates to a magnet and sensor which measures the rotational velocity of the crank. Pedal pressure sensors under the feet are possible but not common.[7]","title":"Vehicle applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_board"},{"link_name":"battery eliminator circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_eliminator_circuit"},{"link_name":"receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulator"},{"link_name":"switched mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_regulator"},{"link_name":"PWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation"}],"text":"An ESC can be a stand-alone unit which plugs into the receiver's throttle control channel or incorporated into the receiver itself, as is the case in most toy-grade R/C vehicles. Some R/C manufacturers that install proprietary hobby-grade electronics in their entry-level vehicles, vessels or aircraft use onboard electronics that combine the two on a single circuit board.Electronic speed controls for model RC vehicles may incorporate a battery eliminator circuit to regulate voltage for the receiver, removing the need for separate receiver batteries. The regulator may be linear or switched mode. ESCs, in a broader sense, are PWM controllers for electric motors. The ESC generally accepts a nominal 50 Hz PWM servo input signal whose pulse width varies from 1 ms to 2 ms. When supplied with a 1 ms width pulse at 50 Hz, the ESC responds by turning off the motor attached to its output. A 1.5 ms pulse-width input signal drives the motor at approximately half-speed. When presented with 2.0 ms input signal, the motor runs at full speed.","title":"Remote control applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled_car"},{"link_name":"generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator"},{"link_name":"armature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_braking"}],"sub_title":"Cars","text":"ESCs designed for sport use in cars generally have reversing capability; newer sport controls can have the reversing ability overridden so that it can not be used in a race. Controls designed specifically for racing and even some sport controls have the added advantage of dynamic braking capability. The ESC forces the motor to act as a generator by placing an electrical load across the armature. This in turn makes the armature harder to turn, thus slowing or stopping the model. Some controllers add the benefit of regenerative braking.","title":"Remote control applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remote_controlled_flying_machine_with_four_helicopter_blades.jpg"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)"},{"link_name":"CCPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic/collective_pitch_mixing"}],"sub_title":"Helicopters","text":"DroneESCs designed for radio-control helicopters do not require a braking feature (since the one-way bearing would render it useless anyhow) nor do they require reverse direction (although it can be helpful since the motor wires can often be difficult to access and change once installed).Many high-end helicopter ESCs provide a \"governor mode\" which fixes the motor RPM to a set speed, greatly aiding CCPM-based flight. It is also used in quadcopters.","title":"Remote control applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailerons"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"glide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_(flight)"}],"sub_title":"Airplanes","text":"ESCs designed for radio-control airplanes usually contain a few safety features. If the power coming from the battery is insufficient to continue running the electric motor, the ESC will reduce or cut off power to the motor while allowing continued use of ailerons, rudder and elevator function. This allows the pilot to retain control of the airplane to glide or fly on low power to safety.","title":"Remote control applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Boats","text":"ESCs designed for boats are by necessity waterproof. The watertight structure is significantly different from that of non-marine type ESCs, with a more packed air trapping enclosure. Thus arises the need to cool the motor and ESC effectively to prevent rapid failure. Most marine-grade ESCs are cooled by circulated water run by the motor, or negative propeller vacuum near the drive shaft output. Like car ESCs, boat ESCs have braking and reverse capability.","title":"Remote control applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Quadcopters","text":"Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC) are an essential component of modern quadcopters (and all multirotors), offering high power, high frequency, high resolution 3-phase AC power to a motor in an extremely compact miniature package. These craft depend entirely on the variable speed of the motors driving the propellers. Fine speed control over a wide range in motor/prop speed gives all of the control necessary for a quadcopter (and all multirotors) to fly.Quadcopter ESCs usually can use a faster update rate compared to the standard 50 Hz signal used in most other RC applications. A variety of ESC protocols beyond PWM are utilized for modern-day multirotors, including, Oneshot42, Oneshot125, Multishot, and DShot. DShot is a digital protocol that offers certain advantages over classical analog control, such as higher resolution, CRC checksums, and lack of oscillator drift (removing the need for calibration). Modern day ESC protocols can communicate at speeds of 37.5 kHz or greater, with a DSHOT2400 frame only taking 6.5 μs.[8][9]","title":"Remote control applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Model trains","text":"Most electric model trains are powered by electricity transported by the rails or by an overhead wire to the vehicle and so the electronic speed control does not have to be on board. This is however not the case for model trains with digital steering systems allowing multiple trains to run on the same track with different speed at the same time.","title":"Remote control applications"}]
[{"image_text":"A generic ESC module rated at 35 amperes with an integrated eliminator circuit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ESC_35A.jpg/220px-ESC_35A.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electronic bicycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Datteln_-_KF2011_-_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe_21_ies.jpg/100px-Datteln_-_KF2011_-_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe_21_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Remote_controlled_flying_machine_with_four_helicopter_blades.jpg/200px-Remote_controlled_flying_machine_with_four_helicopter_blades.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Electronic control unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_control_unit"},{"title":"JST connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JST_connector"},{"title":"Motor controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_controller"}]
[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160416/http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zilog, Inc (2008). \"Electric Bike BLDC Hub Motor Control\" (PDF). Zilog, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160416/http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","url_text":"\"Electric Bike BLDC Hub Motor Control\""},{"url":"http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electronic+speed+control%22","external_links_name":"\"Electronic speed control\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electronic+speed+control%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electronic+speed+control%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electronic+speed+control%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electronic+speed+control%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electronic+speed+control%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.stefanv.com/electronics/escprimer.html","external_links_name":"An Electronic Speed Control Primer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150818144845/http://www.rcmodelswiz.co.uk/electronic-speed-controllers-esc/","external_links_name":"RC Models Wiz: Essential Guide to Electric Speed Control Systems."},{"Link":"http://vedder.se/2014/01/a-custom-bldc-motor-controller//","external_links_name":"A custom BLDC motor controller (a custom ESC)"},{"Link":"https://www.vesc-project.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.vesc-project.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021025500/https://www.vesc-project.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160416/http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160416/http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Electric Bike BLDC Hub Motor Control\""},{"Link":"http://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181644/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/51547130/Pedal-Power-Sensor-And-Human-Powered-Vehicle-Drive-Augmentation-Responsive-To-Cyclic-Pedal-Power-Input---Patent-5992553","external_links_name":"USA Patent 5992553"},{"Link":"https://oscarliang.com/dshot/","external_links_name":"What is DShot ESC Protocol"},{"Link":"https://www.flyduino.net/en_US/shop/product/pr2200-kiss-esc-2-6s-32a-32bit-brushless-motor-ctrl-2961","external_links_name":"KISS ESC 3-6S 32A (45A limit) - 32bit brushless Motor Ctrl | Flyduino"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoprotectant
Cryoprotectant
["1 Mechanism","1.1 Glass transition temperature","1.2 Toxicity","2 Conventional","3 Examples in nature","3.1 Insects","3.2 Amphibians","4 Food preservation","5 Common","6 See also","7 References"]
Substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve living materials in the study of biology and to preserve food products. For years, glycerol has been used in cryobiology as a cryoprotectant for blood cells and bull sperm, allowing storage in liquid nitrogen at temperatures around −196 °C. However, glycerol cannot be used to protect whole organs from damage. Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible the bulk cryogenic storage (or "banking") of transplantable human and xenobiotic organs. A substantial step in that direction has already occurred. Twenty-First Century Medicine has vitrified a rabbit kidney to -135 °C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney. Mechanism Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute concentration in cells. However, in order to be biologically viable they must easily penetrate and must not be toxic to cells. Glass transition temperature Some cryoprotectants function by lowering the glass transition temperature of a solution or of a material. In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming hydrogen bonds with biological molecules as water molecules are displaced. Hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions is important for proper protein and DNA function. Thus, as the cryoprotectant replaces the water molecules, the biological material retains its native physiological structure and function, although they are no longer immersed in an aqueous environment. This preservation strategy is most often utilized in anhydrobiosis. Toxicity Mixtures of cryoprotectants have less toxicity and are more effective than single-agent cryoprotectants. A mixture of formamide with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), propylene glycol, and a colloid was for many years the most effective of all artificially created cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant mixtures have been used for vitrification (i.e. solidification without crystal ice formation). Vitrification has important applications in preserving embryos, biological tissues and organs for transplant. Vitrification is also used in cryonics, in an effort to eliminate freezing damage. Conventional Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols (alcohols containing at least two hydroxyl groups), such as ethylene glycol , propylene glycol and glycerol. Ethylene glycol is commonly used as automobile antifreeze; while propylene glycol has been used to reduce ice formation in ice cream. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is also regarded as a conventional cryoprotectant. Glycerol and DMSO have been used for decades by cryobiologists to reduce ice formation in sperm, oocytes, and embryos that are cold-preserved in liquid nitrogen. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that involves conventional cryoprotectants to store genetic material with the intention of future revival. Trehalose is non-reducing sugar produced by yeasts and insects in copious amounts. Its use as a cryoprotectant in commercial systems has been patented widely. Examples in nature Arctic fish use antifreeze proteins, sometimes appended with sugars, as cryoprotectants. Insects Further information: Antifreeze protein and Threitol Insects most often use sugars or polyols as cryoprotectants. One species that uses cryoprotectant is Polistes exclamans (a wasp). In this species, the different levels of cryoprotectant can be used to distinguish between morphologies. Amphibians Cold-adapted arctic frogs, such as wood frogs, and some other ectotherms in polar and subpolar regions naturally produce glucose, but southern brown tree frogs and Arctic salamanders create glycerol in their livers to reduce ice formation. When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts of glucose are released at low temperature and a special form of insulin allows for this extra glucose to enter the cells. When the frog rewarms during spring, the extra glucose must be rapidly eliminated, but stored. Food preservation Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve foods. These compounds are typically sugars that are inexpensive and do not pose any toxicity concerns. For example, many (raw) frozen chicken products contain a sucrose and sodium phosphates solution in water. Common DMSO Ethylene glycol Glycerol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) Propylene glycol Sucrose Trehalose Heavy water See also Antifreeze protein Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources Cryoconservation of plant genetic resources Cryopreservation Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates) List of emerging technologies Lyophilization References ^ Fahy GM; Wowk B; Pagotan R; Chang A; et al. (2009). "Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification". Organogenesis. 5 (3): 167–175. doi:10.4161/org.5.3.9974. PMC 2781097. PMID 20046680. ^ Best, BP (2015). "Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions". Rejuvenation Research. 18 (5): 422–436. doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1656. PMC 4620521. PMID 25826677. ^ Imrat, P.; Suthanmapinanth, P.; Saikhun, K.; Mahasawangkul, S.; Sostaric, E.; Sombutputorn, P.; Jansittiwate, S.; Thongtip, N.; et al. (February 2013). "Effect of pre-freeze semen quality, extender and cryoprotectant on the post-thaw quality of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) semen" (PDF). Cryobiology. 66 (1): 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.11.003. hdl:2263/42468. PMID 23168056. ^ Karlsson, Jens O.M.; Szurek, Edyta A.; Higgins, Adam Z.; Lee, Sang R.; Eroglu, Ali (February 2014). "Optimization of cryoprotectant loading into murine and human oocytes". Cryobiology. 68 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.002. PMC 4036103. PMID 24246951. ^ J.E. Strassmann; R.E. Lee Jr.; R.R. Rojas & J.G Baust (1984). "Caste and sex differencesin cold-hardiness in the social wasps, Polistes annularis and P. exclamans". Insectes Sociaux. 31 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1007/BF02223613. S2CID 39394207. ^ Larson, D. J.; Middle, L.; Vu, H.; Zhang, W.; Serianni, A. S.; Duman, J.; Barnes, B. M. (15 April 2014). "Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: New limits to freezing tolerance". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (12): 2193–2200. doi:10.1242/jeb.101931. PMID 24737762. 7. Urmatskikh A.V. "Method of cryopreservation of cells, organs, tissues and organisms." RU 2804972 C2, 04.05.2022. vteEmerging technologiesFieldsBiomedical 3D bioprinting Microgravity bioprinting Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation Ampakine Artificial organs Organ printing Womb Biofabrication Brain transplant De-extinction Generative biology Genetic engineering Gene therapy Head transplant Isolated brain Life extension Strategies for engineered negligible senescence Nanomedicine Nanosensors Organ culture engineered uterus Personalized medicine Regenerative medicine Stem-cell therapy Tissue engineering Robot-assisted surgery Relational biology Synthetic biology Synthetic genomics Tricorder Virotherapy Oncolytic virus Whole genome sequencing Topics Automation Collingridge dilemma Differential technological development Disruptive innovation Ephemeralization Ethics Bioethics Cyberethics Neuroethics Robot ethics Exploratory engineering Proactionary principle Technological change Technological unemployment Technological convergence Technological evolution Technological paradigm Technology forecasting Accelerating change Future-oriented technology analysis Horizon scanning Moore's law Technological singularity Technology scouting Technology in science fiction Technology readiness level Technology roadmap Transhumanism List
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biological tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue"},{"link_name":"freezing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"antifreeze compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze"},{"link_name":"antifreeze proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze_protein"},{"link_name":"glycerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol"},{"link_name":"cryobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology"},{"link_name":"liquid nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"cryogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics"},{"link_name":"transplantable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"xenobiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotic"},{"link_name":"Twenty-First Century Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-First_Century_Medicine"},{"link_name":"rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KidVit-1"}],"text":"A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve living materials in the study of biology and to preserve food products.For years, glycerol has been used in cryobiology as a cryoprotectant for blood cells and bull sperm, allowing storage in liquid nitrogen at temperatures around −196 °C. However, glycerol cannot be used to protect whole organs from damage. Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible the bulk cryogenic storage (or \"banking\") of transplantable human and xenobiotic organs. A substantial step in that direction has already occurred. Twenty-First Century Medicine has vitrified a rabbit kidney to -135 °C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.[1]","title":"Cryoprotectant"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute concentration in cells. However, in order to be biologically viable they must easily penetrate and must not be toxic to cells.","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glass transition temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"anhydrobiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis"}],"sub_title":"Glass transition temperature","text":"Some cryoprotectants function by lowering the glass transition temperature of a solution or of a material. In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming hydrogen bonds with biological molecules as water molecules are displaced. Hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions is important for proper protein and DNA function. Thus, as the cryoprotectant replaces the water molecules, the biological material retains its native physiological structure and function, although they are no longer immersed in an aqueous environment. This preservation strategy is most often utilized in anhydrobiosis.","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25826677-2"},{"link_name":"formamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formamide"},{"link_name":"dimethyl sulfoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide"},{"link_name":"colloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"},{"link_name":"vitrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation#Vitrification"},{"link_name":"biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"cryonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics"}],"sub_title":"Toxicity","text":"Mixtures of cryoprotectants have less toxicity and are more effective than single-agent cryoprotectants.[2] A mixture of formamide with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), propylene glycol, and a colloid was for many years the most effective of all artificially created cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant mixtures have been used for vitrification (i.e. solidification without crystal ice formation). Vitrification has important applications in preserving embryos, biological tissues and organs for transplant. Vitrification is also used in cryonics, in an effort to eliminate freezing damage.","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxide"},{"link_name":"ethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"propylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"glycerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol"},{"link_name":"Ethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"antifreeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze"},{"link_name":"propylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Dimethyl sulfoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide"},{"link_name":"cryobiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"liquid nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoconservation_of_animal_genetic_resources"},{"link_name":"Trehalose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose"}],"text":"Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols (alcohols containing at least two hydroxyl groups), such as ethylene glycol [citation needed], propylene glycol and glycerol. Ethylene glycol is commonly used as automobile antifreeze; while propylene glycol has been used to reduce ice formation in ice cream. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is also regarded as a conventional cryoprotectant. Glycerol and DMSO have been used for decades by cryobiologists to reduce ice formation in sperm,[3] oocytes,[4] and embryos that are cold-preserved in liquid nitrogen. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that involves conventional cryoprotectants to store genetic material with the intention of future revival. Trehalose is non-reducing sugar produced by yeasts and insects in copious amounts. Its use as a cryoprotectant in commercial systems has been patented widely.","title":"Conventional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antifreeze proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze_protein"}],"text":"Arctic fish use antifreeze proteins, sometimes appended with sugars, as cryoprotectants.","title":"Examples in nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antifreeze protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze_protein"},{"link_name":"Threitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threitol"},{"link_name":"sugars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"polyols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyol"},{"link_name":"Polistes exclamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes_exclamans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caste_and_Sex-5"}],"sub_title":"Insects","text":"Further information: Antifreeze protein and ThreitolInsects most often use sugars or polyols as cryoprotectants. One species that uses cryoprotectant is Polistes exclamans (a wasp). In this species, the different levels of cryoprotectant can be used to distinguish between morphologies.[5]","title":"Examples in nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"wood frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_frog"},{"link_name":"ectotherms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectotherm"},{"link_name":"polar and subpolar regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_and_subpolar_region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"southern brown tree frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_brown_tree_frog"},{"link_name":"salamanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"glycerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol"},{"link_name":"livers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)"}],"sub_title":"Amphibians","text":"Cold-adapted arctic frogs, such as wood frogs, and some other ectotherms in polar and subpolar regions naturally produce glucose,[6] but southern brown tree frogs and Arctic salamanders create glycerol in their livers to reduce ice formation.When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts of glucose are released at low temperature and a special form of insulin allows for this extra glucose to enter the cells. When the frog rewarms during spring, the extra glucose must be rapidly eliminated, but stored.","title":"Examples in nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium phosphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_phosphate"}],"text":"Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve foods. These compounds are typically sugars that are inexpensive and do not pose any toxicity concerns. For example, many (raw) frozen chicken products contain a sucrose and sodium phosphates solution in water.","title":"Food preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DMSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide"},{"link_name":"Ethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"Glycerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol"},{"link_name":"2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol"},{"link_name":"Propylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"Sucrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose"},{"link_name":"Trehalose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose"},{"link_name":"Heavy water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water"}],"text":"DMSO\nEthylene glycol\nGlycerol\n\n\n2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD)\nPropylene glycol\nSucrose\nTrehalose\nHeavy water [7]","title":"Common"}]
[]
[{"title":"Antifreeze protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze_protein"},{"title":"Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoconservation_of_animal_genetic_resources"},{"title":"Cryoconservation of plant genetic resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cryopreservation"},{"title":"Cryopreservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation"},{"title":"Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryostasis_(clathrate_hydrates)"},{"title":"List of emerging technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies"},{"title":"Lyophilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_drying"}]
[{"reference":"Fahy GM; Wowk B; Pagotan R; Chang A; et al. (2009). \"Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification\". Organogenesis. 5 (3): 167–175. doi:10.4161/org.5.3.9974. PMC 2781097. PMID 20046680.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781097","url_text":"\"Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4161%2Forg.5.3.9974","url_text":"10.4161/org.5.3.9974"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781097","url_text":"2781097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046680","url_text":"20046680"}]},{"reference":"Best, BP (2015). \"Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions\". Rejuvenation Research. 18 (5): 422–436. doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1656. PMC 4620521. PMID 25826677.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620521","url_text":"\"Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation_Research","url_text":"Rejuvenation Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2014.1656","url_text":"10.1089/rej.2014.1656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620521","url_text":"4620521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826677","url_text":"25826677"}]},{"reference":"Imrat, P.; Suthanmapinanth, P.; Saikhun, K.; Mahasawangkul, S.; Sostaric, E.; Sombutputorn, P.; Jansittiwate, S.; Thongtip, N.; et al. (February 2013). \"Effect of pre-freeze semen quality, extender and cryoprotectant on the post-thaw quality of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) semen\" (PDF). Cryobiology. 66 (1): 52–59. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.11.003. hdl:2263/42468. PMID 23168056.","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/42468/1/Imrat_Effect_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Effect of pre-freeze semen quality, extender and cryoprotectant on the post-thaw quality of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) semen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2012.11.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.11.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F42468","url_text":"2263/42468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23168056","url_text":"23168056"}]},{"reference":"Karlsson, Jens O.M.; Szurek, Edyta A.; Higgins, Adam Z.; Lee, Sang R.; Eroglu, Ali (February 2014). \"Optimization of cryoprotectant loading into murine and human oocytes\". Cryobiology. 68 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.002. PMC 4036103. PMID 24246951.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036103","url_text":"\"Optimization of cryoprotectant loading into murine and human oocytes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2013.11.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036103","url_text":"4036103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24246951","url_text":"24246951"}]},{"reference":"J.E. Strassmann; R.E. Lee Jr.; R.R. Rojas & J.G Baust (1984). \"Caste and sex differencesin cold-hardiness in the social wasps, Polistes annularis and P. exclamans\". Insectes Sociaux. 31 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1007/BF02223613. S2CID 39394207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectes_Sociaux","url_text":"Insectes Sociaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02223613","url_text":"10.1007/BF02223613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39394207","url_text":"39394207"}]},{"reference":"Larson, D. J.; Middle, L.; Vu, H.; Zhang, W.; Serianni, A. S.; Duman, J.; Barnes, B. M. (15 April 2014). \"Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: New limits to freezing tolerance\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (12): 2193–2200. doi:10.1242/jeb.101931. PMID 24737762.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.101931","url_text":"\"Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: New limits to freezing tolerance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.101931","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.101931"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24737762","url_text":"24737762"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781097","external_links_name":"\"Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4161%2Forg.5.3.9974","external_links_name":"10.4161/org.5.3.9974"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781097","external_links_name":"2781097"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046680","external_links_name":"20046680"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620521","external_links_name":"\"Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2014.1656","external_links_name":"10.1089/rej.2014.1656"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620521","external_links_name":"4620521"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826677","external_links_name":"25826677"},{"Link":"http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/42468/1/Imrat_Effect_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Effect of pre-freeze semen quality, extender and cryoprotectant on the post-thaw quality of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) semen\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2012.11.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.11.003"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F42468","external_links_name":"2263/42468"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23168056","external_links_name":"23168056"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036103","external_links_name":"\"Optimization of cryoprotectant loading into murine and human oocytes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2013.11.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.002"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036103","external_links_name":"4036103"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24246951","external_links_name":"24246951"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02223613","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF02223613"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39394207","external_links_name":"39394207"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.101931","external_links_name":"\"Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: New limits to freezing tolerance\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.101931","external_links_name":"10.1242/jeb.101931"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24737762","external_links_name":"24737762"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrom
Phrom
["1 Biography","2 Assumption","3 See also","4 References"]
King of Singhanavati This article is about ruler of Singhanavati. For four-faced deity, see Phra Phrom. PhromPhrom memorial in Mae Sai district, northernmost of ThailandKing of SinghanavatiReign1029–1089 (60 years)PredecessorThukkitakumanSuccessorChaiyasiriBorn1012, 1089, or 1112SinghanavatiDied1089SinghanavatiSpouseKaeosupaIssueChaiyasiriHouseSinghanavatiFatherPhangkaratMotherDeviReligionBuddhism Phrom (Thai: พรหม, pronounced ), also known as Phrom the Great (พรหมมหาราช, pronounced ) or Phromkuman (พรหมกุมาร, pronounced ) was a ruler of Singhanavati (Yonok) realm in Lanna region (modern northern Thailand). He is the first Thai monarch who has been dubbed "Maharaja" (the Great), but his history is rarely officially recorded. Most of them are more myths or folktales rather than real history. Therefore, it could be considered that he was just a legendary king. His era is uncertain in what year, but most archaeologists estimate that it was around 857–58. Biography Phrom was born as Phromkuman, to Phangkarat and Devi. His father, Phangkarat was the ruler of Singhanavati. Phromkuman was said to have excellent fighting abilities. He won the war against Phraya Khom in a duel on the back of an elephant. Phraya Khom was a Khmer chancellor who captured the Singhanavati from Phangkarat. He begged his father not to pay tribute to Phraya Khom, three years have passed. Phraya Khom then moved an army to Singhanavati. After winning the battle at the age of 16, Phangkarat gave him the title of king, but he refused and gave the throne to his older brother, Thukkitakuman. He was concerned that the enemy would attack again. Therefore, he led the army went to suppress the Khmer as far as the territory of Kamphaeng Phet, along with establishing a new town to be an outpost to prevent enemy invasion called Umongasela, later he renamed it Wiang Chai Prakan (present-day in Wiang Chai District, Chiang Rai Province), an upstream of Kok River. During his reign, he had built many temples in this region (Kok basins), such as Wat Mae Ngon, Wat Phra That Sop Fang, etc, as well as believed that he had brought some of the relics to be contained in the chedi of Wat Phra That Chom Kitti at present as well. He ruled Wiang Chai Prakan for 60 years until his death at the age of 77. His only son Chaiyasiri, continued to ascend the throne. Assumption His story is not currently accepted by new generation Thai historians. They believe that Phrom does not exist in history, in fact, it was only the creation of heroes in the history of the Singhanavati region. It is most likely influenced by the story of Thao Hung (otherwise known as Khun Jueang), a mythical folk hero or culture hero that has been spread in various ways in Kok basins before that. Later, when Buddhism replaced animism, a folk religion. Therefore, Phra Phrom has been brought into the compound as well. It eventually became a new folklore included the name of a new king to manifest superiority over other kings in the same region. However, according to the records of Westerners who entered the Ayutthaya kingdom during the reign of Prasat Thong, such as Van Vliet, Tachard and De La Loubère, them was stated that a number of Ayutthaya people, they also believed that Phrom was their "primeval monarch" for a long time. It was also believed among the ruling classes of Ayutthaya that he was the ancestor of U-Thong, the first sovereign and establisher of Ayutthaya kingdom. Nowadays, a monument is being built to commemorate him in front of Mae Sai District Office, Chiang Rai Province, the site of the Singhanavati. In the perception of Mae Sai people in the present praised him as the pioneer and tutelary deity of Mae Sai. Worshiping and religious ceremonies are held in his honour and remembrance annually. See also Phra Ruang – another legendary king in Thai history Khun Borom – the legendary king is associated with Khun Jueang References ^ a b Pralongchoeng, Kilen (2019-01-29). "ช้างพระเจ้าพรหม" . Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ Pralongchoeng, Kilen (2018-01-18). "พระเจ้าพรหม" . Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ a b c Jiajanpong, Pises (2021-04-23). "พระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ในตำนานล้านนา นัยความสำคัญของกษัตริย์สืบสายทางธรรม VS สายเลือด" . Art & Culture (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ a b Rak-Yom (2017-07-23). ""พระฝาง" ไชยปราการ ศรัทธายิ่งยุคพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช" . Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ "แม่น้ำฝาง-น้ำกก สองสายน้ำไหลมาบรรจบกัน เป็นตำนานพระธาตุเก่าแกกว่า 1,300 ปี "วัดพระธาตุสบฝาง"" . Chiangmainews (in Thai). 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ Wongthes, Sujit (2018-12-06). ""งูใหญ่" กลายเป็น "ช้างเผือก" สตอรี่ เหนือสุดในสยาม "เขาขุนน้ำนางนอน" แม่สาย เชียงราย" . Matichon (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-18. ^ ""ตำนานพระเจ้าพรหม" วีรบุรุษของโยนกล้านนา" . Chiangmainews (in Thai). 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ "พิธีบวงสรวงพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ครั้งที่ ๑๙ ประจำปี ๒๕๖๔" . M-culture.go.th (in Thai). 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-09-11. Phrom House of SinghanavatiBorn:  ? Died: 1089 Regnal titles Preceded byThukkitakuman King of Singhanavati 1029–1089 Succeeded byChaiyasiri
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phra Phrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Phrom"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[pʰrōm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"[pʰrōm māhǎː râːt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"[pʰrōm.kū.māːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"Singhanavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhanavati"},{"link_name":"Lanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanna"},{"link_name":"northern Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Thailand"},{"link_name":"legendary king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_king"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-3"}],"text":"This article is about ruler of Singhanavati. For four-faced deity, see Phra Phrom.Phrom (Thai: พรหม, pronounced [pʰrōm]), also known as Phrom the Great (พรหมมหาราช, pronounced [pʰrōm māhǎː râːt]) or Phromkuman (พรหมกุมาร, pronounced [pʰrōm.kū.māːn]) was a ruler of Singhanavati (Yonok) realm in Lanna region (modern northern Thailand). He is the first Thai monarch who has been dubbed \"Maharaja\" (the Great), but his history is rarely officially recorded. Most of them are more myths or folktales rather than real history. Therefore, it could be considered that he was just a legendary king. His era is uncertain in what year, but most archaeologists estimate that it was around 857–58.[2] [3]","title":"Phrom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khom"},{"link_name":"duel on the back of an elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_duel"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lo-1"},{"link_name":"territory of Kamphaeng Phet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Wiang Chai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiang_Chai_District"},{"link_name":"Chiang Rai Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province"},{"link_name":"Kok River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cho-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-3"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra"},{"link_name":"chedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chaiyasiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaiyasiri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cho-4"}],"text":"Phrom was born as Phromkuman, to Phangkarat and Devi. His father, Phangkarat was the ruler of Singhanavati. Phromkuman was said to have excellent fighting abilities. He won the war against Phraya Khom in a duel on the back of an elephant. Phraya Khom was a Khmer chancellor who captured the Singhanavati from Phangkarat. He begged his father not to pay tribute to Phraya Khom, three years have passed. Phraya Khom then moved an army to Singhanavati.[1]After winning the battle at the age of 16, Phangkarat gave him the title of king, but he refused and gave the throne to his older brother, Thukkitakuman. He was concerned that the enemy would attack again. Therefore, he led the army went to suppress the Khmer as far as the territory of Kamphaeng Phet, along with establishing a new town to be an outpost to prevent enemy invasion called Umongasela, later he renamed it Wiang Chai Prakan (present-day in Wiang Chai District, Chiang Rai Province), an upstream of Kok River.[4][3]During his reign, he had built many temples in this region (Kok basins), such as Wat Mae Ngon, Wat Phra That Sop Fang, etc, as well as believed that he had brought some of the relics to be contained in the chedi of Wat Phra That Chom Kitti at present as well.[5]He ruled Wiang Chai Prakan for 60 years until his death at the age of 77. His only son Chaiyasiri, continued to ascend the throne.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_hero"},{"link_name":"culture hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_hero"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Phra Phrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Phrom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-3"},{"link_name":"Ayutthaya kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Prasat Thong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasat_Thong"},{"link_name":"Van Vliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremias_van_Vliet"},{"link_name":"Tachard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Tachard"},{"link_name":"De La Loubère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_La_Loub%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"U-Thong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Thong"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mae Sai District Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Mae_Sai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tutelary deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelary_deity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"His story is not currently accepted by new generation Thai historians. They believe that Phrom does not exist in history, in fact, it was only the creation of heroes in the history of the Singhanavati region. It is most likely influenced by the story of Thao Hung (otherwise known as Khun Jueang), a mythical folk hero or culture hero that has been spread in various ways in Kok basins before that. Later, when Buddhism replaced animism, a folk religion. Therefore, Phra Phrom has been brought into the compound as well. It eventually became a new folklore included the name of a new king to manifest superiority over other kings in the same region.[3]However, according to the records of Westerners who entered the Ayutthaya kingdom during the reign of Prasat Thong, such as Van Vliet, Tachard and De La Loubère, them was stated that a number of Ayutthaya people, they also believed that Phrom was their \"primeval monarch\" for a long time. It was also believed among the ruling classes of Ayutthaya that he was the ancestor of U-Thong, the first sovereign and establisher of Ayutthaya kingdom.[6]Nowadays, a monument is being built to commemorate him in front of Mae Sai District Office, Chiang Rai Province, the site of the Singhanavati.[7] In the perception of Mae Sai people in the present praised him as the pioneer and tutelary deity of Mae Sai. Worshiping and religious ceremonies are held in his honour and remembrance annually.[8]","title":"Assumption"}]
[]
[{"title":"Phra Ruang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Ruang"},{"title":"Khun Borom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khun_Borom"}]
[{"reference":"Pralongchoeng, Kilen (2019-01-29). \"ช้างพระเจ้าพรหม\" [King Phrom's elephant]. Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/1481385","url_text":"\"ช้างพระเจ้าพรหม\""}]},{"reference":"Pralongchoeng, Kilen (2018-01-18). \"พระเจ้าพรหม\" [King Phrom]. Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/1179412","url_text":"\"พระเจ้าพรหม\""}]},{"reference":"Jiajanpong, Pises (2021-04-23). \"พระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ในตำนานล้านนา นัยความสำคัญของกษัตริย์สืบสายทางธรรม VS สายเลือด\" [King Phrom in Lanna legend, significance of the king's dharma lineage VS bloodline]. Art & Culture (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_9394","url_text":"\"พระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ในตำนานล้านนา นัยความสำคัญของกษัตริย์สืบสายทางธรรม VS สายเลือด\""}]},{"reference":"Rak-Yom (2017-07-23). \"\"พระฝาง\" ไชยปราการ ศรัทธายิ่งยุคพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช\" [\"Fang Buddha\" of Chai Prakan, great faith in the era of King Phrom the Great]. Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thairath.co.th/news/society/1012619","url_text":"\"\"พระฝาง\" ไชยปราการ ศรัทธายิ่งยุคพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช\""}]},{"reference":"\"แม่น้ำฝาง-น้ำกก สองสายน้ำไหลมาบรรจบกัน เป็นตำนานพระธาตุเก่าแกกว่า 1,300 ปี \"วัดพระธาตุสบฝาง\"\" [Fang-Kok two water courses confluence became a legend of over 1,300 years old relics \"Wat Phra That Sop Fang\"]. Chiangmainews (in Thai). 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chiangmainews.co.th/page/archives/573027/","url_text":"\"แม่น้ำฝาง-น้ำกก สองสายน้ำไหลมาบรรจบกัน เป็นตำนานพระธาตุเก่าแกกว่า 1,300 ปี \"วัดพระธาตุสบฝาง\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wongthes, Sujit (2018-12-06). \"\"งูใหญ่\" กลายเป็น \"ช้างเผือก\" สตอรี่ เหนือสุดในสยาม \"เขาขุนน้ำนางนอน\" แม่สาย เชียงราย\" [\"Serpent\" became \"white elephant\" northernmost of Siam's story \"Khun Nam Nang Non Mount\" Mae Sai, Chiang Rai]. Matichon (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.matichon.co.th/prachachuen/prachachuen-scoop/news_1260542","url_text":"\"\"งูใหญ่\" กลายเป็น \"ช้างเผือก\" สตอรี่ เหนือสุดในสยาม \"เขาขุนน้ำนางนอน\" แม่สาย เชียงราย\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"ตำนานพระเจ้าพรหม\" วีรบุรุษของโยนกล้านนา\" [\"King Phrom Legend\" hero of Singhanavati Lanna Kingdom]. Chiangmainews (in Thai). 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chiangmainews.co.th/page/archives/881733/","url_text":"\"\"ตำนานพระเจ้าพรหม\" วีรบุรุษของโยนกล้านนา\""}]},{"reference":"\"พิธีบวงสรวงพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ครั้งที่ ๑๙ ประจำปี ๒๕๖๔\" [The 19th tribute ceremony to King Phrom the Great annual 2021]. M-culture.go.th (in Thai). 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.m-culture.go.th/th/article_view.php?nid=121632","url_text":"\"พิธีบวงสรวงพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ครั้งที่ ๑๙ ประจำปี ๒๕๖๔\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/1481385","external_links_name":"\"ช้างพระเจ้าพรหม\""},{"Link":"https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/1179412","external_links_name":"\"พระเจ้าพรหม\""},{"Link":"https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_9394","external_links_name":"\"พระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ในตำนานล้านนา นัยความสำคัญของกษัตริย์สืบสายทางธรรม VS สายเลือด\""},{"Link":"https://www.thairath.co.th/news/society/1012619","external_links_name":"\"\"พระฝาง\" ไชยปราการ ศรัทธายิ่งยุคพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช\""},{"Link":"https://www.chiangmainews.co.th/page/archives/573027/","external_links_name":"\"แม่น้ำฝาง-น้ำกก สองสายน้ำไหลมาบรรจบกัน เป็นตำนานพระธาตุเก่าแกกว่า 1,300 ปี \"วัดพระธาตุสบฝาง\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.matichon.co.th/prachachuen/prachachuen-scoop/news_1260542","external_links_name":"\"\"งูใหญ่\" กลายเป็น \"ช้างเผือก\" สตอรี่ เหนือสุดในสยาม \"เขาขุนน้ำนางนอน\" แม่สาย เชียงราย\""},{"Link":"https://www.chiangmainews.co.th/page/archives/881733/","external_links_name":"\"\"ตำนานพระเจ้าพรหม\" วีรบุรุษของโยนกล้านนา\""},{"Link":"https://www.m-culture.go.th/th/article_view.php?nid=121632","external_links_name":"\"พิธีบวงสรวงพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ครั้งที่ ๑๙ ประจำปี ๒๕๖๔\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_E-XX
Lockheed E-XX
["1 Development","1.1 Funding","2 Design","3 See also","4 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Planned US Navy airborne command post EC-XX Role Airborne strategic command and control postType of aircraft Manufacturer Lockheed Introduction Late 2020s (planned) Status In development Primary user United States Navy Developed from EC-130J The Lockheed E-XX is a planned United States Navy aircraft based on the EC-130J and intended to replace the Boeing E-6 Mercury in the TACAMO role, communicating with US nuclear ballistic missile submarines. The current E-6 aircraft were built in the late 1980s, and while they are expected to fly into the 2030s, the underlying platform is aging and support costs are increasing. Because of this, in 2020, the Navy began a program to develop a new platform. This program will take several years to complete, and the E-6 will continue to fulfill the role in the meantime. Development The US Department of Defense has relied on the Boeing 707 platform for decades, going back to the KC-135 in 1956 that technically predates the 707 itself, which did not fly until 1957. Boeing continued production of various military aircraft using the basic platform until the last E-6 Mercury aircraft were delivered in 1991. Since then, spare parts for the platform have gotten harder to find and operations have become more expensive. By 2015, both the Air Force and Navy realized that they had to look ahead to new platforms to manage their nuclear arsenals in combat. The Air Force had already retired its KC-135-based EC-135C aircraft in 1998, turning over its Looking Glass mission to the Navy's E-6 fleet while continuing to fly the Boeing E-4 as the National Emergency Airborne Command Post. But the E-4, built in the 1970s and based on the Boeing 747-200, was also aging and in need of replacement. For a few years, the Air Force and Navy considered a unified replacement that would move the E-6's combined TACAMO and Looking Glass mission to a single new aircraft run by both branches. In 2018, this program was envisioned to replace the E-4, E-6, and the C-32A (based on the Boeing 757 and often used as Air Force Two) with a single aircraft under the moniker NEAT (combining National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC), Executive Airlift, Airborne Command Post (ABNCP), Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO). However, in December 2020 (Fiscal Year 2021), the US Navy announced that it awarded a contract to Lockheed Martin for the purchase of three EC-130J-30 Hercules aircraft to be used as testbeds for the TACAMO mission, signaling that the two branches would go in different directions. The aircraft were fully funded in FY2023. One aircraft is to be used for air vehicle testing while the other two are planned for mission systems testing, "allowing simultaneous mission system, flight and ground test, and correction of deficiencies." The aircraft selection represents a return to the C-130 platform by the Navy, which for years used the EC-130Q (an older variant despite the higher letter) for the TACAMO mission prior to adoption of the E-6 Mercury. The selection of the C-130 platform, which is much smaller than the E-6, was surprising to some who expected something based on the larger P-8 Poseidon (based on the Boeing 737) or the much larger KC-46 Pegasus (based on the Boeing 767). The Navy has justified its decision based on the reduced mission, cost savings that come from commonality with other US military C-130 uses, and the ability to deploy to a much wider range of bases around the world. With the C-130's reduced runway requirements compared to any of the above jets and design features that emphasize austere and even rough-field capabilities, the E-XX's operations would become less predictable to adversaries. The Navy envisions purchases of three production aircraft in FY2027 and another six in FY2028. Funding Since the FY2022 NDAA, Congress has appropriated over $400 million in development funds, including $48.6 million for the first contracts in 2022 and $502 million in 2023. The Navy requested substantially less funding in FY2024, asking for $213.7 million. As of the FY2024 funding request, the program is expected to cost $3.125 billion over the period from FY2022 through FY2028. Design Many details about the design have not been publicly released partially due to the classified nature of its mission but also because the project is still in development. The Navy described its mission in the FY2024 budget request:The TACAMO mission provides an airborne capability for survivable, endurable and reliable airborne command, control and communications between the United States (U.S.) National Command Authority (NCA) and the U.S. strategic forces. This mission is critical in the deterrence and management of a nuclear conflict. A dedicated communications platform, TACAMO aircraft feature the ability to communicate on virtually every radio frequency band from very low frequency (VLF) up through advanced extremely high frequency (AEHF) using a variety of modulations, encryptions and networks, minimizing the likelihood an emergency message being jammed by an enemy. The specific model selected, the EC-130J-30, is 15 ft (4.6 m) longer than the base model, providing more space for crew and equipment. Lockheed has presented an artist's conception of the aircraft that shows enlarged and extended landing gear fairings, multiple domes extending from the fuselage, and two wire antennas capable of extending from the rear of the aircraft. Known planned capabilities include electromagnetic pulse (EMP) hardening and cybersecurity hardening, as well as an upgrade of the trailing wire communications system currently fielded on the E-6. This system extends a 5 mi (8.0 km) long wire from the tail of the aircraft to enable VLF communications with submerged submarines. One notable mission change in the transition from the E-6 Mercury to the E-XX is the deletion of the capability to act as the Air Force Airborne Command Post (ABNCP) with the capability to communicate with nuclear bomber fleets and ICBM silos. At one time, the Boeing EC-135C Looking Glass fulfilled the ABNCP mission, but when it was retired by the Air Force in 1998, the E-6 took over. With the Air Force expecting to handle those duties using the planned Survivable Airborne Operations Center aircraft, that capability will no longer be needed aboard the Navy's TACAMO platform. See also TACAMO – US strategic communications system Related development Lockheed EC-130 – 1975 electronic warfare aircraft series by Lockheed Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Boeing E-4 – US Air Force airborne command squadron aircraft Boeing E-6 Mercury – Airborne command post aircraft by Boeing based on 707 airframe Doomsday plane (Russia) – Russian Airborne Command Post Ilyushin Il-80 – Russian airborne command post aircraft based on Il-86 airliner Northrop Grumman E-10 MC2A – Proposed Airborne Warning and Control aircraft based on the Boeing 767 airframe Survivable Airborne Operations Center – Planned US Air Force airborne nuclear command, control, and communications aircraft References ^ Hitchens, Theresa (14 February 2020). "Air Force To Kick Off E-4B Replacement Competition In 2021". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ Mehta, Aaron (8 March 2017). "US Navy to work with Air Force on E-6B replacement". Defense News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ Martin, Jeff (24 October 2018). "US Air Force may replace 3 types of aircraft with a single platform". Defense News. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ Jennings, Gareth (21 December 2020). "US Navy to field C-130J-30 in nuclear communications role". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ a b c d e Newdick, Thomas (5 April 2022). "This Is Our First Look At The Navy's Next 'Doomsday Plane,' The EC-130J TACAMO". The Drive. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ Hersey, Linda (31 July 2023). "Contract award date changed for EXX-TACAMO weapon system". Inside Defense. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ Losey, Stephen (3 April 2023). "Northrop, Lockheed, Raytheon team up on Navy's E-XX 'doomsday' plane". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ a b c "Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 Budget Estimates, Navy Justification Book Volume 3 of 5, Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Navy" (PDF). United States Navy. March 2023. pp. 1515–1525. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. ^ Newdick, Thomas (4 April 2023). "Navy Drops Air Force's Mission From Its Next 'Doomsday Plane'". The Drive. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"EC-130J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-6 Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-6_Mercury"},{"link_name":"TACAMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACAMO"}],"text":"Planned US Navy airborne command postThe Lockheed E-XX is a planned United States Navy aircraft based on the EC-130J and intended to replace the Boeing E-6 Mercury in the TACAMO role, communicating with US nuclear ballistic missile submarines. The current E-6 aircraft were built in the late 1980s, and while they are expected to fly into the 2030s, the underlying platform is aging and support costs are increasing. Because of this, in 2020, the Navy began a program to develop a new platform. This program will take several years to complete, and the E-6 will continue to fulfill the role in the meantime.","title":"Lockheed E-XX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Looking_Glass"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fiscal Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"P-8 Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"KC-46 Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-46_Pegasus"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The US Department of Defense has relied on the Boeing 707 platform for decades, going back to the KC-135 in 1956 that technically predates the 707 itself, which did not fly until 1957. Boeing continued production of various military aircraft using the basic platform until the last E-6 Mercury aircraft were delivered in 1991. Since then, spare parts for the platform have gotten harder to find and operations have become more expensive.By 2015, both the Air Force and Navy realized that they had to look ahead to new platforms to manage their nuclear arsenals in combat.[1] The Air Force had already retired its KC-135-based EC-135C aircraft in 1998, turning over its Looking Glass mission to the Navy's E-6 fleet while continuing to fly the Boeing E-4 as the National Emergency Airborne Command Post. But the E-4, built in the 1970s and based on the Boeing 747-200, was also aging and in need of replacement.For a few years, the Air Force and Navy considered a unified replacement that would move the E-6's combined TACAMO and Looking Glass mission to a single new aircraft run by both branches.[2] In 2018, this program was envisioned to replace the E-4, E-6, and the C-32A (based on the Boeing 757 and often used as Air Force Two) with a single aircraft under the moniker NEAT (combining National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC), Executive Airlift, Airborne Command Post (ABNCP), Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO).[3]However, in December 2020 (Fiscal Year 2021), the US Navy announced that it awarded a contract to Lockheed Martin for the purchase of three EC-130J-30 Hercules aircraft to be used as testbeds for the TACAMO mission, signaling that the two branches would go in different directions.[4] The aircraft were fully funded in FY2023. One aircraft is to be used for air vehicle testing while the other two are planned for mission systems testing, \"allowing simultaneous mission system, flight and ground test, and correction of deficiencies.\" The aircraft selection represents a return to the C-130 platform by the Navy, which for years used the EC-130Q (an older variant despite the higher letter) for the TACAMO mission prior to adoption of the E-6 Mercury.The selection of the C-130 platform, which is much smaller than the E-6, was surprising to some who expected something based on the larger P-8 Poseidon (based on the Boeing 737) or the much larger KC-46 Pegasus (based on the Boeing 767).[5] The Navy has justified its decision based on the reduced mission, cost savings that come from commonality with other US military C-130 uses, and the ability to deploy to a much wider range of bases around the world. With the C-130's reduced runway requirements compared to any of the above jets and design features that emphasize austere and even rough-field capabilities, the E-XX's operations would become less predictable to adversaries.[5]The Navy envisions purchases of three production aircraft in FY2027 and another six in FY2028.[6]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appropriated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Funding","text":"Since the FY2022 NDAA, Congress has appropriated over $400 million in development funds, including $48.6 million for the first contracts in 2022 and $502 million in 2023. The Navy requested substantially less funding in FY2024, asking for $213.7 million.[7] As of the FY2024 funding request, the program is expected to cost $3.125 billion over the period from FY2022 through FY2028.[8]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"command, control and communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"National Command Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"nuclear conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"radio frequency band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Bands"},{"link_name":"very low frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency"},{"link_name":"advanced extremely high frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Extremely_High_Frequency"},{"link_name":"modulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"encryptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"jammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_jamming"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"},{"link_name":"cybersecurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Airborne Command Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Attack_Command_and_Control_System"},{"link_name":"nuclear bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomber"},{"link_name":"ICBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"silos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_launch_facility"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing EC-135C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_EC-135"},{"link_name":"Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Looking_Glass"},{"link_name":"Survivable Airborne Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivable_Airborne_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Many details about the design have not been publicly released partially due to the classified nature of its mission but also because the project is still in development. The Navy described its mission in the FY2024 budget request:[8]The TACAMO mission provides an airborne capability for survivable, endurable and reliable airborne command, control and communications between the United States (U.S.) National Command Authority (NCA) and the U.S. strategic forces. This mission is critical in the deterrence and management of a nuclear conflict. A dedicated communications platform, TACAMO aircraft feature the ability to communicate on virtually every radio frequency band from very low frequency (VLF) up through advanced extremely high frequency (AEHF) using a variety of modulations, encryptions and networks, minimizing the likelihood an emergency message being jammed by an enemy.The specific model selected, the EC-130J-30, is 15 ft (4.6 m) longer than the base model, providing more space for crew and equipment. Lockheed has presented an artist's conception of the aircraft that shows enlarged and extended landing gear fairings, multiple domes extending from the fuselage, and two wire antennas capable of extending from the rear of the aircraft.[5]Known planned capabilities include electromagnetic pulse (EMP) hardening and cybersecurity hardening, as well as an upgrade of the trailing wire communications system currently fielded on the E-6.[8] This system extends a 5 mi (8.0 km) long wire from the tail of the aircraft to enable VLF communications with submerged submarines.[5]One notable mission change in the transition from the E-6 Mercury to the E-XX is the deletion of the capability to act as the Air Force Airborne Command Post (ABNCP) with the capability to communicate with nuclear bomber fleets and ICBM silos.[9] At one time, the Boeing EC-135C Looking Glass fulfilled the ABNCP mission, but when it was retired by the Air Force in 1998, the E-6 took over. With the Air Force expecting to handle those duties using the planned Survivable Airborne Operations Center aircraft, that capability will no longer be needed aboard the Navy's TACAMO platform.[5]","title":"Design"}]
[]
[{"title":"TACAMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACAMO"},{"title":"Lockheed EC-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_EC-130"},{"title":"Boeing E-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-4"},{"title":"Boeing E-6 Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-6_Mercury"},{"title":"Doomsday plane (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_plane_(Russia)"},{"title":"Ilyushin Il-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-80"},{"title":"Northrop Grumman E-10 MC2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-10_MC2A"},{"title":"Survivable Airborne Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivable_Airborne_Operations_Center"}]
[{"reference":"Hitchens, Theresa (14 February 2020). \"Air Force To Kick Off E-4B Replacement Competition In 2021\". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/air-force-to-kick-off-e4-b-replacement-competition-in-2021/","url_text":"\"Air Force To Kick Off E-4B Replacement Competition In 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101144421/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/air-force-to-kick-off-e4-b-replacement-competition-in-2021/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mehta, Aaron (8 March 2017). \"US Navy to work with Air Force on E-6B replacement\". Defense News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/03/08/us-navy-to-work-with-air-force-on-e-6b-replacement/","url_text":"\"US Navy to work with Air Force on E-6B replacement\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20171211140842/https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/03/08/us-navy-to-work-with-air-force-on-e-6b-replacement/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Jeff (24 October 2018). \"US Air Force may replace 3 types of aircraft with a single platform\". Defense News. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/newsletters/daily-news-roundup/2018/08/01/us-air-force-may-replace-3-types-of-aircraft-with-a-single-platform/","url_text":"\"US Air Force may replace 3 types of aircraft with a single platform\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20180803145439/https://www.defensenews.com/newsletters/daily-news-roundup/2018/08/01/us-air-force-may-replace-3-types-of-aircraft-with-a-single-platform/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jennings, Gareth (21 December 2020). \"US Navy to field C-130J-30 in nuclear communications role\". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-navy-to-field-c-130j-30-in-nuclear-communications-role","url_text":"\"US Navy to field C-130J-30 in nuclear communications role\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231028053806/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-navy-to-field-c-130j-30-in-nuclear-communications-role","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newdick, Thomas (5 April 2022). \"This Is Our First Look At The Navy's Next 'Doomsday Plane,' The EC-130J TACAMO\". The Drive. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/45086/this-is-our-first-look-at-the-navys-next-doomsday-plane","url_text":"\"This Is Our First Look At The Navy's Next 'Doomsday Plane,' The EC-130J TACAMO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030155434/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/45086/this-is-our-first-look-at-the-navys-next-doomsday-plane","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hersey, Linda (31 July 2023). \"Contract award date changed for EXX-TACAMO weapon system\". Inside Defense. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://insidedefense.com/insider/contract-award-date-changed-exx-tacamo-weapon-system","url_text":"\"Contract award date changed for EXX-TACAMO weapon system\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030154636/https://insidedefense.com/insider/contract-award-date-changed-exx-tacamo-weapon-system","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Losey, Stephen (3 April 2023). \"Northrop, Lockheed, Raytheon team up on Navy's E-XX 'doomsday' plane\". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/2023/04/03/northrop-lockheed-raytheon-team-up-on-navys-e-xx-doomsday-plane/","url_text":"\"Northrop, Lockheed, Raytheon team up on Navy's E-XX 'doomsday' plane\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230419091339/https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/2023/04/03/northrop-lockheed-raytheon-team-up-on-navys-e-xx-doomsday-plane/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 Budget Estimates, Navy Justification Book Volume 3 of 5, Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Navy\" (PDF). United States Navy. March 2023. pp. 1515–1525. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Mar/29/2003188786/-1/-1/0/RDTEN_BA5_BOOK.PDF","url_text":"\"Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 Budget Estimates, Navy Justification Book Volume 3 of 5, Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Navy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030134157/https://media.defense.gov/2023/Mar/29/2003188786/-1/-1/0/RDTEN_BA5_BOOK.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newdick, Thomas (4 April 2023). \"Navy Drops Air Force's Mission From Its Next 'Doomsday Plane'\". The Drive. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/navy-drops-air-forces-mission-from-its-next-doomsday-plane","url_text":"\"Navy Drops Air Force's Mission From Its Next 'Doomsday Plane'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027031959/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/navy-drops-air-forces-mission-from-its-next-doomsday-plane","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/air-force-to-kick-off-e4-b-replacement-competition-in-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Air Force To Kick Off E-4B Replacement Competition In 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101144421/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/air-force-to-kick-off-e4-b-replacement-competition-in-2021/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/03/08/us-navy-to-work-with-air-force-on-e-6b-replacement/","external_links_name":"\"US Navy to work with Air Force on E-6B replacement\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20171211140842/https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/03/08/us-navy-to-work-with-air-force-on-e-6b-replacement/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.defensenews.com/newsletters/daily-news-roundup/2018/08/01/us-air-force-may-replace-3-types-of-aircraft-with-a-single-platform/","external_links_name":"\"US Air Force may replace 3 types of aircraft with a single platform\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20180803145439/https://www.defensenews.com/newsletters/daily-news-roundup/2018/08/01/us-air-force-may-replace-3-types-of-aircraft-with-a-single-platform/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-navy-to-field-c-130j-30-in-nuclear-communications-role","external_links_name":"\"US Navy to field C-130J-30 in nuclear communications role\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231028053806/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-navy-to-field-c-130j-30-in-nuclear-communications-role","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/45086/this-is-our-first-look-at-the-navys-next-doomsday-plane","external_links_name":"\"This Is Our First Look At The Navy's Next 'Doomsday Plane,' The EC-130J TACAMO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030155434/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/45086/this-is-our-first-look-at-the-navys-next-doomsday-plane","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://insidedefense.com/insider/contract-award-date-changed-exx-tacamo-weapon-system","external_links_name":"\"Contract award date changed for EXX-TACAMO weapon system\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030154636/https://insidedefense.com/insider/contract-award-date-changed-exx-tacamo-weapon-system","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/2023/04/03/northrop-lockheed-raytheon-team-up-on-navys-e-xx-doomsday-plane/","external_links_name":"\"Northrop, Lockheed, Raytheon team up on Navy's E-XX 'doomsday' plane\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230419091339/https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/2023/04/03/northrop-lockheed-raytheon-team-up-on-navys-e-xx-doomsday-plane/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Mar/29/2003188786/-1/-1/0/RDTEN_BA5_BOOK.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 Budget Estimates, Navy Justification Book Volume 3 of 5, Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Navy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030134157/https://media.defense.gov/2023/Mar/29/2003188786/-1/-1/0/RDTEN_BA5_BOOK.PDF","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/navy-drops-air-forces-mission-from-its-next-doomsday-plane","external_links_name":"\"Navy Drops Air Force's Mission From Its Next 'Doomsday Plane'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027031959/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/navy-drops-air-forces-mission-from-its-next-doomsday-plane","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake
Kahnawake
["1 Location","2 Historical land claim","3 Multi-cultural community","4 Effects of construction projects in/through community","5 Working in New York","6 Late 20th century to present","6.1 Membership and residency on the reserve","6.2 Restorative justice","7 Gambling/gaming","8 Politics","9 International use of Kahnawake flag","10 Historic sites","11 Representation in other media","12 Notable residents","13 Media","14 Kahnawake pow wow","15 Schools","16 See also","17 References","18 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°25′N 73°41′W / 45.417°N 73.683°W / 45.417; -73.683 First Nations reserve in Quebec, CanadaKahnawake CaughnawagaFirst Nations reserveKahnawake First Nations Reserve No. 14Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM.KahnawakeLocation in southern Quebec.Show map of Southern QuebecKahnawakeKahnawake (Quebec)Show map of QuebecCoordinates: 45°25′N 73°41′W / 45.417°N 73.683°W / 45.417; -73.683CountryCanadaProvinceQuebecRegionMontérégieRCMRoussillonWithin RCM, but unassociatedElectoral DistrictsFederalLa-PrairieProvincialChâteauguayGovernment • TypeBand council • Grand ChiefKahsennenhawe Sky-Deer • Federal MP(s)Alain Therrien (BQ) • Quebec MNA(s)Pierre Moreau (PLQ)Area • Land50.41 km2 (19.46 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total7,965 • Pop 2006-2011N/A • DwellingsN/ATime zoneUTC−05:00 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)Postal code(s)J0L1B0Area code450Highways R-132 R-138 R-207Websitewww.kahnawake.com The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (French: Territoire Mohawk de Kahnawake, pronounced in the Mohawk language, Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora) is a First Nations reserve of the Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, across from Montreal. Established by French Canadians in 1719 as a Jesuit mission, it has also been known as Seigneury Sault du St-Louis, and Caughnawaga (after a Mohawk village in the Mohawk Valley of New York). There are 17 European spelling variations of the Mohawk Kahnawake. Kahnawake's territory totals an area of 48.05 km2 (18.55 sq mi). Its resident population numbers slightly above 8,000, with a significant number living off reserve. Its land base today is unevenly distributed due to the federal Indian Act, which governs individual land possession. It has rules that are different from those applying to Canadian non-reserve areas. Most Kahnawake residents originally spoke the Mohawk language, and some learned French when trading with and allied with French colonists. Together with most of four Iroquois nations, including the Mohawk, they allied with the British government during the American Revolutionary War and the Lower Canada Rebellion. They have since become mostly English speaking. Although people of European descent traditionally refer to the residents of Kahnawake as Mohawk, their autonym is Kanien’kehá:ka (the "People of the Flint"). Another meaning is "those who speak Kanien'kéha"). The Kanien’kehá:ka were historically the most easterly nation of the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy) and are known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". They controlled territory on both sides of the Mohawk River and west of the Hudson River in present-day New York, where they protected other parts of the confederacy to the west against invasion by tribes from present-day New England and the coastal areas. Kahnawake is one of several self-governing Kanien’kehá:ka territories of the Mohawk Nation within the borders of Canada, including Kanesatake on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River northwest of Montreal; Tyendinaga in Ontario; Akwesasne, which straddles the borders of Quebec, Ontario and New York across the Saint Lawrence River; and the Six Nations of the Grand River in Ontario north of Lake Erie. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British considered Kahnawake one of the Seven Nations of Canada. The name is derived from the Mohawk word kahnawà:ke, meaning "place of the rapids", referring to their major village Caughnawaga near the rapids of the Mohawk River in what is today central New York. When converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montréal area, they named the new settlement after their former one. The proximity of the Lachine Rapids also influenced their naming decision. Location Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860 Kahnawake is located on the southwest shore where the Saint Lawrence River narrows. The territory is described in the native language as "on, or by the rapids" (of the Saint Lawrence River) (in French, it was originally called Sault du St-Louis, also related to the rapids). This term refers to their village being located along the natural rapids of the St. Lawrence. But in the mid-20th century, the path of the river was changed with construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal and the people lost access to the river. The French colony of New France used Kahnawake as part of a southwestern defence for Ville-Marie (later Montreal) and placed a military garrison there. The Jesuits founded a mission to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations. This was also a base for those missionary priests who were sent to the west. Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719. Historical land claim Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as "Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages" - portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words "Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie. Kahnawake was created under what was known as the Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis, a 40,320-acre (163.2 km2) territory which the French Crown granted in 1680 to the Jesuits to "protect" and "nurture" those Mohawk newly converted to Catholicism. When the seigneury was granted, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement. But the Jesuits assumed rights as seigneurs of the Sault, and permitted French and other European colonists to settle there and collected their rents. The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the British defeated France in the Seven Years' War and took over their territory east of the Mississippi River in New France. The new British governor, Thomas Gage, ordered the reserve to be entirely and exclusively vested in the Mohawk, under the supervision of the Indian Department. Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued to allow non-Native encroachment, and mismanaged the lands and rents. Surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. From the late 1880s until the 1950s, the Mohawk were required by the government to make numerous land cessions to enable construction of railway, hydro-electric, and telephone company industrial projects along the river. As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). In the late 20th century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims with the Canadian government to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of Saint-Constant, Sainte-Catherine, Saint-Mathieu, Delson, Candiac and Saint-Philippe. Led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and the reserve's Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking monetary compensation and symbolic recognition of its claim. Multi-cultural community Kahnawake was settled by a variety of historic indigenous peoples, although the Mohawk became by far the majority. They and other tribes had a practice of adopting captives into the tribe, often to replace people lost to illness or warfare. They generally chose to adopt young women and children taken in raids, as these were believed to be more amenable to assimilation. Individual families adopted such captives, and made them full members of their clan and tribe. The practice preceded European encounter, but later some European captives were also assimilated as Mohawk. The Mohawk had a matrilineal kinship system, with children considered born into the clan of the mother and deriving their status from her family. There was some European settlement after the reserve land was "donated" by the French Crown in the mid-17th century. The French government stationed French colonial troops there (who formed liaisons with local women and had children by them). Shopkeepers also formed families, and through the 18th century, many marriages occurred between European men and Indian women. Multiracial children born to Mohawk mothers were readily assimilated into the mother's family, clan, and nation. During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the English and French were competing in North America and in Europe. Together with allied First Nations or Native American tribes, they conducted raids along the undefined border between the territories of New France and New England. Captives were sometimes held for ransom, and European families and communities worked to buy them back. In some cases, families of the indigenous communities kept captives for adoption. For instance, more than 100 captives were taken during the 1704 Raid on Deerfield; they were forced overland to Montreal and Kahnawake. The minister of Deerfield was ransomed, but his teenage daughter was kept by a Mohawk family. She ultimately married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing to stay with her new family rather than return to Deerfield. As a result of this history, many Kahnawake people have been of mixed ancestry but identify as Mohawk. Backgrounds may include ancestry of other Iroquois tribes, such as the Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora; and/or French, English, Anglo-American, Scots and Irish. By the 1790s and early 19th century, visitors often described the visible "great mixture of blood" at Kahnawake. They noted that many children who appeared to be of European ancestry were being brought up culturally as Mohawk. At times there has been more tension about the relations of full-blood and mixed-race members of the tribe, both in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In other areas of Canada, particularly the Red River region in the west, Métis descendants of European trappers and indigenous women, gradually developed what has become a separate, recognized ethnic group, based on a distinct hunting and trading culture. Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComber Kahnawake surnames, such as Beauvais, D'Ailleboust, de La Ronde Thibaudière, Delisle, de Lorimier, Giasson, Johnson, Mailloux, McComber, McGregor, Montour, Phillips, Rice, Stacey, Tarbell, and Williams, represent the evidence of tribal members' adoption of and intermarriage with non-Natives. Tarbell ancestors, for instance, were John and Zachary, brothers captured as young children from Groton, Massachusetts in 1707 during Queen Anne's War and taken to Canada. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the boys became assimilated: they were baptized as Catholic and renamed, learned the Mohawk ways and were also given Mohawk names, married women who were daughters of chiefs, reared children with them, and became chiefs themselves.: 186, 224  Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier (Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810. Historic sources document the sometimes strained relations between Mohawk and ethnic Europeans at Kahnawake, usually over property and competition for limited resources. In 1722, community residents objected to the garrison of French soldiers because they feared it would cause "horrible discord" and showed the French did not trust the locals. In the mid-1720s, the community evicted the Desaulnier sisters, traders who were garnering profits formerly earned by members of Kahnawake. In 1771, twenty-two Mohawk pressed British officials to help them prevent two local families from bringing French families to settle "on lands reserved for their common use". In 1812, many were opposed to specific types of "mixed" marriages. In 1822, agent Nicolas Doucet reported that the community was growing frustrated by marriages in which white husbands acquired rights over the lives and properties of their Mohawk wives according to British Canadian laws. This was in opposition to Iroquois culture, which had a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and property invested in the maternal line. Abuse of alcohol was a continuing problem. In 1828, the village expelled white traders who were "poisoning" the Iroquois "with rum and spirituous liquors". Tensions rose at the time of the 1837-38 Lower Canada Rebellion. The Mohawk had suffered incursions on their land, including non-Natives' taking valuable firewood. The Kahnawake cooperated with the British Crown against the Patriotes, largely over the issue of preserving their land and expressing their collective identity. Before and after the Rebellions, the community was fiercely divided regarding the rights of mixed-race residents, such as Antoine-George de Lorimier (the son of Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier), and whether he should be evicted. Although his mother was Mohawk and native to Kahnawake, because of his father's and his own connections to the European community, George de Lorimier became a controversial figure in Kahnawake, even after his death in 1863. In the 1870s and 1880s, land and resource pressures renewed local concern about ethnic Europeans living at Kahnawake. In addition, the national government's passage of legislation, from enfranchisement to the Indian Advancement Act of 1884, which prohibited traditional chiefs and required Canadian-style elections, split the community and added to tensions. Some young Mohawk men wanted a chance to advance independently to being chiefs; other people wanted to keep the traditional, hereditary seven life chiefs selected from the seven clans. An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the Montreal Star, 1907 The inequalities in landownership among Kahnawake residents led to resentment of the wealthy. For instance, in 1884, the multiracial sons of the late George de Lorimier were the largest and wealthiest landowners in the community. Some Kahnawake residents questioned whether people who were not full-blood Mohawk should be allowed to own so much land. The Mohawk Council asked members of the Giasson, Deblois, Meloche, Lafleur, Plante and de Lorimier families to leave, as all were of partial European ancestry. Some, like the de Lorimier brothers, gradually sold their properties and pursued their lives elsewhere. Others, such as Charles Gédéon Giasson, were finally given permanent status at the reserve. Because the Indian Department did not provide adequate support to the reserve, the community continued to struggle financially. At one point, the Kahnawake chiefs suggested selling the reserve to raise money for annuities for the tribe. Social unrest increased, with young men attacking houses, barns and farm animals of people they resented. In May 1878 an arson fire killed Osias Meloche, the husband of Charlotte-Louise Giasson (daughter of Charles Gédéon Giasson, noted above), and their home and barn were destroyed. Under the Walbank Survey, the national government surveyed and subdivided the land of the reserve, allotting some plots individually to each head of household eligible to live in Kahnawake. The violence stopped as the new form of privatisation of land was instituted, but antagonism toward some community members did not. The election of council chiefs began in 1889, but the influence of Kahnawake's shadow government of traditional clan chiefs persisted. This lasted into the 1920s, when the traditional seven-clan system became absorbed in the Longhouse Movement, which was based on three clans. This was strong through the 1940s. Effects of construction projects in/through community Historically, the federal and Quebec governments have often located large civil engineering projects benefiting the southern Quebec economy through Kahnawake land because of its proximity to the Saint Lawrence River. The reserve is criss-crossed by power lines from hydroelectric plants, railways, and vehicle highways and bridges. One of the first of such projects was the fledgling Canadian Pacific Railway's Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge. The masonry work was done by Reid & Fleming, and the steel superstructure was built by the Dominion Bridge Company. In 1886 and 1887, the new bridge was built across the broad river from Kahnawake to the Island of Montreal. Kahnawake men worked as bridgemen and ironworkers hundreds of feet above the water and ground. Kahnawake seen from Montreal When the national government decided to pass the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal cut through the village, the people and buildings of Kahnawake were permanently separated from the natural river shore. The loss of land and access to the river, the demolition of houses, and the change in the community's relationship to the river have had profound effects on Kahnawake. The people had been sited there for hundreds of years, and their identities were related to a profound knowledge of the river, from the time they were children through adulthood. One effect of the losses was to make the community determined not to suffer more encroachment. They drew together and became stronger. Working in New York See also: Mohawk skywalkers Mohawk skywalkers constructing Rockefeller Center, 1928, photo Lewis Hine The Mohawk success on major high-rise construction projects inspired the legend that Native American men had no fear of working at heights. Numerous Kahnawake men continued as iron and steelworkers in Canada. Thirty-three Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time. The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honour them. Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the Empire State Building, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as well as many bridges. They brought their families with them, and most Mohawk from Kahnawake lived in Brooklyn. They called their neighbourhood "Little Caughnawaga" after their homeland. While the men worked on skyscrapers, the women created a strong community for their families. Many also worked outside the home. In the summers, the families would return to Kahnawake to stay with relatives and renew connections. Some of the people who grew up in Brooklyn as children still have the local New York accent, although they have long lived in Kahnawake. Kahnawake high steel workers in New York were the subject of the 1966 documentary High Steel, as seen through the story of Harold McComber. Late 20th century to present The elected Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) have generally established predominance in governing the reserve. This elected government is the only body with which the Canadian government will deal. Membership and residency on the reserve With continuing late 20th-century conflicts over who could reside at the reserve, the elected chiefs of the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) passed laws regulating membership or eligibility for residence at Kahnawake. In 1981 they passed a law that non-natives could not reside in the community; those Mohawk who marry outside of the nation lose the right to live in the homeland. The MCK said that its policy was to preserve the people's cultural identity. In the 21st century, they did not want non-Natives living at the reserve, even if a person had adopted the Mohawk language or culture. The policy is based on a 1981 community moratorium on non-Native residency, which Kahnawake enacted into law in 1984. All couples who had a non-Mohawk partner were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they had lived on the reserve. The only exemption was for those of such couples who had married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the racially exclusive membership policy, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal ruled that the Mohawk Kahnawake government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people. In February 2010, the issue was renewed when the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake elected to evict 35 non-Natives from the reserve. While the action was legal according to the membership laws, critics believed the council was acting specifically against some individuals. These persons had lived on the reserve for 10 years or more and contributed to the community. The council said they were responding to complaints from residents about limited housing and land being occupied by non-Natives. The eviction resolution, endorsed by all 12 chiefs of the MCK, caused an uproar within and beyond the community, attracting national press attention. Steve Bonspiel, publisher and editor of Kahnawake newspaper The Eastern Door, said that the issue dated back to 1973. At that time, when non-Native people with no ties in the community were asked to leave, they were harassed and even physically attacked. Bonspiel thought the council's 2010 threat to publish the names of people ineligible to live on the reserve was inappropriate as a means to use public pressure and potentially physical threat against them. Coverage of this issue by the Eastern Door that year resulted in the council reversing their decision. The Federal Indian Affairs Minister Chuck Strahl said there was nothing illegal about the band's eviction of non-members: It is important for people to realize that whether I like the decisions or not, these are decisions made by First Nations people on their own land (...) It is not for me to make those decisions, or the Government, and we are not going to be making those decisions.— Chuck Strahl, National Post Ellen Gabriel, the head of the Quebec Native Women's Association and a Mohawk resident at Kanesatake, criticized the MCK. She said their actions did not represent the traditional inclusiveness of Mohawk communities, which had historically assimilated adoptees and marriage partners. She criticized the council for interfering in the private lives of persons who had chosen non-Native partners. She noted the Mohawk had long been successful at integrating people within their communities, and have still preserved their language and culture over the centuries. Some residents who received eviction notices agreed to leave; others proved they spend only limited time in the community, so were permitted as visitors. The council said it would send second notices to people who did not respond, and then would publish their names. The governing band council defended its right to ask non-Natives to leave the small community: While the media has had a field day with this story and some have used the word 'racist,' we will, once again, state the issue isn't about anyone's feelings towards non-natives, it is simply an issue of residency and our right to determine who can and cannot live on the 13,000 acres we call home," said Mohawk Chief Michael Delisle Jr.— Michael Delisle Jr., CBC In September 2014, the council revived the issue of non-Native residents, announcing community meetings for discussion and plans to issue a new regulation. It barred non-Kahnawake residents from the meeting. Restorative justice Before European contact, the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) had a long tradition of justice administered within the clan and council system. The clan would govern the behaviour of clan members, and conflict between members of clans would be settled by consensus of the council. Clan mothers as well as chiefs had roles in this system. The goal was to quickly restore peace to the community and control behaviour that threatened it. The system was based on the four principles of reason, persuasion, satisfaction and compensation, with both wrongdoer and victim as part of the process. It was intended to achieve "ue compensation and condolence, and a promise of agreement" between the parties. Many at Kahnawake and other First Nations communities believe their people are not being well served by the Canadian justice system. First Nations people are over-represented in it and in prisons. They believe this is in part due to the imposition of the Canadian justice system on traditional ways, by which the government has tried to assimilate the First Nations into European-based culture. The Canadian government has gradually favoured "indigenization" of the system. Kahnawake used section 107 of the Indian Act to nominate community members as justices of the peace, and in 1974 Justice Sharron was appointed as the first justice of the peace at the reserve. Many of the cases have dealt with traffic and parking violations, but her scope is wider, as the JP has jurisdiction over Criminal Code offences related to the following four areas: cruelty to animals, common assault, breaking and entering, and vagrancy. The Kanien’kehá:ka wanted further improvements. Since 2000, Kahnawake has started to reintroduce Skenn:en A'onsonton (to become peaceful again), the traditional justice system of the Iroquois. It wanted to create an alternative dispute resolution process, as developed by the First Nation, or "reintroduced" according to its principles. The Justice Committee of the MCK and representatives of the Longhouse jointly presented the initiative to the community. Based on wrongdoing that has taken place within the geographic area of Kahnawke, the system is intended for use before any arrest of an affected party under the Canadian system. It has procedures to be used by the victim and offender, and their supporters. With assistance by trained facilitators to resolve issues, the process is intended to restore peace and harmony, rather than to be an adversarial process. In contrast to the Canadian system of adversarial justice it, would allow the parties to personalize the process of addressing wrongdoing and in so doing provides the parties with a "new and different choice" to resolve disputes based on traditional principles that the parties can initiate on their own without the involvement of the criminal justice system.— Susan Haslip, The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: "Beyond Indigenization" The initiative has challenges, for instance, gaining the support of Peacekeepers and community members who may not be familiar with these traditional cultural principles. But, it is an important means of re-education into principles that offer an alternative to the current Canadian system, and helps build a future especially for the young people of the community. Gambling/gaming The Kahnawake Gaming Commission offers gambling licenses to Internet-based poker, casino, and sportsbook sites. It has established Kahnawake as a substantial player in that business. Mohawk Internet Technologies (MIT), a local data centre located within the territory, hosts and manages many Internet gambling websites, and provides high-tech employment to its people. MIT is the closest and fastest source for "legally hosted" gambling websites for North American players. Established in 1998, MIT by 2006 had become a "remarkably profitable" enterprise. Politics Fifty men from Kahnawake volunteered to fight with the United States armed forces during the Vietnam War. While working to strengthen their culture and language, the people of Kahnawake have generally not had the political turmoil of the nearby, smaller Kanesatake reserve. In support of Kanesatake during its Oka Crisis in 1990, people from Kahnawake blocked the Honoré Mercier Bridge to Montreal, which had an access road through their reserve. The Kanesatake reserve had been blockaded and isolated by the Sûreté du Québec in a conflict over use of lands the Mohawk considered sacred. The bridge blockade affected the commute of many locals throughout the summer, leading to rioting and the burning of effigies, and to the "Whiskey Trench" episode. On August 28, 1990 a convoy of 50 to 75 cars, bearing mostly women, children and elders, left Kahnawake in fear of a possible advance by the Canadian Army. While the Mohawks' cars were being searched by the provincial police force, a crowd of hundreds gathered on the Montreal side of the highway; many in the crowd threw rocks and chairs at the cars and yelled ethnic slurs. Many windows were broken and some Mohawk were hit by rocks and cut by glass. Thirteen people were arrested. Blame has fallen on the provincial government for letting the convoy pass; on the Sûreté du Québec for holding the cars for so long, and for mostly not stopping people from throwing rocks; on the lack of police or army or riot squad; and on local radio stations that broadcast the location of the convoy. After some time, Kahnawake negotiated separately with the armed forces to remove the blockade to the bridge. International use of Kahnawake flag In 2007, two vessels operated by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society flew the Kahnawake Mohawk flag. The Kahnawake Mohawk nation is the only indigenous American sovereign nation to have deep-sea foreign-going vessels flying its flag. Since December 2007, the Sea Shepherd vessels have been registered in the Netherlands. Historic sites Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and Saint Francis Xavier mission (1845) Kahnawake contains three National Historic Sites of Canada: Fort St-Louis, the Jesuit Mission of St-François-Xavier, and the Caughnawaga Presbytery. Representation in other media Reaghan Tarbell, a native of Kahnawake, wrote and directed a one-hour documentary, Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back (2008), about the families from Kahnawake who migrated to work in New York. It focused on the early 20th-century community created by the women where they settled in Brooklyn, while the men worked on steel skyscrapers and bridges. It was later released in the US as A Mohawk Journey: To Brooklyn and Back (2010). In Tracey Deer’s drama film Beans, the 1990 Oka Crisis at Kanesatake is explored. Deer lived the crisis as a child and show it through the eyes of a preteen girl named Tekehentahkhwa (nicknamed "Beans"). Beans’ perspective on life is radically changed by these events. Notable residents Tammy Beauvais, fashion designer John Kim Bell (b. 1952), conductor, first Aboriginal person to conduct a symphony orchestra A. Brian Deer, librarian, scholar Tracey Deer, two-time Gemini Award-winning filmmaker, for her documentary Club Native (2008). She also made the short Mohawk Girls. She was producer/director/writer to adapt it as a television series, Mohawk Girls, which ran on CBC for five seasons from 2014 to 2017. Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde, director and puppeteer Don Eagle, 1950 American Wrestling Association champion as Chief Don Eagle. Mary Two-Axe Earley (1911–1996), champion of Native Women's rights, she played a major role in having Bill C-31 implemented in Canada, and received major honours. Babe and Carla Hemlock, visual artists Kaniehtiio Horn, actress Waneek Horn-Miller, athlete, member of the Canadian women's water polo team, which won a Gold Medal at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs, actress Alwyn Morris, athlete, won a gold medal in canoe/kayak (K2) for Canada at the 1984 Olympics Alex Rice, actress featured in numerous TV and film roles, including two of the Twilight films. Robert (Bobby) Simpson, former professional ice hockey player who played for the Atlanta Flames Brooke Stacey, ice hockey player Dexter Stacey, NASCAR driver Kateri Tekakwitha (1656–1680), born in a village in New York, but lived in Kahnawake later in life. She was canonized as the first Native American Catholic saint on October 21, 2012. Derek White, NASCAR driver Media See also: Media in Montreal Kahnawake has several media outlets: CKKI-FM 89.9 FM known as 89.9 KiC Country Montreal CKRK-FM 103.7 FM branded as K1037 Kahnawake Mohawk Radio, an Internet-based radio station (Defunct) Mohawk TV/Loud Spirit Productions CKER The Seeker Kahnawake's first community channel (Defunct) Kwatokent TV, a bi-weekly informational program produced by The Mohawk Council of Kahnawake Iorì:wase, print and online newspaper of the Kanien’kéhá:ka Nation found at www.kahnawakenews.com The Eastern Door, a weekly newspaper founded in 1992 that publishes each Friday and is available online Mohawk TV, Kahnawake's first community TV station, broadcasting on local cable in the community. Mohawk Princess Pictures Kahnawake pow wow The pow wow is held every summer on the second weekend of July at the Kateri Tekakwitha Island. It is a social event open to everyone to share the Native American culture such as traditional foods, hand made crafts, singing and traditional dancing. Schools Step By Step Child and Family Center, early learning/nursery Kateri School, elementary school Karonhianonhnha School, elementary school Indian Way School, elementary school Karihwanoron Mohawk Immersion School, elementary school with Mohawk-language immersion Kahnawake Learning Center, general education centre, high school Kahnawake Survival School, high school FNRAEC (First Nations Adult Education Center), Adult Education See also Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38 List of Indian reserves in Quebec Pierre de Lauzon Jesuit missionary to the Kahnawake References ^ Kahnawá:ke, Mohawk Council of. "Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke". www.kahnawake.com. ^ Riding history for Châteauguay–Saint-Constant, Quebec from the Library of Parliament ^ Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Results: CHÂTEAUGUAY ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (13 March 2007). "Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. ^ "Indigenous communities in Quebec". 15 October 2021. ^ Rudes, B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 11 April 2011. ^ Kahentonni Phillips, Morgan. "Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)". ICIHRP Roots of Resilience Project. McGill University. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ Kahnawake: Historique Foncier Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, ^ Gerald Alfred, 1995: To Right Certain Wrongs: A Report on Research into Lands Known as the Seigneury of Sault St-Louis, Kahnawake: Kahnawake Seigneury Office ^ Alfred, Gerald R. 1995: Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism, Toronto: Oxford University Press ^ Rosenburg, Dan, 1999: "Land claims issue dragging its heels", The Eastern Door 8(4) ^ a b Faribault-Beauregard, Marthe, 1993: Mariages de Saint-François-Xavier du Sault St-Louis, 1735-1972, Montréal: Société généalogique canadienne-française ^ a b John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994 ^ Weld, Isaac, 1807: Travels through the United-States and Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796, 1797, Volume 2. New York: Augustus M. Kelley ^ Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne" Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Wampum Chronicles, accessed 1 Feb 2010 ^ a b Matthieu Sossoyan: The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838, McGill University, Master's Thesis in Anthropology, 1999: p. 82-85 ^ a b Gerald F. Reid, "It is Our Custom - The Persistence of Kahnawake’s Council of Chiefs in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries", Kahnawake Branch of the Mohawk Nation, accessed 22 Feb 2010 ^ a b Gerald F. Reid, 2004: Kahnawake: Factionalism, Traditionalism, And Nationalism In A Mohawk Community, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p.? ^ Middleton, William D. The Bridge at Québec (Indiana University Press (2001), ISBN 0-253-33761-5), pp. 99-101 ^ a b Reaghan Tarbell, To Brooklyn and Back: A Mohawk Journey, National Film Board of Canada, Documentary, PBS, fall 2009, also on YouTube ^ Gravestock, Steve (2005). Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture. Indiana University Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0968913245. Retrieved 4 June 2017. High Steel Don Owen. ^ a b c d Susan Haslip, "The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: 'Beyond Indigenization'", E Law, Vol. 9 No. 1 (March 2002), Murdoch University, accessed 3 June 2011 ^ a b Brennan, Richard (2010-02-21). "Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve". The Star. Toronto. ^ TVO Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ Brennan, Richard (February 21, 2010). "Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved February 21, 2010. ^ Martin Patriquin, "Inside the Kahnawake Evictions: Editor of Kahnawake newspaper explains the Mohawk Council decision to evict non-natives", Macleans, 10 Feb 2010 ^ "Kahnawake Weekly Wins Top Honors for Community Journalism", Indian Country TMN, 19 May 2011 ^ a b Graeme Hamilton, "Mohawk evictions legal: Indian Affairs Minister", National Post, 9 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2010 ^ "Kahnawake issues 2nd eviction notice" Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, CBC, Canada, 11 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2020 ^ "Eastern Door editor Steve Bonspiel kicked out of Kahnawake meeting", CBC News, 17 September 2014 ^ D. McDonald, "All bets are off: A tsunami hit the online gambling industry this month and it washed right up to the doors of a building on Highway 138 on the Kahnawake Mohawk reserve", The Gazette (Montreal), 28 Oct 2006, accessed 16 Feb 2010 ^ Morrison, Wilbur H. (2001). The Elephant and the Tiger. Hellgate Press. p. 597. ISBN 1-55571-612-1. ^ Rocks at Whiskey Trench. Dir. Alanis Obomsawin. National Film Board, 2000. Film. ^ "Oka Crisis, 1990." Warrior Publications. Retrieved March 19, 2016 ^ Sea Shepherd – Sea Shepherd Receives the Flag of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy Archived 2007-12-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Neptune's Navy". The New Yorker. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-18. ^ Fort St-Louis. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 18 March 2012. ^ Caughnawaga Mission / Mission of St-François-Xavier. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 18 March 2012. ^ Caughnawaga Presbytery. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 18 March 2012. ^ Tarbell, Reaghan (2021). "Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back". National Film Board of Canada (NFB). Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ Dunne, Susan (14 May 2010). "'A Mohawk Journey': How Tribe Kept Intact, Moving To N.Y. To Work". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ Norman Wilner, "VIFF review: Tracey Deer’s 'Beans' finds its hero coming of age during the Oka crisis". The Georgia Straight, September 16, 2020. ^ The Eastern Door ^ "Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory". ^ "Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum". ^ "Step By Step Child and Family Center". Step By Step Child and Family Center. ^ "Index". www.kecedu.ca. ^ "Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake". monecole-myschool.com. ^ "mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake". karihwanoron. ^ "Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center". www.kecedu.ca. ^ "Index". www.kecedu.ca. ^ "First Nation Adult Education". Éducation des adultes Premières Nations First Nations Adult Education. External links Media related to Kahnawake at Wikimedia Commons Official website "The Revival of the Mohawk Language in Kahnawake", Brandon University The Kanawaki Golf Club - A private club which leases land from the Mohawk Council Reaghan Tarbell, Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back , documentary aired 2 November 2009, PBS, produced by National Film Board of Canada Places adjacent to Kahnawake Lac-Saint-LouisDorval Saint Lawrence RiverMercier Bridge to: LaSalle (Montreal) Châteauguay Kahnawake Sainte-CatherineSaint-Constant Saint-Isidore vte Subdivisions of Roussillon Regional County MunicipalityCities Candiac Châteauguay Delson La Prairie Léry Mercier Saint-Constant Sainte-Catherine Saint-Philippe Municipalities Saint-Mathieu Parishes Saint-Isidore Regional County Municipalities in Montérégie: Acton Beauharnois-Salaberry Brome-Missisquoi La Haute-Yamaska La Vallée-du-Richelieu Le Haut-Richelieu Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Les Jardins-de-Napierville Les Maskoutains Marguerite-D'Youville Pierre-De Saurel Roussillon Rouville Vaudreuil-Soulanges Urban Agglomerations: Longueuil (TE) Native Reserves: Akwesasne Kahnawake vteMunicipalities of the CMM and/or Montreal CMA Urban agglomeration of Montreal Urban agglomeration of Longueuil Laval North Shore Blainville Bois-des-Filion Boisbriand Charlemagne Deux-Montagnes Gore¹ Kanesatake¹ L'Assomption L'Épiphanie (P)¹ L'Épiphanie (V)¹ Lavaltrie¹ Lorraine Mascouche Mirabel Oka Pointe-Calumet Repentigny Rosemère Saint-Colomban¹ Saint-Eustache Saint-Jérôme¹ Saint-Placide¹ Saint-Joseph-du-Lac Saint-Sulpice Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac Sainte-Thérèse Terrebonne South Shore Beauharnois Beloeil Calixa-Lavallée² Candiac Carignan Chambly Châteauguay Contrecoeur² Coteau-du-Lac¹ Delson Hudson Kahnawake¹ L'Île-Cadieux L'Île-Perrot La Prairie Léry Les Cèdres Les Coteaux¹ McMasterville Mercier Mont-Saint-Hilaire Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot Otterburn Park Pincourt Pointe-des-Cascades Richelieu Saint-Amable Saint-Basile-le-Grand Saint-Constant Saint-Isidore Saint-Jean-Baptiste² Saint-Lazare Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu Saint-Mathieu Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil Saint-Philippe Saint-Zotique¹ Sainte-Catherine Sainte-Julie Terrasse-Vaudreuil Varennes Vaudreuil-Dorion Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac Verchères ¹Does not belong to the CMM — ²Does not belong to the Montreal CMA Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[ɡahnaˈwaːɡe]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Mohawk language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tuscarora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_language"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawks_of_Kahnaw%C3%A1:ke"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"French Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission"},{"link_name":"Mohawk village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caughnawaga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reserve"},{"link_name":"Indian Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Act"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"autonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Kanesatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanesatake"},{"link_name":"Tyendinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyendinaga_Mohawk_Territory"},{"link_name":"Akwesasne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwesasne"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Six Nations of the Grand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Seven Nations of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Nations_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_language"},{"link_name":"Caughnawaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caughnawaga_Indian_Village_Site"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bright2004-7"},{"link_name":"Lachine Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine_Rapids"}],"text":"First Nations reserve in Quebec, CanadaThe Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (French: Territoire Mohawk de Kahnawake, pronounced [ɡahnaˈwaːɡe] in the Mohawk language, Kahnawáˀkye[6] in Tuscarora) is a First Nations reserve of the Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, across from Montreal. Established by French Canadians in 1719 as a Jesuit mission, it has also been known as Seigneury Sault du St-Louis, and Caughnawaga (after a Mohawk village in the Mohawk Valley of New York). There are 17 European spelling variations of the Mohawk Kahnawake.Kahnawake's territory totals an area of 48.05 km2 (18.55 sq mi). Its resident population numbers slightly above 8,000, with a significant number living off reserve. Its land base today is unevenly distributed due to the federal Indian Act, which governs individual land possession. It has rules that are different from those applying to Canadian non-reserve areas. Most Kahnawake residents originally spoke the Mohawk language, and some learned French when trading with and allied with French colonists. Together with most of four Iroquois nations, including the Mohawk, they allied with the British government during the American Revolutionary War and the Lower Canada Rebellion. They have since become mostly English speaking.Although people of European descent traditionally refer to the residents of Kahnawake as Mohawk, their autonym is Kanien’kehá:ka (the \"People of the Flint\"). Another meaning is \"those who speak [the language] Kanien'kéha\"). The Kanien’kehá:ka were historically the most easterly nation of the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy) and are known as the \"Keepers of the Eastern Door\". They controlled territory on both sides of the Mohawk River and west of the Hudson River in present-day New York, where they protected other parts of the confederacy to the west against invasion by tribes from present-day New England and the coastal areas.Kahnawake is one of several self-governing Kanien’kehá:ka territories of the Mohawk Nation within the borders of Canada, including Kanesatake on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River northwest of Montreal; Tyendinaga in Ontario; Akwesasne, which straddles the borders of Quebec, Ontario and New York across the Saint Lawrence River; and the Six Nations of the Grand River in Ontario north of Lake Erie. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British considered Kahnawake one of the Seven Nations of Canada.The name is derived from the Mohawk word kahnawà:ke, meaning \"place of the rapids\", referring to their major village Caughnawaga near the rapids of the Mohawk River in what is today central New York. When converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montréal area, they named the new settlement after their former one.[7] The proximity of the Lachine Rapids also influenced their naming decision.","title":"Kahnawake"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg"},{"link_name":"rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapids"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICIHRP-8"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence Seaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Ville-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission"},{"link_name":"priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"}],"text":"Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860Kahnawake is located on the southwest shore where the Saint Lawrence River narrows. The territory is described in the native language as \"on, or by the rapids\" (of the Saint Lawrence River)[8] (in French, it was originally called Sault du St-Louis, also related to the rapids). This term refers to their village being located along the natural rapids of the St. Lawrence. But in the mid-20th century, the path of the river was changed with construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal and the people lost access to the river.The French colony of New France used Kahnawake as part of a southwestern defence for Ville-Marie (later Montreal) and placed a military garrison there. The Jesuits founded a mission to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations. This was also a base for those missionary priests who were sent to the west. Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landclaim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"converted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"seigneurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gage"},{"link_name":"Indian Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Department"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Saint-Constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Constant,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Catherine,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint-Mathieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mathieu,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Delson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delson,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Candiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candiac,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Philippe,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Council of Kahnawake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawks_of_Kahnaw%C3%A1:ke"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as \"Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages\" - portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words \"Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage\" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie.Kahnawake was created under what was known as the Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis, a 40,320-acre (163.2 km2) territory which the French Crown granted in 1680 to the Jesuits to \"protect\" and \"nurture\" those Mohawk newly converted to Catholicism.[9] When the seigneury was granted, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement. But the Jesuits assumed rights as seigneurs of the Sault, and permitted French and other European colonists to settle there and collected their rents.[10]The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the British defeated France in the Seven Years' War and took over their territory east of the Mississippi River in New France. The new British governor, Thomas Gage, ordered the reserve to be entirely and exclusively vested in the Mohawk, under the supervision of the Indian Department.[11]Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued to allow non-Native encroachment, and mismanaged the lands and rents. Surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. From the late 1880s until the 1950s, the Mohawk were required by the government to make numerous land cessions to enable construction of railway, hydro-electric, and telephone company industrial projects along the river.As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). In the late 20th century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims with the Canadian government to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of Saint-Constant, Sainte-Catherine, Saint-Mathieu, Delson, Candiac and Saint-Philippe. Led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and the reserve's Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking monetary compensation and symbolic recognition of its claim.[12]","title":"Historical land claim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"French Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs"},{"link_name":"French colonial troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troupes_de_marine"},{"link_name":"Multiracial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mariages-13"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Raid on Deerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield"},{"link_name":"Deerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Demos-14"},{"link_name":"Oneida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_people"},{"link_name":"Onondaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onondaga_people"},{"link_name":"Cayuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_people"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mariages-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Colony"},{"link_name":"Métis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber,_full_picture.gif"},{"link_name":"Kahnawake surnames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake_surnames"},{"link_name":"Groton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Demos-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier,_sketch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier"},{"link_name":"traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_agent_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sossoyan-17"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"British Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Patriotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriote_movement"},{"link_name":"Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sossoyan-17"},{"link_name":"enfranchisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"Indian Advancement Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Advancement_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kahnawakelonghouse.com-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg"},{"link_name":"multiracial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial"},{"link_name":"Charles Gédéon Giasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"},{"link_name":"annuities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuity_(American)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"},{"link_name":"Longhouse Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longhouse_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kahnawakelonghouse.com-18"}],"text":"Kahnawake was settled by a variety of historic indigenous peoples, although the Mohawk became by far the majority. They and other tribes had a practice of adopting captives into the tribe, often to replace people lost to illness or warfare. They generally chose to adopt young women and children taken in raids, as these were believed to be more amenable to assimilation. Individual families adopted such captives, and made them full members of their clan and tribe. The practice preceded European encounter, but later some European captives were also assimilated as Mohawk. The Mohawk had a matrilineal kinship system, with children considered born into the clan of the mother and deriving their status from her family.There was some European settlement after the reserve land was \"donated\" by the French Crown in the mid-17th century. The French government stationed French colonial troops there (who formed liaisons with local women and had children by them). Shopkeepers also formed families, and through the 18th century, many marriages occurred between European men and Indian women. Multiracial children born to Mohawk mothers were readily assimilated into the mother's family, clan, and nation.[13]During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the English and French were competing in North America and in Europe. Together with allied First Nations or Native American tribes, they conducted raids along the undefined border between the territories of New France and New England. Captives were sometimes held for ransom, and European families and communities worked to buy them back. In some cases, families of the indigenous communities kept captives for adoption. For instance, more than 100 captives were taken during the 1704 Raid on Deerfield; they were forced overland to Montreal and Kahnawake. The minister of Deerfield was ransomed, but his teenage daughter was kept by a Mohawk family. She ultimately married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing to stay with her new family rather than return to Deerfield.[14]As a result of this history, many Kahnawake people have been of mixed ancestry but identify as Mohawk. Backgrounds may include ancestry of other Iroquois tribes, such as the Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora; and/or French, English, Anglo-American, Scots and Irish.[13] By the 1790s and early 19th century, visitors often described the visible \"great mixture of blood\" at Kahnawake. They noted that many children who appeared to be of European ancestry were being brought up culturally as Mohawk.[15] At times there has been more tension about the relations of full-blood and mixed-race members of the tribe, both in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In other areas of Canada, particularly the Red River region in the west, Métis descendants of European trappers and indigenous women, gradually developed what has become a separate, recognized ethnic group, based on a distinct hunting and trading culture.Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComberKahnawake surnames, such as Beauvais, D'Ailleboust, de La Ronde Thibaudière, Delisle, de Lorimier, Giasson, Johnson, Mailloux, McComber, McGregor, Montour, Phillips, Rice, Stacey, Tarbell, and Williams, represent the evidence of tribal members' adoption of and intermarriage with non-Natives. Tarbell ancestors, for instance, were John and Zachary, brothers captured as young children from Groton, Massachusetts in 1707 during Queen Anne's War and taken to Canada. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the boys became assimilated: they were baptized as Catholic and renamed, learned the Mohawk ways and were also given Mohawk names, married women who were daughters of chiefs, reared children with them, and became chiefs themselves.[14]: 186, 224 [16]Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier (Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810.Historic sources document the sometimes strained relations between Mohawk and ethnic Europeans at Kahnawake, usually over property and competition for limited resources. In 1722, community residents objected to the garrison of French soldiers because they feared it would cause \"horrible discord\" and showed the French did not trust the locals. In the mid-1720s, the community evicted the Desaulnier sisters, traders who were garnering profits formerly earned by members of Kahnawake. In 1771, twenty-two Mohawk pressed British officials to help them prevent two local families from bringing French families to settle \"on lands reserved for their common use\". In 1812, many were opposed to specific types of \"mixed\" marriages. In 1822, agent Nicolas Doucet reported that the community was growing frustrated by marriages in which white husbands acquired rights over the lives and properties of their Mohawk wives according to British Canadian laws. This was in opposition to Iroquois culture, which had a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and property invested in the maternal line.[17]Abuse of alcohol was a continuing problem. In 1828, the village expelled white traders who were \"poisoning\" the Iroquois \"with rum and spirituous liquors\". Tensions rose at the time of the 1837-38 Lower Canada Rebellion. The Mohawk had suffered incursions on their land, including non-Natives' taking valuable firewood. The Kahnawake cooperated with the British Crown against the Patriotes, largely over the issue of preserving their land and expressing their collective identity. Before and after the Rebellions, the community was fiercely divided regarding the rights of mixed-race residents, such as Antoine-George de Lorimier (the son of Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier), and whether he should be evicted. Although his mother was Mohawk and native to Kahnawake, because of his father's and his own connections to the European community, George de Lorimier became a controversial figure in Kahnawake, even after his death in 1863.[17]In the 1870s and 1880s, land and resource pressures renewed local concern about ethnic Europeans living at Kahnawake. In addition, the national government's passage of legislation, from enfranchisement to the Indian Advancement Act of 1884, which prohibited traditional chiefs and required Canadian-style elections, split the community and added to tensions. Some young Mohawk men wanted a chance to advance independently to being chiefs; other people wanted to keep the traditional, hereditary seven life chiefs selected from the seven clans.[18]An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the Montreal Star, 1907The inequalities in landownership among Kahnawake residents led to resentment of the wealthy. For instance, in 1884, the multiracial sons of the late George de Lorimier were the largest and wealthiest landowners in the community. Some Kahnawake residents questioned whether people who were not full-blood Mohawk should be allowed to own so much land. The Mohawk Council asked members of the Giasson, Deblois, Meloche, Lafleur, Plante and de Lorimier families to leave, as all were of partial European ancestry. Some, like the de Lorimier brothers, gradually sold their properties and pursued their lives elsewhere. Others, such as Charles Gédéon Giasson, were finally given permanent status at the reserve.[19]Because the Indian Department did not provide adequate support to the reserve, the community continued to struggle financially. At one point, the Kahnawake chiefs suggested selling the reserve to raise money for annuities for the tribe. Social unrest increased, with young men attacking houses, barns and farm animals of people they resented. In May 1878 an arson fire killed Osias Meloche, the husband of Charlotte-Louise Giasson (daughter of Charles Gédéon Giasson, noted above), and their home and barn were destroyed. Under the Walbank Survey, the national government surveyed and subdivided the land of the reserve, allotting some plots individually to each head of household eligible to live in Kahnawake. The violence stopped as the new form of privatisation of land was instituted, but antagonism toward some community members did not.[19]The election of council chiefs began in 1889, but the influence of Kahnawake's shadow government of traditional clan chiefs persisted. This lasted into the 1920s, when the traditional seven-clan system became absorbed in the Longhouse Movement, which was based on three clans. This was strong through the 1940s.[18]","title":"Multi-cultural community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"power lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent_Railway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Dominion Bridge Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Bridge_Company"},{"link_name":"Island of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"ironworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence Seaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway"}],"text":"Historically, the federal and Quebec governments have often located large civil engineering projects benefiting the southern Quebec economy through Kahnawake land because of its proximity to the Saint Lawrence River. The reserve is criss-crossed by power lines from hydroelectric plants, railways, and vehicle highways and bridges. One of the first of such projects was the fledgling Canadian Pacific Railway's Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge. The masonry work was done by Reid & Fleming, and the steel superstructure was built by the Dominion Bridge Company. In 1886 and 1887, the new bridge was built across the broad river from Kahnawake to the Island of Montreal. Kahnawake men worked as bridgemen and ironworkers hundreds of feet above the water and ground.Kahnawake seen from MontrealWhen the national government decided to pass the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal cut through the village, the people and buildings of Kahnawake were permanently separated from the natural river shore. The loss of land and access to the river, the demolition of houses, and the change in the community's relationship to the river have had profound effects on Kahnawake. The people had been sited there for hundreds of years, and their identities were related to a profound knowledge of the river, from the time they were children through adulthood. One effect of the losses was to make the community determined not to suffer more encroachment. They drew together and became stronger.","title":"Effects of construction projects in/through community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohawk skywalkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_skywalkers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohawk_Skywalkers_constructing_Rockefeller_Center,_1928,_photo_Lewis_Hine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Quebec Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009-21"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reaghan_Tarbell_2009-21"},{"link_name":"High Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Steel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gravestock-22"}],"text":"See also: Mohawk skywalkersMohawk skywalkers constructing Rockefeller Center, 1928, photo Lewis HineThe Mohawk success on major high-rise construction projects inspired the legend that Native American men had no fear of working at heights. Numerous Kahnawake men continued as iron and steelworkers in Canada. Thirty-three Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time.[20] The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honour them.[21]Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the Empire State Building, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as well as many bridges. They brought their families with them, and most Mohawk from Kahnawake lived in Brooklyn. They called their neighbourhood \"Little Caughnawaga\" after their homeland. While the men worked on skyscrapers, the women created a strong community for their families. Many also worked outside the home. In the summers, the families would return to Kahnawake to stay with relatives and renew connections. Some of the people who grew up in Brooklyn as children still have the local New York accent, although they have long lived in Kahnawake.[21]Kahnawake high steel workers in New York were the subject of the 1966 documentary High Steel, as seen through the story of Harold McComber.[22]","title":"Working in New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohawk Council of Kahnawake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawks_of_Kahnaw%C3%A1:ke"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haslip-23"}],"text":"The elected Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) have generally established predominance in governing the reserve. This elected government is the only body with which the Canadian government will deal.[23]","title":"Late 20th century to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestar.com-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestar.com-24"},{"link_name":"Canadian Human Rights Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Eastern Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eastern_Door"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Federal Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations"},{"link_name":"Chuck Strahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Strahl"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graeme_Hamilton_2010-29"},{"link_name":"Ellen Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Kanesatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanesatake"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graeme_Hamilton_2010-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Membership and residency on the reserve","text":"With continuing late 20th-century conflicts over who could reside at the reserve, the elected chiefs of the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) passed laws regulating membership or eligibility for residence at Kahnawake. In 1981 they passed a law that non-natives could not reside in the community; those Mohawk who marry outside of the nation lose the right to live in the homeland.[24] The MCK said that its policy was to preserve the people's cultural identity. In the 21st century, they did not want non-Natives living at the reserve, even if a person had adopted the Mohawk language or culture.The policy is based on a 1981 community moratorium on non-Native residency, which Kahnawake enacted into law in 1984.[25] All couples who had a non-Mohawk partner were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they had lived on the reserve.[24] The only exemption was for those of such couples who had married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the racially exclusive membership policy, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal ruled that the Mohawk Kahnawake government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.In February 2010, the issue was renewed when the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake elected to evict 35 non-Natives from the reserve. While the action was legal according to the membership laws, critics believed the council was acting specifically against some individuals. These persons had lived on the reserve for 10 years or more and contributed to the community. The council said they were responding to complaints from residents about limited housing and land being occupied by non-Natives.[26] The eviction resolution, endorsed by all 12 chiefs of the MCK, caused an uproar within and beyond the community, attracting national press attention.Steve Bonspiel, publisher and editor of Kahnawake newspaper The Eastern Door, said that the issue dated back to 1973. At that time, when non-Native people with no ties in the community were asked to leave, they were harassed and even physically attacked. Bonspiel thought the council's 2010 threat to publish the names of people ineligible to live on the reserve was inappropriate as a means to use public pressure and potentially physical threat against them.[27] Coverage of this issue by the Eastern Door that year resulted in the council reversing their decision.[28]The Federal Indian Affairs Minister Chuck Strahl said there was nothing illegal about the band's eviction of non-members:It is important for people to realize that whether I like the decisions or not, these are decisions made by First Nations people on their own land (...) It is not for me to make those decisions, or the Government, and we are not going to be making those decisions.— Chuck Strahl, National Post[29]Ellen Gabriel, the head of the Quebec Native Women's Association and a Mohawk resident at Kanesatake, criticized the MCK. She said their actions did not represent the traditional inclusiveness of Mohawk communities, which had historically assimilated adoptees and marriage partners. She criticized the council for interfering in the private lives of persons who had chosen non-Native partners. She noted the Mohawk had long been successful at integrating people within their communities, and have still preserved their language and culture over the centuries.[29]Some residents who received eviction notices agreed to leave; others proved they spend only limited time in the community, so were permitted as visitors. The council said it would send second notices to people who did not respond, and then would publish their names. The governing band council defended its right to ask non-Natives to leave the small community:While the media has had a field day with this story and some have used the word 'racist,' we will, once again, state the issue isn't about anyone's feelings towards non-natives, it is simply an issue of residency and our right to determine who can and cannot live on the 13,000 acres we call home,\" said Mohawk Chief Michael Delisle Jr.— Michael Delisle Jr., CBC[30]In September 2014, the council revived the issue of non-Native residents, announcing community meetings for discussion and plans to issue a new regulation. It barred non-Kahnawake residents from the meeting.[31]","title":"Late 20th century to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haslip-23"},{"link_name":"Canadian justice system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"justices of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haslip-23"},{"link_name":"alternative dispute resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haslip-23"},{"link_name":"promotion?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"}],"sub_title":"Restorative justice","text":"Before European contact, the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) had a long tradition of justice administered within the clan and council system. The clan would govern the behaviour of clan members, and conflict between members of clans would be settled by consensus of the council. Clan mothers as well as chiefs had roles in this system. The goal was to quickly restore peace to the community and control behaviour that threatened it. The system was based on the four principles of reason, persuasion, satisfaction and compensation, with both wrongdoer and victim as part of the process. It was intended to achieve \"[d]ue compensation and condolence, and a promise of agreement\" between the parties.[23]Many at Kahnawake and other First Nations communities believe their people are not being well served by the Canadian justice system. First Nations people are over-represented in it and in prisons. They believe this is in part due to the imposition of the Canadian justice system on traditional ways, by which the government has tried to assimilate the First Nations into European-based culture. The Canadian government has gradually favoured \"indigenization\" of the system. Kahnawake used section 107 of the Indian Act to nominate community members as justices of the peace, and in 1974 Justice Sharron was appointed as the first justice of the peace at the reserve. Many of the cases have dealt with traffic and parking violations, but her scope is wider, as the JP has jurisdiction over Criminal Code offences related to the following four areas: cruelty to animals, common assault, breaking and entering, and vagrancy. The Kanien’kehá:ka wanted further improvements.[23]Since 2000, Kahnawake has started to reintroduce Skenn:en A'onsonton (to become peaceful again), the traditional justice system of the Iroquois. It wanted to create an alternative dispute resolution process, as developed by the First Nation, or \"reintroduced\" according to its principles. The Justice Committee of the MCK and representatives of the Longhouse jointly presented the initiative to the community. Based on wrongdoing that has taken place within the geographic area of Kahnawke, the system is intended for use before any arrest of an affected party under the Canadian system. It has procedures to be used by the victim and offender, and their supporters. With assistance by trained facilitators to resolve issues, the process is intended to restore peace and harmony, rather than to be an adversarial process. In contrast to the Canadian system of adversarial justice it,would allow the parties to personalize the process of addressing wrongdoing and in so doing provides the parties with a \"new and different choice\" to resolve disputes based on traditional principles that the parties can initiate on their own without the involvement of the criminal justice system.— Susan Haslip, The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: \"Beyond Indigenization\"[23]The initiative has challenges, for instance, gaining the support of Peacekeepers and community members who may not be familiar with these traditional cultural principles. But, it is an important means of re-education into principles that offer an alternative to the current Canadian system, and helps build a future especially for the young people of the community.[promotion?]","title":"Late 20th century to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kahnawake Gaming Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake_Gaming_Commission"},{"link_name":"gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"},{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"sportsbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsbook"},{"link_name":"data centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The Kahnawake Gaming Commission offers gambling licenses to Internet-based poker, casino, and sportsbook sites. It has established Kahnawake as a substantial player in that business.Mohawk Internet Technologies (MIT), a local data centre located within the territory, hosts and manages many Internet gambling websites, and provides high-tech employment to its people. MIT is the closest and fastest source for \"legally hosted\" gambling websites for North American players. Established in 1998, MIT by 2006 had become a \"remarkably profitable\" enterprise.[32]","title":"Gambling/gaming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohawksinvietnam-33"},{"link_name":"Kanesatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanesatake"},{"link_name":"Oka Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Honoré Mercier Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mercier_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sûreté du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Fifty men from Kahnawake volunteered to fight with the United States armed forces during the Vietnam War.[33]While working to strengthen their culture and language, the people of Kahnawake have generally not had the political turmoil of the nearby, smaller Kanesatake reserve. In support of Kanesatake during its Oka Crisis in 1990, people from Kahnawake blocked the Honoré Mercier Bridge to Montreal, which had an access road through their reserve. The Kanesatake reserve had been blockaded and isolated by the Sûreté du Québec in a conflict over use of lands the Mohawk considered sacred.The bridge blockade affected the commute of many locals throughout the summer, leading to rioting and the burning of effigies, and to the \"Whiskey Trench\" episode. On August 28, 1990 a convoy of 50 to 75 cars, bearing mostly women, children and elders, left Kahnawake in fear of a possible advance by the Canadian Army. While the Mohawks' cars were being searched by the provincial police force, a crowd of hundreds gathered on the Montreal side of the highway; many in the crowd threw rocks and chairs at the cars and yelled ethnic slurs. Many windows were broken and some Mohawk were hit by rocks and cut by glass. Thirteen people were arrested. Blame has fallen on the provincial government for letting the convoy pass; on the Sûreté du Québec for holding the cars for so long, and for mostly not stopping people from throwing rocks; on the lack of police or army or riot squad; and on local radio stations that broadcast the location of the convoy.[34][35]After some time, Kahnawake negotiated separately with the armed forces to remove the blockade to the bridge.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sea Shepherd Conservation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In 2007, two vessels operated by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society flew the Kahnawake Mohawk flag.[36] The Kahnawake Mohawk nation is the only indigenous American sovereign nation to have deep-sea foreign-going vessels flying its flag. Since December 2007, the Sea Shepherd vessels have been registered in the Netherlands.[37]","title":"International use of Kahnawake flag"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"National Historic Sites of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and Saint Francis Xavier mission (1845)Kahnawake contains three National Historic Sites of Canada: Fort St-Louis, the Jesuit Mission of St-François-Xavier, and the Caughnawaga Presbytery.[38][39][40]","title":"Historic sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfb-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunne-42"},{"link_name":"Tracey Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Deer"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans_(2020_film)"},{"link_name":"Oka Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Kanesatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanesatake"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilner-43"}],"text":"Reaghan Tarbell, a native of Kahnawake, wrote and directed a one-hour documentary, Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back (2008), about the families from Kahnawake who migrated to work in New York.[41] It focused on the early 20th-century community created by the women where they settled in Brooklyn, while the men worked on steel skyscrapers and bridges. It was later released in the US as A Mohawk Journey: To Brooklyn and Back (2010).[42]\nIn Tracey Deer’s drama film Beans, the 1990 Oka Crisis at Kanesatake is explored. Deer lived the crisis as a child and show it through the eyes of a preteen girl named Tekehentahkhwa (nicknamed \"Beans\"). Beans’ perspective on life is radically changed by these events.[43]","title":"Representation in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tammy Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Beauvais"},{"link_name":"John Kim Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kim_Bell"},{"link_name":"A. Brian Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Brian_Deer"},{"link_name":"Tracey Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Deer"},{"link_name":"Gemini Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Awards"},{"link_name":"Club Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Native"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Girls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Girls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Konwan%C3%A9nhon_Delaronde"},{"link_name":"Don Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Don_Eagle"},{"link_name":"American Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"Mary Two-Axe Earley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Two-Axe_Earley"},{"link_name":"Bill C-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Act#Loss_of_status_prior_to_1985_amendments"},{"link_name":"Babe and Carla Hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_and_Carla_Hemlock"},{"link_name":"Kaniehtiio Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniehtiio_Horn"},{"link_name":"Waneek Horn-Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waneek_Horn-Miller"},{"link_name":"1999 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawenn%C3%A1here_Devery_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Alwyn Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwyn_Morris"},{"link_name":"1984 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Alex Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rice"},{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Robert (Bobby) Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Simpson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Flames"},{"link_name":"Brooke Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Stacey"},{"link_name":"Dexter Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Stacey"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Kateri Tekakwitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha"},{"link_name":"Derek White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_White_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"}],"text":"Tammy Beauvais, fashion designer\nJohn Kim Bell (b. 1952), conductor, first Aboriginal person to conduct a symphony orchestra\nA. Brian Deer, librarian, scholar\nTracey Deer, two-time Gemini Award-winning filmmaker, for her documentary Club Native (2008). She also made the short Mohawk Girls. She was producer/director/writer to adapt it as a television series, Mohawk Girls, which ran on CBC for five seasons from 2014 to 2017.\nMarion Konwanénhon Delaronde, director and puppeteer\nDon Eagle, 1950 American Wrestling Association champion as Chief Don Eagle.\nMary Two-Axe Earley (1911–1996), champion of Native Women's rights, she played a major role in having Bill C-31 implemented in Canada, and received major honours.\nBabe and Carla Hemlock, visual artists\nKaniehtiio Horn, actress\nWaneek Horn-Miller, athlete, member of the Canadian women's water polo team, which won a Gold Medal at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg\nKawennáhere Devery Jacobs, actress\nAlwyn Morris, athlete, won a gold medal in canoe/kayak (K2) for Canada at the 1984 Olympics\nAlex Rice, actress featured in numerous TV and film roles, including two of the Twilight films.\nRobert (Bobby) Simpson, former professional ice hockey player who played for the Atlanta Flames\nBrooke Stacey, ice hockey player\nDexter Stacey, NASCAR driver\nKateri Tekakwitha (1656–1680), born in a village in New York, but lived in Kahnawake later in life. She was canonized as the first Native American Catholic saint on October 21, 2012.\nDerek White, NASCAR driver","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Media in Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Montreal"},{"link_name":"CKKI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKKI-FM"},{"link_name":"CKRK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKRK-FM"},{"link_name":"The Eastern Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eastern_Door"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"See also: Media in MontrealKahnawake has several media outlets:CKKI-FM 89.9 FM known as 89.9 KiC Country Montreal\nCKRK-FM 103.7 FM branded as K1037 Kahnawake\nMohawk Radio, an Internet-based radio station (Defunct)\nMohawk TV/Loud Spirit Productions\nCKER The Seeker Kahnawake's first community channel (Defunct)\nKwatokent TV, a bi-weekly informational program produced by The Mohawk Council of Kahnawake\nIorì:wase, print and online newspaper of the Kanien’kéhá:ka Nation found at www.kahnawakenews.com\nThe Eastern Door, a weekly newspaper founded in 1992 that publishes each Friday and is available online[44]\nMohawk TV, Kahnawake's first community TV station, broadcasting on local cable in the community.\nMohawk Princess Pictures","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pow wow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_wow"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The pow wow is held every summer on the second weekend of July at the Kateri Tekakwitha Island.[45] It is a social event open to everyone to share the Native American culture such as traditional foods, hand made crafts, singing and traditional dancing.[46]","title":"Kahnawake pow wow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Step By Step Child and Family Center, early learning/nursery[47]\nKateri School, elementary school[48]\nKaronhianonhnha School, elementary school[49]\nIndian Way School, elementary school\nKarihwanoron Mohawk Immersion School, elementary school with Mohawk-language immersion[50]\nKahnawake Learning Center, general education centre, high school[51]\nKahnawake Survival School, high school[52]\nFNRAEC (First Nations Adult Education Center), Adult Education[53]","title":"Schools"}]
[{"image_text":"Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg/220px-Kahnawake_ca_1860.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as \"Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages\" - portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words \"Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage\" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Landclaim.jpg/170px-Landclaim.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComber","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif/170px-Charles-G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Giasson_%26_Agathe_Macomber%2C_full_picture.gif"},{"image_text":"Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier (Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg/170px-Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume_de_Lorimier%2C_sketch.jpg"},{"image_text":"An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the Montreal Star, 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg/170px-Kahnawake-white_conflit_1907.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kahnawake seen from Montreal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg/220px-Kahnawake_vue_de_Montr%C3%A9al_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mohawk skywalkers constructing Rockefeller Center, 1928, photo Lewis Hine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mohawk_Skywalkers_constructing_Rockefeller_Center%2C_1928%2C_photo_Lewis_Hine.jpg/220px-Mohawk_Skywalkers_constructing_Rockefeller_Center%2C_1928%2C_photo_Lewis_Hine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and Saint Francis Xavier mission (1845)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg/220px-Eglise_Kahnawake_-_Edgar_Gariepy.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake_Iroquois_and_the_Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%9338"},{"title":"List of Indian reserves in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Quebec"},{"title":"Pierre de Lauzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Lauzon"}]
[{"reference":"Kahnawá:ke, Mohawk Council of. \"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke\". www.kahnawake.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kahnawake.com/council/chiefcouncil.asp","url_text":"\"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (13 March 2007). \"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles\". www12.statcan.gc.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2467802&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Kahnawake&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=","url_text":"\"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous communities in Quebec\". 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1634312499368/1634312554965","url_text":"\"Indigenous communities in Quebec\""}]},{"reference":"Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 11 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bright","url_text":"Bright, William"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA84","url_text":"Native American placenames of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3598-4","url_text":"978-0-8061-3598-4"}]},{"reference":"Kahentonni Phillips, Morgan. \"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)\". ICIHRP Roots of Resilience Project. McGill University. Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/resilience/communities/canada/kahnawake","url_text":"\"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)\""}]},{"reference":"Gravestock, Steve (2005). Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture. Indiana University Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0968913245. Retrieved 4 June 2017. High Steel Don Owen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gravestock","url_text":"Gravestock, Steve"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/donowennotesonfi00grav_0","url_text":"Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/donowennotesonfi00grav_0/page/41","url_text":"41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0968913245","url_text":"0968913245"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Richard (2010-02-21). \"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve\". The Star. Toronto.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve","url_text":"\"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Richard (February 21, 2010). \"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve\". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved February 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve","url_text":"\"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve\""}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Wilbur H. (2001). The Elephant and the Tiger. Hellgate Press. p. 597. ISBN 1-55571-612-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55571-612-1","url_text":"1-55571-612-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Neptune's Navy\". The New Yorker. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_khatchadourian","url_text":"\"Neptune's Navy\""}]},{"reference":"Tarbell, Reaghan (2021). \"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back\". National Film Board of Canada (NFB). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfb.ca/film/little_caughnawaga_to_brooklyn_and_back/","url_text":"\"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back\""}]},{"reference":"Dunne, Susan (14 May 2010). \"'A Mohawk Journey': How Tribe Kept Intact, Moving To N.Y. To Work\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/hc-xpm-2010-05-14-hc-reaghan-tarbell-mohawk-journ-artmay14-story.html","url_text":"\"'A Mohawk Journey': How Tribe Kept Intact, Moving To N.Y. To Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crazycrow.com/site/venue/tekakwitha-island/","url_text":"\"Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kahnawakepowwow.com/","url_text":"\"Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Step By Step Child and Family Center\". Step By Step Child and Family Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stepxstep.ca/","url_text":"\"Step By Step Child and Family Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index\". www.kecedu.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kecedu.ca/schools/kateri-school/index","url_text":"\"Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake\". monecole-myschool.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://monecole-myschool.com/karonhianonhnha/","url_text":"\"Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake\""}]},{"reference":"\"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake\". karihwanoron.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.karihwanoron.com/","url_text":"\"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center\". www.kecedu.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kecedu.ca/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index\". www.kecedu.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kecedu.ca/schools/kahnawake-survival-school/index","url_text":"\"Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Nation Adult Education\". Éducation des adultes Premières Nations First Nations Adult Education.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conseilscolaire-schoolcouncil.com/","url_text":"\"First Nation Adult Education\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kahnawake&params=45_25_N_73_41_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(7965)","external_links_name":"45°25′N 73°41′W / 45.417°N 73.683°W / 45.417; -73.683"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kahnawake&params=45_25_N_73_41_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(7965)","external_links_name":"45°25′N 73°41′W / 45.417°N 73.683°W / 45.417; -73.683"},{"Link":"http://www.kahnawake.com/","external_links_name":"www.kahnawake.com"},{"Link":"http://www.kahnawake.com/council/chiefcouncil.asp","external_links_name":"\"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke\""},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/ElectionsRidings/Ridings/Profile?OrganizationId=1879","external_links_name":"Riding history for Châteauguay–Saint-Constant, Quebec"},{"Link":"http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/resultats_gen.asp?bsq=Ch%C3%A2teauguay&section=resultats_gen&even=%272008%27&mode=%27n3%27","external_links_name":"Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Results: CHÂTEAUGUAY"},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2467802&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Kahnawake&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=","external_links_name":"\"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1634312499368/1634312554965","external_links_name":"\"Indigenous communities in Quebec\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Native American placenames of the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.mcgill.ca/resilience/communities/canada/kahnawake","external_links_name":"\"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)\""},{"Link":"http://clss.nrcan.gc.ca/data-donnees/publications/indlanhisque-hisfonterindque/kahnawake_fr.pdf","external_links_name":"Kahnawake: Historique Foncier"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181732/http://clss.nrcan.gc.ca/data-donnees/publications/indlanhisque-hisfonterindque/kahnawake_fr.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wampumchronicles.com/history.html","external_links_name":"Darren Bonaparte, \"The History of Akwesasne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008101830/http://www.wampumchronicles.com/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://de.scientificcommons.org/7829560","external_links_name":"Matthieu Sossoyan: The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838"},{"Link":"http://www.kahnawakelonghouse.com/index.php?mid=2&p=3","external_links_name":"Gerald F. Reid, \"It is Our Custom - The Persistence of Kahnawake’s Council of Chiefs in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/donowennotesonfi00grav_0","external_links_name":"Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/donowennotesonfi00grav_0/page/41","external_links_name":"41"},{"Link":"http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n1/haslip91.html","external_links_name":"Susan Haslip, \"The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: 'Beyond Indigenization'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve","external_links_name":"\"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvo.org/cfmx/tvoorg/theagenda/index.cfm?page_id=3&action=blog&subaction=viewpost&blog_id=445&post_id=11966","external_links_name":"TVO"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134739/http://www.tvo.org/cfmx/tvoorg/theagenda/index.cfm?page_id=3&action=blog&subaction=viewpost&blog_id=445&post_id=11966","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/768952--evicting-26-non-natives-splits-reserve","external_links_name":"\"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.macleans.ca/2010/02/10/inside-the-kahnawake-evictions/","external_links_name":"Martin Patriquin, \"Inside the Kahnawake Evictions: Editor of Kahnawake newspaper explains the Mohawk Council decision to evict non-natives\""},{"Link":"http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/05/19/kahnawake-weekly-wins-top-honors-community-journalism-34809","external_links_name":"\"Kahnawake Weekly Wins Top Honors for Community Journalism\""},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2542877","external_links_name":"Graeme Hamilton, \"Mohawk evictions legal: Indian Affairs Minister\""},{"Link":"https://news.ca.msn.com/local/montreal/article.aspx?cp-documentid=23437714","external_links_name":"\"Kahnawake issues 2nd eviction notice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714124903/http://news.ca.msn.com/local/montreal/article.aspx?cp-documentid=23437714","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/eastern-door-editor-steve-bonspiel-kicked-out-of-kahnawake-meeting-1.2768856","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Door editor Steve Bonspiel kicked out of Kahnawake meeting\""},{"Link":"http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/business/story.html?id=ce950824-6d31-407c-a3d8-ee3ae640719f","external_links_name":"D. McDonald, \"All bets are off: A tsunami hit the online gambling industry this month and it washed right up to the doors of a building on Highway 138 on the Kahnawake Mohawk reserve\""},{"Link":"https://warriorpublications.wordpress.com/2014/06/11/oka-crisis-1990/","external_links_name":"\"Oka Crisis, 1990.\" Warrior Publications. Retrieved March 19, 2016"},{"Link":"http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_070705_1.html","external_links_name":"Sea Shepherd – Sea Shepherd Receives the Flag of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217062715/http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_070705_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_khatchadourian","external_links_name":"\"Neptune's Navy\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13717&pid=0","external_links_name":"Fort St-Louis"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15069&pid=0","external_links_name":"Caughnawaga Mission / Mission of St-François-Xavier"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15228&pid=0","external_links_name":"Caughnawaga Presbytery"},{"Link":"https://www.nfb.ca/film/little_caughnawaga_to_brooklyn_and_back/","external_links_name":"\"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back\""},{"Link":"https://www.courant.com/hc-xpm-2010-05-14-hc-reaghan-tarbell-mohawk-journ-artmay14-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'A Mohawk Journey': How Tribe Kept Intact, Moving To N.Y. To Work\""},{"Link":"https://www.straight.com/movies/viff-review-tracey-deers-beans-finds-its-hero-coming-of-age-during-oka-crisis","external_links_name":"\"VIFF review: Tracey Deer’s 'Beans' finds its hero coming of age during the Oka crisis\""},{"Link":"http://www.easterndoor.com/","external_links_name":"The Eastern Door"},{"Link":"https://www.crazycrow.com/site/venue/tekakwitha-island/","external_links_name":"\"Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory\""},{"Link":"http://kahnawakepowwow.com/","external_links_name":"\"Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum\""},{"Link":"http://www.stepxstep.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Step By Step Child and Family Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.kecedu.ca/schools/kateri-school/index","external_links_name":"\"Index\""},{"Link":"https://monecole-myschool.com/karonhianonhnha/","external_links_name":"\"Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake\""},{"Link":"https://www.karihwanoron.com/","external_links_name":"\"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake\""},{"Link":"https://www.kecedu.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.kecedu.ca/schools/kahnawake-survival-school/index","external_links_name":"\"Index\""},{"Link":"http://www.conseilscolaire-schoolcouncil.com/","external_links_name":"\"First Nation Adult Education\""},{"Link":"http://www.kahnawake.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www3.brandonu.ca/cjns/12.2/hoover.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Revival of the Mohawk Language in Kahnawake\""},{"Link":"http://www.kanawakigolf.com/","external_links_name":"The Kanawaki Golf Club"},{"Link":"https://www.nfb.ca/film/little_caughnawaga_to_brooklyn_and_back/","external_links_name":"Reaghan Tarbell, Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/127790548","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7551709-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538054405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98081939","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge707305&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge707289&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbra
Kimbra
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 2010–2013: Vows and awards success","2.2 2014–present: The Golden Echo, Primal Heart, and A Reckoning","3 Live band","3.1 Previous members","4 Artistry","5 Discography","6 Filmography","6.1 Television","6.2 Films","7 Tours","8 Awards and nominations","8.1 APRA Awards","8.2 ARIA Awards","8.3 Billboard Music Award","8.4 Grammy Awards","8.5 New Zealand Music Awards","8.6 MTV Europe Music Award","8.7 MTV Video Music Award","8.8 Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition","8.9 Other awards","9 References","10 External links"]
New Zealand singer and songwriter KimbraKimbra performing in 2023Background informationBirth nameKimbra Lee JohnsonBorn (1990-03-27) 27 March 1990 (age 34)Hamilton, New ZealandOriginMelbourne, Victoria, AustraliaGenres Pop progressive pop R&B indie rock art pop Occupation(s) Singer songwriter Years active2000–presentLabels Forum 5 Warner Inertia/PIAS Group Websitekimbramusic.comMusical artist Kimbra Lee Johnson (born 27 March 1990), known mononymously as Kimbra, is a New Zealand singer and songwriter. Known for mixing pop with R&B, jazz and rock musical elements, her accolades include four ARIA Music Awards, two Grammy Awards and seven New Zealand Music Awards. Kimbra's debut album, Vows, was released in Australia in 2011. Singles from the album include "Settle Down", "Cameo Lover" (which won an Australian Recording Industry Association Award), "Good Intent" and "Two Way Street". A reworked version of the album was released in Europe and the United States in 2012. It featured several new songs, including "Come into My Head", "Warrior" (on which Kimbra was joined by musicians Mark Foster from Foster the People and DJ A-Trak), and a cover of Nina Simone's "Plain Gold Ring". Vows reached the top 5 in New Zealand and Australia. In May 2012, the album was released in North America, debuting at number 14 on the Billboard 200, her highest-charting album. Vincent Fantauzzo's portrait of Kimbra was a finalist for the 2012 Archibald Prize. The portrait was painted in conjunction with the making of a video featuring her song "The Build Up". She was featured on the 2011 multi-platinum single "Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye, which became her first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 and earned them two awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, including for Record of the Year, making her the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award. Her second studio album, The Golden Echo, was released in 2014 to positive critical reception, and her third album, Primal Heart, was released in 2018. Her fourth album, A Reckoning, was released on 27 January 2023. Early life Kimbra Lee Johnson was born on 27 March 1990 and grew up in Hamilton, New Zealand. Her father, Ken Johnson, was the head doctor at the University of Waikato's student health centre, and her mother Chris was an orthopaedic nurse. At the age of 10, Kimbra began writing songs. When she was 12, her father bought her a guitar and after a few years of lessons, she was on stage, performing with her guitar tutors. Kimbra attended Hillcrest High School, competing in the national schools' musical competition Rockquest for three years running, where she was awarded second place in 2004 at the age of 14. An early recording of hers from 2004, "It Takes Time" was featured by Play It Strange, a New Zealand organization showcasing young singers and songwriters. Kimbra made her first music video, "Smile", for the children's TV show What Now. Kimbra was a member of the Hillcrest High jazz choir, Scat. Career Early public performances by Kimbra included singing at the Waikato Times Gold Cup race meeting in 2000 as a 10-year-old and singing the New Zealand national anthem before 27,000 people at the 2002 NPC rugby union final. In 2007, after winning the Juice TV award for Best Breakthrough music video for her second single "Simply on My Lips", she came to the attention of ex-Independiente Records boss Mark Richardson (Jamiroquai, Paula Abdul) and his newly formed management company and independent label Forum 5 in Melbourne, Victoria. She signed with Richardson and in 2008 she moved to Melbourne. 2010–2013: Vows and awards success Kimbra in 2011 In June 2010, Kimbra's first single on Forum 5, "Settle Down", was released. She had started writing the track four years earlier – it was finished with François Tétaz. The music video was directed by Guy Franklin. Perez Hilton featured the track on his website citing "f you like Nina Simone, Florence & the Machine and/or Björk, then we think you will enjoy Kimbra – her music reminds us of all those fierce ladies!" On 10 December, the Australian 'indietronica' group Miami Horror released their single, "I Look to You" featuring Kimbra's vocals. Kimbra also stars in its music video, which features wide-angle and kaleidoscope shots of her in face paint and dresses walking through golden fields. Early in 2011, Kimbra's song "Cameo Lover" was a finalist for the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition and eventually won the competition. In March she issued "Cameo Lover" as her next single, its music video was released in April and was directed by Franklin. On 13 March, Kimbra went to perform for Moomba Festival and ChillOut Festival in Sydney at Oxford Arts Factory to welcome the release of her next single, "Cameo Lover". On 15 July 2011, "Cameo Lover" won the songwriting competition, ahead of third placed song, "Somebody That I Used to Know", written by Australian musician Gotye. On 7 June Kimbra signed to Warner Bros. Records New Zealand for distribution in New Zealand and Australia, as well as a worldwide deal for other territories with Warner Bros. Records in the US. On 5 July Kimbra sang in Gotye's single, "Somebody That I Used to Know", which was mixed by Tétaz. Tétaz had recommended Kimbra to Gotye after a 'high-profile' Australian female vocalist had withdrawn from the collaboration. On 29 August 2011, Kimbra's debut album, Vows, was released in New Zealand and 2 September in Australia. In its first week of release it charted at No. 3 in New Zealand, No. 5 in Australia and No. 14 in the US. In its second week, it rose to No. 4 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Australian producer 'M-Phazes' produced Kimbra's track "Call Me" and assisted on other tracks on Vows. Its artwork including body art and illustrations were created by Rhys Mitchell and Raphael Rizzo. She has won the Critics' Choice Prize at the 2011 New Zealand Music Awards and Best Female Artist and Best Song (for "Cameo Lover") at the ARIA Music Awards of 2011. The US release of Vows featured new tracks not available on the Australian or New Zealand version of the album. She had performed in various location such as at the Forum Theatre, Melbourne on 9 September 2011, at Astor Theatre, Perth on 17 September 2011, at the Adelaide Botanic Garden in Brisbane on 1 October 2011, at Adelaide, Australia on 3 October 2011, at Queenscliff Music Festival, Queenscliff, Victoria and Wellington Square, Perth on 25 November 2011, at Homebake Festival 2011, at Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney on 3 December 2011 and at the Falls Festival in Lorne, Australia on 30 December 2011. Kimbra performing in 2012 On 19 January 2012, "Good Intent" was played on an episode of ABC's drama Grey's Anatomy. The track also appears in the video game, The Sims 3: Pets, which Kimbra recorded in Simlish for the soundtrack. Also in January, Kimbra won the "One to Watch" award at the 2012 Rolling Stone Awards. Kimbra has collaborated with Mark Foster (of Foster the People) and DJ A-Trak on the track "Warrior", which was released on 2 April. On 14 April, she performed "Somebody That I Used to Know" with Gotye on Saturday Night Live. On 15 July 2012, she performed in Santralistanbul, Istanbul, Turkey. On 25 September, her song "With My Hands" was featured in Tim Burton's movie, Frankenweenie. On 1 November, she had been nominated at the Vodafone 2012 New Zealand Music Awards and won for the International Achievement, Best Female Solo Artist, Best Pop Album, Breakthrough Artist of the Year awards, and also won as a featured artist for the song "Somebody That I Used to Know", for Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year, at the APRA Music Awards of 2012. on the same year, she also received an award for Best Female Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 2012 for the second time. On 14 November 2012, Kimbra performed at the Calvin Klein Collection which held an exclusive dinner to celebrate the brand's Women's Creative Director, Francisco Costa. Kimbra also performed for other events such as, at Homebake Festival 2012 on 8 December, at Festival of the Sun in Port Macquarie, New South Wales on 14 December, at the Rhythm & Vines Music festival 2012 in Gisborne, New Zealand on 29 December 2012 and at the Summadayze Festival in Adelaide, Melbourne, Gold Coast on 30, 31 December 2012. On 10 February 2013, Kimbra and Gotye won the Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards Show for "Somebody That I Used to Know". This achievement made her only the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award in history. Kimbra was also featured with the R&B singer John Legend in the song "Made to Love", published in the album Love in the Future. The single was released on 11 June 2013 and the album was released on 30 August 2013. On 15 September 2013, Kimbra performed for Rock in Rio Festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Kimbra was also involved in a non-profit charity organisation called So They Can. Kimbra became the ambassador of So They Can within the year of 2013. 2014–present: The Golden Echo, Primal Heart, and A Reckoning This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Kimbra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) After the Grammy Awards, Kimbra relocated to LA to work on her second studio album, known as The Golden Echo, taking up residence on a farm. People who collaborated on The Golden Echo include Rich Costey, Daniel Johns, Taylor Graves, Matt Bellamy, Thundercat, Mark Foster, Bilal (Singing on the No. 8 track "Everlovin' Ya"), John Legend, John Robinson and also Kimbra's bandmates, Timon Martin and Benjamin Davey. During the making of the second album, Kimbra was invited to play at a concert in Adelaide and was invited to perform at WOMAD 2014, also debuting a new song titled "Nobody But You". On 19 May 2014, Kimbra released the lead single from The Golden Echo called "90s Music" to largely positive reviews. Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called the song "captivating" when he previewed it in May 2014. The official music video was not long released after the audio, debuting on YouTube on 3 June 2014. The song did not chart in New Zealand or Australia. "Miracle" was released as the second single on 24 July 2014. It was her first song to chart on Billboard, peaking at No. 37 on the Japan Hot 100. The song has received mainly positive reviews from critics, with many complimenting the song's disco-influenced feel. Olivia Forman of Spin stated that the song has a "flawlessly fluctuating beat" and additionally complimented Kimbra's vocals. The music video for "Miracle" was released onto YouTube on 19 August 2014, the official music video for the song was directed by Thom Kerr. The Golden Echo was released on 15 August 2014 (AU/NZ) and 19 August 2014 (US) charting Australian Albums (ARIA) at 5, New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) at 5 and US Billboard 200 at 43. The Golden Echo received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album obtained a normalised score of 70 out of 100, based on reviews from 16 selected mainstream critics. The release of the album was followed by a 12-show US tour with Empress of in November 2015. In April 2015, Kimbra toured the US with a total of five shows. Kimbra is featured in a song by Bilal called "Holding It Back" from his album In Another Life. On 15 July, Kimbra released the video for her third single from The Golden Echo called "Goldmine", which surpassed 110,000 views in a matter of a day. On 30 September 2016, Kimbra released a non-album single called "Sweet Relief". On 18 September 2017, Kimbra and her record label sent a personalised email to fans who subscribed to the Warner Bros. mailing list, conveying information about her third studio-album and an upcoming single. Kimbra is managed by guitarist Ben Weinman, founding member of metal band The Dillinger Escape Plan, since around 2017. He has also frequently contributed guitar to Kimbra's music. Kimbra performing in 2015 On 29 September 2017, she released the album's lead single, entitled "Everybody Knows", which was co-produced by Nelly Furtado and Goldfrapp affiliate John Congleton. "Top of the World" was released as the second single on 10 November 2017 and was later performed on Late Night with Seth Meyers. The third album Primal Heart was initially planned to be released on 19 January 2018, but was then pushed back to 20 April 2018. Kimbra explained the reasons for the push back and gave a song out for free to fans subscribed to her mailing list to make it up to them. The song is called "Hi Def Distance Romance". A further three more singles were released before the album release, those being "Human" on 19 January 2018, "Version of Me" on 23 February 2018, and "Like They Do on the TV" on 30 March 2018. A new version of "Version of Me" featuring Dawn Richard was released on 21 June 2018, and a new version of "Top of the World" featuring Snoop Dogg was released on 20 July 2018. Kimbra made her acting debut in a big screen adaption of the musical-drama production Daffodils released on 21 March 2019. The singer stars alongside Kiwi lead actors Rose McIver, from iZombie and The Lovely Bones and George Mason, from Home and Away and Go Girls. In March 2020, Kimbra released a course with online music school Soundfly on vocal creativity, arranging, and production. In April 2020, she appeared as the lead expert and mentor on TVNZ 2's reboot of Popstars. Kimbra embarked on a Sofar Sounds secret location venue tour of the United States in October and November 2021, previewing her upcoming fourth studio album. Kimbra's fourth album, A Reckoning, was released on 27 January 2023. Live band Jacob Bergson – keyboards (2018-present), musical director (2021–present) Vancil Cooper – drums (2021-present) Previous members Fagan Wilcox – samples/synth/guitar/vocals (2009–2014) Ben Davey – keyboards/vocals (2010–2014) Stan Bicknell – drums (2009–2010) Joe Cope (2009) Stevie McQuinn – drums (2010–2016) Frank Abraham – bass/keyboards (2014–2016) Taylor Graves – keyboards/vocals (2014–2016) Timon Martin – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2018), keyboards (2016–2018) Spencer Zahn – bass, keyboards (2016–2021) Artistry Muzic.net.nz states that Kimbra's music delves beyond the "four chord cliché but still maintains strong hooks and catchy melodies that are sometimes unpredictable but satisfying". In an interview with American Songwriter, she listed Daniel Johns, Prince, Rufus Wainwright, Guided by Voices, Imogen Heap, Mike Patton, Michael Jackson, Minnie Riperton and Stevie Wonder as her influences. Her musical style is eclectic. Discography Main article: Kimbra discography Vows (2011) The Golden Echo (2014) Primal Heart (2018) A Reckoning (2023) Idols & Vices (Vol. 1) (2024) Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 2011 RocKwiz Herself/Musical Guest Season 9, Episode 6 2012 Saturday Night Live Season 37, Episode 19 Jimmy Kimmel Live! Season 10, Episode 19 - "John Krasinski/Eloise Mumford/Gotye"; Performed with Gotye The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Season 20, Episode - "Wanda Sykes/Rob Riggle/Kimbra" Project Runway Australia Herself/Audience Member 2012–2013 Last Call with Carson Daly Herself/Musical Guest 2 episodes: Season 12, Episode 12 - "Sam Rockwell/Jordan Roberts/Kimbra", Episode 95 - "Deon Cole/Kimbra" 2013 Rock in Rio Herself/Performer Episode 5.3 2014 Late Show with David Letterman Herself/Musical Guest Season 22, Episode 45 - "Jennifer Lopez/Rob Riggle/Kimbra" Sesame Street Herself/Guest Star 2016 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Herself/Musical Guest 2018 Late Night with Seth Meyers Season 5, Episode 60 - "John Kasich/Darren Criss/Kimbra/Nikki Glaspie" 2020 Helpsters Herself/Guest Star Apple TV+ series Films Year Title Role Notes 2012 SXSW Flashback 2012 Herself/Performer 2019 Daffodils Maisie Tours Kimbra on the A Reckoning tour, in 2023 Vows Tour (2011) World Wide Tour – (with Gotye) (2012) Torches Tour with Foster the People, the Kooks, Tokyo Police Club, Mayer Hawthorne) (2012) Vows European Winter Tour (2012) Vows US Tour (2012) The Golden Electric Tour (with Janelle Monáe) (2014) – Cancelled The Golden Echo Tour (2014/2015) Primal Heart Tour (2017/2018) Primal Heart: Reimagined Tour (2018/2019) Album Preview Tour (2021) A Reckoning Tour (2023) Djesse Vol. 4 Tour (with Jacob Collier) (2024) Awards and nominations APRA Awards The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". In 2012, Kimbra was nominated for two awards as a solo artist and won two awards as a featured artist. Year Nominee / work Award Result 2012 Kimbra Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year Nominated "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra Most Played Australian Work Won Song of the Year Won "Cameo Lover" – Kimbra Song of the Year Nominated ARIA Awards The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In 2011, Kimbra won one award as a solo artist and two awards as a featured artist. Gotye featuring Kimbra performed the single, "Somebody That I Used to Know", at the awards ceremony. Year Nominee / work Award Result 2011 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra Single of the Year Won Highest Selling Single Nominated Best Pop Release Won "Cameo Lover" – Kimbra Best Female Artist Won "Cameo Lover" – Kimbra – Guy Franklin Best Video Nominated "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra - (director Natasha Pincus) Won 2012 Vows – Kimbra Best Female Artist Won Vows – Kimbra Best Pop Release Nominated Billboard Music Award Year Nominee / work Award Result 2013 "Somebody That I Used to Know" Top Hot 100 Song Won Top Digital Song Nominated Top Radio Song Won Top Streaming Song (Audio) Won Top Rock Song Won Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are presented annually from 1959 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS). In 2012, Kimbra's collaboration with Gotye, "Somebody That I Used To Know", won the Record of the Year and the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards. Year Nominee / work Award Result 2013 "Somebody That I Used to Know" Record of the Year Won Best Pop Duo/Group Performance Won New Zealand Music Awards The New Zealand Music Awards are awarded annually to musicians of New Zealand origin, by Recorded Music NZ. Year Nominee / work Award Result 2011 Kimbra Critics' Choice Prize Won 2012 Vows Album of the Year Won Best Pop Album Won "Warrior" Single of the Year Nominated Kimbra Breakthrough Artist of the Year Won Best Female Solo Artist Won Peoples' Choice Award Nominated International Achievement Award Won 2018 Best Solo Artist Nominated Best Pop Artist Won MTV Europe Music Award Year Nominee / work Award Result 2012 "Somebody That I Used to Know" Best Song Nominated Kimbra Best Australia & New Zealand Act Nominated 2014 Kimbra Best New Zealand Act Nominated 2018 Nominated MTV Video Music Award Year Nominee / work Award Result 2012 "Somebody That I Used to Know" Video of the Year Nominated Best Editing Nominated Most Share-Worthy Video Nominated Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition The Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition is an annual competition that "acknowledges great songwriting whilst supporting and raising money for Nordoff-Robbins" and is coordinated by Albert Music and APRA AMCOS. It commenced in 2009. Year Nominee / work Award Result 2011 "Cameo Lover" Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition 1st Other awards Year Award Category Result 2007 Juice TV Awards Breakthrough Video ("Simply on My Lips") Won 2011 International Songwriting Competition Grand Prize Won J Award Album of the Year (Vows) Nominated Music Video of the Year ("Somebody That I Used to Know") Nominated 2012 Rolling Stone One to Watch Award Won 2013 mtvU Woodie Awards Tag Team Woodie ("Warrior") Won 2019 GAFFA-Prisen Awards Best International Artist Nominated References ^ a b c Collar, Matt. "Kimbra". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ a b Brandle, Lars (20 October 2022). "Kimbra Sets New Album, Signs With Inertia Music & PIAS: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved 20 October 2022. ^ Kimbra (The build up) by Vincent Fantauzzo, 2012 Archibald Prize, Art Gallery of NSW ^ Kimbra – "The build up" (Portrait by Vincent Fantauzzo for Archibald 2012), Youtube. ^ "Kimbra Announces New Album 'Primal Heart', Previews New Music in Email To Fans". Music Feeds. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "'Simply on My Lips' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "Play It Strange Top 20 - 2004". Retrieved 18 July 2022. ^ "Play It Strange: About Us". Retrieved 18 July 2022. ^ Risk, Louise (10 June 2011). "Look at her now". Waikato Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ a b c Baidawi, Adam (November 2011). "Kimbra, A Sound Unto Her Own". JetStar Magazine. Jetstar Airways. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "'Settle Down' at APRA search engine". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "Watch & Listen: Like Ice!". PerezHilton.com. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ "'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) – EP". iTunes Store. 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2012. ^ "Miami Horror – 'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) (official HD)". 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2012 – via YouTube. ^ Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "2011 Vanda and Young Songwriting Competition – Winners Announcement". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011. ^ "Kimbra Signs Worldwide Deal With Warner Bros. Records". Marketwire.com. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ Jones, Nicholas (15 February 2012). "Kimbra Replacement After First Choice Cancelled Reveals Gotye". Tone Deaf. Tone Deaf Network. Retrieved 26 May 2012. ^ Nimmervoll, Ed. "Gotye". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music (Ed Nimmervoll). White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014. ^ Bridget Jones (6 October 2011). "Kimbra wins Critics' Choice Award 2011". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ "Kimbra wins Aussie music award". Television New Zealand. 28 November 2011. ^ "Kimbra, Friday August 9, The Forum Theatre | Beat Magazine". Beat.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "Kimbra – Astor Theatre Perth – EnjoyPerth!". Enjoyperth.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ Archived 19 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kimbra (26 January 2012). "Kimbra Wins A Rolling Stone Award". Kimbramusic.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2012. ^ "Kimbra shares her joy". MediaWorks. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012. ^ "Calvin Klein Collection Hosts Special Dinner in Beijing With Performance By Kimbra at Long March Space | View photo – Yahoo News". Yahoo! News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "Thousands jam in the Summadayze sun". The Age. Melbourne. ^ "Kimbra". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "John Legend Debuts EDM-Influenced Single 'Made To Love' Feat. Kimbra " Radio.com". News.radio.com. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "Rock in Rio by: Portal Kimbra | Rock in Rio Brasil". Rockinrio.com. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "Charity a hit for musos – music – entertainment". Stuff.co.nz. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "Kimbra – "Sweet Relief"". Stereogum. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "Kimbra announces new album in email". Stuff. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ Dwyer, Kevin (25 January 2018). "Interview: Kimbra". Sound of Boston - Boston Music Blog. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ "Dillinger Escape Plan Writing New Music With Kimbra: 'She's The Real Deal'". Music Feeds. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ "My new album 'Primal Heart' will be out on Jan 19th – Kimbra Official Website Official Blog". Kimbra Official Website. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ BWW News Desk. "Kimbra Moves Release of New Album 'Primal Heart' to 4/20". BroadwayWorld Music. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "Kimbra's New Song Is A Breezy, Synth-Fueled Nostalgia Trip About TV". UPROXX. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "Kimbra Joins Forces With DAWN for Dramatic 'Version of Me': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Version of Me – Single by Kimbra & Dawn, 22 June 2018, retrieved 27 July 2018 ^ "Kimbra + Snoop Dogg Drop Remix 'Top of the World'". UnderTheRadarNZ. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "Top of the World (feat. Snoop Dogg) – Single by Kimbra". iTunes. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "DAFFODILS". Daffodils. RAGLAN FILMS LIMITED. Retrieved 23 March 2019. ^ "Online music education platform collaborates with Kimbra". www.technologydecisions.com.au. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ "Kiwi musician Kimbra on her new role on Popstars, finding love, and starting a family". NZ Herald. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ Hatfield, Amanda (16 September 2021). "Tour News: James Blake, Kimbra, Shamir, Boston Calling additions, No Vacation, more". Brooklynvegan.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021. ^ "Kimbra – New Zealand Musicians & Bands". Muzic.net.nz. Retrieved 10 February 2012. ^ Schlansky, Evan (11 June 2012). "Kimbra". American Songwriter. Retrieved 11 June 2012. ^ Wood, Mikael (3 October 2012). "Kimbra brings 'Vows' to the Fonda Theatre". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 November 2012. ^ ^ "The Tonight Show With Jay Leno | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. ^ "Last Call with Carson Daly: October 11, 2012: Sam Rockwell, Jordan Roberts, Kimbra". TV.com. ^ "Last Call with Carson Daly". TVGuide.com. ^ ^ "Late Night With Seth Meyers | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. ^ "APRA Music Awards 2012". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "Nominations > Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year – 2012". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "Winners for the 2012 APRA Music Awards Announced". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "2012 Winners". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "Nominations > Song of the Year – 2012". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2012. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ "The Countdown Begins....Nominations Announced". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ^ ARIA Awards 2011 at Allphones Arena begins with battle of the red carpet Archived 27 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine – news.com.au – Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Boy and Bear dominate ARIA awards – Australian Broadcasting Corporation – Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b "Gotye and Kimbra nominated for Grammy". 3 News NZ. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012. ^ "2012 Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards Winners Announced " Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards". Nzmusicawards.co.nz. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. ^ "About the Vanda Young Global Song Writing Competition". APRA AMCOS. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ "Past Winners". APRA AMCOS. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ "International Songwriting Competition". Songwritingcompetition.com. Retrieved 18 May 2012. ^ Kimbra (26 September 2011). "Vows Nominated for a J Award". Kimbramusic.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kimbra. Official website Kimbra at IMDb vteKimbraDiscographyStudio albums Vows The Golden Echo Primal Heart A Reckoning SinglesSolo "Settle Down" "Cameo Lover" "Good Intent" "Warrior" "Two Way Street" "Come into My Head" "90s Music" "Miracle" "Goldmine" "Top of the World" Featured "Somebody That I Used to Know" Awards for Kimbra vteARIA Award for Best Female Artist Jenny Morris (1987) Jenny Morris (1988) Kate Ceberano (1989) Kate Ceberano (1990) Wendy Matthews (1991) Deborah Conway (1992) Wendy Matthews (1993) Wendy Matthews (1994) Tina Arena (1995) Christine Anu (1996) Monique Brumby (1997) Natalie Imbruglia (1998) Natalie Imbruglia (1999) Kasey Chambers (2000) Kylie Minogue (2001) Kasey Chambers (2002) Delta Goodrem (2003) Kasey Chambers (2004) Missy Higgins (2005) Clare Bowditch (2006) Missy Higgins (2007) Gabriella Cilmi (2008) Sarah Blasko (2009) Washington (2010) Kimbra (2011) Kimbra (2012) Jessica Mauboy (2013) Sia (2014) Courtney Barnett (2015) Sia (2016) Sia (2017) Amy Shark (2018) Tones and I (2019) Sampa the Great (2020) vteARIA Award for Single of the Year1980s "You're the Voice" by John Farnham (1987) "Beds Are Burning" by Midnight Oil (1988) "Under the Milky Way" by The Church (1989) 1990s "Crying in the Chapel" by Peter Blakeley (1990) "I Don't Wanna Be with Nobody But You" by Absent Friends (1991) "Treaty (Filthy Lucre Remix)" by Yothu Yindi (1992) "The Day You Went Away" by Wendy Matthews (1993) "The Honeymoon Is Over" by The Cruel Sea (1994) "Tomorrow" by Silverchair (1995) "Where the Wild Roses Grow" by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue (1996) "Truly Madly Deeply" by Savage Garden (1997) "Torn" by Natalie Imbruglia (1998) "The Day You Come" by Powderfinger (1999) 2000s "Don't Call Me Baby" by Madison Avenue (2000) "My Happiness" by Powderfinger (2001) "Can't Get You Out of My Head" by Kylie Minogue (2002) "Born to Try" by Delta Goodrem (2003) "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" by Jet (2004) "Catch My Disease" by Ben Lee (2005) "Black Fingernails, Red Wine" by Eskimo Joe (2006) "Straight Lines" by Silverchair (2007) "Sweet About Me" by Gabriella Cilmi (2008) "Walking on a Dream" by Empire of the Sun (2009) 2010s "Big Jet Plane" by Angus & Julia Stone (2010) "Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2011) "Brother" by Matt Corby (2012) "Resolution" by Matt Corby (2013) "She Looks So Perfect" by 5 Seconds of Summer (2014) "Start Again" by Conrad Sewell (2015) "Youth" by Troye Sivan (2016) "Stranger" by Peking Duk (2017) "Youngblood" by 5 Seconds of Summer (2018) "Choir" by Guy Sebastian (2019) 2020s "Teeth" by 5 Seconds of Summer (2020) "Booster Seat" by Spacey Jane (2021) "Cloudy Day" by Tones and I (2022) "Rush" by Troye Sivan (2023) vteGrammy Award for Record of the Year1950s "Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" – Domenico Modugno (1958) "Mack the Knife" – Bobby Darin (1959) 1960s "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith (1960) "Moon River" – Henry Mancini (1961) "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" – Tony Bennett (1962) "Days of Wine and Roses" – Henry Mancini (1963) "The Girl from Ipanema" – Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1964) "A Taste of Honey" – Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass (1965) "Strangers in the Night" – Frank Sinatra (1966) "Up, Up and Away" – The 5th Dimension (1967) "Mrs. Robinson" – Simon & Garfunkel (1968) "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" – The 5th Dimension (1969) 1970s "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel (1970) "It's Too Late" – Carole King (1971) "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack (1972) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Roberta Flack (1973) "I Honestly Love You" – Olivia Newton-John (1974) "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille (1975) "This Masquerade" – George Benson (1976) "Hotel California" – Eagles (1977) "Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (1978) "What a Fool Believes" – The Doobie Brothers (1979) 1980s "Sailing" – Christopher Cross (1980) "Bette Davis Eyes" – Kim Carnes (1981) "Rosanna" – Toto (1982) "Beat It" – Michael Jackson (1983) "What's Love Got to Do with It" – Tina Turner (1984) "We Are the World" – USA for Africa (1985) "Higher Love" – Steve Winwood (1986) "Graceland" – Paul Simon (1987) "Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (1988) "Wind Beneath My Wings" – Bette Midler (1989) 1990s "Another Day in Paradise" – Phil Collins (1990) "Unforgettable" – Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1991) "Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton (1992) "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston (1993) "All I Wanna Do" – Sheryl Crow (1994) "Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (1995) "Change the World" – Eric Clapton (1996) "Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin (1997) "My Heart Will Go On" – Celine Dion (1998) "Smooth" – Santana featuring Rob Thomas (1999) 2000s "Beautiful Day" – U2 (2000) "Walk On" – U2 (2001) "Don't Know Why" – Norah Jones (2002) "Clocks" – Coldplay (2003) "Here We Go Again" – Ray Charles & Norah Jones (2004) "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" – Green Day (2005) "Not Ready to Make Nice" – Dixie Chicks (2006) "Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (2007) "Please Read the Letter" – Alison Krauss & Robert Plant (2008) "Use Somebody" – Kings of Leon (2009) 2010s "Need You Now" – Lady Antebellum (2010) "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele (2011) "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra (2012) "Get Lucky" – Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2013) "Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – Sam Smith (2014) "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2015) "Hello" – Adele (2016) "24K Magic" – Bruno Mars (2017) "This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018) "Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish (2019) 2020s "Everything I Wanted" – Billie Eilish (2020) "Leave the Door Open" – Silk Sonic (2021) "About Damn Time" by Lizzo (2022) "Flowers" – Miley Cyrus (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance2010s "Body and Soul" – Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse (2011) "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra (2012) "Get Lucky" – Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams and Nile Rodgers (2013) "Say Something" – A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera (2014) "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2015) "Stressed Out" – Twenty One Pilots (2016) "Feel It Still" – Portugal. The Man (2017) "Shallow" – Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper (2018) "Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (2019) 2020s "Rain on Me" – Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande (2020) "Kiss Me More" – Doja Cat featuring SZA (2021) "Unholy" – Sam Smith and Kim Petras (2022) "Ghost in the Machine" – SZA featuring Phoebe Bridgers (2023) vteBillboard Year-End number one singles (2000–2019) 2000: "Breathe" – Faith Hill 2001: "Hanging by a Moment" – Lifehouse 2002: "How You Remind Me" – Nickelback 2003: "In da Club" – 50 Cent 2004: "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005: "We Belong Together" – Mariah Carey 2006: "Bad Day" – Daniel Powter 2007: "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé 2008: "Low" – Flo Rida featuring T-Pain 2009: "Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas 2010: "Tik Tok" – Kesha 2011: "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele 2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: "Thrift Shop" – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams 2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016: "Love Yourself" – Justin Bieber 2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran 2018: "God's Plan" – Drake 2019: "Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus Complete list (1946–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019) (2020–present) vteBest-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom1950s 1952: "Here in My Heart" – Al Martino 1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine 1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day 1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman 1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone 1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka 1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley 1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK) 1960s 1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley 1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley 1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK) 1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK) 1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK) 1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK) 1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK) 1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK) 1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK) 1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies 1970s 1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley / "In the Summertime" – Mungo Jerry (UK) 1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK) 1972: "Amazing Grace" – Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (UK) 1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK) 1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK) 1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK) 1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK) 1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M. 1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel 1980s 1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK) 1981: "Tainted Love" – Soft Cell (UK) / "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK) 1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK) 1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK) 1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK) 1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush 1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK) 1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK) 1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK) 1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box 1990s 1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers 1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams 1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston 1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf 1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK) 1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK) 1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees 1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK) 1998: "Believe" – Cher 1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears 2000s 2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK) 2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK) 2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK) 2003: "Where Is the Love?" – Black Eyed Peas 2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK) 2005: "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK) 2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley 2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK) 2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK) 2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga 2010s 2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011: "Someone like You" – Adele (UK) 2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams 2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars 2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK) 2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (UK) 2018: "One Kiss" – Calvin Harris and Dua Lipa (UK) 2019: "Someone You Loved" – Lewis Capaldi (UK) 2020s 2020: "Blinding Lights" – The Weeknd 2021: "Bad Habits" – Ed Sheeran (UK) 2022: "As It Was" – Harry Styles (UK) 2023: "Flowers" – Miley Cyrus Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mononymously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononymous_person"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vows_(album)"},{"link_name":"Settle Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle_Down_(Kimbra_song)"},{"link_name":"Cameo Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_Lover"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"Good Intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Intent"},{"link_name":"Two Way Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Way_Street_(song)"},{"link_name":"Come into My Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_into_My_Head"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(Kimbra_song)"},{"link_name":"Mark Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Foster_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Foster the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_the_People"},{"link_name":"A-Trak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Trak"},{"link_name":"Nina Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simone"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Vincent Fantauzzo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Fantauzzo"},{"link_name":"Archibald Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Somebody That I Used to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_That_I_Used_to_Know"},{"link_name":"Gotye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotye"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"55th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"third New Zealand singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_Grammy_Award_winners_and_nominees"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Golden Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Echo"},{"link_name":"Primal Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_Heart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A Reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reckoning"}],"text":"Musical artistKimbra Lee Johnson (born 27 March 1990), known mononymously as Kimbra, is a New Zealand singer and songwriter. Known for mixing pop with R&B, jazz and rock musical elements, her accolades include four ARIA Music Awards, two Grammy Awards and seven New Zealand Music Awards.Kimbra's debut album, Vows, was released in Australia in 2011. Singles from the album include \"Settle Down\", \"Cameo Lover\" (which won an Australian Recording Industry Association Award), \"Good Intent\" and \"Two Way Street\". A reworked version of the album was released in Europe and the United States in 2012. It featured several new songs, including \"Come into My Head\", \"Warrior\" (on which Kimbra was joined by musicians Mark Foster from Foster the People and DJ A-Trak), and a cover of Nina Simone's \"Plain Gold Ring\". Vows reached the top 5 in New Zealand and Australia. In May 2012, the album was released in North America, debuting at number 14 on the Billboard 200, her highest-charting album.Vincent Fantauzzo's portrait of Kimbra was a finalist for the 2012 Archibald Prize. The portrait was painted in conjunction with the making of a video featuring her song \"The Build Up\".[3][4] She was featured on the 2011 multi-platinum single \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" by Gotye, which became her first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 and earned them two awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, including for Record of the Year, making her the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award[citation needed]. Her second studio album, The Golden Echo, was released in 2014 to positive critical reception, and her third album, Primal Heart, was released in 2018.[5] Her fourth album, A Reckoning, was released on 27 January 2023.","title":"Kimbra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRASimply-6"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"University of Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikato"},{"link_name":"Hillcrest High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest_High_School_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Rockquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockquest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"What Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Now_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kimbra Lee Johnson[6] was born on 27 March 1990 and grew up in Hamilton, New Zealand. Her father, Ken Johnson, was the head doctor at the University of Waikato's student health centre, and her mother Chris was an orthopaedic nurse. At the age of 10, Kimbra began writing songs. When she was 12, her father bought her a guitar and after a few years of lessons, she was on stage, performing with her guitar tutors. Kimbra attended Hillcrest High School, competing in the national schools' musical competition Rockquest for three years running, where she was awarded second place in 2004 at the age of 14. An early recording of hers from 2004, \"It Takes Time\" was featured by Play It Strange, a New Zealand organization showcasing young singers and songwriters.[7][8] Kimbra made her first music video, \"Smile\", for the children's TV show What Now. Kimbra was a member of the Hillcrest High jazz choir, Scat.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waikato Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Times"},{"link_name":"New Zealand national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_anthem"},{"link_name":"NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(1976%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Juice TV award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_TV_Awards"},{"link_name":"Independiente Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_Records"},{"link_name":"Jamiroquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiroquai"},{"link_name":"Paula Abdul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Abdul"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baidawi-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baidawi-10"}],"text":"Early public performances by Kimbra included singing at the Waikato Times Gold Cup race meeting in 2000 as a 10-year-old and singing the New Zealand national anthem before 27,000 people at the 2002 NPC rugby union final. In 2007, after winning the Juice TV award for Best Breakthrough music video for her second single \"Simply on My Lips\", she came to the attention of ex-Independiente Records boss Mark Richardson (Jamiroquai, Paula Abdul) and his newly formed management company and independent label Forum 5 in Melbourne, Victoria.[10] She signed with Richardson and in 2008 she moved to Melbourne.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kimbra_@_Wellington_Square_(25_9_2011)_(6202564956).jpg"},{"link_name":"François Tétaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_T%C3%A9taz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baidawi-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRASettle-11"},{"link_name":"Perez Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perez_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Nina Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simone"},{"link_name":"Florence & the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Miami Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Horror"},{"link_name":"\"I Look to You\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination_(Miami_Horror_album)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cameo Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_Lover"},{"link_name":"2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanda_%26_Young"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Moomba Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomba_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nimmervoll-19"},{"link_name":"M-Phazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Phazes"},{"link_name":"2011 New Zealand Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2011"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Forum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Astor Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_Theatre,_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Queenscliff Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenscliff_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Wellington Square, Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Square,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Homebake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebake"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Falls Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Festival"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kimbra_@_McCallum_Park_(5_2_2012)_(6971313471).jpg"},{"link_name":"Good Intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Intent"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"The Sims 3: Pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sims_3:_Pets"},{"link_name":"Simlish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlish"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Foster the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_the_People"},{"link_name":"A-Trak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Trak"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(Kimbra_song)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Santralistanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santralistanbul"},{"link_name":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"link_name":"Frankenweenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"2012 New Zealand Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_New_Zealand_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"APRA Music Awards of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Music_Awards_of_2012"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2012"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Calvin Klein Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein_Collection"},{"link_name":"Francisco Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Costa_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Homebake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebake"},{"link_name":"Festival of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Rhythm & Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_%26_Vines"},{"link_name":"Summadayze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summadayze"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"55th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"John Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"link_name":"Love in the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Future"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rock in Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_in_Rio"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2010–2013: Vows and awards success","text":"Kimbra in 2011In June 2010, Kimbra's first single on Forum 5, \"Settle Down\", was released. She had started writing the track four years earlier – it was finished with François Tétaz.[10][11] The music video was directed by Guy Franklin. Perez Hilton featured the track on his website citing \"[i]f you like Nina Simone, Florence & the Machine and/or Björk, then we think you will enjoy Kimbra – her music reminds us of all those fierce ladies!\"[12] On 10 December, the Australian 'indietronica' group Miami Horror released their single, \"I Look to You\" featuring Kimbra's vocals.[13] Kimbra also stars in its music video, which features wide-angle and kaleidoscope shots of her in face paint and dresses walking through golden fields.[14]\nEarly in 2011, Kimbra's song \"Cameo Lover\" was a finalist for the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition and eventually won the competition.[15] In March she issued \"Cameo Lover\" as her next single, its music video was released in April and was directed by Franklin. On 13 March, Kimbra went to perform for Moomba Festival and ChillOut Festival in Sydney at Oxford Arts Factory to welcome the release of her next single, \"Cameo Lover\". On 15 July 2011, \"Cameo Lover\" won the songwriting competition, ahead of third placed song, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", written by Australian musician Gotye.[16] On 7 June Kimbra signed to Warner Bros. Records New Zealand for distribution in New Zealand and Australia, as well as a worldwide deal for other territories with Warner Bros. Records in the US.[17] On 5 July Kimbra sang in Gotye's single, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", which was mixed by Tétaz. Tétaz had recommended Kimbra to Gotye after a 'high-profile' Australian female vocalist had withdrawn from the collaboration.[18][19]On 29 August 2011, Kimbra's debut album, Vows, was released in New Zealand and 2 September in Australia. In its first week of release it charted at No. 3 in New Zealand, No. 5 in Australia and No. 14 in the US. In its second week, it rose to No. 4 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Australian producer 'M-Phazes' produced Kimbra's track \"Call Me\" and assisted on other tracks on Vows. Its artwork including body art and illustrations were created by Rhys Mitchell and Raphael Rizzo. She has won the Critics' Choice Prize at the 2011 New Zealand Music Awards[20] and Best Female Artist and Best Song (for \"Cameo Lover\") at the ARIA Music Awards of 2011.[21] The US release of Vows featured new tracks not available on the Australian or New Zealand version of the album. She had performed in various location such as at the Forum Theatre,[22] Melbourne on 9 September 2011, at Astor Theatre,[23] Perth on 17 September 2011, at the Adelaide Botanic Garden in Brisbane on 1 October 2011, at Adelaide, Australia on 3 October 2011, at Queenscliff Music Festival, Queenscliff, Victoria and Wellington Square, Perth on 25 November 2011, at Homebake Festival 2011, at Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney on 3 December 2011 and at the Falls Festival in Lorne, Australia on 30 December 2011.[24]Kimbra performing in 2012On 19 January 2012, \"Good Intent\" was played on an episode of ABC's drama Grey's Anatomy. The track also appears in the video game, The Sims 3: Pets, which Kimbra recorded in Simlish for the soundtrack. Also in January, Kimbra won the \"One to Watch\" award at the 2012 Rolling Stone Awards.[25] Kimbra has collaborated with Mark Foster (of Foster the People) and DJ A-Trak on the track \"Warrior\", which was released on 2 April. On 14 April, she performed \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" with Gotye on Saturday Night Live. On 15 July 2012, she performed in Santralistanbul, Istanbul, Turkey. On 25 September, her song \"With My Hands\" was featured in Tim Burton's movie, Frankenweenie. On 1 November, she had been nominated at the Vodafone 2012 New Zealand Music Awards and won for the International Achievement, Best Female Solo Artist, Best Pop Album, Breakthrough Artist of the Year awards, and also won as a featured artist for the song \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", for Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year, at the APRA Music Awards of 2012. on the same year, she also received an award for Best Female Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 2012 for the second time.[26] On 14 November 2012, Kimbra performed at the Calvin Klein Collection which held an exclusive dinner to celebrate the brand's Women's Creative Director, Francisco Costa.[27] Kimbra also performed for other events such as, at Homebake Festival 2012 on 8 December, at Festival of the Sun in Port Macquarie, New South Wales on 14 December, at the Rhythm & Vines Music festival 2012 in Gisborne, New Zealand on 29 December 2012 and at the Summadayze Festival in Adelaide, Melbourne, Gold Coast on 30, 31 December 2012.[28]On 10 February 2013, Kimbra and Gotye won the Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards Show for \"Somebody That I Used to Know\". This achievement made her only the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award in history.[29] Kimbra was also featured with the R&B singer John Legend in the song \"Made to Love\", published in the album Love in the Future. The single was released on 11 June 2013 and the album was released on 30 August 2013.[30] \nOn 15 September 2013, Kimbra performed for Rock in Rio Festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[31] Kimbra was also involved in a non-profit charity organisation called So They Can. Kimbra became the ambassador of So They Can within the year of 2013.[32]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Costey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Costey"},{"link_name":"Daniel Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Johns"},{"link_name":"Matt Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Thundercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundercat_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Legend"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Miracle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_(Kimbra_song)"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"In Another Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Another_Life_(album)"},{"link_name":"\"Goldmine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_(Kimbra_song)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ben Weinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weinman"},{"link_name":"The Dillinger Escape Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kimbra_(16541209.154).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nelly Furtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Furtado"},{"link_name":"Goldfrapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfrapp"},{"link_name":"John Congleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Congleton"},{"link_name":"Top of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_World_(Kimbra_song)"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Seth Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Seth_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Primal Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_Heart"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Dawn Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Richard"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Daffodils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffodils_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rose McIver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_McIver"},{"link_name":"iZombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZombie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Lovely Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lovely_Bones"},{"link_name":"George Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"Go Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Girls"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Soundfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundfly"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Popstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars_(New_Zealand_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sofar Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofar_Sounds"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"A Reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reckoning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandle-2"}],"sub_title":"2014–present: The Golden Echo, Primal Heart, and A Reckoning","text":"After the Grammy Awards, Kimbra relocated to LA to work on her second studio album, known as The Golden Echo, taking up residence on a farm. People who collaborated on The Golden Echo include Rich Costey, Daniel Johns, Taylor Graves, Matt Bellamy, Thundercat, Mark Foster, Bilal (Singing on the No. 8 track \"Everlovin' Ya\"), John Legend, John Robinson and also Kimbra's bandmates, Timon Martin and Benjamin Davey. During the making of the second album, Kimbra was invited to play at a concert in Adelaide and was invited to perform at WOMAD 2014, also debuting a new song titled \"Nobody But You\". On 19 May 2014, Kimbra released the lead single from The Golden Echo called \"90s Music\" to largely positive reviews. Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called the song \"captivating\" when he previewed it in May 2014. The official music video was not long released after the audio, debuting on YouTube on 3 June 2014. The song did not chart in New Zealand or Australia. \"Miracle\" was released as the second single on 24 July 2014. It was her first song to chart on Billboard, peaking at No. 37 on the Japan Hot 100. The song has received mainly positive reviews from critics, with many complimenting the song's disco-influenced feel. Olivia Forman of Spin stated that the song has a \"flawlessly fluctuating [...] beat\" and additionally complimented Kimbra's vocals. The music video for \"Miracle\" was released onto YouTube on 19 August 2014, the official music video for the song was directed by Thom Kerr. The Golden Echo was released on 15 August 2014 (AU/NZ) and 19 August 2014 (US) charting Australian Albums (ARIA) at 5, New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) at 5 and US Billboard 200 at 43. The Golden Echo received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album obtained a normalised score of 70 out of 100, based on reviews from 16 selected mainstream critics. The release of the album was followed by a 12-show US tour with Empress of in November 2015.In April 2015, Kimbra toured the US with a total of five shows. Kimbra is featured in a song by Bilal called \"Holding It Back\" from his album In Another Life. On 15 July, Kimbra released the video for her third single from The Golden Echo called \"Goldmine\", which surpassed 110,000 views in a matter of a day. On 30 September 2016, Kimbra released a non-album single called \"Sweet Relief\".[33] On 18 September 2017, Kimbra and her record label sent a personalised email to fans who subscribed to the Warner Bros. mailing list, conveying information about her third studio-album and an upcoming single.[34] Kimbra is managed by guitarist Ben Weinman, founding member of metal band The Dillinger Escape Plan, since around 2017. He has also frequently contributed guitar to Kimbra's music.[35][36]Kimbra performing in 2015On 29 September 2017, she released the album's lead single, entitled \"Everybody Knows\", which was co-produced by Nelly Furtado and Goldfrapp affiliate John Congleton. \"Top of the World\" was released as the second single on 10 November 2017 and was later performed on Late Night with Seth Meyers. The third album Primal Heart was initially planned to be released on 19 January 2018,[37] but was then pushed back to 20 April 2018. Kimbra explained the reasons for the push back and gave a song out for free to fans subscribed to her mailing list to make it up to them. The song is called \"Hi Def Distance Romance\".[38] A further three more singles were released before the album release, those being \"Human\" on 19 January 2018, \"Version of Me\" on 23 February 2018, and \"Like They Do on the TV\" on 30 March 2018.[39] A new version of \"Version of Me\" featuring Dawn Richard was released on 21 June 2018,[40][41] and a new version of \"Top of the World\" featuring Snoop Dogg was released on 20 July 2018.[42][43]Kimbra made her acting debut in a big screen adaption of the musical-drama production Daffodils released on 21 March 2019. The singer stars alongside Kiwi lead actors Rose McIver, from iZombie and The Lovely Bones and George Mason, from Home and Away and Go Girls.[44] In March 2020, Kimbra released a course with online music school Soundfly on vocal creativity, arranging, and production.[45] In April 2020, she appeared as the lead expert and mentor on TVNZ 2's reboot of Popstars.[46] Kimbra embarked on a Sofar Sounds secret location venue tour of the United States in October and November 2021, previewing her upcoming fourth studio album.[47]Kimbra's fourth album, A Reckoning, was released on 27 January 2023.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jacob Bergson – keyboards (2018-present), musical director (2021–present)\nVancil Cooper – drums (2021-present)","title":"Live band"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Previous members","text":"Fagan Wilcox – samples/synth/guitar/vocals (2009–2014)\nBen Davey – keyboards/vocals (2010–2014)\nStan Bicknell – drums (2009–2010)\nJoe Cope (2009)\nStevie McQuinn – drums (2010–2016)\nFrank Abraham – bass/keyboards (2014–2016)\nTaylor Graves – keyboards/vocals (2014–2016)\nTimon Martin – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2018), keyboards (2016–2018)\nSpencer Zahn – bass, keyboards (2016–2021)","title":"Live band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"American Songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Daniel Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Johns"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Rufus Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Guided by Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_by_Voices"},{"link_name":"Imogen Heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Heap"},{"link_name":"Mike Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Patton"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Minnie Riperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Riperton"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Muzic.net.nz states that Kimbra's music delves beyond the \"four chord cliché but still maintains strong hooks and catchy melodies that are sometimes unpredictable but satisfying\".[48] In an interview with American Songwriter, she listed Daniel Johns, Prince, Rufus Wainwright, Guided by Voices, Imogen Heap, Mike Patton, Michael Jackson, Minnie Riperton and Stevie Wonder as her influences.[49] Her musical style is eclectic.[50]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vows_(Kimbra_album)"},{"link_name":"The Golden Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Echo"},{"link_name":"Primal Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primal_Heart"},{"link_name":"A Reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Reckoning"}],"text":"Vows (2011)\nThe Golden Echo (2014)\nPrimal Heart (2018)\nA Reckoning (2023)\nIdols & Vices (Vol. 1) (2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kimbra_live,_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foster the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_the_People"},{"link_name":"the Kooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kooks"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Police Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Police_Club"},{"link_name":"Mayer Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Janelle Monáe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e"}],"text":"Kimbra on the A Reckoning tour, in 2023Vows Tour (2011)\nWorld Wide Tour – (with Gotye) (2012)\nTorches Tour with Foster the People, the Kooks, Tokyo Police Club, Mayer Hawthorne) (2012)\nVows European Winter Tour (2012)\nVows US Tour (2012)\nThe Golden Electric Tour (with Janelle Monáe) (2014) – Cancelled\nThe Golden Echo Tour (2014/2015)\nPrimal Heart Tour (2017/2018)\nPrimal Heart: Reimagined Tour (2018/2019)\nAlbum Preview Tour (2021)\nA Reckoning Tour (2023)\nDjesse Vol. 4 Tour (with Jacob Collier) (2024)","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APRA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australasian Performing Right Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRAMusic-57"}],"sub_title":"APRA Awards","text":"The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), \"honouring composers and songwriters\".[57] In 2012, Kimbra was nominated for two awards as a solo artist and won two awards as a featured artist.","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA2011Noms-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIAAwards2011-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"ARIA Awards","text":"The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In 2011, Kimbra won one award as a solo artist and two awards as a featured artist.[62] Gotye featuring Kimbra performed the single, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", at the awards ceremony.[63][64]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Billboard Music Award","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3news.co.nz-65"}],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","text":"The Grammy Awards are presented annually from 1959 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS). In 2012, Kimbra's collaboration with Gotye, \"Somebody That I Used To Know\", won the Record of the Year and the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards.[65]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand Music Awards","text":"The New Zealand Music Awards are awarded annually to musicians of New Zealand origin, by Recorded Music NZ.","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MTV Europe Music Award","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MTV Video Music Award","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanda_%26_Young_Global_Songwriting_Competition"},{"link_name":"Nordoff-Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordoff%E2%80%93Robbins_music_therapy"},{"link_name":"Albert Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Music"},{"link_name":"APRA AMCOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_AMCOS"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-67"}],"sub_title":"Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition","text":"The Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition is an annual competition that \"acknowledges great songwriting whilst supporting and raising money for Nordoff-Robbins\" and is coordinated by Albert Music and APRA AMCOS. It commenced in 2009.[67]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other awards","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Kimbra in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kimbra_%40_Wellington_Square_%2825_9_2011%29_%286202564956%29.jpg/260px-Kimbra_%40_Wellington_Square_%2825_9_2011%29_%286202564956%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kimbra performing in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kimbra_%40_McCallum_Park_%285_2_2012%29_%286971313471%29.jpg/220px-Kimbra_%40_McCallum_Park_%285_2_2012%29_%286971313471%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kimbra performing in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kimbra_%2816541209.154%29.jpg/220px-Kimbra_%2816541209.154%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kimbra on the A Reckoning tour, in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kimbra_live%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Kimbra_live%2C_2023.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Collar, Matt. \"Kimbra\". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/kimbra-mn0002593754/biography","url_text":"\"Kimbra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Brandle, Lars (20 October 2022). \"Kimbra Sets New Album, Signs With Inertia Music & PIAS: Exclusive\". Billboard. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/kimbra-signs-inertia-music-pias-exclusive-1235158448/","url_text":"\"Kimbra Sets New Album, Signs With Inertia Music & PIAS: Exclusive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra Announces New Album 'Primal Heart', Previews New Music in Email To Fans\". Music Feeds. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/kimbra-announces-new-album-primal-heart-previews-new-music-email-fans/","url_text":"\"Kimbra Announces New Album 'Primal Heart', Previews New Music in Email To Fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Simply on My Lips' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105073151/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Simply%20on%20My%20Lips","url_text":"\"'Simply on My Lips' at APRA search engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Simply%20on%20My%20Lips","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Play It Strange Top 20 - 2004\". Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://playitstrange.bandcamp.com/album/play-it-strange-top-20-2004","url_text":"\"Play It Strange Top 20 - 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Play It Strange: About Us\". Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playitstrange.org.nz/about-us-2/about-us","url_text":"\"Play It Strange: About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Risk, Louise (10 June 2011). \"Look at her now\". Waikato Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/5126964/Look-at-her-now","url_text":"\"Look at her now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Times","url_text":"Waikato Times"}]},{"reference":"Baidawi, Adam (November 2011). \"Kimbra, A Sound Unto Her Own\". JetStar Magazine. Jetstar Airways. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324140316/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/kimbra-a-sound-unto-her-own/1468/1/","url_text":"\"Kimbra, A Sound Unto Her Own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetStar_Magazine","url_text":"JetStar Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstar_Airways","url_text":"Jetstar Airways"},{"url":"http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/kimbra-a-sound-unto-her-own/1468/1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Settle Down' at APRA search engine\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Settle%20Down","url_text":"\"'Settle Down' at APRA search engine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch & Listen: Like Ice!\". PerezHilton.com. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004101517/http://perezhilton.com/2010-08-20-watch-listen-like-ice/","url_text":"\"Watch & Listen: Like Ice!\""},{"url":"http://perezhilton.com/2010-08-20-watch-listen-like-ice","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) – EP\". iTunes Store. 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/i-look-to-you-feat.-kimbra-ep/id405618847","url_text":"\"'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) – EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miami Horror – 'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) (official HD)\". 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2012 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jna2r56EXTg","url_text":"\"Miami Horror – 'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) (official HD)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jna2r56EXTg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Vanda and Young Songwriting Competition – Winners Announcement\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925070615/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Kimbrawinsthe2011VandaYoungSongwritingCompetition%21.aspx","url_text":"\"2011 Vanda and Young Songwriting Competition – Winners Announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Mechanical_Copyright_Owners_Society","url_text":"Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society"},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Kimbrawinsthe2011VandaYoungSongwritingCompetition!.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra Signs Worldwide Deal With Warner Bros. Records\". Marketwire.com. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Kimbra-Signs-Worldwide-Deal-With-Warner-Bros-Records-1524021.htm","url_text":"\"Kimbra Signs Worldwide Deal With Warner Bros. Records\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Nicholas (15 February 2012). \"Kimbra Replacement After First Choice Cancelled Reveals Gotye\". Tone Deaf. Tone Deaf Network. Retrieved 26 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/news/local-news/129241/kimbra-replacement-for-first-choice-reveals-gotye.htm","url_text":"\"Kimbra Replacement After First Choice Cancelled Reveals Gotye\""}]},{"reference":"Nimmervoll, Ed. \"Gotye\". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music (Ed Nimmervoll). White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Nimmervoll","url_text":"Nimmervoll, Ed"},{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120726191200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/14231/20120727-0512/www.howlspace.com.au/en2/gotye/gotye.htm","url_text":"\"Gotye\""},{"url":"http://www.howlspace.com.au/en2/gotye/gotye.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bridget Jones (6 October 2011). \"Kimbra wins Critics' Choice Award 2011\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/5747730/Kimbra-wins-Critics-Choice-Award","url_text":"\"Kimbra wins Critics' Choice Award 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra wins Aussie music award\". Television New Zealand. 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/entertainment-news/kimbra-wins-aussie-music-award-4574996","url_text":"\"Kimbra wins Aussie music award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra, Friday August 9, The Forum Theatre | Beat Magazine\". Beat.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713135955/http://beat.com.au/music/kimbra-friday-august-9-forum-theatre","url_text":"\"Kimbra, Friday August 9, The Forum Theatre | Beat Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.beat.com.au/music/kimbra-friday-august-9-forum-theatre","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra – Astor Theatre Perth – EnjoyPerth!\". Enjoyperth.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140905131022/http://www.enjoyperth.com.au/events/kimbra-astor-theatre-perth","url_text":"\"Kimbra – Astor Theatre Perth – EnjoyPerth!\""},{"url":"http://www.enjoyperth.com.au/events/kimbra-astor-theatre-perth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kimbra (26 January 2012). \"Kimbra Wins A Rolling Stone Award\". Kimbramusic.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131101023441/http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/kimbra-wins-rolling-stone-award","url_text":"\"Kimbra Wins A Rolling Stone Award\""},{"url":"http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/kimbra-wins-rolling-stone-award","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra shares her joy\". MediaWorks. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiolive.co.nz/Kimbra-shares-her-joy-with-Dudley-after-reaching-1-in-the-USA/tabid/506/articleID/27436/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Kimbra shares her joy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calvin Klein Collection Hosts Special Dinner in Beijing With Performance By Kimbra at Long March Space | View photo – Yahoo News\". Yahoo! News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/photos/calvin-klein-collection-hosts-special-20121112-110812-417.html","url_text":"\"Calvin Klein Collection Hosts Special Dinner in Beijing With Performance By Kimbra at Long March Space | View photo – Yahoo News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands jam in the Summadayze sun\". The Age. Melbourne.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/thousands-jam-in-the-summadayze-sun-20130101-2c48p.html","url_text":"\"Thousands jam in the Summadayze sun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra\". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/artist/kimbra","url_text":"\"Kimbra\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Legend Debuts EDM-Influenced Single 'Made To Love' Feat. Kimbra \" Radio.com\". News.radio.com. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.radio.com/2013/06/18/listen-john-legends-new-edm-influenced-song-made-to-love-featuring-kimbra/","url_text":"\"John Legend Debuts EDM-Influenced Single 'Made To Love' Feat. Kimbra \" Radio.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock in Rio by: Portal Kimbra | Rock in Rio Brasil\". Rockinrio.com. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://rockinrio.com/rio/en/blog/o-rock-in-rio-por-portal-kimbra/","url_text":"\"Rock in Rio by: Portal Kimbra | Rock in Rio Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity a hit for musos – music – entertainment\". Stuff.co.nz. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/7549268/Charity-a-hit-for-musos","url_text":"\"Charity a hit for musos – music – entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra – \"Sweet Relief\"\". Stereogum. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1902458/kimbra-sweet-relief/","url_text":"\"Kimbra – \"Sweet Relief\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra announces new album in email\". Stuff. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/96982994/kimbra-announces-new-album-in-email","url_text":"\"Kimbra announces new album in email\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"Stuff"}]},{"reference":"Dwyer, Kevin (25 January 2018). \"Interview: Kimbra\". Sound of Boston - Boston Music Blog. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundofboston.com/kimbra/","url_text":"\"Interview: Kimbra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dillinger Escape Plan Writing New Music With Kimbra: 'She's The Real Deal'\". Music Feeds. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/dillinger-escape-plan-writing-new-music-with-kimbra-shes-the-real-deal/","url_text":"\"Dillinger Escape Plan Writing New Music With Kimbra: 'She's The Real Deal'\""}]},{"reference":"\"My new album 'Primal Heart' will be out on Jan 19th – Kimbra Official Website Official Blog\". Kimbra Official Website. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/my-new-album-primal-heart-will-be-out-jan-19th-4441","url_text":"\"My new album 'Primal Heart' will be out on Jan 19th – Kimbra Official Website Official Blog\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk. \"Kimbra Moves Release of New Album 'Primal Heart' to 4/20\". BroadwayWorld Music. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Kimbra-Moves-Release-of-New-Album-Primal-Heart-to-420-20180108","url_text":"\"Kimbra Moves Release of New Album 'Primal Heart' to 4/20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BroadwayWorld_Music","url_text":"BroadwayWorld Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra's New Song Is A Breezy, Synth-Fueled Nostalgia Trip About TV\". UPROXX. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/kimbra-primal-heart-like-they-do-on-the-tv/","url_text":"\"Kimbra's New Song Is A Breezy, Synth-Fueled Nostalgia Trip About TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPROXX","url_text":"UPROXX"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra Joins Forces With DAWN for Dramatic 'Version of Me': Watch\". Billboard. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8462323/kimbra-dawn-richard-version-of-me","url_text":"\"Kimbra Joins Forces With DAWN for Dramatic 'Version of Me': Watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Version of Me – Single by Kimbra & Dawn, 22 June 2018, retrieved 27 July 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/album/version-of-me-single/1399716671","url_text":"Version of Me – Single by Kimbra & Dawn"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra + Snoop Dogg Drop Remix 'Top of the World'\". UnderTheRadarNZ. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.undertheradar.co.nz/news/14626/Kimbra--Snoop-Dogg-Drop-Remix-Top-Of-The-World","url_text":"\"Kimbra + Snoop Dogg Drop Remix 'Top of the World'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top of the World (feat. Snoop Dogg) – Single by Kimbra\". iTunes. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/album/top-of-the-world-feat-snoop-dogg-single/1413292946","url_text":"\"Top of the World (feat. Snoop Dogg) – Single by Kimbra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"DAFFODILS\". Daffodils. RAGLAN FILMS LIMITED. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://daffodilsmovie.com/","url_text":"\"DAFFODILS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online music education platform collaborates with Kimbra\". www.technologydecisions.com.au. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologydecisions.com.au/content/futureed/news/online-music-education-platform-collaborates-with-kimbra-793156984","url_text":"\"Online music education platform collaborates with Kimbra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwi musician Kimbra on her new role on Popstars, finding love, and starting a family\". NZ Herald. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/kiwi-musician-kimbra-on-her-new-role-on-popstars-finding-love-and-starting-a-family/J5GWA6A74CNJ26VKEVK2X4ZL5E/","url_text":"\"Kiwi musician Kimbra on her new role on Popstars, finding love, and starting a family\""}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Amanda (16 September 2021). \"Tour News: James Blake, Kimbra, Shamir, Boston Calling additions, No Vacation, more\". Brooklynvegan.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/tour-news-james-blake-kimbra-shamir-boston-calling-additions-no-vacation-more/","url_text":"\"Tour News: James Blake, Kimbra, Shamir, Boston Calling additions, No Vacation, more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kimbra – New Zealand Musicians & Bands\". Muzic.net.nz. Retrieved 10 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/2038.html","url_text":"\"Kimbra – New Zealand Musicians & Bands\""}]},{"reference":"Schlansky, Evan (11 June 2012). \"Kimbra\". American Songwriter. Retrieved 11 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/06/kimbra/","url_text":"\"Kimbra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter","url_text":"American Songwriter"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Mikael (3 October 2012). \"Kimbra brings 'Vows' to the Fonda Theatre\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/03/entertainment/la-et-ms-kimbra-brings-vows-fonda-theatre-20121003","url_text":"\"Kimbra brings 'Vows' to the Fonda Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Tonight Show With Jay Leno | TV Guide\". TVGuide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno/episode-109-season-20/the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno/100528","url_text":"\"The Tonight Show With Jay Leno | TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Call with Carson Daly: October 11, 2012: Sam Rockwell, Jordan Roberts, Kimbra\". TV.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/last-call-with-carson-daly/october-11-2012-sam-rockwell-jordan-roberts-kimbra-2598846/","url_text":"\"Last Call with Carson Daly: October 11, 2012: Sam Rockwell, Jordan Roberts, Kimbra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Call with Carson Daly\". TVGuide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/last-call-with-carson-daly/episode-95-season-12/last-call-with-carson-daly/192264","url_text":"\"Last Call with Carson Daly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Late Night With Seth Meyers | TV Guide\". TVGuide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/late-night-with-seth-meyers/episode-60-season-5/governor-john-kasich-darren-criss-kimbra/620019","url_text":"\"Late Night With Seth Meyers | TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"APRA Music Awards 2012\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100525120222/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/apraawards/musicawards.aspx","url_text":"\"APRA Music Awards 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Mechanical_Copyright_Owners_Society","url_text":"Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society"},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations > Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year – 2012\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512000456/http://apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/BreakthroughSongwriteroftheYear2012.aspx","url_text":"\"Nominations > Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year – 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/BreakthroughSongwriteroftheYear2012.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners for the 2012 APRA Music Awards Announced\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531221339/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Winnersforthe2012APRAMusicAwardsannounced.aspx","url_text":"\"Winners for the 2012 APRA Music Awards Announced\""},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Winnersforthe2012APRAMusicAwardsannounced.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Winners\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120603024257/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/apraawards/musicawards/history/2012Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"2012 Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/apraawards/musicawards/history/2012Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations > Song of the Year – 2012\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2012. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726072201/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/SongoftheYear2012.aspx","url_text":"\"Nominations > Song of the Year – 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/SongoftheYear2012.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Countdown Begins....Nominations Announced\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111016020511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced","url_text":"\"The Countdown Begins....Nominations Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gotye and Kimbra nominated for Grammy\". 3 News NZ. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130413200720/http://www.3news.co.nz/Gotye-and-Kimbra-nominated-for-Grammy/tabid/418/articleID/279483/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Gotye and Kimbra nominated for Grammy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_News_NZ","url_text":"3 News NZ"},{"url":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Gotye-and-Kimbra-nominated-for-Grammy/tabid/418/articleID/279483/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards Winners Announced \" Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards\". Nzmusicawards.co.nz. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806101256/http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/2012/11/01/2012-vodafone-new-zealand-music-awards-winners-announced/","url_text":"\"2012 Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards Winners Announced \" Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/2012/11/01/2012-vodafone-new-zealand-music-awards-winners-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Vanda Young Global Song Writing Competition\". APRA AMCOS. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apraamcos.com.au/about/supporting-the-industry/competitions/vanda-young-global-songwriting-competition#_89667","url_text":"\"About the Vanda Young Global Song Writing Competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_AMCOS","url_text":"APRA AMCOS"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Winners\". APRA AMCOS. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apraamcos.com.au/about/supporting-the-industry/competitions/vanda-young-global-songwriting-competition/past-winners","url_text":"\"Past Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Songwriting Competition\". Songwritingcompetition.com. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songwritingcompetition.com/winners","url_text":"\"International Songwriting Competition\""}]},{"reference":"Kimbra (26 September 2011). \"Vows Nominated for a J Award\". Kimbramusic.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140814180150/http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/vows-nominated-j-award","url_text":"\"Vows Nominated for a J Award\""},{"url":"http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/vows-nominated-j-award","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://kimbramusic.com/","external_links_name":"kimbramusic.com"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kimbra%22","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kimbra%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kimbra%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kimbra%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kimbra%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kimbra%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/kimbra-mn0002593754/biography","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/kimbra-signs-inertia-music-pias-exclusive-1235158448/","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Sets New Album, Signs With Inertia Music & PIAS: Exclusive\""},{"Link":"https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/archibald/2012/29228/","external_links_name":"Kimbra (The build up)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4yaT8tpHnw","external_links_name":"Kimbra – \"The build up\" (Portrait by Vincent Fantauzzo for Archibald 2012)"},{"Link":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/kimbra-announces-new-album-primal-heart-previews-new-music-email-fans/","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Announces New Album 'Primal Heart', Previews New Music in Email To Fans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105073151/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Simply%20on%20My%20Lips","external_links_name":"\"'Simply on My Lips' at APRA search engine\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Simply%20on%20My%20Lips","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://playitstrange.bandcamp.com/album/play-it-strange-top-20-2004","external_links_name":"\"Play It Strange Top 20 - 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.playitstrange.org.nz/about-us-2/about-us","external_links_name":"\"Play It Strange: About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/5126964/Look-at-her-now","external_links_name":"\"Look at her now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324140316/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/kimbra-a-sound-unto-her-own/1468/1/","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra, A Sound Unto Her Own\""},{"Link":"http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/kimbra-a-sound-unto-her-own/1468/1/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/worksearch.axd?q=Settle%20Down","external_links_name":"\"'Settle Down' at APRA search engine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004101517/http://perezhilton.com/2010-08-20-watch-listen-like-ice/","external_links_name":"\"Watch & Listen: Like Ice!\""},{"Link":"http://perezhilton.com/2010-08-20-watch-listen-like-ice","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/i-look-to-you-feat.-kimbra-ep/id405618847","external_links_name":"\"'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) – EP\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jna2r56EXTg","external_links_name":"\"Miami Horror – 'I Look to You' (ft. Kimbra) (official HD)\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jna2r56EXTg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.vandayoungsongcomp.com/winners.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301081624/http://www.vandayoungsongcomp.com/winners.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925070615/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Kimbrawinsthe2011VandaYoungSongwritingCompetition%21.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2011 Vanda and Young Songwriting Competition – Winners Announcement\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Kimbrawinsthe2011VandaYoungSongwritingCompetition!.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Kimbra-Signs-Worldwide-Deal-With-Warner-Bros-Records-1524021.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Signs Worldwide Deal With Warner Bros. Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/news/local-news/129241/kimbra-replacement-for-first-choice-reveals-gotye.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Replacement After First Choice Cancelled Reveals Gotye\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120726191200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/14231/20120727-0512/www.howlspace.com.au/en2/gotye/gotye.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gotye\""},{"Link":"http://www.howlspace.com.au/en2/gotye/gotye.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/5747730/Kimbra-wins-Critics-Choice-Award","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra wins Critics' Choice Award 2011\""},{"Link":"http://tvnz.co.nz/entertainment-news/kimbra-wins-aussie-music-award-4574996","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra wins Aussie music award\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713135955/http://beat.com.au/music/kimbra-friday-august-9-forum-theatre","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra, Friday August 9, The Forum Theatre | Beat Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.beat.com.au/music/kimbra-friday-august-9-forum-theatre","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140905131022/http://www.enjoyperth.com.au/events/kimbra-astor-theatre-perth","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra – Astor Theatre Perth – EnjoyPerth!\""},{"Link":"http://www.enjoyperth.com.au/events/kimbra-astor-theatre-perth","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://albums.maisch.com.au/Music/Music/16308182_PpLrVH/1660607952_LPw5PXL#!i=1660607952&k=LPw5PXL","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219024023/http://albums.maisch.com.au/Music/Music/16308182_PpLrVH/1660607952_LPw5PXL","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131101023441/http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/kimbra-wins-rolling-stone-award","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Wins A Rolling Stone Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/kimbra-wins-rolling-stone-award","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.radiolive.co.nz/Kimbra-shares-her-joy-with-Dudley-after-reaching-1-in-the-USA/tabid/506/articleID/27436/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra shares her joy\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/photos/calvin-klein-collection-hosts-special-20121112-110812-417.html","external_links_name":"\"Calvin Klein Collection Hosts Special Dinner in Beijing With Performance By Kimbra at Long March Space | View photo – Yahoo News\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/thousands-jam-in-the-summadayze-sun-20130101-2c48p.html","external_links_name":"\"Thousands jam in the Summadayze sun\""},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/artist/kimbra","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra\""},{"Link":"http://news.radio.com/2013/06/18/listen-john-legends-new-edm-influenced-song-made-to-love-featuring-kimbra/","external_links_name":"\"John Legend Debuts EDM-Influenced Single 'Made To Love' Feat. Kimbra \" Radio.com\""},{"Link":"http://rockinrio.com/rio/en/blog/o-rock-in-rio-por-portal-kimbra/","external_links_name":"\"Rock in Rio by: Portal Kimbra | Rock in Rio Brasil\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/7549268/Charity-a-hit-for-musos","external_links_name":"\"Charity a hit for musos – music – entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1902458/kimbra-sweet-relief/","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra – \"Sweet Relief\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/96982994/kimbra-announces-new-album-in-email","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra announces new album in email\""},{"Link":"https://soundofboston.com/kimbra/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Kimbra\""},{"Link":"https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/dillinger-escape-plan-writing-new-music-with-kimbra-shes-the-real-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Dillinger Escape Plan Writing New Music With Kimbra: 'She's The Real Deal'\""},{"Link":"http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/my-new-album-primal-heart-will-be-out-jan-19th-4441","external_links_name":"\"My new album 'Primal Heart' will be out on Jan 19th – Kimbra Official Website Official Blog\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Kimbra-Moves-Release-of-New-Album-Primal-Heart-to-420-20180108","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Moves Release of New Album 'Primal Heart' to 4/20\""},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/kimbra-primal-heart-like-they-do-on-the-tv/","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra's New Song Is A Breezy, Synth-Fueled Nostalgia Trip About TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8462323/kimbra-dawn-richard-version-of-me","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra Joins Forces With DAWN for Dramatic 'Version of Me': Watch\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/album/version-of-me-single/1399716671","external_links_name":"Version of Me – Single by Kimbra & Dawn"},{"Link":"http://www.undertheradar.co.nz/news/14626/Kimbra--Snoop-Dogg-Drop-Remix-Top-Of-The-World","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra + Snoop Dogg Drop Remix 'Top of the World'\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/album/top-of-the-world-feat-snoop-dogg-single/1413292946","external_links_name":"\"Top of the World (feat. Snoop Dogg) – Single by Kimbra\""},{"Link":"http://daffodilsmovie.com/","external_links_name":"\"DAFFODILS\""},{"Link":"https://www.technologydecisions.com.au/content/futureed/news/online-music-education-platform-collaborates-with-kimbra-793156984","external_links_name":"\"Online music education platform collaborates with Kimbra\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/kiwi-musician-kimbra-on-her-new-role-on-popstars-finding-love-and-starting-a-family/J5GWA6A74CNJ26VKEVK2X4ZL5E/","external_links_name":"\"Kiwi musician Kimbra on her new role on Popstars, finding love, and starting a family\""},{"Link":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/tour-news-james-blake-kimbra-shamir-boston-calling-additions-no-vacation-more/","external_links_name":"\"Tour News: James Blake, Kimbra, Shamir, Boston Calling additions, No Vacation, more\""},{"Link":"http://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/2038.html","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra – New Zealand Musicians & Bands\""},{"Link":"http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/06/kimbra/","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/03/entertainment/la-et-ms-kimbra-brings-vows-fonda-theatre-20121003","external_links_name":"\"Kimbra brings 'Vows' to the Fonda Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/tv/show?id=8F5AC2DC6E1FC149SH&cdid=tvseason-95375BAA5ED8387BSE&gdid=tvepisode-3206DE0E67C94B8DEP","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno/episode-109-season-20/the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno/100528","external_links_name":"\"The Tonight Show With Jay Leno | TV Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/shows/last-call-with-carson-daly/october-11-2012-sam-rockwell-jordan-roberts-kimbra-2598846/","external_links_name":"\"Last Call with Carson Daly: October 11, 2012: Sam Rockwell, Jordan Roberts, Kimbra\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/last-call-with-carson-daly/episode-95-season-12/last-call-with-carson-daly/192264","external_links_name":"\"Last Call with Carson Daly\""},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/tv/show?id=CE97C4AC240C5175SH&cdid=tvseason-963520A06FA7549DSE&gdid=tvepisode-7BF96B7FD1AAA63AEP&hl=en_US","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/late-night-with-seth-meyers/episode-60-season-5/governor-john-kasich-darren-criss-kimbra/620019","external_links_name":"\"Late Night With Seth Meyers | TV Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100525120222/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/apraawards/musicawards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"APRA Music Awards 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120512000456/http://apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/BreakthroughSongwriteroftheYear2012.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Nominations > Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year – 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/BreakthroughSongwriteroftheYear2012.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531221339/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Winnersforthe2012APRAMusicAwardsannounced.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Winners for the 2012 APRA Music Awards Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/news/allnews/Winnersforthe2012APRAMusicAwardsannounced.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120603024257/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/apraawards/musicawards/history/2012Winners.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2012 Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/apraawards/musicawards/history/2012Winners.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726072201/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/SongoftheYear2012.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Nominations > Song of the Year – 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/SongoftheYear2012.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111016020511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced","external_links_name":"\"The Countdown Begins....Nominations Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/aria-awards-2011-at-allphones-arena-begins-with-battle-of-the-red-carpet/story-e6frfn09-1226207299256","external_links_name":"ARIA Awards 2011 at Allphones Arena begins with battle of the red carpet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427185552/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/aria-awards-2011-at-allphones-arena-begins-with-battle-of-the-red-carpet/story-e6frfn09-1226207299256","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-27/boys-dominate-aria-awards/3698048?section=entertainment","external_links_name":"Boy and Bear dominate ARIA awards"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130413200720/http://www.3news.co.nz/Gotye-and-Kimbra-nominated-for-Grammy/tabid/418/articleID/279483/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Gotye and Kimbra nominated for Grammy\""},{"Link":"http://www.3news.co.nz/Gotye-and-Kimbra-nominated-for-Grammy/tabid/418/articleID/279483/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806101256/http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/2012/11/01/2012-vodafone-new-zealand-music-awards-winners-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards Winners Announced \" Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/2012/11/01/2012-vodafone-new-zealand-music-awards-winners-announced/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.apraamcos.com.au/about/supporting-the-industry/competitions/vanda-young-global-songwriting-competition#_89667","external_links_name":"\"About the Vanda Young Global Song Writing Competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.apraamcos.com.au/about/supporting-the-industry/competitions/vanda-young-global-songwriting-competition/past-winners","external_links_name":"\"Past Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.songwritingcompetition.com/winners","external_links_name":"\"International Songwriting Competition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140814180150/http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/vows-nominated-j-award","external_links_name":"\"Vows Nominated for a J Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.kimbramusic.com/news/vows-nominated-j-award","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kimbramusic.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5003195/","external_links_name":"Kimbra"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000370588770","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/249893002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjgCwwJTFvQGgbkFTrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13059619","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16609059v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16609059v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1025233964","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012069942","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0169785&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811719300905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/kimbra/3581","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fad2875e-ba81-4637-b859-4684622dcb1c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/162484917","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hooper
Tom Hooper
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1997–2003: BBC and ITV productions","2.2 2004–2008: Film debut and HBO works","2.3 2009–2010: Independent feature films","2.4 2011–present: Studio films","3 Directorial style","3.1 Cats VFX accusations","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 Awards and nominations","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
British-Australian film director Not to be confused with Tom Hopper. For other people named Tom Hooper, see Tom Hooper (disambiguation). Tom HooperHooper at the 2010 Toronto Film FestivalBornThomas George Hooper (1972-10-05) 5 October 1972 (age 51)London, EnglandCitizenshipBritishAustralianAlma materUniversity College, OxfordOccupationsDirectorproducerscreenwriterYears active1992–presentParents Richard Hooper Meredith Hooper AwardsFull list Thomas George Hooper (born 5 October 1972) is a British-Australian filmmaker. Known for his work in film and television he has received numerous accolades including an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards. Hooper began making short films as a teenager and had his first professional short, Painted Faces, broadcast on Channel 4 in 1992. At Oxford University, he directed plays and television commercials. After graduating, he directed episodes of Quayside, Byker Grove, EastEnders, and Cold Feet on British television. In the 2000s, Hooper directed the major BBC costume dramas Love in a Cold Climate (2001) and Daniel Deronda (2002), as well as the 2003 revival of ITV's Prime Suspect series. He gained acclaim for directing the HBO projects Elizabeth I (2005), Longford (2006), and John Adams (2008), the former of which earned him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series or Movie. Hooper made his feature film debut with the British drama Red Dust (2004) followed by the sports drama The Damned United (2009). He directed the historical drama The King's Speech (2010) which earned him the Academy Award for Best Director. He followed up with the musical epic Les Misérables (2012), and the romantic drama The Danish Girl (2015), the later of which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. He directed the 2019 live-action adaptation of the musical Cats, for which he won three Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Director, Worst Picture, and Worst Screenplay. That same year he directed two episodes of the HBO fantasy series His Dark Materials (2019). Early life and education Tom Hooper was born on 5 October 1972 in London, England, the son of Meredith Jean (Rooney) and Richard Hooper. Meredith is an Australian author and academic and Richard is an English media businessman. Hooper was educated at Highgate School and Westminster School. His initial interest in drama was triggered by his English and drama teacher at Highgate, former Royal Shakespeare Company actor Roger Mortimer, who produced an annual school play. At the age of 12, Hooper read a book entitled How to Make Film and Television and decided he wanted to become a director. For the next year Hooper researched filmmaking from publications such as On Camera by Harris Watts. Aged 13, he made his first film, entitled Runaway Dog, using a clockwork 16mm Bolex camera his uncle had given to him. Hooper said: "The clockwork would run out after thirty seconds, so the maximum shot length was thirty seconds. I could only afford a hundred feet of Kodachrome reversal film, which cost about twenty-five , and you had to send off for two weeks to be processed. I could only make silent movies, because sound was too expensive and complicated." He slowed down the frame rate of the camera so he could maximise what little film stock he had. Hooper classified the short, about a dog which kept running away from its owner, as a comedy, and filmed it on location in Oxfordshire. When Hooper was 14, his film Bomber Jacket came runner-up in a BBC younger filmmakers' competition. The short starred Hooper's brother as a boy who discovers a bomber jacket and a photograph hidden in a cupboard and learns his grandfather died in World War II. Another of Hooper's short films, entitled Countryside, depicts a nuclear holocaust. Hooper finished school aged 16, then wrote the script for his first professional short film, entitled Painted Faces. He spent the next two years raising capital for the short by courting advertisement directors, whose financial dominance during the late 1980s was noticed by Hooper. Director Paul Weiland invested in the short, which provided Hooper with the equipment he needed. After two years of financing and production, Painted Faces was completed. Hooper wrote, produced, directed and edited it. It was sold to Channel 4 and broadcast on the channel's First Frame strand in 1992, had a screening at the 35th London Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release. After taking a gap year to finance Painted Faces, Hooper read English at University College, Oxford. He joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society, where he directed Kate Beckinsale in A View from the Bridge and Emily Mortimer in The Trial. Hooper also had his first paid directing work, earning £200 for a corporate Christmas video, and he directed his first television advertisements, including one for Sonic the Hedgehog 3 featuring Right Said Fred. He continues to direct advertisements alongside television and film projects. In 1996 he joined the commercial production company John S. Clarke Productions and in 2001 he signed with Infinity Productions. Hooper has also directed commercials including an ad for Jaguar with Tom Hiddleston, Ben Kingsley, and Mark Strong, which aired during Super Bowl XLV. His commercial work is produced through international production company SMUGGLER. Career 1997–2003: BBC and ITV productions After graduating from Oxford, Hooper directed further television commercials, intending to break into the film industry the same way Ridley Scott, Tony Scott and Hugh Hudson did. He was introduced by his father to the television producer Matthew Robinson, who mentored Hooper and gave him his first television directing work. For Robinson, Hooper directed episodes of the short-lived Tyne Tees Television soap opera Quayside in 1997, four episodes of the Children's BBC television series Byker Grove in the same year, and his first episodes of the BBC One soap opera EastEnders in 1998. Hooper directed several EastEnders episodes between 1998 and 2000, two of which were hour-long specials that represented the soap when it won the British Academy Television Award for Best Soap Opera in 2000 and 2001; the first was the episode in which Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) learns her daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer) had an affair with her fiancé Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). The Jackson episode marked the beginning of a week of episodes that led to Palmer's departure from the soap, and Robinson had hired Hooper to direct the key episodes of that storyline. Hooper worked 10-hour days on EastEnders, and learned to direct with speed. He was influenced in his early career by the cinematic style of American TV series such as ER, NYPD Blue and Homicide: Life on the Street and tried to work that style into his EastEnders episodes; one scene featuring Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) involved a crane shot, which Hooper believes made him infamous among the EastEnders production crew. In 1999, Hooper directed two episodes of Granada Television's comedy-drama television series Cold Feet, which marked his move to bigger-budget productions. There was initially concern at Granada that Hooper might be an unsuitable director for the series given his background in drama. In 2001, Hooper directed his first of two costume dramas for the BBC; Love in a Cold Climate was based on Nancy Mitford's novels The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate. Hooper, the writer Deborah Moggach, and the producer Kate Harwood researched the period details of the production by interviewing Nancy's sister Deborah. In 2002, Hooper directed Daniel Deronda, adapted from George Eliot's novel. The Guardian's Mark Lawson said of Hooper's two costume dramas, "he brought verve and intelligence to television's most conservative form". Hooper returned to Granada the next year to direct the revival of Prime Suspect, entitled The Last Witness. The two-part serial was the first Prime Suspect instalment to be made since 1995, when star Helen Mirren quit. Hooper initially declined to direct the production because he believed the series was tired. Granada's head of drama Andy Harries introduced Hooper to Mirren, who persuaded him to take the job by promising that he could make the serial his own way. The two-part serial was broadcast on the ITV network in November 2003. Hooper's direction received praise from Andrew Billen in the New Statesman: "Tom Hooper proved an outstanding director, imposing a bleak, overlit hyper-realism on the search for a killer in a hospital, isolating Mirren in rows of empty chairs and playing on the eyewitness/optical visual metaphors." The serial was also broadcast on PBS in the United States. Hooper received nominations for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Serial and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special for his work on Prime Suspect. 2004–2008: Film debut and HBO works Hooper at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival Hooper made his debut as a feature film director with the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission drama Red Dust (2004), which stars Hilary Swank, Chiwetel Ejiofor and Jamie Bartlett. The film was not widely seen, which Hooper attributed to media coverage of torture during the Iraq War: "When I started making it you could watch the movie with a wonderful sense of 'we'd never do it in our own country…they're the horrible people but it's not us.' By the time the film came out (there were) these revelations that the Americans were torturing, the British were torturing. The film became a lot more uncomfortable for the very audiences it was designed to target. I have learned that sadly the theatrical audience does not run to see films that are openly issue-led." The premiere of the film in the United Kingdom came on BBC Two in 2005, making it eligible for the BAFTA Television Awards; it was nominated in the Best Single Drama category at the 2006 ceremony. In 2005, Hooper was asked by Helen Mirren to direct the Company Pictures/HBO Films two-part serial Elizabeth I, in which she was starring. The serial won Hooper his first Emmy Award, for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special. In January 2006, Hooper commenced filming the Granada/HBO television film Longford. The film dramatises the failed efforts of Lord Longford (played by Jim Broadbent) to secure the release from prison of Moors murderer Myra Hindley (played by Samantha Morton). The film was broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2006. Seb Morton-Clark for the Financial Times called Longford one of the most accomplished television dramas of 2006, and praised the writer and director: "Morgan and director Tom Hooper wove a seamless narrative about obsession – and not just that of the misguided philanthropist for the incarcerated Hindley or even that that existed between the sadistic lovers themselves. More significantly, by using chunks of original television footage, they painted a stark picture of the zealotry of a vengeful nation and its press over the supposed embodiment of evil." Hooper's continued successes led him to be ranked at number four in the Directors category of Broadcast magazine's annual Hot 100. The following year he was nominated for the British Academy Television Craft Award for Best Director for Longford. Elizabeth I and Longford led directly to Hooper being selected by Tom Hanks to direct the epic miniseries John Adams for Playtone and HBO. Hooper had been working on a biographical film with Joan Didion about Katharine Graham, publisher of The Washington Post, since 2006 when he was asked by Hanks to helm the programme. The miniseries, starring Paul Giamatti as John Adams, was based on David McCullough's Adams biography and was Hooper's first wholly American production. He worked on the miniseries for a total of 16 months; principal photography lasted 110 days on locations in the United States, France, England and Hungary and he controlled a $100 million budget. The Boston Globe's Matthew Gilbert complimented Hooper's style of direction in the first two episodes "Join or Die" and "Independence": Director Tom Hooper lets his actors shine, as he did so marvelously in Helen Mirren's Elizabeth I and the child-killer drama Longford, but he complements them, too, with this kind of immediate point of view. And when he does give us panoramic shots from afar – of the Adams farm in Braintree, for example – they're askew, to keep us out of the classroom mode. At the end of episode 2 Hooper showcases all his directorial strength with one bold choice. When the long-fretting Congress finally decides to break with Britain, he refrains from using any visual or aural tweaks. Upon the announcement, "The resolution carries," the scene remains perfectly silent for one long moment. The terror of responsibility hangs heavily in the room, while a victorious soundtrack surely would have chased it away. John Adams received 23 Emmy Award nominations, including another Outstanding Direction nomination for Hooper, and won 13, the highest number for any nominee in a single year. He was also nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement. At the beginning of 2009, he was profiled for The Observer's film Hotlist. 2009–2010: Independent feature films Hooper directing The King's Speech on location in 2010 The wake of John Adams' Emmy wins brought offers to Hooper from studios to direct spy and comic book films, which he declined. In November 2007, he signed on to direct The Damned United, reuniting him with Peter Morgan and Andy Harries. The film was an adaptation of David Peace's novel The Damned Utd, a fictional version of the 44 turbulent days English football manager Brian Clough spent as manager of Leeds United. It was originally developed by Stephen Frears for Michael Sheen to play Clough. Frears quit the project after he was unable to translate the book to film. Hooper received a copy of the script while shooting John Adams in Hungary and noticed a similarity between the "egotistical, flawed, brilliant" Adams and the "egotistical, flawed, brilliant" Clough. He was not put off by joining the project later, as Morgan's script was in only its first draft. During pre-production, Hooper engaged in meticulous research, particularly on the locations and the football grounds of the era. He cast Timothy Spall as Clough's assistant Peter Taylor, Colm Meaney as Don Revie and Jim Broadbent as Derby County chairman Sam Longson. During editing, it was decided to make the tone of the film lighter to attract audiences and to appease the real people depicted in the film. The Damned United was released in 2009. Work on Hooper's next film, The King's Speech, began in the same year. Hooper explained: "It was a stage play, and my mother who's Australian was invited to a fringe reading in London because she's part of the Australian community. The play's about the relationship between King George the Sixth and his Australian speech therapist. She came back and said 'you've got to read this play,' and I read it and it was brilliant ...". Hooper cast Colin Firth as George VI and Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue and spent three weeks with the actors reading the script and rehearsing. Principal photography took place on location around the UK from November 2009 to January 2010. During editing, Hooper continued to consult with Firth and Rush by sending them cuts of the film and listening to their feedback. Hooper with Colin Firth in January 2011 Hooper completed the final cut of the film at the end of August 2010 and presented it a few days later at the Telluride Film Festival. The film won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival and Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures. In February 2011, he was presented with the Academy Award for Best Director, though lost the BAFTA Award for Best Direction to David Fincher. In comparing the two films, Variety's Adam Dawtrey wrote, "Hooper's 2009 film The Damned United did not register among awards selectors, but King's Speech is a much more personal project. His Anglo-Australian parentage reflects the culture clash at the heart of the movie, and it pays off with beautifully crafted, crowd-pleasing drama." 2011–present: Studio films Following the success of The King's Speech during the awards season, Hooper joined the 15-person board of governors at the British Film Institute, was invited to join the directors branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was ranked at number 19 in The Times' British Film Power 100. In March 2009, Hooper met with Nelson Mandela in preparation for directing a film adaptation of Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. By 2012, however, he had left the project. He was offered the chance to direct Iron Man 3 for Marvel Studios but declined and instead signed on to direct Les Misérables for Working Title Films, which he had first heard about while discussing a different project with screenwriter William Nicholson in 2010. Hooper had not seen the musical, so watched a performance of it in London's West End. Adapted from the musical, the film starred Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, and Eddie Redmayne. As the film required the actors to sing and dance, they were auditioned in front of Hooper, producers and composers. The role of Fantine was hugely contested; Hooper said, "It was like half a dozen of the biggest female movie stars on the planet wanted to play the role". Hooper directing the second unit of Les Misérables on location in Winchester, April 2012 Hooper investigated filming the feature in 3D, and performed some camera tests before deciding to film it with traditional 2D methods. He stated " I slightly worry with 3D that some people will physically struggle with it. If you have a certain type of eyesight, it can be more demanding than watching a normal movie." Unlike other musical films, Les Misérables features the actors singing live on camera, rather than miming to backing vocals. Hooper told Los Angeles Times that he thought there was a "slightly strange falseness" when he saw musical films where the actors sang to recordings. The actors wore wireless earpieces on set so they could sing to accompanying piano music. Hooper believed this method allowed the actors to have emotional control over their songs: "When Annie is singing 'I Dreamed a Dream', if she needs to take a tenth of a second to have a thought before she sings it, or to have an emotion before she sings a line, she can take it."Les Miserables was released in North America on 25 December 2012, and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Hooper's fifth feature film, The Danish Girl, was released in late 2015. It loosely tells the story of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, and wife Gerda Wegener. It stars Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander, both of whom received Academy Award nominations. Critics were generally positive about the film. In May 2016, it was announced that he would direct an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Cats, which is in turn, based on T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. Filming commenced in November 2018 and the film, which stars Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, James Corden, Idris Elba and Taylor Swift, was released on 20 December 2019 but was a critical and commercial failure. Hooper co-produced the original song "Beautiful Ghosts" with Lloyd Webber and Greg Wells, written by Swift and Lloyd Webber. In 2023, he co-supervised a new digital remix and remaster of Les Misérables in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos, in collaboration with producer Cameron Mackintosh, music producer Lee McCutcheon, music director Stephen Metcalfe and sound mixer Andy Nelson. This version of the film was released theatrically in Dolby Cinema on 14 February 2024 in the United Kingdom and 23 February 2024 in North America to celebrate the stage musical's upcoming 40th anniversary in 2025. In February 2024, Hooper revealed that some upcoming projects with him set to direct are in the works, following a five-year hiatus from the medium caused by the critical and financial failure of Cats and spending time directing commercials for clients such as Vodafone, McDonald's, Santander and Vanish, saying "I'm certainly quite close on a couple of things ... I've been busy. I'm very happy to get back behind the camera." Directorial style Hooper adopted a style of framing actors at the extreme edge of a scene in both The Damned United (top) and The King's Speech (bottom) Hooper uses camera styles "that encode the DNA of the storytelling in some way" and will reuse and develop filming styles in successive productions. Hooper identifies research as being key to his process of directing period dramas such as John Adams to make the scenes authentic. For The Damned United, Hooper and director of photography Ben Smithard researched the look of the late 1960s and early 1970s through football photography books. Hooper has also been influenced by cinematographer Larry Smith, who worked with Stanley Kubrick and advised Hooper of techniques used by Kubrick. Hooper and Smith have worked together on Cold Feet, Love in a Cold Climate, Prime Suspect, Red Dust and Elizabeth I. Hooper also uses uncommon framing techniques to emphasise story; in John Adams, he wanted to imply American independence seemed unlikely during the Revolutionary War, so he used "a very rough camera style—almost all hand held, wide lenses close to the actors, lots of movement, many cameras shooting at once so there was often not a settled master "point of view", and lots of unmatching dutch tilts so the horizon lines of the frame were often being thrown off." The America-set scenes were contrasted by the scenes set in France, in which more traditional filming techniques were employed to evoke a feel of entrenched values. Similarly, in The Damned United, Hooper began to experiment with using wide-angle lenses and putting actors in the extreme edges of the frame. He was influenced by the unusual framing from social photography of the 1970s, and he and Ben Smithard decided to adopt the framing style while scouting locations. Hooper used the same style in The King's Speech, particularly in the scene where Bertie and Logue meet in Logue's consulting room; Colin Firth is framed to the extreme left of the picture, leaving most of the shot dominated by the rough wall behind Firth. Hooper frequently uses dutch tilts in his work, notably in John Adams (top) and Les Misérables (bottom) Another frequently used technique is Hooper's tendency to use a variety of focal length camera lenses to distort the resulting picture. In The Damned United he used a 10mm lens, notably in the scene where Clough stays inside during the Derby–Leeds match. Hooper operated the camera in this scene himself. In The King's Speech, Hooper used "typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm" lenses and put the camera close to the actors' faces. Hooper said the use of this method in the first consulting room scene served to "suggest the awkwardness and tension of Logue and Bertie's first meeting". Cats VFX accusations Following the release of Cats, reports came from the film's visual effects departments of Hooper's "hurtful", "horrible", "disrespectful" and "demeaning attitude" towards them and their work. The VFX team reportedly were forced to work upwards of 90 hour working weeks, with some employees staying at the offices for two to three days at a time just to finish the film. One member of the VFX team said Hooper's treatment "was pure, almost slavery for us", with six months to complete the trailer, and only four months to complete the film. Hooper supposedly had no inclination as to the process of visual effects, thus the VFX department could not show Hooper the step-by-step process of what he wanted, such as animatics, unless it was already rendered. He reportedly would send emails to individual VFX artists on the film to denigrate their work. Hooper would also insult them during conference meetings, calling the work "garbage". Neither Hooper nor Universal have commented on the accusations. Filmography Film Year Title Director Producer Writer Distribution 2004 Red Dust Yes No No BBC Films 2009 The Damned United Yes No No Sony Pictures Classics 2010 The King's Speech Yes No No The Weinstein Company 2012 Les Misérables Yes No No Universal Pictures 2015 The Danish Girl Yes Yes No Focus Features 2019 Cats Yes Yes Yes Universal Pictures Television Year Title Network Notes 1997 Quayside ITV Tyne Tees Byker Grove BBC One 4 episodes 1998–2000 EastEnders 6 episodes 1999 Cold Feet ITV 2 episodes 2001 Love in a Cold Climate BBC1 Miniseries 2002 Daniel Deronda Miniseries 2003 Prime Suspect 6: The Last Witness ITV Miniseries 2005 Elizabeth I HBO Miniseries 2006 Longford Television film 2008 John Adams Miniseries 2019 His Dark Materials BBC Studios/HBO 2 episodes;Also executive producer Awards and nominations Hooper with Kathryn Bigelow, who won the previous year's Oscar for Best Director Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Tom Hooper Year Title Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards Nominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins 2010 The King's Speech 12 4 14 7 7 1 2012 Les Misérables 8 3 9 4 4 3 2015 The Danish Girl 4 1 5 3 2019 Cats 1 Total 24 8 28 11 15 4 Directed Academy Award performances Hooper has directed multiple Academy Award-nominated performances, three of which have won. Year Performer Film Result Academy Award for Best Actor 2010 Colin Firth The King's Speech Won 2012 Hugh Jackman Les Misérables Nominated 2015 Eddie Redmayne The Danish Girl Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 2010 Geoffrey Rush The King's Speech Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 2010 Helena Bonham Carter The King's Speech Nominated 2012 Anne Hathaway Les Misérables Won 2015 Alicia Vikander The Danish Girl Won See also List of directorial debuts List of EastEnders crew members List of English Academy Award nominees and winners List of University of Oxford people Notes ^ Hooper was born and raised in England and is the son of an English father and an Australian mother. He holds dual citizenship of the United Kingdom and Australia. Hooper self-identified in 2010 as "half-Australian and half-English and living in London". ^ The order of Hooper's early short films differs according to various sources; Fendelman (2011) states that Bomber Jacket was his second short, and Simmons (2011) states it was his third. Hooper is himself confused about the order in his audio commentary for The King's Speech DVD. ^ Notable advertising campaigns directed by Hooper include 2006's Rooftop Tennis for Sony Ericsson's mobile phone range, and Dive, a spot for the 2011 Captain Morgan rum campaign To Life, Love and Loot. ^ Hooper was subsequently replaced by Robert Benton on the Graham project. References ^ a b Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales, 1916–2005. 5d: 2485. ^ a b Gritten, David (24 December 2010). "King who came from nowhere". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group): p. 20. Retrieved 2 March 2011. ^ a b Thompson, Anne (22 November 2010). "Oscar Watch Q &A: Tom Hooper Talks Long Road to King’s Speech". Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 6 July 2011 (archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011). ^ "2011 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences". www.oscars.org. 7 October 2014. ^ "Hooper, Meredith (Jean) 1939- | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brown, Maggie (16 October 2006). "Prime candidate". The Guardian (Guardian News & Media): p. 6 (MediaGuardian supplement). Retrieved 25 January 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h Hulse, Tim (6 April 2011). "What I've Learned: Tom Hooper". babusinesslife.com (Business Life). Retrieved 16 July 2011 (archived by WebCite on 20 August 2011). ^ a b c d Simmons, Alan (24 January 2011). "Tom Hooper On Done In 60 Seconds, The King’s Speech And James Bond". FilmShaft. Retrieved 24 January 2011 (archived by WebCite on 24 January 2011). ^ a b Fendelman, Adam (24 January 2011). "Interview: 'The King's Speech' Director Tom Hooper on Colin Firth's Masterful Stutter". HollywoodChicago.com. Retrieved 25 January 2011 (archived by WebCite on 25 January 2011). ^ Hooper, Tom. (2011). Audio commentary for "The King's Speech". . Alliance Films (UK). Event occurs at 1:51:00. ^ Harlow, John (16 March 2008). "Briton Tom Hooper in charge of the TV war of independence". The Sunday Times (Times Newspapers): p. 1 (Business section). Retrieved 14 December 2010. ^ a b Burrell, Ian (26 February 2009). "Tackling Old Big 'Ead". The Independent (Independent News & Media): p. 14. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Staff (3 May 1996). "John S. Clarke productions signs 23-year-old Hooper and doubles its directors". Campaign (Haymarket Business Publications): p. 41. ^ Darby, Ian (18 May 2001). "Mark Stothert quits John S Clarke to run Infinity Productions". Campaign (Haymarket Media). Retrieved 18 June 2011. ^ Oatts, Joanne (5 July 2006). "Tennis stars in roof-top rally for Sony Ericsson launch". brandrepublic.com (Haymarket Media). Retrieved 18 June 2011 (archived by WebCite on 18 June 2011). ^ Smugglersite (2011). "Examples of Tom Hoopers work". Smuggler site . ^ Goundry, Nick (27 May 2011). "King’s Speech’s Tom Hooper films Captain Morgan pirate ads on location in Spain". thelocationguide. Retrieved 18 June 2011 (archived by WebCite on 18 June 2011). ^ Walker, Michael (28 January 2014). "Super Bowl: Jaguar Previews Ad Featuring Ben Kingsley, Tom Hiddleston, Mark Strong (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 June 2021. ^ Johnson, Richard (21 June 2009). "In cash-strapped times British film-makers refuse to take a back seat. They're used to making a drama out of a crisis". The Sunday Times (Times Newspapers): pp. 50–52. Retrieved 26 June 2011. ^ "Tom Hooper filmography". British Film Institute. Retrieved 1 January 2010. ^ Ellie (30 March 2010). "Spotlight: Matthew Robinson (Part 1)". Walford Web. Retrieved 3 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Hooper, Tom. Radio interview with Sarah Montague. Today. BBC Radio 4. 13 March 2009. Event occurs at 00:03:10–00:05:56. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ a b c d e Halper, Jenny (24 September 2009). "AWFJ Women On Film – Tom Hooper On "The Damned United" – Jenny Halper interviews". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Retrieved 24 September 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Moggach, Deborah (20 June 2000). "Playing bit parts in my own dramas". The Times (Times Newspapers): p. 9 (Times2 supplement). ^ Lawson, Mark (8 February 2003). "Getting real". The Guardian (Guardian News & Media): p. 21 (Weekend supplement). ^ Billen, Andrew (15/30 December 2003). "The ratings war". New Statesman: p. 104. ^ "Television nominations 2003". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 3 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ "Outstanding Director For A Miniseries, Movie Or A Dramatic Special". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 28 February 2011 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ "Television nominations 2005". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 3 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Mirren, Helen (2007) In the Frame: My Life in Words and Pictures. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: p. 218. ISBN 0-297-85197-7. ^ Morton-Clark, Seb (28 October 2006). "Marooned on planet mediocre". Financial Times (The Financial Times): p. 13. ^ Adams, Vernon (24 November 2006). "Hot 100 – directors". Broadcast (Emap Media). ^ "Craft Winners in 2007". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Argetsinger, Amy; Roxanne Roberts (10 March 2008). "Graham Biopic Back on Track". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company): p. C3. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Newhall, Marissa (15 November 2008). "Names & Faces: HBO's Press Run for Linney". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company): p. C03. Retrieved 16 July 2011. ^ Hooper, Tom. Television interview with Greg Dyke". The Culture Show: Series 5, Episode 22. BBC Two. 3 February 2009. Event occurs at 01:54. Retrieved 10 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 9 February 2011). ^ Mitchell, Wendy (25 July 2008). "Profile:UK director Tom Hooper". ScreenDaily.com (Emap Media). Retrieved on  4 December 2010. ^ Gilbert, Matthew (14 March 2008). "Truly historic". Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company): p. D1. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Hooper, Tom (29 September 2008). "Somewhere, John Adams is smiling". The Guardian (Guardian News & Media): p. 11 (MediaGuardian supplement). Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Gans, Andrew (31 January 2009). "Directors Guild of America Awards Presented 31 Jan. in Los Angeles". Playbill.com (Playbill, Inc). Retrieved 5 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Solomons, Jason (4 January 2009). "'My films seem to be about men's struggle with failure'". The Observer (Guardian News & Media): p. 7 (Observer Review supplement). Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ Jurgensen, John (19 November 2010). "A Director on the Verge: Tom Hooper". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 November 2010. ^ Solomons, Jason (11 November 2007). "Trailer Trash: Not Match of the Day". The Observer (Guardian News & Media): p. 15 (Observer Review supplement). Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ a b c Hooper, Tom. Television interview with Stephen Sackur. Hardtalk. BBC News 24. 26 March 2009. ^ Baker, Andrew (4 March 2009). "The Damned United: Interview with director Tom Hooper". Telegraph.co.uk (Telegraph Media Group). Retrieved 3 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Hooper, Tom; Andy Harries; Michael Sheen. (2009). Audio commentary for "The Damned United" . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. ^ a b Kung, Michelle (6 November 2010). "AFI Fest Honors 'The King's Speech' Collaborators Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush and Tom Hooper". Speakeasy (WSJ.com). Retrieved 7 November 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ "The King's Speech". Screenbase (Emap). Retrieved 4 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Hoyle, Ben (9 September 2010). "Story of the King who was lost for words is an Oscar favourite". The Times (Times Newspapers): p. 23. ^ "Firth movie lands Toronto Film Festival prize". BBC News website. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ McNary, Dave (29 January 2011). "'The King's Speech' tops DGA Awards". Variety.com (Reed Business Information). Retrieved 30 January 2011 (archived by WebCite on 30 January 2011). ^ "Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 11 June 2011 (archived by WebCite on 11 June 2011). ^ "2011 Film Awards Winners". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Dawtrey, Adam (28 November 2010). "BIFA contenders a study in diversity". Variety.com (Reed Business Information). Retrieved 28 November 2010 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Mitchell, Wendy (18 May 2011). "Tom Hooper joins BFI board". ScreenDaily.com (Emap Media). Retrieved 18 June 2011 (archived by WebCite on 18 June 2011). ^ Kilday, Gregg (17 June 2011). "Academy Invites 178 Artists and Execs as New Members". The Hollywood Reporter (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved 18 June 2011 (archived by WebCite on 18 June 2011). ^ Maher, Kevin (11 February 2012). "The British Film Power 100". The Times (Times Newspapers): p. 4 (Saturday Review supplement). ^ "Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom to be adapted into film". Xinhua News Agency. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Lyus, Jon (3 January 2011). "Interview: The King’s Speech Director Tom Hooper Talks Awards, The Beauty of Silence and Directing Bond". HeyUGuys. Retrieved 3 January 2011 (archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011). ^ Wiseman, Andreas (9 March 2012). "Chadwick, Harris circle Mandela biopic Long Walk to Freedom". ScreenDaily.com (Emap). Retrieved 11 March 2012 (archived by WebCite on 11 March 2012). ^ Zeitchik, Steven; Nicole Sperling (23 February 2011). "Tom Hooper could direct Les Miserables musical, could have directed 'Iron Man 3'". 24 Frames (Tribune Company). Retrieved 28 June 2011 (archived by WebCite on 28 June 2011). ^ a b Freer, Ian (January 2013). "Hugo Cabaret". Empire (Bauer Media): pp. 120–125. ^ Vena, Jocelyn (28 August 2012). "Anne Hathaway Is 'Breathtaking' In 'Les Miserables,' Director Gushes'". MTV News. Retrieved 19 November 2012 (archived by WebCite on 28 November 2012). ^ Masters, Tim (5 December 2011). "Tom Hooper rejects 3D for Les Miserables movie". BBC News website. Retrieved 17 December 2011 (archived by WebCite on 17 December 2011). ^ Gettell, Oliver (4 November 2012). "Holiday Movie Sneaks; The Singing; Power of the passion; Director Tom Hooper's 'Les Miserables' taps the heat of live performances". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company): p. D12. ^ "Les Misérables (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 15 April 2012. ^ "The Danish Girl". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "Les Misérables director Tom Hooper to bring Cats to the big screen". Entertainment Weekly. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ "Jennifer Hudson, Taylor Swift, James Corden & Ian McKellen Line Up For 'Cats' Movie – Miaow". Deadline Hollywood. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (31 August 2018). "'Cats' Will Pounce During Christmas 2019 Frame; 'Wicked' Moves". Deadline. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ ""Beautiful Ghosts" (From the Motion Picture Cats) by Taylor Swift". Tidal. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ 'Les Misérables' Returns to Theaters for One Week With Dolby Cinemas (Exclusive)|Collider ^ Ritman, Alex (14 February 2024). "Tom Hooper Talks 'Les Misérables' Rerelease, Says He's Hoping to Get Back to Big-Screen Filmmaking". Variety. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ a b c d e Hooper, Tom (21 January 2011). "The King's Speech director Tom Hooper answers your questions – live!". guardian.co.uk (Guardian News & Media). Retrieved 6 July 2011 (archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011). ^ a b c Hope-Jones, Mark (November 2009). "Kicked Off the Pitch". American Cinematographer (American Society of Cinematographers) 90 (11): pp. 58–65. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (6 September 2010). "Interview: Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush and Tom Hooper". InContention.com. Retrieved 6 July 2011 (archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011). ^ O'Connell, Seann (22 December 2010). "Tom Hooper, The King's Speech – For Your Consideration". HollywoodNews.com (Hollywood Movie News). Retrieved 6 July 2011 (archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011). ^ a b Oppenheimer, Jean (December 2010). "Production Slate: A Future King Finds His Voice". American Cinematographer (American Society of Cinematographers) 91 (12): pp. 18–22. ^ "Cats director Tom Hooper accused of 'hurtful and demeaning' treatment of special effects artists on flop film". Independent.co.uk. 7 April 2020. ^ "'Cats' director Tom Hooper made production "almost slavery" for VFX crew". NME. 7 April 2020. ^ Bradley, Laura (7 April 2020). "Editing the Buttholes Out of 'Cats' Was a Total Nightmare". The Daily Beast. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Hooper. Tom Hooper at IMDb Hooper's Academy Award for Best Director acceptance speech (video) vteWorks directed by Tom HooperTheatrical films Red Dust (2004) The Damned United (2009) The King's Speech (2010) Les Misérables (2012) The Danish Girl (2015) Cats (2019) Television Love in a Cold Climate (2001) Daniel Deronda (2002) Prime Suspect 6: The Last Witness (2003) Elizabeth I (2005) Longford (2006) John Adams (2008) His Dark Materials (2019) Awards for Tom Hooper vteAcademy Award for Best Director1927–1950 Frank Borzage (1927/28; Dramatic Picture) Lewis Milestone (1927/28; Comedy Picture) Frank Lloyd (1928/29) Lewis Milestone (1929/30) Norman Taurog (1930/31) Frank Borzage (1931/32) Frank Lloyd (1932/33) Frank Capra (1934) John Ford (1935) Frank Capra (1936) Leo McCarey (1937) Frank Capra (1938) Victor Fleming (1939) John Ford (1940) John Ford (1941) William Wyler (1942) Michael Curtiz (1943) Leo McCarey (1944) Billy Wilder (1945) William Wyler (1946) Elia Kazan (1947) John Huston (1948) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950) 1951–1975 George Stevens (1951) John Ford (1952) Fred Zinnemann (1953) Elia Kazan (1954) Delbert Mann (1955) George Stevens (1956) David Lean (1957) Vincente Minnelli (1958) William Wyler (1959) Billy Wilder (1960) Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise (1961) David Lean (1962) Tony Richardson (1963) George Cukor (1964) Robert Wise (1965) Fred Zinnemann (1966) Mike Nichols (1967) Carol Reed (1968) John Schlesinger (1969) Franklin J. Schaffner (1970) William Friedkin (1971) Bob Fosse (1972) George Roy Hill (1973) Francis Ford Coppola (1974) Miloš Forman (1975) 1976–2000 John G. Avildsen (1976) Woody Allen (1977) Michael Cimino (1978) Robert Benton (1979) Robert Redford (1980) Warren Beatty (1981) Richard Attenborough (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Miloš Forman (1984) Sydney Pollack (1985) Oliver Stone (1986) Bernardo Bertolucci (1987) Barry Levinson (1988) Oliver Stone (1989) Kevin Costner (1990) Jonathan Demme (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Steven Spielberg (1993) Robert Zemeckis (1994) Mel Gibson (1995) Anthony Minghella (1996) James Cameron (1997) Steven Spielberg (1998) Sam Mendes (1999) Steven Soderbergh (2000) 2001–present Ron Howard (2001) Roman Polanski (2002) Peter Jackson (2003) Clint Eastwood (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Martin Scorsese (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Danny Boyle (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) Tom Hooper (2010) Michel Hazanavicius (2011) Ang Lee (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Alejandro González Iñárritu (2014) Alejandro González Iñárritu (2015) Damien Chazelle (2016) Guillermo del Toro (2017) Alfonso Cuarón (2018) Bong Joon-ho (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020/21) Jane Campion (2021) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022) Christopher Nolan (2023) vteDirectors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film1948–1975 Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1948) Robert Rossen (1949) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950) George Stevens (1951) John Ford (1952) Fred Zinnemann (1953) Elia Kazan (1954) Delbert Mann (1955) George Stevens (1956) David Lean (1957) Vincente Minnelli (1958) William Wyler (1959) Billy Wilder (1960) Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise (1961) David Lean (1962) Tony Richardson (1963) George Cukor (1964) Robert Wise (1965) Fred Zinnemann (1966) Mike Nichols (1967) Anthony Harvey (1968) John Schlesinger (1969) Franklin J. Schaffner (1970) William Friedkin (1971) Francis Ford Coppola (1972) George Roy Hill (1973) Francis Ford Coppola (1974) Miloš Forman (1975) 1976–2000 John G. Avildsen (1976) Woody Allen (1977) Michael Cimino (1978) Robert Benton (1979) Robert Redford (1980) Warren Beatty (1981) Richard Attenborough (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Miloš Forman (1984) Steven Spielberg (1985) Oliver Stone (1986) Bernardo Bertolucci (1987) Barry Levinson (1988) Oliver Stone (1989) Kevin Costner (1990) Jonathan Demme (1991) Clint Eastwood (1992) Steven Spielberg (1993) Robert Zemeckis (1994) Ron Howard (1995) Anthony Minghella (1996) James Cameron (1997) Steven Spielberg (1998) Sam Mendes (1999) Ang Lee (2000) 2001–present Ron Howard (2001) Rob Marshall (2002) Peter Jackson (2003) Clint Eastwood (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Martin Scorsese (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Danny Boyle (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009) Tom Hooper (2010) Michel Hazanavicius (2011) Ben Affleck (2012) Alfonso Cuarón (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu (2014) Alejandro G. Iñárritu (2015) Damien Chazelle (2016) Guillermo del Toro (2017) Alfonso Cuarón (2018) Sam Mendes (2019) Chloé Zhao (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022) Christopher Nolan (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie1970s Fielder Cook (1971) Tom Gries (1972) Joseph Sargent (1973) John Korty (1974) George Cukor (1975) Daniel Petrie (1976) Daniel Petrie (1977) David Lowell Rich (1978) David Greene (1979) 1980s Marvin J. Chomsky (1980) James Goldstone (1981) Marvin J. Chomsky (1982) John Erman (1983) Jeff Bleckner (1984) Lamont Johnson (1985) Joseph Sargent (1986) Glenn A. Jordan (1987) Lamont Johnson (1988) Simon Wincer (1989) 1990s Joseph Sargent (1990) Brian Gibson (1991) Joseph Sargent (1992) James Steven Sadwith (1993) John Frankenheimer (1994) John Frankenheimer (1995) John Frankenheimer (1996) Andrei Konchalovsky (1997) John Frankenheimer (1998) Allan Arkush (1999) 2000s Charles S. Dutton (2000) Mike Nichols (2001) David Frankel, Tom Hanks, David Leland, Richard Loncraine, David Nutter, Phil Alden Robinson, Mikael Salomon and Tony To (2002) Steven Schachter (2003) Mike Nichols (2004) Stephen Hopkins (2005) Tom Hooper (2006) Philip Martin (2007) Jay Roach (2008) Dearbhla Walsh (2009) 2010s Mick Jackson (2010) Brian Percival (2011) Jay Roach (2012) Steven Soderbergh (2013) Colin Bucksey (2014) Lisa Cholodenko (2015) Susanne Bier (2016) Jean-Marc Vallée (2017) Ryan Murphy (2018) Johan Renck (2019) 2020s Maria Schrader (2020) Scott Frank (2021) Mike White (2022) Lee Sung Jin (2023) vteGolden Raspberry Award for Worst Director1980s Robert Greenwald – Xanadu (1980) Michael Cimino – Heaven's Gate (1981) Ken Annakin – The Pirate Movie / Terence Young – Inchon (1982) Peter Sasdy – The Lonely Lady (1983) John Derek – Bolero (1984) Sylvester Stallone – Rocky IV (1985) Prince – Under the Cherry Moon (1986) Norman Mailer – Tough Guys Don't Dance / Elaine May – Ishtar (1987) Blake Edwards – Sunset / Stewart Raffill – Mac and Me (1988) William Shatner – Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) 1990s John Derek – Ghosts Can't Do It (1990) Michael Lehmann – Hudson Hawk (1991) David Seltzer – Shining Through (1992) Jennifer Lynch – Boxing Helena (1993) Steven Seagal – On Deadly Ground (1994) Paul Verhoeven – Showgirls (1995) Andrew Bergman – Striptease (1996) Kevin Costner – The Postman (1997) Gus Van Sant – Psycho (1998) Barry Sonnenfeld – Wild Wild West (1999) 2000s Roger Christian – Battlefield Earth (2000) Tom Green – Freddy Got Fingered (2001) Guy Ritchie – Swept Away (2002) Martin Brest – Gigli (2003) Pitof – Catwoman (2004) John Asher – Dirty Love (2005) M. Night Shyamalan – Lady in the Water (2006) Chris Sivertson – I Know Who Killed Me (2007) Uwe Boll – In the Name of the King, Postal, and Tunnel Rats (2008) Michael Bay – Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) 2010s M. Night Shyamalan – The Last Airbender (2010) Dennis Dugan – Jack and Jill and Just Go with It (2011) Bill Condon – The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012) Elizabeth Banks, Steven Brill, Steve Carr, Rusty Cundieff, James Duffy, Griffin Dunne, Peter Farrelly, Patrik Forsberg, Will Graham, James Gunn, Bob Odenkirk, Brett Ratner, and Jonathan van Tulleken – Movie 43 (2013) Michael Bay – Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Josh Trank – Fantastic Four (2015) Dinesh D'Souza and Bruce Schooley – Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party (2016) Tony Leondis – The Emoji Movie (2017) Etan Cohen – Holmes & Watson (2018) Tom Hooper – Cats (2019) 2020s Sia – Music (2020/21) Christopher Ashley – Diana the Musical (2021) Colson Baker and Mod Sun – Good Mourning (2022) Rhys Frake-Waterfield – Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey (2023) vteGolden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay1980s Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr – Can't Stop the Music (1980) Frank Yablans, Frank Perry, Tracy Hotchner, and Robert Getchell – Mommie Dearest (1981) Robin Moore and Laird Koenig – Inchon (1982) John Kershaw, Shawn Randall, and Ellen Shephard – The Lonely Lady (1983) John Derek – Bolero (1984) Sylvester Stallone, James Cameron, and Kevin Jarre – Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz – Howard the Duck (1986) Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby – Leonard Part 6 (1987) Heywood Gould – Cocktail (1988) Eddie Murphy – Harlem Nights (1989) 1990s Daniel Waters, James Cappe, and David Arnott – The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) Steven E. de Souza, Daniel Waters, Bruce Willis, and Robert Kraft – Hudson Hawk (1991) Blake Snyder, William Osborne, and William Davies – Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992) Amy Holden Jones – Indecent Proposal (1993) Tom S. Parker, Jim Jennewein, Steven E. de Souza, and various others – The Flintstones (1994) Joe Eszterhas – Showgirls (1995) Andrew Bergman – Striptease (1996) Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland – The Postman (1997) Joe Eszterhas – An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1998) Jim Thomas, John Thomas, S. S. Wilson, Brent Maddock, Jeffrey Price, and Peter S. Seaman – Wild Wild West (1999) 2000s Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro – Battlefield Earth (2000) Tom Green and Derek Harvie – Freddy Got Fingered (2001) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) Martin Brest – Gigli (2003) Theresa Rebeck, John Brancato, Michael Ferris, and John Rogers – Catwoman (2004) Jenny McCarthy – Dirty Love (2005) Leora Barish and Henry Bean – Basic Instinct 2 (2006) Jeffrey Hammond – I Know Who Killed Me (2007) Mike Myers and Graham Gordy – The Love Guru (2008) Ehren Kruger, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci – Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) 2010s M. Night Shyamalan – The Last Airbender (2010) Steve Koren, Adam Sandler, and Ben Zook – Jack and Jill (2011) David Caspe – That's My Boy (2012) Steve Baker, Ricky Blitt, Will Carlough, Tobias Carlson, Jacob Fleisher, Patrik Forsberg, Will Graham, James Gunn, Claes Kjellstrom, Jack Kukoda, Bob Odenkirk, Bill O'Malley, Matthew Alec Portenoy, Greg Pritikin, Rocky Russo, Olle Sarri, Elizabeth Wright Shapiro, Jeremy Sosenko, Jonathan van Tulleken, and Jonas Wittenmark – Movie 43 (2013) Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey – Saving Christmas (2014) Kelly Marcel – Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer – Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Tony Leondis, Eric Siegel, and Mike White – The Emoji Movie (2017) Niall Leonard – Fifty Shades Freed (2018) Lee Hall and Tom Hooper – Cats (2019) 2020s Tomasz Klimala, Barbara Białowąs, Tomasz Mandes, and Blanka Lipińska – 365 Days (2020/21) Joe DiPietro and David Bryan – Diana: The Musical (2021) Andrew Dominik – Blonde (2022) Rhys Frake-Waterfield – Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey (2023) vteIFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention1969-Present (Special Jury Award) Lester James Peries (Golu Hadawatha) (4th) Mrinal Sen (Bhuvan Shome) (4th) Sobhan Babu (Bangaru Panjaram) (4th) Santwana Bardoloi (Adajya) (29th) Huo Jianqi (Postmen in the Mountains) (31st) Revathi (Mitr, My Friend) (33rd) Magdy Ahmed Aly (Asrar EL-Banat) (33rd) Subhadro Chowdhury (Prohor) (34th) Gennady Sidorov (Old Women) (35th) Tom Hooper (Red Dust) (36th) Abu Sayeed (Nirontor) (37th) Golam Rabanny Biplab (On The Wings of Dreams) (38th) Julia Urbini (More Than Anything in the World) (38th) Malini Fonseka (Akasa Kusum) (39th) Giorgi Ovashvili (The Other Bank) (40th) Kaushik Ganguly (Arekti Premer Golpo) (41st) Taika Waititi (Boy) (41st) Salim Ahamed (Adaminte Makan Abu) (42nd) Lucy Mulloy (Una noche) (43rd) Onur Ünlü (Thou Gild'st the Even) (44th) Julia Vargas-Weise (Sealed Cargo) (46th) Lee Joon-ik (The Throne) (47th) Mahesh Narayanan (Take Off) (48th) Milko Lazarov (Ága) (49th) Pema Tseden (Balloon) (50th) Kamen Kalev (February) (51st) Renata Carvalho (The First Fallen) (52nd) Nikhil Mahajan (Godavari) (52nd) Lav Diaz (When The Waves Are Gone) (53rd) Rishab Shetty (Kantara) (54th) 2015-Present (Special Mention) Goran Radovaovic (Enclave) (46th) Tiffany Hsiung (The Apology) (47th) Chezhiyan (To Let) (49th) Abhishek Shah (Hellaro) (50th) Kripal Kalita (Bridge) (51st) Simon Farriol (The Wealth of the World) (52nd) Roman Vasyanov (The Dorm) (52nd) Praveen Kandregula (Cinema Bandi) (53rd) 2012-2014 (Centenary Award) Mira Nair (The Reluctant Fundamentalist) (43rd) Kamaleshwar Mukherjee (Meghe Dhaka Tara) (44th) Shrihari Sathe (Ek Hazarachi Note) (45th) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Tom Hooper (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hooper_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMD-1"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"numerous accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Tom_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Outstanding_British_Film"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Miniseries,_Movie_or_Dramatic_Special"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Television_Film"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Quayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quayside_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Byker Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byker_Grove"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Cold Feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Feet"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Love in a Cold Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_a_Cold_Climate_(2001_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Deronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Deronda_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"Prime Suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Suspect"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series or Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie"},{"link_name":"Red Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dust_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"sports drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drama"},{"link_name":"The Damned United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_United"},{"link_name":"The King's Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"The Danish Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Danish_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best British Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_British_Film"},{"link_name":"2019 live-action adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"His Dark Materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Dark_Materials_(TV_series)"}],"text":"British-Australian film directorNot to be confused with Tom Hopper.For other people named Tom Hooper, see Tom Hooper (disambiguation).Thomas George Hooper (born 5 October 1972)[1] is a British-Australian[n 1] filmmaker. Known for his work in film and television he has received numerous accolades including an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards.[4]Hooper began making short films as a teenager and had his first professional short, Painted Faces, broadcast on Channel 4 in 1992. At Oxford University, he directed plays and television commercials. After graduating, he directed episodes of Quayside, Byker Grove, EastEnders, and Cold Feet on British television. In the 2000s, Hooper directed the major BBC costume dramas Love in a Cold Climate (2001) and Daniel Deronda (2002), as well as the 2003 revival of ITV's Prime Suspect series. He gained acclaim for directing the HBO projects Elizabeth I (2005), Longford (2006), and John Adams (2008), the former of which earned him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series or Movie.Hooper made his feature film debut with the British drama Red Dust (2004) followed by the sports drama The Damned United (2009). He directed the historical drama The King's Speech (2010) which earned him the Academy Award for Best Director. He followed up with the musical epic Les Misérables (2012), and the romantic drama The Danish Girl (2015), the later of which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. He directed the 2019 live-action adaptation of the musical Cats, for which he won three Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Director, Worst Picture, and Worst Screenplay. That same year he directed two episodes of the HBO fantasy series His Dark Materials (2019).","title":"Tom Hooper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meredith Jean (Rooney)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Richard Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hooper_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMD-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Highgate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_School"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"Bolex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simmons-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fendelman-10"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simmons-9"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gritten-2"},{"link_name":"nuclear holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shorts-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simmons-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Weiland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weiland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"gap year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_year"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Dramatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Dramatic_Society"},{"link_name":"Kate Beckinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale"},{"link_name":"A View from the Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Emily Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"The Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial#Theatre_adaptions"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_3"},{"link_name":"Right Said Fred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Said_Fred"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tom Hiddleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Mark Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Strong"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLV"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Tom Hooper was born on 5 October 1972 in London, England, the son of Meredith Jean (Rooney) and Richard Hooper.[1][5] Meredith is an Australian author and academic and Richard is an English media businessman. Hooper was educated at Highgate School and Westminster School.[6] His initial interest in drama was triggered by his English and drama teacher at Highgate, former Royal Shakespeare Company actor Roger Mortimer, who produced an annual school play.[7]At the age of 12, Hooper read a book entitled How to Make Film and Television and decided he wanted to become a director.[6][7] For the next year Hooper researched filmmaking from publications such as On Camera by Harris Watts.[7] Aged 13, he made his first film, entitled Runaway Dog, using a clockwork 16mm Bolex camera his uncle had given to him.[6] Hooper said: \"The clockwork would run out after thirty seconds, so the maximum shot length was thirty seconds. I could only afford a hundred feet of Kodachrome reversal film, which cost about twenty-five [pounds], and you had to send off for two weeks to be processed. I could only make silent movies, because sound was too expensive and complicated.\"[8] He slowed down the frame rate of the camera so he could maximise what little film stock he had.[7] Hooper classified the short, about a dog which kept running away from its owner, as a comedy, and filmed it on location in Oxfordshire.[9]When Hooper was 14, his film Bomber Jacket came runner-up in a BBC younger filmmakers' competition.[8] The short starred Hooper's brother as a boy who discovers a bomber jacket and a photograph hidden in a cupboard and learns his grandfather died in World War II.[2] Another of Hooper's short films, entitled Countryside, depicts a nuclear holocaust.[n 2][8]Hooper finished school aged 16, then wrote the script for his first professional short film, entitled Painted Faces. He spent the next two years raising capital for the short by courting advertisement directors, whose financial dominance during the late 1980s was noticed by Hooper. Director Paul Weiland invested in the short, which provided Hooper with the equipment he needed. After two years of financing and production, Painted Faces was completed. Hooper wrote, produced, directed and edited it.[7] It was sold to Channel 4 and broadcast on the channel's First Frame strand in 1992, had a screening at the 35th London Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release.[6][7]After taking a gap year to finance Painted Faces, Hooper read English at University College, Oxford.[6][11] He joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society, where he directed Kate Beckinsale in A View from the Bridge and Emily Mortimer in The Trial. Hooper also had his first paid directing work, earning £200 for a corporate Christmas video, and he directed his first television advertisements, including one for Sonic the Hedgehog 3 featuring Right Said Fred.[7][12] He continues to direct advertisements alongside television and film projects. In 1996 he joined the commercial production company John S. Clarke Productions and in 2001 he signed with Infinity Productions.[13][14][n 3] Hooper has also directed commercials including an ad for Jaguar with Tom Hiddleston, Ben Kingsley, and Mark Strong, which aired during Super Bowl XLV. His commercial work is produced through international production company SMUGGLER.[18]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Tony Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Scott"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hudson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Matthew Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Robinson_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hulse-8"},{"link_name":"Tyne Tees Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Tees_Television"},{"link_name":"Quayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quayside_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Children's BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Byker Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byker_Grove"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFI-23"},{"link_name":"British Academy Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"Carol Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Coulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Coulson"},{"link_name":"Bianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Patsy Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Dan Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Craig Fairbrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fairbrass"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell-14"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Grant Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Mitchell_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Ross Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Kemp"},{"link_name":"crane shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_shot"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"Cold Feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Feet"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halper-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"Love in a Cold Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_a_Cold_Climate_(2001_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Mitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Mitford"},{"link_name":"The Pursuit of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Love in a Cold Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_a_Cold_Climate"},{"link_name":"Deborah Moggach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Moggach"},{"link_name":"Kate Harwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Harwood"},{"link_name":"Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Daniel Deronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Deronda_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"George Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliot"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Mark Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lawson"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Prime Suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Suspect"},{"link_name":"Helen Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Mirren"},{"link_name":"Andy Harries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Harries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halper-26"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"British Academy Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Miniseries,_Movie_or_Dramatic_Special"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"1997–2003: BBC and ITV productions","text":"After graduating from Oxford, Hooper directed further television commercials, intending to break into the film industry the same way Ridley Scott, Tony Scott and Hugh Hudson did.[6][19] He was introduced by his father to the television producer Matthew Robinson, who mentored Hooper and gave him his first television directing work.[6][7] For Robinson, Hooper directed episodes of the short-lived Tyne Tees Television soap opera Quayside in 1997, four episodes of the Children's BBC television series Byker Grove in the same year, and his first episodes of the BBC One soap opera EastEnders in 1998.[6][20]Hooper directed several EastEnders episodes between 1998 and 2000, two of which were hour-long specials that represented the soap when it won the British Academy Television Award for Best Soap Opera in 2000 and 2001;[6] the first was the episode in which Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) learns her daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer) had an affair with her fiancé Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). The Jackson episode marked the beginning of a week of episodes that led to Palmer's departure from the soap, and Robinson had hired Hooper to direct the key episodes of that storyline.[21] Hooper worked 10-hour days on EastEnders, and learned to direct with speed.[12] He was influenced in his early career by the cinematic style of American TV series such as ER, NYPD Blue and Homicide: Life on the Street and tried to work that style into his EastEnders episodes; one scene featuring Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) involved a crane shot, which Hooper believes made him infamous among the EastEnders production crew.[22]In 1999, Hooper directed two episodes of Granada Television's comedy-drama television series Cold Feet, which marked his move to bigger-budget productions.[23] There was initially concern at Granada that Hooper might be an unsuitable director for the series given his background in drama.[6]In 2001, Hooper directed his first of two costume dramas for the BBC; Love in a Cold Climate was based on Nancy Mitford's novels The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate. Hooper, the writer Deborah Moggach, and the producer Kate Harwood researched the period details of the production by interviewing Nancy's sister Deborah.[24] In 2002, Hooper directed Daniel Deronda, adapted from George Eliot's novel. The Guardian's Mark Lawson said of Hooper's two costume dramas, \"he brought verve and intelligence to television's most conservative form\".[25]Hooper returned to Granada the next year to direct the revival of Prime Suspect, entitled The Last Witness. The two-part serial was the first Prime Suspect instalment to be made since 1995, when star Helen Mirren quit. Hooper initially declined to direct the production because he believed the series was tired. Granada's head of drama Andy Harries introduced Hooper to Mirren, who persuaded him to take the job by promising that he could make the serial his own way.[6][23] The two-part serial was broadcast on the ITV network in November 2003. Hooper's direction received praise from Andrew Billen in the New Statesman: \"Tom Hooper proved an outstanding director, imposing a bleak, overlit hyper-realism on the search for a killer in a hospital, isolating Mirren in rows of empty chairs and playing on the eyewitness/optical visual metaphors.\"[26] The serial was also broadcast on PBS in the United States. Hooper received nominations for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Serial and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special for his work on Prime Suspect.[27][28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Hooper_HIFF_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamptons International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamptons_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Red Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dust_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Hilary Swank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Swank"},{"link_name":"Chiwetel Ejiofor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halper-26"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lord Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford"},{"link_name":"Jim Broadbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"Moors murderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors_murders"},{"link_name":"Samantha Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Morton"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Playtone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtone"},{"link_name":"Joan Didion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Didion"},{"link_name":"Katharine Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Graham"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Paul Giamatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giamatti"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"David McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCullough"},{"link_name":"biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(book)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"2004–2008: Film debut and HBO works","text":"Hooper at the 2010 Hamptons International Film FestivalHooper made his debut as a feature film director with the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission drama Red Dust (2004), which stars Hilary Swank, Chiwetel Ejiofor and Jamie Bartlett. The film was not widely seen, which Hooper attributed to media coverage of torture during the Iraq War: \"When I started making it you could watch the movie with a wonderful sense of 'we'd never do it in our own country…they're the horrible people but it's not us.' By the time the film came out (there were) these revelations that the Americans were torturing, the British were torturing. The film became a lot more uncomfortable for the very audiences it was designed to target. I have learned that sadly the theatrical audience does not run to see films that are openly issue-led.\"[23] The premiere of the film in the United Kingdom came on BBC Two in 2005, making it eligible for the BAFTA Television Awards; it was nominated in the Best Single Drama category at the 2006 ceremony.[29]In 2005, Hooper was asked by Helen Mirren to direct the Company Pictures/HBO Films two-part serial Elizabeth I, in which she was starring.[30] The serial won Hooper his first Emmy Award, for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special.[6] In January 2006, Hooper commenced filming the Granada/HBO television film Longford. The film dramatises the failed efforts of Lord Longford (played by Jim Broadbent) to secure the release from prison of Moors murderer Myra Hindley (played by Samantha Morton). The film was broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2006. Seb Morton-Clark for the Financial Times called Longford one of the most accomplished television dramas of 2006, and praised the writer and director: \"Morgan and director Tom Hooper wove a seamless narrative about obsession – and not just that of the misguided philanthropist for the incarcerated Hindley or even that that existed between the sadistic lovers themselves. More significantly, by using chunks of original television footage, they painted a stark picture of the zealotry of a vengeful nation and its press over the supposed embodiment of evil.\"[31] Hooper's continued successes led him to be ranked at number four in the Directors category of Broadcast magazine's annual Hot 100.[32] The following year he was nominated for the British Academy Television Craft Award for Best Director for Longford.[33]Elizabeth I and Longford led directly to Hooper being selected by Tom Hanks to direct the epic miniseries John Adams for Playtone and HBO. Hooper had been working on a biographical film with Joan Didion about Katharine Graham, publisher of The Washington Post, since 2006 when he was asked by Hanks to helm the programme.[34][n 4] The miniseries, starring Paul Giamatti as John Adams, was based on David McCullough's Adams biography and was Hooper's first wholly American production.[36] He worked on the miniseries for a total of 16 months; principal photography lasted 110 days on locations in the United States, France, England and Hungary and he controlled a $100 million budget.[37] The Boston Globe's Matthew Gilbert complimented Hooper's style of direction in the first two episodes \"Join or Die\" and \"Independence\":Director Tom Hooper lets his actors shine, as he did so marvelously in Helen Mirren's Elizabeth I and the child-killer drama Longford, but he complements them, too, with this kind of immediate point of view. And when he does give us panoramic shots from afar – of the Adams farm in Braintree, for example – they're askew, to keep us out of the classroom mode. At the end of episode 2 [...] Hooper showcases all his directorial strength with one bold choice. When the long-fretting Congress finally decides to break with Britain, he refrains from using any visual or aural tweaks. Upon the announcement, \"The resolution carries,\" the scene remains perfectly silent for one long moment. The terror of responsibility hangs heavily in the room, while a victorious soundtrack surely would have chased it away.[38]John Adams received 23 Emmy Award nominations, including another Outstanding Direction nomination for Hooper, and won 13, the highest number for any nominee in a single year.[39] He was also nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement.[40] At the beginning of 2009, he was profiled for The Observer's film Hotlist.[41]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Hooper_directing_The_King%27s_Speech.jpg"},{"link_name":"The King's Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Damned United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_United"},{"link_name":"David Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Peace"},{"link_name":"The Damned Utd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_Utd"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stephen Frears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Frears"},{"link_name":"Michael Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sheen"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardtalk-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halper-26"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"Peter Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(footballer_born_1928)"},{"link_name":"Colm Meaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_Meaney"},{"link_name":"Don Revie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Revie"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sam Longson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Longson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardtalk-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"The King's Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halper-26"},{"link_name":"Colin Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Firth"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush"},{"link_name":"Lionel Logue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Logue"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TomHooperColinFirthJan11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colin Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Firth"},{"link_name":"Telluride Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Direction"},{"link_name":"David Fincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAFTA2011-57"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"2009–2010: Independent feature films","text":"Hooper directing The King's Speech on location in 2010The wake of John Adams' Emmy wins brought offers to Hooper from studios to direct spy and comic book films, which he declined.[42] In November 2007, he signed on to direct The Damned United, reuniting him with Peter Morgan and Andy Harries. The film was an adaptation of David Peace's novel The Damned Utd, a fictional version of the 44 turbulent days English football manager Brian Clough spent as manager of Leeds United. It was originally developed by Stephen Frears for Michael Sheen to play Clough. Frears quit the project after he was unable to translate the book to film.[43] Hooper received a copy of the script while shooting John Adams in Hungary and noticed a similarity between the \"egotistical, flawed, brilliant\" Adams and the \"egotistical, flawed, brilliant\" Clough.[44] He was not put off by joining the project later, as Morgan's script was in only its first draft.[23] During pre-production, Hooper engaged in meticulous research, particularly on the locations and the football grounds of the era. He cast Timothy Spall as Clough's assistant Peter Taylor, Colm Meaney as Don Revie and Jim Broadbent as Derby County chairman Sam Longson.[45] During editing, it was decided to make the tone of the film lighter to attract audiences and to appease the real people depicted in the film. The Damned United was released in 2009.[44][46]Work on Hooper's next film, The King's Speech, began in the same year. Hooper explained: \"It was a stage play, and my mother who's Australian was invited to a fringe [theatre] reading in London because she's part of the Australian community. The play's about the relationship between King George the Sixth and his Australian speech therapist. She came back and said 'you've got to read this play,' and I read it and it was brilliant ...\".[23] Hooper cast Colin Firth as George VI and Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue and spent three weeks with the actors reading the script and rehearsing.[47] Principal photography took place on location around the UK from November 2009 to January 2010.[48] During editing, Hooper continued to consult with Firth and Rush by sending them cuts of the film and listening to their feedback.[47]Hooper with Colin Firth in January 2011Hooper completed the final cut of the film at the end of August 2010 and presented it a few days later at the Telluride Film Festival.[49] The film won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival and Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.[50][51] In February 2011, he was presented with the Academy Award for Best Director, though lost the BAFTA Award for Best Direction to David Fincher.[52][53] In comparing the two films, Variety's Adam Dawtrey wrote, \"Hooper's 2009 film The Damned United did not register among awards selectors, but King's Speech is a much more personal project. His Anglo-Australian parentage reflects the culture clash at the heart of the movie, and it pays off with beautifully crafted, crowd-pleasing drama.\"[54]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"Long Walk to Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardtalk-48"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HUG-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Iron Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_3"},{"link_name":"Marvel Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Studios"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Working Title Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films"},{"link_name":"William Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicholson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freer-66"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"Russell Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Anne Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Amanda Seyfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"Sacha Baron Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Eddie Redmayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freer-66"},{"link_name":"Fantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantine"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Hooper_on_location_for_Les_Mis.jpg"},{"link_name":"second unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_unit"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"I Dreamed a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dreamed_a_Dream"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gettell-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LesMis_release-70"},{"link_name":"The Danish Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Danish_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lili Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Elbe"},{"link_name":"sex reassignment surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery"},{"link_name":"Gerda Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Wegener"},{"link_name":"Eddie Redmayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne"},{"link_name":"Alicia Vikander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Vikander"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"Judi Dench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Dench"},{"link_name":"James Corden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Corden"},{"link_name":"Idris Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Elba"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"commercial failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-office_bomb"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Ghosts"},{"link_name":"Greg Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Wells"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Dolby Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Vision"},{"link_name":"Dolby Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos"},{"link_name":"Cameron Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Andy Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Nelson_(sound_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Dolby Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"2011–present: Studio films","text":"Following the success of The King's Speech during the awards season, Hooper joined the 15-person board of governors at the British Film Institute, was invited to join the directors branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was ranked at number 19 in The Times' British Film Power 100.[55][56][57] In March 2009, Hooper met with Nelson Mandela in preparation for directing a film adaptation of Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom.[44][58] By 2012, however, he had left the project.[59][60]He was offered the chance to direct Iron Man 3 for Marvel Studios but declined and instead signed on to direct Les Misérables for Working Title Films, which he had first heard about while discussing a different project with screenwriter William Nicholson in 2010. Hooper had not seen the musical, so watched a performance of it in London's West End.[61][62] Adapted from the musical, the film starred Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, and Eddie Redmayne. As the film required the actors to sing and dance, they were auditioned in front of Hooper, producers and composers.[62] The role of Fantine was hugely contested; Hooper said, \"It was like half a dozen of the biggest female movie stars on the planet wanted to play the role\".[63]Hooper directing the second unit of Les Misérables on location in Winchester, April 2012Hooper investigated filming the feature in 3D, and performed some camera tests before deciding to film it with traditional 2D methods. He stated \"[...] I slightly worry with 3D that some people will physically struggle with it. If you have a certain type of eyesight, it can be more demanding than watching a normal movie.\"[64] Unlike other musical films, Les Misérables features the actors singing live on camera, rather than miming to backing vocals. Hooper told Los Angeles Times that he thought there was a \"slightly strange falseness\" when he saw musical films where the actors sang to recordings. The actors wore wireless earpieces on set so they could sing to accompanying piano music. Hooper believed this method allowed the actors to have emotional control over their songs: \"When Annie [Hathaway, who plays Fantine] is singing 'I Dreamed a Dream', if she needs to take a tenth of a second to have a thought before she sings it, or to have an emotion before she sings a line, she can take it.\"[65]Les Miserables was released in North America on 25 December 2012, and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture.[66]Hooper's fifth feature film, The Danish Girl, was released in late 2015. It loosely tells the story of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, and wife Gerda Wegener. It stars Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander, both of whom received Academy Award nominations. Critics were generally positive about the film.[67]In May 2016, it was announced that he would direct an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Cats, which is in turn, based on T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats.[68] Filming commenced in November 2018 and the film, which stars Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, James Corden, Idris Elba and Taylor Swift, was released on 20 December 2019[69][70] but was a critical and commercial failure. Hooper co-produced the original song \"Beautiful Ghosts\" with Lloyd Webber and Greg Wells, written by Swift and Lloyd Webber.[71]In 2023, he co-supervised a new digital remix and remaster of Les Misérables in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos, in collaboration with producer Cameron Mackintosh, music producer Lee McCutcheon, music director Stephen Metcalfe and sound mixer Andy Nelson. This version of the film was released theatrically in Dolby Cinema on 14 February 2024 in the United Kingdom and 23 February 2024 in North America to celebrate the stage musical's upcoming 40th anniversary in 2025.[72]In February 2024, Hooper revealed that some upcoming projects with him set to direct are in the works, following a five-year hiatus from the medium caused by the critical and financial failure of Cats and spending time directing commercials for clients such as Vodafone, McDonald's, Santander and Vanish, saying \"I'm certainly quite close on a couple of things ... I've been busy. I'm very happy to get back behind the camera.\"[73]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Damned_United_Kings_Speech_framing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-78"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-3"},{"link_name":"Ben Smithard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Smithard"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-79"},{"link_name":"Larry Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Smith_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"dutch tilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_tilt"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-78"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-79"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oconnell-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Adams_and_Les_Miserables_dutch_angles.jpeg"},{"link_name":"dutch tilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_angle"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oppenheimer-82"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oppenheimer-82"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-78"}],"text":"Hooper adopted a style of framing actors at the extreme edge of a scene in both The Damned United (top) and The King's Speech (bottom)Hooper uses camera styles \"that encode the DNA of the storytelling in some way\" and will reuse and develop filming styles in successive productions.[74] Hooper identifies research as being key to his process of directing period dramas such as John Adams to make the scenes authentic.[3] For The Damned United, Hooper and director of photography Ben Smithard researched the look of the late 1960s and early 1970s through football photography books.[75] Hooper has also been influenced by cinematographer Larry Smith, who worked with Stanley Kubrick and advised Hooper of techniques used by Kubrick.[76] Hooper and Smith have worked together on Cold Feet, Love in a Cold Climate, Prime Suspect, Red Dust and Elizabeth I.Hooper also uses uncommon framing techniques to emphasise story; in John Adams, he wanted to imply American independence seemed unlikely during the Revolutionary War, so he used \"a very rough camera style—almost all hand held, wide lenses close to the actors, lots of movement, many cameras shooting at once so there was often not a settled master \"point of view\", and lots of unmatching dutch tilts so the horizon lines of the frame were often being thrown off.\"[74] The America-set scenes were contrasted by the scenes set in France, in which more traditional filming techniques were employed to evoke a feel of entrenched values.[74] Similarly, in The Damned United, Hooper began to experiment with using wide-angle lenses and putting actors in the extreme edges of the frame. He was influenced by the unusual framing from social photography of the 1970s, and he and Ben Smithard decided to adopt the framing style while scouting locations.[75] Hooper used the same style in The King's Speech, particularly in the scene where Bertie and Logue meet in Logue's consulting room; Colin Firth is framed to the extreme left of the picture, leaving most of the shot dominated by the rough wall behind Firth.[74][77]Hooper frequently uses dutch tilts in his work, notably in John Adams (top) and Les Misérables (bottom)Another frequently used technique is Hooper's tendency to use a variety of focal length camera lenses to distort the resulting picture.[78] In The Damned United he used a 10mm lens, notably in the scene where Clough stays inside during the Derby–Leeds match. Hooper operated the camera in this scene himself.[75] In The King's Speech, Hooper used \"typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm\" lenses and put the camera close to the actors' faces.[78] Hooper said the use of this method in the first consulting room scene served to \"suggest the awkwardness and tension of Logue and Bertie's first meeting\".[74]","title":"Directorial style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Cats VFX accusations","text":"Following the release of Cats, reports came from the film's visual effects departments of Hooper's \"hurtful\", \"horrible\", \"disrespectful\" and \"demeaning attitude\" towards them and their work.[79] The VFX team reportedly were forced to work upwards of 90 hour working weeks, with some employees staying at the offices for two to three days at a time just to finish the film. One member of the VFX team said Hooper's treatment \"was pure, almost slavery for us\",[80] with six months to complete the trailer, and only four months to complete the film. Hooper supposedly had no inclination as to the process of visual effects, thus the VFX department could not show Hooper the step-by-step process of what he wanted, such as animatics, unless it was already rendered. He reportedly would send emails to individual VFX artists on the film to denigrate their work. Hooper would also insult them during conference meetings, calling the work \"garbage\".[81] Neither Hooper nor Universal have commented on the accusations.","title":"Directorial style"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Hooper_and_Kathryn_Bigelow_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"the previous year's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards"}],"text":"Hooper with Kathryn Bigelow, who won the previous year's Oscar for Best DirectorDirected Academy Award performancesHooper has directed multiple Academy Award-nominated performances, three of which have won.","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gritten-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shorts_12-0"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fendelman-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simmons-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Sony Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Captain Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Robert Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benton"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"^ Hooper was born and raised in England and is the son of an English father and an Australian mother. He holds dual citizenship of the United Kingdom and Australia.[2] Hooper self-identified in 2010 as \"half-Australian and half-English and living in London\".[3]\n\n^ The order of Hooper's early short films differs according to various sources; Fendelman (2011)[9] states that Bomber Jacket was his second short, and Simmons (2011)[8] states it was his third. Hooper is himself confused about the order in his audio commentary for The King's Speech DVD.[10]\n\n^ Notable advertising campaigns directed by Hooper include 2006's Rooftop Tennis for Sony Ericsson's mobile phone range,[6][15] and Dive, a spot for the 2011 Captain Morgan rum campaign To Life, Love and Loot.\n[16][17]\n\n^ Hooper was subsequently replaced by Robert Benton on the Graham project.[35]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Hooper at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tom_Hooper_HIFF_2010.jpg/170px-Tom_Hooper_HIFF_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hooper directing The King's Speech on location in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tom_Hooper_directing_The_King%27s_Speech.jpg/170px-Tom_Hooper_directing_The_King%27s_Speech.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hooper with Colin Firth in January 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TomHooperColinFirthJan11.jpg/220px-TomHooperColinFirthJan11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hooper directing the second unit of Les Misérables on location in Winchester, April 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tom_Hooper_on_location_for_Les_Mis.jpg/220px-Tom_Hooper_on_location_for_Les_Mis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hooper adopted a style of framing actors at the extreme edge of a scene in both The Damned United (top) and The King's Speech (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Damned_United_Kings_Speech_framing.jpg/220px-Damned_United_Kings_Speech_framing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hooper frequently uses dutch tilts in his work, notably in John Adams (top) and Les Misérables (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/John_Adams_and_Les_Miserables_dutch_angles.jpeg/220px-John_Adams_and_Les_Miserables_dutch_angles.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Hooper with Kathryn Bigelow, who won the previous year's Oscar for Best Director","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tom_Hooper_and_Kathryn_Bigelow_2011.jpg/220px-Tom_Hooper_and_Kathryn_Bigelow_2011.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of directorial debuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_directorial_debuts"},{"title":"List of EastEnders crew members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EastEnders_crew_members"},{"title":"List of English Academy Award nominees and winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Academy_Award_nominees_and_winners"},{"title":"List of University of Oxford people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oxford_people"}]
[{"reference":"\"2011 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\". www.oscars.org. 7 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2011","url_text":"\"2011 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hooper, Meredith (Jean) 1939- | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/scholarly-magazines/hooper-meredith-jean-1939","url_text":"\"Hooper, Meredith (Jean) 1939- | Encyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Michael (28 January 2014). \"Super Bowl: Jaguar Previews Ad Featuring Ben Kingsley, Tom Hiddleston, Mark Strong (Video)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/super-bowl-jaguar-previews-ad-674700/","url_text":"\"Super Bowl: Jaguar Previews Ad Featuring Ben Kingsley, Tom Hiddleston, Mark Strong (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Danish Girl\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/The_Danish_Girl_2015/","url_text":"\"The Danish Girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Misérables director Tom Hooper to bring Cats to the big screen\". Entertainment Weekly. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/article/2016/05/05/tom-hooper-directing-cats-movie-musical","url_text":"\"Les Misérables director Tom Hooper to bring Cats to the big screen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Hudson, Taylor Swift, James Corden & Ian McKellen Line Up For 'Cats' Movie – Miaow\". Deadline Hollywood. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/07/jennifer-hudson-taylor-swift-james-corden-ian-mckellen-cats-movie-andrew-lloyd-webber-1202430100/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Hudson, Taylor Swift, James Corden & Ian McKellen Line Up For 'Cats' Movie – Miaow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (31 August 2018). \"'Cats' Will Pounce During Christmas 2019 Frame; 'Wicked' Moves\". Deadline. Retrieved 15 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/08/taylor-swift-cats-movie-casting-james-corden-ian-mckellen-1202391041/","url_text":"\"'Cats' Will Pounce During Christmas 2019 Frame; 'Wicked' Moves\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Beautiful Ghosts\" (From the Motion Picture Cats) by Taylor Swift\". Tidal. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/122447196","url_text":"\"\"Beautiful Ghosts\" (From the Motion Picture Cats) by Taylor Swift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"}]},{"reference":"Ritman, Alex (14 February 2024). \"Tom Hooper Talks 'Les Misérables' Rerelease, Says He's Hoping to Get Back to Big-Screen Filmmaking\". Variety. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/film/global/tom-hooper-les-miserables-returning-to-filmmaking-1235908512/","url_text":"\"Tom Hooper Talks 'Les Misérables' Rerelease, Says He's Hoping to Get Back to Big-Screen Filmmaking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cats director Tom Hooper accused of 'hurtful and demeaning' treatment of special effects artists on flop film\". Independent.co.uk. 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/cats-film-flop-tom-hooper-treatment-special-effects-artists-rushed-production-a9453396.html","url_text":"\"Cats director Tom Hooper accused of 'hurtful and demeaning' treatment of special effects artists on flop film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"'Cats' director Tom Hooper made production \"almost slavery\" for VFX crew\". NME. 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/film/cats-director-tom-hooper-visual-effects-almost-slavery-2642571","url_text":"\"'Cats' director Tom Hooper made production \"almost slavery\" for VFX crew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Laura (7 April 2020). \"Editing the Buttholes Out of 'Cats' Was a Total Nightmare\". The Daily Beast.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/i-edited-the-buttholes-out-of-cats-it-was-a-total-nightmare?ref=scroll","url_text":"\"Editing the Buttholes Out of 'Cats' Was a Total Nightmare\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8219733/Tom-Hooper-interview-for-The-Kings-Speech.html","external_links_name":"King who came from nowhere"},{"Link":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/2010/11/22/oscar_watch_q_a_tom_hooper_talks_long_road_to_kings_speech/","external_links_name":"Oscar Watch Q &A: Tom Hooper Talks Long Road to King’s Speech"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125171024/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/2010/11/22/oscar_watch_q_a_tom_hooper_talks_long_road_to_kings_speech","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2011","external_links_name":"\"2011 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/children/scholarly-magazines/hooper-meredith-jean-1939","external_links_name":"\"Hooper, Meredith (Jean) 1939- | Encyclopedia.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/oct/16/mondaymediasection10","external_links_name":"Prime candidate"},{"Link":"http://www.babusinesslife.com/People/What-Ive-Learned/Tom-Hooper.html","external_links_name":"What I've Learned: Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110614160516/http://www.babusinesslife.com/People/What-Ive-Learned/Tom-Hooper.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.filmshaft.com/tom-hooper-on-done-in-60-seconds-the-kings-speech-and-james-bond/","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper On Done In 60 Seconds, The King’s Speech And James Bond"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110126053147/http://www.filmshaft.com/tom-hooper-on-done-in-60-seconds-the-kings-speech-and-james-bond/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110128081950/http://www.hollywoodchicago.com/news/13178/interview-the-kings-speech-director-tom-hooper-colin-firth-masterful-studder","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article3558487.ece","external_links_name":"Briton Tom Hooper in charge of the TV war of independence"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/tackling-old-big-ead-the-secret-of-making-brian-clough-live-again-on-screen-1632248.html","external_links_name":"Tackling Old Big 'Ead"},{"Link":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/38006/Mark-Stothert-quits-John-S-Clarke-run-Infinity-Productions/","external_links_name":"Mark Stothert quits John S Clarke to run Infinity Productions"},{"Link":"http://www.brandrepublic.com/bulletin/brandrepublicnewsbulletin/article/567717/tennis-stars-rally-launch-new-camera-phone/","external_links_name":"Tennis stars in roof-top rally for Sony Ericsson launch"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120722092047/http://www.brandrepublic.com/bulletin/brandrepublicnewsbulletin/article/567717/tennis-stars-rally-launch-new-camera-phone/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://smugglersite.com/tom-hooper","external_links_name":"Examples of Tom Hoopers work"},{"Link":"http://www.thelocationguide.com/blog/2011/05/tom-hooper-films-captain-morgan-rum-pirate-ad-campaign-on-location-in-spain/","external_links_name":"King’s Speech’s Tom Hooper films Captain Morgan pirate ads on location in Spain"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130204164057/http://www.thelocationguide.com/blog/2011/05/tom-hooper-films-captain-morgan-rum-pirate-ad-campaign-on-location-in-spain/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/super-bowl-jaguar-previews-ad-674700/","external_links_name":"\"Super Bowl: Jaguar Previews Ad Featuring Ben Kingsley, Tom Hiddleston, Mark Strong (Video)\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article6542652.ece","external_links_name":"In cash-strapped times British film-makers refuse to take a back seat. They're used to making a drama out of a crisis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226124449/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/405561","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper filmography"},{"Link":"http://www.walfordweb.co.uk/item.php?id=2314","external_links_name":"Spotlight: Matthew Robinson (Part 1)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201132925/http://walfordweb.co.uk/item.php?id=2314","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7941000/7941116.stm","external_links_name":"Radio interview with Sarah Montague"},{"Link":"http://awfj.org/2009/09/24/awfj-women-on-film-tom-hooper-on-the-damned-united-jenny-halper-interviews/","external_links_name":"AWFJ Women On Film – Tom Hooper On \"The Damned United\" – Jenny Halper interviews"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120707053348/http://awfj.org/2009/09/24/awfj-women-on-film-tom-hooper-on-the-damned-united-jenny-halper-interviews/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=2003","external_links_name":"Television nominations 2003"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120721182023/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=2003","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/award_history_search?person=Tom+Hooper&program=&start_year=2004&end_year=2004&network=160&web_category=370&winner=All","external_links_name":"Outstanding Director For A Miniseries, Movie Or A Dramatic Special"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120731012515/http://www.emmys.com/award_history_search?person=Tom+Hooper&program=&start_year=2004&end_year=2004&network=160&web_category=370&winner=All","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=2005","external_links_name":"Television nominations 2005"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120526064811/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/nominations/?year=2005","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/television-craft/latest-winners-nominees,58,BA.html","external_links_name":"Craft Winners in 2007"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120719054753/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television-craft/latest-winners-nominees,58,BA.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/09/AR2008030902099.html","external_links_name":"Graham Biopic Back on Track"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/14/AR2008111403138.html","external_links_name":"Names & Faces: HBO's Press Run for Linney"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cultureshow/videos/2009/02/s5_e22_hbo_extra2/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Television interview with Greg Dyke"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120904092901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cultureshow/videos/2009/02/s5_e22_hbo_extra2/index.shtml","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.screendaily.com/profileuk-director-tom-hooper/4040021.article","external_links_name":"Profile:UK director Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2008/03/14/truly_historic/?page=full","external_links_name":"Truly historic"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/sep/29/john.adams.emmy.award.television","external_links_name":"Somewhere, John Adams is smiling"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125797-Directors-Guild-of-America-Awards-Presented-Jan-31-in-Los-Angeles","external_links_name":"Directors Guild of America Awards Presented 31 Jan. in Los Angeles"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912133952/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125797-Directors-Guild-of-America-Awards-Presented-Jan-31-in-Los-Angeles","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/04/hotlist-film-tom-hooper","external_links_name":"'My films seem to be about men's struggle with failure'"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704312504575618524087984144","external_links_name":"A Director on the Verge: Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/nov/11/3","external_links_name":"Trailer Trash: Not Match of the Day"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/sport/the_damned_united/4937772/The-Damned-United-Interview-with-director-Tom-Hooper.html","external_links_name":"The Damned United: Interview with director Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120913024021/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/sport/the_damned_united/4937772/The-Damned-United-Interview-with-director-Tom-Hooper.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/11/06/afi-fest-honors-the-kings-speech-collaborators-colin-firth-geoffrey-rush-and-tom-hooper/","external_links_name":"AFI Fest Honors 'The King's Speech' Collaborators Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush and Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130209211010/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/11/06/afi-fest-honors-the-kings-speech-collaborators-colin-firth-geoffrey-rush-and-tom-hooper/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://screenbase.screendaily.com/films/68","external_links_name":"The King's Speech"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121005625/http://screenbase.screendaily.com/films/68","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11369007","external_links_name":"Firth movie lands Toronto Film Festival prize"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120719183207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11369007","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118031147/","external_links_name":"'The King's Speech' tops DGA Awards"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120914133714/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118031147/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/nominees.html","external_links_name":"Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110126083846/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/nominees.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/2011-film-awards,1572,BA.html","external_links_name":"2011 Film Awards Winners"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118027577","external_links_name":"BIFA contenders a study in diversity"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130209013844/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118027577","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland/tom-hooper-joins-bfi-board/5027666.article","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper joins BFI board"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120908234612/http://www.screendaily.com/news/uk-ireland/tom-hooper-joins-bfi-board/5027666.article","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-invites-178-artists-execs-202935","external_links_name":"Academy Invites 178 Artists and Execs as New Members"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130125142843/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-invites-178-artists-execs-202935","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090316165454/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/14/content_11008949.htm","external_links_name":"Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom to be adapted into film"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120711060602/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/14/content_11008949.htm","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.heyuguys.co.uk/2011/01/03/interview-the-kings-speech-director-tom-hooper-talks-awards-the-beauty-of-silence-and-directing-bond/","external_links_name":"Interview: The King’s Speech Director Tom Hooper Talks Awards, The Beauty of Silence and Directing Bond"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120713005548/http://www.heyuguys.co.uk/2011/01/03/interview-the-kings-speech-director-tom-hooper-talks-awards-the-beauty-of-silence-and-directing-bond/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/chadwick-harris-circle-mandela-biopic-long-walk-to-freedom/5039050.article","external_links_name":"Chadwick, Harris circle Mandela biopic Long Walk to Freedom"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120910214910/http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/chadwick-harris-circle-mandela-biopic-long-walk-to-freedom/5039050.article","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/02/tom-hooper-iron-man-3-kings-speech-les-miserables.html","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper could direct Les Miserables musical, could have directed 'Iron Man 3'"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120712014001/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/02/tom-hooper-iron-man-3-kings-speech-les-miserables.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1692645/les-miserables-anne-hathaway-preview.jhtml","external_links_name":"Anne Hathaway Is 'Breathtaking' In 'Les Miserables,' Director Gushes'"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130129064439/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1692645/les-miserables-anne-hathaway-preview.jhtml","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16032642","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper rejects 3D for Les Miserables movie"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120720174643/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16032642","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lesmiserables2012.htm","external_links_name":"Les Misérables (2012)"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/The_Danish_Girl_2015/","external_links_name":"\"The Danish Girl\""},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/article/2016/05/05/tom-hooper-directing-cats-movie-musical","external_links_name":"\"Les Misérables director Tom Hooper to bring Cats to the big screen\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/07/jennifer-hudson-taylor-swift-james-corden-ian-mckellen-cats-movie-andrew-lloyd-webber-1202430100/","external_links_name":"\"Jennifer Hudson, Taylor Swift, James Corden & Ian McKellen Line Up For 'Cats' Movie – Miaow\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/08/taylor-swift-cats-movie-casting-james-corden-ian-mckellen-1202391041/","external_links_name":"\"'Cats' Will Pounce During Christmas 2019 Frame; 'Wicked' Moves\""},{"Link":"https://listen.tidal.com/album/122447196","external_links_name":"\"\"Beautiful Ghosts\" (From the Motion Picture Cats) by Taylor Swift\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/les-miserables-theaters-screeings-dolby/","external_links_name":"'Les Misérables' Returns to Theaters for One Week With Dolby Cinemas (Exclusive)|Collider"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2024/film/global/tom-hooper-les-miserables-returning-to-filmmaking-1235908512/","external_links_name":"\"Tom Hooper Talks 'Les Misérables' Rerelease, Says He's Hoping to Get Back to Big-Screen Filmmaking\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2011/jan/21/kings-speech-tom-hooper-live-blog","external_links_name":"The King's Speech director Tom Hooper answers your questions – live!"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130420125239/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/filmblog/2011/jan/21/kings-speech-tom-hooper-live-blog","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://incontention.com/2010/09/06/interview-colin-firth-geoffrey-rush-and-tom-hooper/","external_links_name":"Interview: Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush and Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120716103038/http://incontention.com/2010/09/06/interview-colin-firth-geoffrey-rush-and-tom-hooper/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodnews.com/2010/12/22/tom-hooper-the-kings-speech-for-your-consideration/","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper, The King's Speech – For Your Consideration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110306135653/http://www.hollywoodnews.com/2010/12/22/tom-hooper-the-kings-speech-for-your-consideration/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/cats-film-flop-tom-hooper-treatment-special-effects-artists-rushed-production-a9453396.html","external_links_name":"\"Cats director Tom Hooper accused of 'hurtful and demeaning' treatment of special effects artists on flop film\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/film/cats-director-tom-hooper-visual-effects-almost-slavery-2642571","external_links_name":"\"'Cats' director Tom Hooper made production \"almost slavery\" for VFX crew\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/i-edited-the-buttholes-out-of-cats-it-was-a-total-nightmare?ref=scroll","external_links_name":"\"Editing the Buttholes Out of 'Cats' Was a Total Nightmare\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0393799/","external_links_name":"Tom Hooper"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oz2r2Py9hLo","external_links_name":"Hooper's Academy Award for Best Director acceptance speech"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117734113","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/86516416","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp68YDTHt8GwjvTBy4THC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4618024","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16557355p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16557355p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/138457573","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV058570","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007601057905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008133887","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2008456675&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201113532","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p297328921","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810630844005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/15c0ec80-29d6-4440-ba5b-97dcd0e8669d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd138457573.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/130512001","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mining_Engineering_Jubilee_Exhibition
Royal Mining Engineering Jubilee Exhibition
["1 Summary","2 References","3 External links"]
Royal Mining Engineering Jubilee ExhibitionBandstand from the exhibition as shown in 2017OverviewBIE-classUnrecognized expositionNameRoyal Mining Engineering Jubilee ExhibitionAreanow Exhibition Park, Newcastle and Town Moor, Newcastle upon TyneVisitors2 092 273LocationCountryUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandCityNewcastle upon TyneTimelineOpeningMay 1887Closure28 October 1887 The Royal Mining Engineering Jubilee Exhibition was held in 1887 (delayed from planned 1886 opening) at Newcastle's Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne and Bull Park (renamed the Exhibition Park later in 1929. Summary Over two million people attended, and the fair made money. It was opened in May 1887 by the Duke of Cambridge and closed 28 October 1887. There was a two-storey refreshment pavilion, a two thirds size replica of the old Tyne Bridge, gardens, a theatre and art galleries. References ^ a b "Newcastle Jubilee Exhibition 1887 | Co-Curate". Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ "1887 Newcastle Engineering and Mining Exhibition - Graces Guide". Retrieved 24 May 2021. ^ "050053:Royal Mining Engineering and Industrial Exhibition Newcastle upon Tyne London | Co-Curate". Retrieved 24 May 2021. External links Image of the replica Tyne Bridge Bandstand vteList of world's fairs in Ireland and Great BritainKingdom of Great Britain First Exhibition (1760) United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Ireland Exposition of British Society Exhibition of Industrial Arts and Manufacturers (Birmingham, 1849) Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations (London, 1851) Irish Industrial Exhibition (Cork, 1852) Great Industrial Exhibition (1853) (Dublin) Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857 1862 International Exhibition (London) International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (Dublin, 1865) Annual International Exhibition (London, 1871–1874) Dublin Exhibition of Arts, Industries and Manufactures (1872) International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (Dublin, 1874) International Fisheries Exhibition (London, 1883) First International Forestry Exhibition International Inventions Exhibition Colonial and Indian Exhibition (1886) International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art Royal Mining Engineering Jubilee Exhibition International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry American Exhibition (1887) International Agricultural Exhibition (Kilburn, 1879) Royal Jubilee Exhibition International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry (Glasgow 1888) International Exhibition of Science, Art & Industry (Edinburgh 1890) Greater Britain Exhibition Glasgow International Exhibition (1901) Cork International Exhibition Naval, Shipping and Fisheries Exhibition Imperial Austrian Exhibition Irish International Exhibition Franco-British Exhibition Imperial International Exhibition Japan–British Exhibition Coronation Exhibition Festival of Empire Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry Latin-British Exhibition Anglo-American Exhibition Bristol International Exhibition Universal Exhibition (Nottingham) International Rubber, Tropical Products and Allied Industries ExhibitionInternational Exhibition of Rubber and Other Tropical Products United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland British Empire Exhibition North East Coast Exhibition Empire Exhibition, Scotland Festival of Britain Millennium Dome UNBOXED: Creativity in the UK
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Moor,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Bull Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_Park,_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewcastleKnows-1"}],"text":"The Royal Mining Engineering Jubilee Exhibition was held in 1887 (delayed from planned 1886 opening) at Newcastle's Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne and Bull Park (renamed the Exhibition Park later in 1929.[1]","title":"Royal Mining Engineering Jubilee Exhibition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engineering-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-locks-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewcastleKnows-1"}],"text":"Over two million people attended, and the fair made money. It was opened in May 1887 by the Duke of Cambridge and closed 28 October 1887.[2]There was a two-storey refreshment pavilion,[3] a two thirds size[citation needed]\nreplica of the old Tyne Bridge, gardens, a theatre and art galleries.[1]","title":"Summary"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Newcastle Jubilee Exhibition 1887 | Co-Curate\". Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/newcastle-jubilee-exhibition-1887/","url_text":"\"Newcastle Jubilee Exhibition 1887 | Co-Curate\""}]},{"reference":"\"1887 Newcastle Engineering and Mining Exhibition - Graces Guide\". Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1887_Newcastle_Engineering_and_Mining_Exhibition","url_text":"\"1887 Newcastle Engineering and Mining Exhibition - Graces Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"050053:Royal Mining Engineering and Industrial Exhibition Newcastle upon Tyne London | Co-Curate\". Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/resources/view/28956/","url_text":"\"050053:Royal Mining Engineering and Industrial Exhibition Newcastle upon Tyne London | Co-Curate\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/newcastle-jubilee-exhibition-1887/","external_links_name":"\"Newcastle Jubilee Exhibition 1887 | Co-Curate\""},{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1887_Newcastle_Engineering_and_Mining_Exhibition","external_links_name":"\"1887 Newcastle Engineering and Mining Exhibition - Graces Guide\""},{"Link":"https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/resources/view/28956/","external_links_name":"\"050053:Royal Mining Engineering and Industrial Exhibition Newcastle upon Tyne London | Co-Curate\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/newcastlelibraries/4076328012/in/photolist-7daUgt-7ddfis-7egJ38-7evc5s-7edW6f-7ddf8y-7ddaGY-7ekBfQ-7ea2YH-7ekBYA-7ea4t6-c9n955-7e9tN7-7ds9rE-7doQKD-7dGccy-7dUiSU-7erWRZ-7dHqcZ-7dHq4P-7eouMa-7djAx9-7davDr-7dEwz3-7dB41x-7dAhp2-7dUjj1-7ekBbw-7ddDrm-7egHWV-7dxp7C-7ea3Np-dgCcpA-7edUUd-7dXFCa-7dUiKj-7daNaK-7dxJSV-7dEYyw-7dQpMa-7espNh-7daN1t-7dQqkk-7dBD6h-7dmJV6-7ekBqL-7edVoq-dtNcJA-7deE1W-7dqBtq","external_links_name":"Image of the replica Tyne Bridge"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/newcastlelibraries/4077566758/sizes/o/","external_links_name":"Bandstand"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall
Lest Darkness Fall
["1 Plot","2 Principal characters","3 Publication history","4 Sequels by other hands","5 Related works","6 Reception","7 Citations","8 General and cited sources","9 External links"]
1941 novel by L. Sprague de Camp Further information: Gothic War (535–554) Lest Darkness Fall Dust cover of first editionAuthorL. Sprague de CampCover artistS. M. Adler and H. LubalinLanguageEnglishGenreAlternate historyPublisherHenry Holt and CompanyPublication date1941Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback)Pages379 Lest Darkness Fall is a 1939 alternate history science fiction novel by the American author L. Sprague de Camp. Lest Darkness Fall is similar in concept to Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, but the treatment is very different. The later alternate history author Harry Turtledove has said it sparked his interest in the genre as well as his desire to study Byzantine history. Plot American classical archaeologist Martin Padway is visiting the Pantheon in Rome in 1938. A thunderstorm arrives, lightning cracks, and he finds himself transported to Rome in 535 AD. The Italian Peninsula is under the rule of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The novel depicts their rule as a relatively benevolent despotism, allowing freedom of religion and maintaining the urban Roman society they had conquered, though slavery is common and torture the normal method of interrogation. In the real timeline, the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire temporarily expanded westwards, embarking on what came to be known as the Gothic War (535-554). They overthrew the Ostrogoths in Italy and the Vandals in North Africa, but this war devastated the Italian urbanized society that required the support of intensive agriculture and Italy was severely depopulated: its population is estimated to have decreased from 7,000,000 to 2,500,000. The great cities of Roman times were abandoned and the Byzantines never fully consolidated their rule over Italy, which faced further invasions by the Lombards; Italy fell into a long period of decline. Some historians consider this the true beginning of the Dark Ages in Italy. The city of Rome was besieged thrice and many of its inhabitants did not survive the war. Padway, finding himself in this Rome and knowing what the near future holds, must act not only to preserve the future of civilization, but to improve his personal chances of survival. Padway initially wonders whether he is dreaming or delusional, but he quickly accepts his fate. As an archaeologist, he has enough understanding of various devices used before his time, but after the 6th century, to be able to reproduce them by the means available. He can speak both modern Italian and Classical Latin, and quickly learns enough Vulgar Latin to communicate effectively. Most crucially, Padway has read with great attention the book of the historian Procopius, who described the very war at whose outset Padway finds himself. He recalls the book in great detail, down to details of the time and route of the various armies' moves and their tactical and strategic considerations, as well as the convoluted and violent power struggles of the various contenders for the Gothic Kingship. Thus Padway, in effect, knows the direct, immediate future of the country where he lives and of some individual people whom he meets (at least, until he acts in a way that changes that future). In addition to this specialized and uniquely useful knowledge of the current war, Padway has taken a general interest in military history, which he is eventually able to put to very practical purposes. Padway's first idea is to make a copper still and sell brandy for a living. He persuades a banker, Thomasus the Syrian, to lend him seed money to start his endeavor. He teaches his and Thomasus's clerks Arabic numerals and double entry bookkeeping. He eventually develops a printing press, issues a newspaper, and builds a crude semaphore telegraph system utilizing small telescopes. However, he fails to produce a mechanical clock, and temporarily halts his experiments attempting to reinvent gunpowder and cannons. He becomes increasingly involved in the politics of the state as Italy is invaded by the Byzantines and also threatened from the north. Padway rescues the recently deposed king Thiudahad and becomes his quaestor. He uses the king's support to gather forces to defeat the formidable Byzantine general Belisarius. He manages to surprise Belisarius with tactics never used in the ancient world. Then, deceiving the Dalmatian army, Padway reinstates the senile Thiudahad and imprisons King Wittigis as a hostage. In 537, when Wittigis is killed and Thiudahad descends into madness, Padway has a protégé of his, Urias, married to Mathaswentha and crowned king of the Ostrogoths. He tricks Justinian I into releasing Belisarius from his oath of allegiance and quickly enlists the military genius to command an army against the Franks. The landing of a Byzantine army at Vibo, led by Bloody John, and a rebellion, led by Thiudahad's son, threaten the Ostrogothic kingdom and its army is destroyed at Crathis Valley. Padway assembles a new force, spreads an "emancipation proclamation" to the Italian serfs and recalls Belisarius after his defeat of the Franks. The armies clash near Calatia and then Benevento. Despite the lack of discipline of his Gothic forces, some simple tactical tricks and the nick-of-time arrival of Belisarius secure Padway's victory. At the end of the novel, Padway has stabilized the Italo-Gothic kingdom, introduced a constitution, arranged the end of serfdom, liberated the Burgundians, and is having boats built for an Atlantic expedition to acquire tobacco. The king of the Visigoths has appointed Urias as his heir, reunifying the Goths. Ultimately, due to Padway's actions, Europe will not experience what Age of Enlightenment thinkers retroactively called the Dark Ages: "darkness will not fall". Principal characters Martin Padway (self-Latinized as Martinus Paduei): Protagonist. Transported from 1938 Rome to its 535 equivalent. Nevitta Gummund's son: Gothic farmer, Padway's best friend in ancient Rome. Thomasus the Syrian: Banker and confidant of Padway. Often invokes God's name, especially while bickering. Fritharik Staifan's son: Deposed Vandal noble, who becomes Padway's bodyguard and right-hand man. Often laments the loss of his beautiful Carthage estate and remarks that they will eventually all end up in unmarked graves. Julia from Apulia: A servant hired by Padway who has a one-night stand with him. Dorothea: Daughter of Cornelius Anicius and love interest for Padway. Leo Vekkos: Greek physician called in by Nevitta, against Padway's protests, to treat his cold. Count Honorius: City prefect/governor. Liuderis: Commander of the Goths' garrison in Rome. Thiudahad: King of the Ostrogoths and Italians. He is deposed and replaced by Wittigis, but is brought back under Padway's influence. Thiudegiskel: The pompous son of Thiudahad. He is usually found surrounded by his posse of friends, using his position to put anyone who wrongs him in trouble. Urias: Nephew of Wittigis and an ally of Padway's. Becomes king with Padway's help after Thiudahad is no longer fit to rule. Mathaswentha: Daughter of Amalswentha and the other love interest for Padway. Their brief romance is cut short when she decides, to Padway's horror, to have any competition killed. Padway sets her up with Urias, whom she marries. Belisarius: General of the Eastern Roman Empire. Eventually persuaded by Padway to join the Gothic army. Publication history A novella version was first published in Unknown #10, December 1939. The complete novel was published by Henry Holt and Company on 24 February 1941 and reprinted by both Galaxy Publishing and Prime Press in 1949. The first British edition was published in hardcover by Heinemann in 1955. The first paperback edition was published by Pyramid Books in February 1963 and reprinted in August 1969. A later paperback edition was issued by Ballantine Books in August 1974 and reprinted in 1975, 1979 and 1983; the Ballantine edition was also issued in hardcover by the Science Fiction Book Club in April 1979 and reprinted in 1996. The importance of the work was recognized by its inclusion in The Easton Press's series The Masterpieces of Science Fiction in 1989. The book has also been collected with David Drake's novella "To Bring the Light" in Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring the Light (Baen Books, 1996), with other works by de Camp in Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp (NESFA Press, 2005), and with works by other authors in Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (Phoenix Pick, 2011). An E-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011, as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form. Galaxy's Edge magazine reprinted Lest Darkness Fall over four issues starting in August 2014, repeating a typographical error that appears in Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories ("have" for "lave" in Padway's seduction scene). Sequels by other hands Several short story sequels to Lest Darkness Fall, written by other authors, have appeared over the years. "The Apotheosis of Martin Padway", written by S. M. Stirling, appeared in Harry Turtledove's 2005 tribute anthology honoring L. Sprague de Camp, The Enchanter Completed, and the 2011 Arc Manor anthology Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories. It offers glimpses of what might have become of the reality Padway altered, both during his old age and a few hundred years later. "Temporal Discontinuity" by David Weber, appeared in the second edition of the Arc Manor anthology, retitled Lest Darkness Fall and Timeless Tales Written in Tribute (2021); it was newly commissioned for the edition. It is another direct sequel, though incompatible with Stirling's "The Apotheosis of Martin Padway." Like "Apotheosis," it also involves a future time-traveler investigating Padway's temporal disruptions, only she thinks he's a criminal from her own time who set out to change the timeline on purpose - a crime punishable by death. When agent Yawen Clasen-Hamatti confronts Padway in person, she discovers her mistake and has a moral dilemma on her hands. The other story, "The Fake Pandemic," by Harry Turtledove, was also commissioned for the second edition of the Arc Manor anthology. It is also a direct sequel to de Camp's novel, compatible with Stirling's but not Weber's. In it, Padway recruits the Byzantine jurist Tribonian in an effort to prevent the Plague of Justinian. The story follows Tribonian as he proceeds to secure the emperor Justinian I's permission and support to do just that, and follows him on his successful if thankless mission (Justinian may be supportive, but he is far from grateful). Related works Subsequent to Lest Darkness Fall, de Camp wrote two subsequent works with similar themes: "The Wheels of If" (1940) and "Aristotle and the Gun" (1958). Direct responses to Lest Darkness Fall include the stories "The Deadly Mission of Phineas Snodgrass" (1962) by Frederik Pohl, and "The Man Who Came Early" (1956) by Poul Anderson. In the Pohl tale, a man travels back to 1 BC and teaches modern medicine, causing a population explosion. It ends with the fantastically overpopulated alternate timeline sending someone back to assassinate the title character, allowing darkness to fall for thankful billions. It was reprinted in the anthologies The Enchanter Completed (2005) and Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (2011). The Anderson piece is a tale of an American airman sent by a storm (like Padway) to Saga Age Iceland; in this instance, the outcome proves tragic due to cultural misunderstandings and a poor fit between the protagonist's attempted innovations and local needs. Another story inspired by Lest Darkness Fall is "To Bring The Light", by David Drake, published together with the original in the 1996 Baen double Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring The Light and the 2011 anthology Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories. This story features Flavia Herosilla, a well-educated woman living in ancient Rome at its height. Like Padway, she is sent back in time by a lightning strike, in her case to the era of Rome's beginnings around 751 BC. Unlike Padway, who tries to change history, Flavia tries to recreate the founding of Rome based on the legends that she knows. But there is one detail she does want to change. The legends tell that on the day of Rome's founding, Romulus killed his brother Remus - and while in the process of making sure that Rome will be founded, Flavia Herosilla had fallen in love with Remus. Several editions of Lest Darkness Fall, including the one printed with "To Bring the Light", repeat an error in the sequence where Padway and Julia from Apulia are setting up their one night stand: in the original text a somewhat inebriated Padway says Julia's dirty feet form a barrier and "I must lave the pedal extremities...". Apparently some editor failed to recognize "lave" as a synonym for "wash" and turned the word into "have". Reception Jo Walton wrote, "In 1939, L. Sprague de Camp came up with one of the wonderful ideas of science fiction, the man taken out of his time to a time of lower technology... As soon as Padway's there, he puts his head down and starts to concentrate on what makes these books such fun—improvising technology from what he knows and can find around him. Padway starts with distilling and double-entry bookkeeping and makes his way up to newspapers and heliographs... The more you know history, the more you can see how clever the book is... De Camp was a historian of technology. His The Ancient Engineers (1963) is a... fascinating non-fiction book." Stating that it "is an excellent introduction to Rome at the time of the Gothic invasion", Carl Sagan in 1978 listed Lest Darkness Fall as an example of how science fiction "can convey bits and pieces, hints and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader". Boucher and McComas praised the novel as "a witty version of the Connecticut Yankee theme, distinguished by its lore of Gothic Rome." Algis Budrys termed it "marvelous," rating it as "Maybe the best DeCamp ever wrote." P. Schuyler Miller wrote that "Next to Wells's "Time Machine", this could be the best time-travel novel ever written." Citations ^ Auden, Sandy (2005). "A Moment in Time – An Interview with Harry Turtledove". SF Site. Retrieved 17 March 2010. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (1941). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. Group 1. Books. New Series. p. 139. ^ a b Lest Darkness Fall title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ^ "Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ^ Amazon.com entry for e-book edition ^ Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (Arc Manor, 2011) - publisher's blurb. ^ Silver, Steven H. "The Best Time Travel Stories of All Time, edited by Barry M. Malzberg" (2003 review). ^ "Has Queen Amalasuntha Been Assassinated Yet? L. Sprague de Camp's Lest Darkness Fall" – book review by Jo Walton ^ Sagan, Carl (1978-05-28). "Growing up with Science Fiction". The New York Times. p. SM7. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-12-12. ^ "Recommended Reading," F&SF, February 1950, p.106 ^ "Books", F&SF, January 1984, p. 31. ^ "The Reference Library," Analog, April 1970, p. 170. General and cited sources Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 95. Laughlin, Charlotte; Daniel J. H. Levack (1983). De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco: Underwood/Miller. pp. 72–75. External links Lest Darkness Fall title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Lest Darkness Fall at Open Library Lest Darkness Fall, the short story and novel, on the Internet Archive vteL. Sprague de CampViagens InterplanetariasKrishna "Finished" (1949) The Queen of Zamba (1949) The Hand of Zei (1950) "Perpetual Motion" (1950) "Calories" (1951) The Virgin of Zesh (1953) The Tower of Zanid (1958) The Hostage of Zir (1977) The Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982) The Bones of Zora (1983) The Swords of Zinjaban (1991) Kukulkan The Stones of Nomuru (1988) The Venom Trees of Sunga (1992) Other "The Animal-Cracker Plot" (1949) "The Colorful Character" (1949) "Git Along!" (1950) "The Inspector's Teeth" (1950) "Summer Wear" (1950) The Continent Makers (1951) "The Galton Whistle" (1951) Rogue Queen (1951) Harold Shea "The Roaring Trumpet" (1940) "The Mathematics of Magic" (1940) The Castle of Iron (1941/50) The Wall of Serpents (1953) The Green Magician (1954) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1990) Sir Harold of Zodanga (1995) Pusadian The Tritonian Ring (1951) "The Eye of Tandyla" (1951) "The Owl and the Ape" (1951) "The Hungry Hercynian" (1953) "The Stronger Spell" (1953) "Ka the Appalling" (1958) "The Rug and the Bull" (1974) "The Stone of the Witch Queen" (1977) Novarian The Goblin Tower (1968) The Clocks of Iraz (1971) "The Emperor's Fan" (1973) The Fallible Fiend (1973) The Unbeheaded King (1983) The Honorable Barbarian (1989) Neo-Napolitanian The Incorporated Knight (1987) The Pixilated Peeress (1991) ConanNovels Conan and the Spider God (1980) Conan of the Isles (1968) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Buccaneer (1971) Conan the Liberator (1979) The Return of Conan (1957) Short stories "Black Sphinx of Nebthu" (1973) "The Treasure of Tranicos" (1953) "Black Tears" (1968) "The Blood-Stained God" (1955) "The Castle of Terror" (1969) "The City of Skulls" (1967) "The Curse of the Monolith" (1968) "Drums of Tombalku" (1966) The Flame Knife (1955/81) "The Frost Giant's Daughter" Conan (1953) "The Gem in the Tower" (1978) "The God in the Bowl" (1952) "The Hall of the Dead" (1967) "Hawks Over Shem" (1955) "The Ivory Goddess" (1978) "The Lair of the Ice Worm" (1969) "Legions of the Dead" (1978) "Moon of Blood" (1978) "The People of the Summit" (1970/78) "Red Moon of Zembabwei" (1974) "The Road of the Eagles" (1955) "Shadows in the Dark" (1978) "Shadows in the Skull" (1975) "The Snout in the Dark" (1969) "The Star of Khorala" (1978) "The Thing in the Crypt" (1967) "The Witch of the Mists" (1972) "Wolves Beyond the Border" (1967) Other speculative fictionNovels The Carnelian Cube (1948) Genus Homo (1950) The Glory That Was (1960) The Great Fetish (1978) Land of Unreason (1942) Lest Darkness Fall (1941) None but Lucifer (1939) Solomon's Stone (1942) Short stories "Aristotle and the Gun" (1958) "The Blue Giraffe" (1939) "The Command" (1938) "The Contraband Cow" (1942) "Cornzan the Mighty" (1955) "Divide and Rule" (1939) "The Egg" (1956) "Employment" (1939) "The Gnarly Man" (1939) "The Guided Man" (1952) "A Gun for Dinosaur" (1956) "The Hardwood Pile" (1940) "The Hibited Man" (1949) "Hyperpilosity" (1938) "In-Group" (1952) "Internal Combustion" (1956) "The Isolinguals" (1937) "Judgment Day" (1955) "Let's Have Fun" (1957) "Living Fossil" (1939) "The Merman" (1938) "Nothing in the Rules" (1939) "The Reluctant Shaman" (1947) "The Saxon Pretender" (1952) "The Space Clause" (1952) "The Stolen Dormouse" (1941) "Throwback" (1949) "The Wheels of If" (1940) Historical fiction The Dragon of the Ishtar Gate (1961) The Arrows of Hercules (1965) An Elephant for Aristotle (1958) The Bronze God of Rhodes (1960) The Golden Wind (1969) Fiction edited The Wolf Leader (1950) Swords and Sorcery (1963) The Spell of Seven (1965) Conan the Warrior (1967) The Fantastic Swordsmen (1967) Conan the Conqueror (1967) Warlocks and Warriors (1970) 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction (1972) Tales Beyond Time (1973) NonfictionScience andhistory Inventions and Their Management (1937) The Evolution of Naval Weapons (1947) Antarctic Conquest (1949) Engines (1959) The Heroic Age of American Invention (1961) Man and Power (1961) Energy and Power (1962) The Ancient Engineers (1963) Ancient Ruins and Archaeology (1964) Elephant (1964) Spirits, Stars, and Spells (1966) The Story of Science in America (1967) The Day of the Dinosaur (1968) The Great Monkey Trial (1968) Darwin and His Great Discovery (1972) Great Cities of the Ancient World (1972) The Ragged Edge of Science (1980) The Fringe of the Unknown (1983) The Ape-Man Within (1995) Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants (1996) Lit crit andbiography Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages (1975) The Conan Reader (1968) Dark Valley Destiny (1983) Lands Beyond (1952) Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (1976) Lost Continents (1954) Lovecraft: A Biography (1975) The Miscast Barbarian (1975) Science-Fiction Handbook (1953/75) Time and Chance (1996) Nonfiction edited The Conan Swordbook (1969) The Conan Grimoire (1972) To Quebec and the Stars (1976) The Blade of Conan (1979) The Spell of Conan (1980) Poetry Demons and Dinosaurs (1970) Heroes and Hobgoblins (1981) Phantoms and Fancies (1972) Collections The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens (1953) The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid (1983) The Incomplete Enchanter (1941) Wall of Serpents (1960) The Compleat Enchanter (1975) The Complete Compleat Enchanter (1989) The Enchanter Reborn (1992) The Exotic Enchanter (1995) The Mathematics of Magic (2007) The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales (1953) The Reluctant King (1985) Conan (1967) The Conan Chronicles (1989) The Conan Chronicles 2 (1990) Conan of Aquilonia (1977) Conan of Cimmeria (1969) Conan the Adventurer (1966) Conan the Avenger (1968) Conan the Freebooter (1968) Conan the Swordsman (1978) Conan the Usurper (1967) Conan the Wanderer (1968) Sagas of Conan (2004) Tales of Conan (1955) The Treasure of Tranicos (1980) Aristotle and the Gun (2002) The Best of L. Sprague de Camp (1978) Divide and Rule (1948) Footprints on Sand (1981) A Gun for Dinosaur (1963) The Purple Pterodactyls (1980) The Reluctant Shaman (1970) Rivers of Time (1993) Scribblings (1972) Sprague de Camp's New Anthology (1953) Tales from Gavagan's Bar (1953/78) The Undesired Princess (1951) The Virgin & the Wheels (1976) The Wheels of If (1948) Years in the Making (2005) About de Camp GURPS Planet Krishna (1997) The Enchanter Completed (2005) Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic War (535–554)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Connecticut_Yankee_in_King_Arthur%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interviewHT-1"}],"text":"Further information: Gothic War (535–554)Lest Darkness Fall is a 1939 alternate history science fiction novel by the American author L. Sprague de Camp. Lest Darkness Fall is similar in concept to Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, but the treatment is very different.The later alternate history author Harry Turtledove has said it sparked his interest in the genre as well as his desire to study Byzantine history.[1]","title":"Lest Darkness Fall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Italian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"benevolent despotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_despotism"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gothic War (535-554)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(535-554)"},{"link_name":"Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"Classical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin"},{"link_name":"Vulgar Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"seed money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_money"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"double entry bookkeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entry_bookkeeping"},{"link_name":"printing press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press"},{"link_name":"semaphore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"Thiudahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodahad"},{"link_name":"quaestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"Belisarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Wittigis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witiges"},{"link_name":"Urias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraias"},{"link_name":"Mathaswentha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matasuntha"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Vibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibo_Valentia"},{"link_name":"Bloody John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_(nephew_of_Vitalian)"},{"link_name":"Crathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crati"},{"link_name":"serfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serf"},{"link_name":"Calatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calatia"},{"link_name":"Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento"},{"link_name":"serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"Burgundians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"}],"text":"American classical archaeologist Martin Padway is visiting the Pantheon in Rome in 1938. A thunderstorm arrives, lightning cracks, and he finds himself transported to Rome in 535 AD. The Italian Peninsula is under the rule of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The novel depicts their rule as a relatively benevolent despotism, allowing freedom of religion and maintaining the urban Roman society they had conquered, though slavery is common and torture the normal method of interrogation.In the real timeline, the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire temporarily expanded westwards, embarking on what came to be known as the Gothic War (535-554). They overthrew the Ostrogoths in Italy and the Vandals in North Africa, but this war devastated the Italian urbanized society that required the support of intensive agriculture and Italy was severely depopulated: its population is estimated to have decreased from 7,000,000 to 2,500,000. The great cities of Roman times were abandoned and the Byzantines never fully consolidated their rule over Italy, which faced further invasions by the Lombards; Italy fell into a long period of decline. Some historians consider this the true beginning of the Dark Ages in Italy. The city of Rome was besieged thrice and many of its inhabitants did not survive the war. Padway, finding himself in this Rome and knowing what the near future holds, must act not only to preserve the future of civilization, but to improve his personal chances of survival.Padway initially wonders whether he is dreaming or delusional, but he quickly accepts his fate. As an archaeologist, he has enough understanding of various devices used before his time, but after the 6th century, to be able to reproduce them by the means available. He can speak both modern Italian and Classical Latin, and quickly learns enough Vulgar Latin to communicate effectively. Most crucially, Padway has read with great attention the book of the historian Procopius, who described the very war at whose outset Padway finds himself. He recalls the book in great detail, down to details of the time and route of the various armies' moves and their tactical and strategic considerations, as well as the convoluted and violent power struggles of the various contenders for the Gothic Kingship. Thus Padway, in effect, knows the direct, immediate future of the country where he lives and of some individual people whom he meets (at least, until he acts in a way that changes that future). In addition to this specialized and uniquely useful knowledge of the current war, Padway has taken a general interest in military history, which he is eventually able to put to very practical purposes.Padway's first idea is to make a copper still and sell brandy for a living. He persuades a banker, Thomasus the Syrian, to lend him seed money to start his endeavor. He teaches his and Thomasus's clerks Arabic numerals and double entry bookkeeping. He eventually develops a printing press, issues a newspaper, and builds a crude semaphore telegraph system utilizing small telescopes. However, he fails to produce a mechanical clock, and temporarily halts his experiments attempting to reinvent gunpowder and cannons. He becomes increasingly involved in the politics of the state as Italy is invaded by the Byzantines and also threatened from the north.Padway rescues the recently deposed king Thiudahad and becomes his quaestor. He uses the king's support to gather forces to defeat the formidable Byzantine general Belisarius. He manages to surprise Belisarius with tactics never used in the ancient world. Then, deceiving the Dalmatian army, Padway reinstates the senile Thiudahad and imprisons King Wittigis as a hostage. In 537, when Wittigis is killed and Thiudahad descends into madness, Padway has a protégé of his, Urias, married to Mathaswentha and crowned king of the Ostrogoths. He tricks Justinian I into releasing Belisarius from his oath of allegiance and quickly enlists the military genius to command an army against the Franks.The landing of a Byzantine army at Vibo, led by Bloody John, and a rebellion, led by Thiudahad's son, threaten the Ostrogothic kingdom and its army is destroyed at Crathis Valley. Padway assembles a new force, spreads an \"emancipation proclamation\" to the Italian serfs and recalls Belisarius after his defeat of the Franks. The armies clash near Calatia and then Benevento. Despite the lack of discipline of his Gothic forces, some simple tactical tricks and the nick-of-time arrival of Belisarius secure Padway's victory.At the end of the novel, Padway has stabilized the Italo-Gothic kingdom, introduced a constitution, arranged the end of serfdom, liberated the Burgundians, and is having boats built for an Atlantic expedition to acquire tobacco. The king of the Visigoths has appointed Urias as his heir, reunifying the Goths. Ultimately, due to Padway's actions, Europe will not experience what Age of Enlightenment thinkers retroactively called the Dark Ages: \"darkness will not fall\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"Vandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Count Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_prefects_of_Rome#6th_century"},{"link_name":"City prefect/governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbi"},{"link_name":"Thiudahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodahad"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoth"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Urias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraias"},{"link_name":"Mathaswentha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matasuntha"},{"link_name":"Amalswentha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalasuntha"},{"link_name":"Belisarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius"}],"text":"Martin Padway (self-Latinized as Martinus Paduei): Protagonist. Transported from 1938 Rome to its 535 equivalent.\nNevitta Gummund's son: Gothic farmer, Padway's best friend in ancient Rome.\nThomasus the Syrian: Banker and confidant of Padway. Often invokes God's name, especially while bickering.\nFritharik Staifan's son: Deposed Vandal noble, who becomes Padway's bodyguard and right-hand man. Often laments the loss of his beautiful Carthage estate and remarks that they will eventually all end up in unmarked graves.\nJulia from Apulia: A servant hired by Padway who has a one-night stand with him.\nDorothea: Daughter of Cornelius Anicius and love interest for Padway.\nLeo Vekkos: Greek physician called in by Nevitta, against Padway's protests, to treat his cold.\nCount Honorius: City prefect/governor.\nLiuderis: Commander of the Goths' garrison in Rome.\nThiudahad: King of the Ostrogoths and Italians. He is deposed and replaced by Wittigis, but is brought back under Padway's influence.\nThiudegiskel: The pompous son of Thiudahad. He is usually found surrounded by his posse of friends, using his position to put anyone who wrongs him in trouble.\nUrias: Nephew of Wittigis and an ally of Padway's. Becomes king with Padway's help after Thiudahad is no longer fit to rule.\nMathaswentha: Daughter of Amalswentha and the other love interest for Padway. Their brief romance is cut short when she decides, to Padway's horror, to have any competition killed. Padway sets her up with Urias, whom she marries.\nBelisarius: General of the Eastern Roman Empire. Eventually persuaded by Padway to join the Gothic army.","title":"Principal characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Henry Holt and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_novels"},{"link_name":"Prime Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Press"},{"link_name":"Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Books"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction Book Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Book_Club"},{"link_name":"The Easton Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Easton_Press"},{"link_name":"The Masterpieces of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Masterpieces_of_Science_Fiction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISFDb-3"},{"link_name":"David Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Drake"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring the Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_To_Bring_the_Light"},{"link_name":"Baen Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books"},{"link_name":"Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_in_the_Making:_the_Time-Travel_Stories_of_L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"NESFA Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESFA_Press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISFDb-3"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_Related_Stories"},{"link_name":"E-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book"},{"link_name":"Gollancz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd"},{"link_name":"SF Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_Gateway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A novella version was first published in Unknown #10, December 1939. The complete novel was published by Henry Holt and Company on 24 February 1941[2] and reprinted by both Galaxy Publishing and Prime Press in 1949. The first British edition was published in hardcover by Heinemann in 1955. The first paperback edition was published by Pyramid Books in February 1963 and reprinted in August 1969. A later paperback edition was issued by Ballantine Books in August 1974 and reprinted in 1975, 1979 and 1983; the Ballantine edition was also issued in hardcover by the Science Fiction Book Club in April 1979 and reprinted in 1996. The importance of the work was recognized by its inclusion in The Easton Press's series The Masterpieces of Science Fiction in 1989.[3] The book has also been collected with David Drake's novella \"To Bring the Light\" in Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring the Light (Baen Books, 1996), with other works by de Camp in Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp (NESFA Press, 2005),[3] and with works by other authors in Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (Phoenix Pick, 2011). An E-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011, as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form.[4][5] Galaxy's Edge magazine reprinted Lest Darkness Fall over four issues starting in August 2014, repeating a typographical error that appears in Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (\"have\" for \"lave\" in Padway's seduction scene).","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. M. Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Stirling"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"The Enchanter Completed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanter_Completed:_A_Tribute_Anthology_for_L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Arc Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arc_Manor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_Related_Stories"},{"link_name":"David Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weber"},{"link_name":"Arc Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arc_Manor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arc Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arc_Manor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tribonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribonian"},{"link_name":"Plague of Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian"}],"text":"Several short story sequels to Lest Darkness Fall, written by other authors, have appeared over the years. \"The Apotheosis of Martin Padway\", written by S. M. Stirling, appeared in Harry Turtledove's 2005 tribute anthology honoring L. Sprague de Camp, The Enchanter Completed, and the 2011 Arc Manor anthology Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories. It offers glimpses of what might have become of the reality Padway altered, both during his old age and a few hundred years later.\"Temporal Discontinuity\" by David Weber, appeared in the second edition of the Arc Manor anthology, retitled Lest Darkness Fall and Timeless Tales Written in Tribute (2021); it was newly commissioned for the edition. It is another direct sequel, though incompatible with Stirling's \"The Apotheosis of Martin Padway.\" Like \"Apotheosis,\" it also involves a future time-traveler investigating Padway's temporal disruptions, only she thinks he's a criminal from her own time who set out to change the timeline on purpose - a crime punishable by death. When agent Yawen Clasen-Hamatti confronts Padway in person, she discovers her mistake and has a moral dilemma on her hands.The other story, \"The Fake Pandemic,\" by Harry Turtledove, was also commissioned for the second edition of the Arc Manor anthology. It is also a direct sequel to de Camp's novel, compatible with Stirling's but not Weber's. In it, Padway recruits the Byzantine jurist Tribonian in an effort to prevent the Plague of Justinian. The story follows Tribonian as he proceeds to secure the emperor Justinian I's permission and support to do just that, and follows him on his successful if thankless mission (Justinian may be supportive, but he is far from grateful).","title":"Sequels by other hands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wheels of If","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wheels_of_If"},{"link_name":"Aristotle and the Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_and_the_Gun"},{"link_name":"The Deadly Mission of Phineas Snodgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Million"},{"link_name":"Frederik Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Pohl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Came Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_Early"},{"link_name":"Poul Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Enchanter Completed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanter_Completed:_A_Tribute_Anthology_for_L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_Related_Stories"},{"link_name":"Saga Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_Age"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"David Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Drake"},{"link_name":"Baen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring The Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_To_Bring_The_Light&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_Related_Stories"},{"link_name":"Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus"},{"link_name":"Remus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus"}],"text":"Subsequent to Lest Darkness Fall, de Camp wrote two subsequent works with similar themes: \"The Wheels of If\" (1940) and \"Aristotle and the Gun\" (1958).Direct responses to Lest Darkness Fall include the stories \"The Deadly Mission of Phineas Snodgrass\" (1962) by Frederik Pohl,[6] and \"The Man Who Came Early\" (1956) by Poul Anderson.[7] In the Pohl tale, a man travels back to 1 BC and teaches modern medicine, causing a population explosion. It ends with the fantastically overpopulated alternate timeline sending someone back to assassinate the title character, allowing darkness to fall for thankful billions. It was reprinted in the anthologies The Enchanter Completed (2005) and Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (2011). The Anderson piece is a tale of an American airman sent by a storm (like Padway) to Saga Age Iceland; in this instance, the outcome proves tragic due to cultural misunderstandings and a poor fit between the protagonist's attempted innovations and local needs.Another story inspired by Lest Darkness Fall is \"To Bring The Light\", by David Drake, published together with the original in the 1996 Baen double Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring The Light and the 2011 anthology Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories. This story features Flavia Herosilla, a well-educated woman living in ancient Rome at its height. Like Padway, she is sent back in time by a lightning strike, in her case to the era of Rome's beginnings around 751 BC. Unlike Padway, who tries to change history, Flavia tries to recreate the founding of Rome based on the legends that she knows. But there is one detail she does want to change. The legends tell that on the day of Rome's founding, Romulus killed his brother Remus - and while in the process of making sure that Rome will be founded, Flavia Herosilla had fallen in love with Remus.Several editions of Lest Darkness Fall, including the one printed with \"To Bring the Light\", repeat an error in the sequence where Padway and Julia from Apulia are setting up their one night stand: in the original text a somewhat inebriated Padway says Julia's dirty feet form a barrier and \"I must lave the pedal extremities...\". Apparently some editor failed to recognize \"lave\" as a synonym for \"wash\" and turned the word into \"have\".","title":"Related works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jo Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Walton"},{"link_name":"distilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilling"},{"link_name":"double-entry bookkeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping"},{"link_name":"heliographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph"},{"link_name":"The Ancient Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carl Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagan19780528-9"},{"link_name":"Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Boucher"},{"link_name":"McComas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Francis_McComas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Algis Budrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algis_Budrys"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"P. Schuyler Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Schuyler_Miller"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"\"Time Machine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Machine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Jo Walton wrote, \"In 1939, L. Sprague de Camp came up with one of the wonderful ideas of science fiction, the man taken out of his time to a time of lower technology... As soon as Padway's there, he puts his head down and starts to concentrate on what makes these books such fun—improvising technology from what he knows and can find around him. Padway starts with distilling and double-entry bookkeeping and makes his way up to newspapers and heliographs... The more you know history, the more you can see how clever the book is... De Camp was a historian of technology. His The Ancient Engineers (1963) is a... fascinating non-fiction book.\"[8] Stating that it \"is an excellent introduction to Rome at the time of the Gothic invasion\", Carl Sagan in 1978 listed Lest Darkness Fall as an example of how science fiction \"can convey bits and pieces, hints and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader\".[9]Boucher and McComas praised the novel as \"a witty version of the Connecticut Yankee theme, distinguished by its lore of Gothic Rome.\"[10] Algis Budrys termed it \"marvelous,\" rating it as \"Maybe the best [book] DeCamp ever wrote.\"[11] P. Schuyler Miller wrote that \"Next to Wells's \"Time Machine\", this could be the best time-travel novel ever written.\"[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-interviewHT_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"A Moment in Time – An Interview with Harry Turtledove\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfsite.com/09a/saht207.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [A] Group 1. Books. New Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xIZaAAAAIAAJ&pg=pa139"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ISFDb_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ISFDb_3-1"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1638"},{"link_name":"Internet Speculative Fiction Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110826223742/http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com entry for e-book edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Lest-Darkness-Fall-ebook/dp/B005HRT8W2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall_and_Related_Stories"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Silver, Steven H. \"The Best Time Travel Stories of All Time, edited by Barry M. Malzberg\" (2003 review)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sfsite.com/06a/bt153.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Has Queen Amalasuntha Been Assassinated Yet? L. Sprague de Camp's Lest Darkness Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tor.com/2008/08/14/lest-darkness-fall/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sagan19780528_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Growing up with Science Fiction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"F&SF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%26SF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"F&SF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%26SF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"}],"text":"^ Auden, Sandy (2005). \"A Moment in Time – An Interview with Harry Turtledove\". SF Site. Retrieved 17 March 2010.\n\n^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (1941). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [A] Group 1. Books. New Series. p. 139.\n\n^ a b Lest Darkness Fall title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\n^ \"Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-10-03.\n\n^ Amazon.com entry for e-book edition\n\n^ Lest Darkness Fall and Related Stories (Arc Manor, 2011) - publisher's blurb.\n\n^ Silver, Steven H. \"The Best Time Travel Stories of All Time, edited by Barry M. Malzberg\" (2003 review).\n\n^ \"Has Queen Amalasuntha Been Assassinated Yet? L. Sprague de Camp's Lest Darkness Fall\" – book review by Jo Walton\n\n^ Sagan, Carl (1978-05-28). \"Growing up with Science Fiction\". The New York Times. p. SM7. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-12-12.\n\n^ \"Recommended Reading,\" F&SF, February 1950, p.106\n\n^ \"Books\", F&SF, January 1984, p. 31.\n\n^ \"The Reference Library,\" Analog, April 1970, p. 170.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bleiler, Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_F._Bleiler"},{"link_name":"The Checklist of Fantastic Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei"},{"link_name":"95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n107"}],"text":"Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 95.\nLaughlin, Charlotte; Daniel J. H. Levack (1983). De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco: Underwood/Miller. pp. 72–75.","title":"General and cited sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Auden, Sandy (2005). \"A Moment in Time – An Interview with Harry Turtledove\". SF Site. Retrieved 17 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfsite.com/09a/saht207.htm","url_text":"\"A Moment in Time – An Interview with Harry Turtledove\""}]},{"reference":"Library of Congress Copyright Office (1941). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [A] Group 1. Books. New Series. p. 139.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xIZaAAAAIAAJ&pg=pa139","url_text":"Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [A] Group 1. Books. New Series"}]},{"reference":"\"Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826223742/http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2","url_text":"\"Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage\""},{"url":"http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sagan, Carl (1978-05-28). \"Growing up with Science Fiction\". The New York Times. p. SM7. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html","url_text":"\"Growing up with Science Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 95.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_F._Bleiler","url_text":"Bleiler, Everett"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei","url_text":"The Checklist of Fantastic Literature"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n107","url_text":"95"}]},{"reference":"Laughlin, Charlotte; Daniel J. H. Levack (1983). De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco: Underwood/Miller. pp. 72–75.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sfsite.com/09a/saht207.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Moment in Time – An Interview with Harry Turtledove\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xIZaAAAAIAAJ&pg=pa139","external_links_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [A] Group 1. Books. New Series"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1638","external_links_name":"Lest Darkness Fall"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826223742/http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2","external_links_name":"\"Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage\""},{"Link":"http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Lest-Darkness-Fall-ebook/dp/B005HRT8W2","external_links_name":"Amazon.com entry for e-book edition"},{"Link":"https://www.sfsite.com/06a/bt153.htm","external_links_name":"Silver, Steven H. \"The Best Time Travel Stories of All Time, edited by Barry M. Malzberg\" (2003 review)"},{"Link":"https://www.tor.com/2008/08/14/lest-darkness-fall/","external_links_name":"Has Queen Amalasuntha Been Assassinated Yet? L. Sprague de Camp's Lest Darkness Fall"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html","external_links_name":"\"Growing up with Science Fiction\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei","external_links_name":"The Checklist of Fantastic Literature"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n107","external_links_name":"95"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1638","external_links_name":"Lest Darkness Fall"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2113816W","external_links_name":"Lest Darkness Fall"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/Unknown_v02n04_1939-12_unz.org#page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"short story"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_Science_Fiction_Novel_24_L._Sprague_de_Camp_Lest_Darkness_Fall_1949#page/n1/mode/2up","external_links_name":"novel"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4699151052076933530009","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe
Aloe
["1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Systematics","3.1 Species","4 Uses","4.1 Historical uses","4.2 Aloin in OTC laxative products","4.3 Chemical properties","4.4 Flavoring","5 Heraldic occurrence","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Genus of succulent flowering plants For other uses, see Aloe (disambiguation). Aloe Aloe succotrina Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Asphodelaceae Subfamily: Asphodeloideae Tribe: Aloeae Genus: AloeL. Type species Aloe perfoliataL. Species See Species Synonyms Lomatophyllum Willd. Rhipidodendrum Willd. Phylloma Ker Gawl. Pachidendron Haw. Agriodendron Endl. Atevala Raf. Busipho Salisb. Chamaealoe A.Berger × Lomataloe Guillaumin Leptaloe Stapf Aloinella (A.Berger) Lemée Guillauminia A.Bertrand × Alchamaloe G.D.Rowley × Aleptoe G.D.Rowley × Allauminia G.D.Rowley × Alamaealoe P.V.Heath × Aloella G.D.Rowley × Leptauminia G.D.Rowley × Chamaeleptaloe Rowley × Leptaloinella G.D.Rowley × Allemeea P.V.Heath × Aloptaloe P.V.Heath × Lemeea P.V.Heath × Bleckara P.V.Heath × Leminia P.V.Heath Succulent plants, such as this aloe, store water in their enlarged fleshy leaves, stems, or roots, as shown in this split aloe leaf. This allows them to survive in arid environments. Spikes on an Aloe Vera houseplant Aloe (/ˈæloʊ, ˈæloʊi, əˈloʊi/; also written Aloë) is a genus containing over 650 species of flowering succulent plants. The most widely known species is Aloe vera, or "true aloe". It is called this because it is cultivated as the standard source for assorted pharmaceutical purposes. Other species, such as Aloe ferox, are also cultivated or harvested from the wild for similar applications. The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. Within the subfamily it may be placed in the tribe Aloeae. In the past, it has been assigned to the family Aloaceae (now included in the Asphodeloidae) or to a broadly circumscribed family Liliaceae (the lily family). The plant Agave americana, which is sometimes called "American aloe", belongs to the Asparagaceae, a different family. The genus is native to tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, and various islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Réunion, Comoros, etc.). A few species have also become naturalized in other regions (Mediterranean, India, Australia, North and South America, Hawaiian Islands, etc.). Etymology The genus name Aloe is derived from the Arabic word alloeh, meaning "bitter and shiny substance" or from Hebrew אוהלים ahalim, plural of אוהל ahal. Description Most Aloe species have a rosette of large, thick, fleshy leaves. Aloe flowers are tubular, frequently yellow, orange, pink, or red, and are borne, densely clustered and pendant, at the apex of simple or branched, leafless stems. Many species of Aloe appear to be stemless, with the rosette growing directly at ground level; other varieties may have a branched or unbranched stem from which the fleshy leaves spring. They vary in color from grey to bright-green and are sometimes striped or mottled. Some aloes native to South Africa are tree-like (arborescent). Systematics The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. In the past it has also been assigned to the families Liliaceae and Aloeaceae, as well as the family Asphodelaceae sensu stricto, before this was merged into the Asphodelaceae sensu lato. The circumscription of the genus has varied widely. Many genera, such as Lomatophyllum, have been brought into synonymy. Species at one time placed in Aloe, such as Agave americana, have been moved to other genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies, particularly from 2010 onwards, suggested that as then circumscribed, Aloe was not monophyletic and should be divided into more tightly defined genera. In 2014, John Charles Manning and coworkers produced a phylogeny in which Aloe was divided into six genera: Aloidendron, Kumara, Aloiampelos, Aloe, Aristaloe and Gonialoe. Species Main article: List of Aloe species Over 600 species are accepted in the genus Aloe, plus even more synonyms and unresolved species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids. Some of the accepted species are: Aloe aculeata Pole-Evans Aloe africana Mill. Aloe albida (Stapf) Reynolds Aloe albiflora Guillaumin Aloe arborescens Mill. Aloe arenicola Reynolds Aloe argenticauda Merxm. & Giess Aloe bakeri Scott-Elliot Aloe ballii Reynolds Aloe ballyi Reynolds Aloe brevifolia Mill. Aloe broomii Schönland Aloe buettneri A.Berger Aloe camperi Schweinf. Aloe capitata Baker Aloe comosa Marloth & A.Berger Aloe cooperi Baker Aloe corallina Verd. Aloe dewinteri Giess ex Borman & Hardy Aloe erinacea D.S.Hardy Aloe excelsa A.Berger Aloe ferox Mill. Aloe forbesii Balf.f. Aloe helenae Danguy Aloe hereroensis Engl. Aloe inermis Forssk. Aloe inyangensis Christian Aloe jawiyon S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. Aloe jucunda Reynolds Aloe khamiesensis Pillans Aloe kilifiensis Christian Aloe maculata All. Aloe marlothii A.Berger Aloe mubendiensis Christian Aloe namibensis Giess Aloe nyeriensis Christian & I.Verd. Aloe pearsonii Schönland Aloe peglerae Schönland Aloe perfoliata L. Aloe perryi Baker Aloe petricola Pole-Evans Aloe polyphylla Pillans Aloe rauhii Reynolds Aloe reynoldsii Letty Aloe scobinifolia Reynolds & Bally Aloe sinkatana Reynolds Aloe squarrosa Baker ex Balf.f. Aloe striata Haw. Aloe succotrina Lam. Aloe suzannae Decary Aloe thraskii Baker Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Aloe viridiflora Reynolds Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds In addition to the species and hybrids between species within the genus, several hybrids with other genera have been created in cultivation, such as between Aloe and Gasteria (× Gasteraloe), and between Aloe and Astroloba (×Aloloba). Multiple Aloe species with a variety of growth forms. UCLA Botanical Garden Uses Aloe species are frequently cultivated as ornamental plants both in gardens and in pots. Many aloe species are highly decorative and are valued by collectors of succulents. Aloe vera is used both internally and externally on humans as folk or alternative medicine. The Aloe species is known for its medicinal and cosmetic properties. Around 75% of Aloe species are used locally for medicinal uses. The plants can also be made into types of special soaps or used in other skin care products (see natural skin care). Numerous cultivars with mixed or uncertain parentage are grown. Of these, Aloe 'Lizard Lips' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Aloe variegata has been planted on graves in the belief that this ensures eternal life. Historical uses Depiction of Aloe, labeled in Greek "ΑΛΟΗ" (Aloë) from the Juliana Anicia Codex, a copy, written in Constantinople in 515 AD, of Dioscorides' 1st century AD work. Historical use of various aloe species is well documented. Documentation of the clinical effectiveness is available, although relatively limited. Of the 500+ species, only a few were used traditionally as herbal medicines, Aloe vera again being the most commonly used species. Also included are A. perryi and A. ferox. The Ancient Greeks and Romans used Aloe vera to treat wounds. In the Middle Ages, the yellowish liquid found inside the leaves was favored as a purgative. Unprocessed aloe that contains aloin is generally used as a laxative, whereas processed juice does not usually contain significant aloin. Some species, particularly Aloe vera, are used in alternative medicine and first aid. Both the translucent inner pulp and the resinous yellow aloin from wounding the aloe plant are used externally for skin discomforts. As an herbal medicine, Aloe vera juice is commonly used internally for digestive discomfort. According to Cancer Research UK, a potentially deadly product called T-UP is made of concentrated aloe, and promoted as a cancer cure. They say "there is currently no evidence that aloe products can help to prevent or treat cancer in humans". Aloin in OTC laxative products On May 9, 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule banning the use of aloin, the yellow sap of the aloe plant, for use as a laxative ingredient in over-the-counter drug products. Most aloe juices today do not contain significant aloin. Chemical properties According to W. A. Shenstone, two classes of aloins are recognized: (1) nataloins, which yield picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, and do not give a red coloration with nitric acid; and (2) barbaloins, which yield aloetic acid (C7H2N3O5), chrysammic acid (C7H2N2O6), picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, being reddened by the acid. This second group may be divided into a-barbaloins, obtained from Barbados Aloe, and reddened in the cold, and b-barbaloins, obtained from Aloe Socotrina and Zanzibar Aloe, reddened by ordinary nitric acid only when warmed or by fuming acid in the cold. Nataloin (2C17H13O7·H2O) forms bright-yellow scales, barbaloin (C17H18O7) prismatic crystals. Aloe species are used in essential oils as a safety measure to dilute the solution before they are applied to the skin. Flavoring Aloe perryi, A. barbadensis, A. ferox, and hybrids of this species with A. africana and A. spicata are listed as natural flavoring substances in the US government Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Aloe socotrina is said to be used in yellow Chartreuse. Heraldic occurrence Aloe rubrolutea occurs as a charge in heraldry, for example in the Civic Heraldry of Namibia. Gallery Aloe vossii A. rubroviolacea Aloe africana (Uitenhage aloe) Aloe marlothii (flat-flowered aloe) Aloe pluridens (French aloe) Aloe excelsa (Zimbabwe aloe) Aloe rupestris (bottlebrush aloe) Aloe hexapetala (tilt-headed aloe) Blooming Aloe arborescens Aloe cooperi (Aloe plicatilis in background on the right) Aloe hereroensis Aloe peglerae Aloe maculata - prev. A. saponaria (soap aloe) Aloe reitzii Aloe arborescens leaf cross section Aloe karasbergensis - Plant 2023-0010-3 See also List of Aloe species List of ineffective cancer treatments List of Southern African indigenous trees References ^ a b c "Aloe". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022. ^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen ^ "Definition of ALOE". 9 August 2023. ^ "aloe noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "ALOE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary". Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Aloe". ^ a b WFO (2022): Aloe L. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000001341. Accessed on: 06 Nov 2022 ^ a b "Aloe Vera: Science and Safety". NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013. ^ Salehi, Bahare; Albayrak, Sevil; Antolak, Hubert; Kręgiel, Dorota; Pawlikowska, Ewelina; Sharifi-Rad, Mehdi; Uprety, Yadav; Tsouh Fokou, Patrick Valere; Yousef, Zubaida; Amiruddin Zakaria, Zainul; Varoni, Elena Maria (2018-09-19). "Aloe Genus Plants: From Farm to Food Applications and Phytopharmacotherapy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (9): 2843. doi:10.3390/ijms19092843. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6163315. PMID 30235891. ^ a b Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "Asphodelaceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ^ Harper, Douglas (2021). "Aloe". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 1 July 2021. ^ Guo, Xiaoqing; Mei, Nan (2 April 2016). "Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects". J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 34 (2): 77–96. doi:10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826. PMC 6349368. PMID 26986231. ^ Curwin, David (16 March 2008). "aloe". Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective. Retrieved 16 December 2022. ^ Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008). Trees: a Visual Guide. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780520256507. ^ "Lomatophyllum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-02-25. ^ "Aloe americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-02-25. ^ Manning, John; Boatwright, James S.; Daru, Barnabas H.; Maurin, Olivier & Bank, Michelle van der (2014). "A Molecular Phylogeny and Generic Classification of Asphodelaceae Subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids?". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1600/036364414X678044. S2CID 86714657. ^ Woźniak, Anna; Paduch, Roman (2012-02-01). "Aloe vera extract activity on human corneal cells". Pharmaceutical Biology. 50 (2): 147–154. doi:10.3109/13880209.2011.579980. ISSN 1388-0209. PMID 22338121. S2CID 40123094. ^ a b Fentaw, Eshetu; Dagne, Kifle; Wondimu, Tigist; Demissew, Sebsebe; Bjorå, Charlotte S.; Grace, Olwen M. (2020-11-11). "Uses and perceived sustainability of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia". South African Journal of Botany. 147: 1042–1050. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.11.001. ISSN 0254-6299. S2CID 228929133. ^ Radha, Maharjan H.; Laxmipriya, Nampoothiri P. (2015-01-01). "Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 5 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006. ISSN 2225-4110. PMC 4488101. PMID 26151005. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Aloe 'Lizard Lips'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2018. ^ Klopper, Ronell; Smith, Gideon. "Aloe genus L." PlantZAfrica. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ a b Folio 15 Juliana Anicia Codex ^ Tom Reynolds, ed. (2004). Aloes: the Genus Aloe. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30672-0. ^ "Aloe Vera Juice - How to Make it and its Side Effects". November 20, 2015. ^ Wong, Cathy (September 15, 2012). "Heartburn Remedies". About.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2009. ^ "Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Aloe Vera For IBS". Medscape. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "Aloe". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2013. ^ Food Drug Administration, HHS (2002). "Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule". Fed Regist. 67 (90). Food and Drug Administration, HHS: 31125–7. PMID 12001972. ^ Orchard, Ané; Kamatou, Guy; Viljoen, Alvaro M.; Patel, Namita; Mawela, Patricia; van Vuuren, Sandy F. (2019-01-14). "The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019: 1–24. doi:10.1155/2019/6981305. ISSN 1741-427X. PMC 6348851. PMID 30733812. ^ "§172.510 Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors e-CFR". ^ John Tellman (1900) The Practical Hotel Steward, The Hotel Monthly, Chicago ^ "Civic Heraldry of Namibia". Heraldry of the World. Ralf Hartemink. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2013. Further reading Carter, Susan (2011). Aloes : the definitive guide. British Cactus and Succulent Society. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Kew Pub. ISBN 9781842464397. OCLC 670480354. Ben-Erik, Van Wyk; Smith, Gideon (2014). Guide to the aloes of South Africa (Third ed.). Pretoria, South Africa. ISBN 9781920217389. OCLC 897036340.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aloe. Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Aloe". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. vteHerbs used as laxativesAnthraquinones Aloe Cascara Frangula Rhubarb Senna Yellow dock Bulk-forming agents Ispaghula Broadleaf plantain Agar Bran Tragacanth Sugar-containing herbs Tamarind Plum Other Castor oil Taxon identifiersAloe Wikidata: Q127134 Wikispecies: Aloe APDB: 187962 APNI: 82679 BOLD: 205082 CoL: 8VTM9 eFloraSA: Aloe EoL: 39863588 EPPO: 1ALFG FloraBase: 22603 FNA: 101163 FoAO2: Aloe FoC: 101163 GBIF: 2770879 GRIN: 440 iNaturalist: 71956 IPNI: 23960-1 IRMNG: 1049795 ITIS: 42772 NBN: NHMSYS0000494983 NCBI: 25641 NZOR: e54a6854-bb03-4258-b5c0-883b6db056e3 Open Tree of Life: 622035 PLANTS: ALOE POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30106039-2 Tropicos: 40010612 VicFlora: 2e5e96f1-0f7b-422d-a21a-6121afc333ce WFO: wfo-4000001341 Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aloe (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Split_Aloe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Succulent plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_Vera_houseplant.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˈæloʊ, ˈæloʊi, əˈloʊi/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"flowering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"succulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFO-7"},{"link_name":"Aloe vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH-8"},{"link_name":"Aloe ferox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_ferox"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"APG IV system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG_IV_system"},{"link_name":"Asphodelaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodelaceae"},{"link_name":"Asphodeloideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodeloideae"},{"link_name":"Aloeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloeae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APweb-10"},{"link_name":"Aloaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloaceae"},{"link_name":"circumscribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Liliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae"},{"link_name":"Agave americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_americana"},{"link_name":"Asparagaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagaceae"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Aloe (disambiguation).Succulent plants, such as this aloe, store water in their enlarged fleshy leaves, stems, or roots, as shown in this split aloe leaf. This allows them to survive in arid environments.Spikes on an Aloe Vera houseplantAloe (/ˈæloʊ, ˈæloʊi, əˈloʊi/;[3][4][5][6] also written Aloë) is a genus containing over 650 species of flowering succulent plants.[7] The most widely known species is Aloe vera, or \"true aloe\". It is called this because it is cultivated as the standard source for assorted pharmaceutical purposes.[8] Other species, such as Aloe ferox, are also cultivated or harvested from the wild for similar applications.[9]The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. Within the subfamily it may be placed in the tribe Aloeae.[10] In the past, it has been assigned to the family Aloaceae (now included in the Asphodeloidae) or to a broadly circumscribed family Liliaceae (the lily family). The plant Agave americana, which is sometimes called \"American aloe\", belongs to the Asparagaceae, a different family.The genus is native to tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, and various islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Réunion, Comoros, etc.). A few species have also become naturalized in other regions (Mediterranean, India, Australia, North and South America, Hawaiian Islands, etc.).[1]","title":"Aloe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The genus name Aloe is derived from the Arabic word alloeh, meaning \"bitter and shiny substance\" or from Hebrew אוהלים ahalim, plural of אוהל ahal.[11][12][13]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"mottled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoddStackhouse-14"}],"text":"Most Aloe species have a rosette of large, thick, fleshy leaves. Aloe flowers are tubular, frequently yellow, orange, pink, or red, and are borne, densely clustered and pendant, at the apex of simple or branched, leafless stems. Many species of Aloe appear to be stemless, with the rosette growing directly at ground level; other varieties may have a branched or unbranched stem from which the fleshy leaves spring. They vary in color from grey to bright-green and are sometimes striped or mottled. Some aloes native to South Africa are tree-like (arborescent).[14]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APG IV system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG_IV_system"},{"link_name":"Asphodelaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodelaceae"},{"link_name":"Asphodeloideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodeloideae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APweb-10"},{"link_name":"Liliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae"},{"link_name":"sensu stricto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_stricto"},{"link_name":"sensu lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"circumscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCSP_280369-15"},{"link_name":"synonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Agave americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_americana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCSP_297041-16"},{"link_name":"Molecular phylogenetic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"John Charles Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Manning"},{"link_name":"Aloidendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloidendron"},{"link_name":"Kumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Aloiampelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloiampelos"},{"link_name":"Aristaloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristaloe"},{"link_name":"Gonialoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonialoe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MannBoatDaruMaur14-17"}],"text":"The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae.[10] In the past it has also been assigned to the families Liliaceae and Aloeaceae, as well as the family Asphodelaceae sensu stricto, before this was merged into the Asphodelaceae sensu lato.The circumscription of the genus has varied widely. Many genera, such as Lomatophyllum,[15] have been brought into synonymy. Species at one time placed in Aloe, such as Agave americana, have been moved to other genera.[16] Molecular phylogenetic studies, particularly from 2010 onwards, suggested that as then circumscribed, Aloe was not monophyletic and should be divided into more tightly defined genera. In 2014, John Charles Manning and coworkers produced a phylogeny in which Aloe was divided into six genera: Aloidendron, Kumara, Aloiampelos, Aloe, Aristaloe and Gonialoe.[17]","title":"Systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFO-7"},{"link_name":"Aloe aculeata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_aculeata"},{"link_name":"Aloe africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_africana"},{"link_name":"Aloe albida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_albida"},{"link_name":"Aloe albiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_albiflora"},{"link_name":"Aloe arborescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_arborescens"},{"link_name":"Aloe arenicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_arenicola"},{"link_name":"Aloe argenticauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_argenticauda"},{"link_name":"Aloe bakeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_bakeri"},{"link_name":"Aloe ballii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_ballii"},{"link_name":"Aloe ballyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_ballyi"},{"link_name":"Aloe brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"Aloe broomii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_broomii"},{"link_name":"Aloe buettneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_buettneri"},{"link_name":"Aloe camperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_camperi"},{"link_name":"Aloe capitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_capitata"},{"link_name":"Aloe comosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_comosa"},{"link_name":"Aloe cooperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_cooperi"},{"link_name":"Aloe corallina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_corallina"},{"link_name":"Aloe dewinteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_dewinteri"},{"link_name":"Aloe erinacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_erinacea"},{"link_name":"Aloe excelsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_excelsa"},{"link_name":"Aloe ferox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_ferox"},{"link_name":"Aloe forbesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_forbesii"},{"link_name":"Aloe helenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_helenae"},{"link_name":"Aloe hereroensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_hereroensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe inermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_inermis"},{"link_name":"Aloe inyangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_inyangensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe jawiyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_jawiyon"},{"link_name":"Aloe jucunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_jucunda"},{"link_name":"Aloe khamiesensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_khamiesensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe kilifiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_kilifiensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe maculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_maculata"},{"link_name":"Aloe marlothii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_marlothii"},{"link_name":"Aloe mubendiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_mubendiensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe namibensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_namibensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe nyeriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_nyeriensis"},{"link_name":"Aloe pearsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_pearsonii"},{"link_name":"Aloe peglerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_peglerae"},{"link_name":"Aloe perfoliata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_perfoliata"},{"link_name":"Aloe perryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_perryi"},{"link_name":"Aloe petricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_petricola"},{"link_name":"Aloe polyphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_polyphylla"},{"link_name":"Aloe rauhii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_rauhii"},{"link_name":"Aloe reynoldsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_reynoldsii"},{"link_name":"Aloe scobinifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_scobinifolia"},{"link_name":"Aloe sinkatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_sinkatana"},{"link_name":"Aloe squarrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_squarrosa"},{"link_name":"Aloe striata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_striata"},{"link_name":"Aloe succotrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_succotrina"},{"link_name":"Aloe suzannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_suzannae"},{"link_name":"Aloe thraskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_thraskii"},{"link_name":"Aloe vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera"},{"link_name":"Aloe viridiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_viridiflora"},{"link_name":"Aloe wildii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_wildii"},{"link_name":"Gasteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasteria"},{"link_name":"× Gasteraloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%97_Gasteraloe"},{"link_name":"Astroloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroloba"},{"link_name":"×Aloloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%97Aloloba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_diversity.jpg"},{"link_name":"UCLA Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_E._Mathias_Botanical_Garden"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Over 600 species are accepted in the genus Aloe, plus even more synonyms and unresolved species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids. Some of the accepted species are:[7]Aloe aculeata Pole-Evans \nAloe africana Mill. \nAloe albida (Stapf) Reynolds \nAloe albiflora Guillaumin \nAloe arborescens Mill. \nAloe arenicola Reynolds \nAloe argenticauda Merxm. & Giess \nAloe bakeri Scott-Elliot \nAloe ballii Reynolds \nAloe ballyi Reynolds \nAloe brevifolia Mill. \nAloe broomii Schönland \nAloe buettneri A.Berger\nAloe camperi Schweinf. \nAloe capitata Baker \nAloe comosa Marloth & A.Berger \nAloe cooperi Baker\nAloe corallina Verd. \nAloe dewinteri Giess ex Borman & Hardy \nAloe erinacea D.S.Hardy \nAloe excelsa A.Berger \nAloe ferox Mill. \nAloe forbesii Balf.f. \nAloe helenae Danguy \nAloe hereroensis Engl. \nAloe inermis Forssk. \nAloe inyangensis Christian \nAloe jawiyon S.J.Christie, D.P.Hannon & Oakman ex A.G.Mill. \nAloe jucunda Reynolds \nAloe khamiesensis Pillans\nAloe kilifiensis Christian \nAloe maculata All.\nAloe marlothii A.Berger \nAloe mubendiensis Christian\nAloe namibensis Giess \nAloe nyeriensis Christian & I.Verd. \nAloe pearsonii Schönland \nAloe peglerae Schönland \nAloe perfoliata L. \nAloe perryi Baker \nAloe petricola Pole-Evans \nAloe polyphylla Pillans \nAloe rauhii Reynolds \nAloe reynoldsii Letty \nAloe scobinifolia Reynolds & Bally \nAloe sinkatana Reynolds \nAloe squarrosa Baker ex Balf.f. \nAloe striata Haw. \nAloe succotrina Lam. \nAloe suzannae Decary \nAloe thraskii Baker \nAloe vera (L.) Burm.f. \nAloe viridiflora Reynolds \nAloe wildii (Reynolds) ReynoldsIn addition to the species and hybrids between species within the genus, several hybrids with other genera have been created in cultivation, such as between Aloe and Gasteria (× Gasteraloe), and between Aloe and Astroloba (×Aloloba).Multiple Aloe species with a variety of growth forms. UCLA Botanical Garden","title":"Systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_medicine"},{"link_name":"alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"natural skin care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_skin_care"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Aloe species are frequently cultivated as ornamental plants both in gardens and in pots. Many aloe species are highly decorative and are valued by collectors of succulents. Aloe vera is used both internally and externally on humans as folk or alternative medicine.[18] The Aloe species is known for its medicinal and cosmetic properties.[19] Around 75% of Aloe species are used locally for medicinal uses.[19] The plants can also be made into types of special soaps or used in other skin care products (see natural skin care).[20]Numerous cultivars with mixed or uncertain parentage are grown. Of these, Aloe 'Lizard Lips' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[21]Aloe variegata has been planted on graves in the belief that this ensures eternal life.[22]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe,_Juliana_Anicia_Codex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juliana Anicia Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Anicia_Codex"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folio_15_Juliana_Anicia_Codex-23"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"herbal medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine"},{"link_name":"purgative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgative"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folio_15_Juliana_Anicia_Codex-23"},{"link_name":"aloin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AloeSideEffects-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altmed-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS-27"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Historical uses","text":"Depiction of Aloe, labeled in Greek \"ΑΛΟΗ\" (Aloë) from the Juliana Anicia Codex, a copy, written in Constantinople in 515 AD, of Dioscorides' 1st century AD work.[23]Historical use of various aloe species is well documented. Documentation of the clinical effectiveness is available, although relatively limited.[8][24]Of the 500+ species, only a few were used traditionally as herbal medicines, Aloe vera again being the most commonly used species. Also included are A. perryi and A. ferox. The Ancient Greeks and Romans used Aloe vera to treat wounds. In the Middle Ages, the yellowish liquid found inside the leaves was favored as a purgative.[23] Unprocessed aloe that contains aloin is generally used as a laxative, whereas processed juice does not usually contain significant aloin.[25]Some species, particularly Aloe vera, are used in alternative medicine and first aid. Both the translucent inner pulp and the resinous yellow aloin from wounding the aloe plant are used externally for skin discomforts. As an herbal medicine, Aloe vera juice is commonly used internally for digestive discomfort.[26][27]According to Cancer Research UK, a potentially deadly product called T-UP is made of concentrated aloe, and promoted as a cancer cure. They say \"there is currently no evidence that aloe products can help to prevent or treat cancer in humans\".[28]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"over-the-counter drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12001972-29"}],"sub_title":"Aloin in OTC laxative products","text":"On May 9, 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule banning the use of aloin, the yellow sap of the aloe plant, for use as a laxative ingredient in over-the-counter drug products.[29] Most aloe juices today do not contain significant aloin.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"picric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picric_acid"},{"link_name":"oxalic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalic_acid"},{"link_name":"nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"barbaloins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaloin"},{"link_name":"prismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Chemical properties","text":"According to W. A. Shenstone, two classes of aloins are recognized: (1) nataloins, which yield picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, and do not give a red coloration with nitric acid; and (2) barbaloins, which yield aloetic acid (C7H2N3O5), chrysammic acid (C7H2N2O6), picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, being reddened by the acid. This second group may be divided into a-barbaloins, obtained from Barbados Aloe, and reddened in the cold, and b-barbaloins, obtained from Aloe Socotrina and Zanzibar Aloe, reddened by ordinary nitric acid only when warmed or by fuming acid in the cold. Nataloin (2C17H13O7·H2O) forms bright-yellow scales, barbaloin (C17H18O7) prismatic crystals. Aloe species are used in essential oils as a safety measure to dilute the solution before they are applied to the skin.[30]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Chartreuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse_(liqueur)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Flavoring","text":"Aloe perryi, A. barbadensis, A. ferox, and hybrids of this species with A. africana and A. spicata are listed as natural flavoring substances in the US government Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.[31] Aloe socotrina is said to be used in yellow Chartreuse.[32]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namibia-33"}],"text":"Aloe rubrolutea occurs as a charge in heraldry, for example in the Civic Heraldry of Namibia.[33]","title":"Heraldic occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_vossii_-_plant_(aka).jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe vossii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vossii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_rubroviolacea2.jpg"},{"link_name":"A. rubroviolacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_rubroviolacea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_africana_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_africana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gardenology-IMG_5394_hunt10mar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe marlothii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_marlothii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_pluridens_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe pluridens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_pluridens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_excelsa_at_Mount_Coot-tha.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aloe excelsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_excelsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_rupestris,_vroe%C3%AB_bloeiwyse,_Pretoria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe rupestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_rupestris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_speciosa_-_tilt_head_aloe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe hexapetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_hexapetala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blooming_aloes_wide_view_alternate,_with_bright_sun_behind.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe arborescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_arborescens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_cooperi_in_flower_IMG_1702e.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_hereroensis_Auob_C15.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aloe hereroensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_hereroensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_peglerae01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe peglerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_peglerae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_saponaria_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe maculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_maculata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_reitzii_flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aloe reitzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_reitzii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_arborescens_leaf_cross_section.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_karasbergensis_young_plant.jpg"}],"text":"Aloe vossii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA. rubroviolacea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe africana (Uitenhage aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe marlothii (flat-flowered aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe pluridens (French aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe excelsa (Zimbabwe aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe rupestris (bottlebrush aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe hexapetala (tilt-headed aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlooming Aloe arborescens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe cooperi (Aloe plicatilis in background on the right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe hereroensis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe peglerae\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe maculata - prev. A. saponaria (soap aloe)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe reitzii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe arborescens leaf cross section\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAloe karasbergensis - Plant 2023-0010-3","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781842464397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842464397"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"670480354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/670480354"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781920217389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920217389"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"897036340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/897036340"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Carter, Susan (2011). Aloes : the definitive guide. British Cactus and Succulent Society. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Kew Pub. ISBN 9781842464397. OCLC 670480354.\nBen-Erik, Van Wyk; Smith, Gideon (2014). Guide to the aloes of South Africa (Third ed.). Pretoria, South Africa. ISBN 9781920217389. OCLC 897036340.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Succulent plants, such as this aloe, store water in their enlarged fleshy leaves, stems, or roots, as shown in this split aloe leaf. This allows them to survive in arid environments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Split_Aloe.jpg/180px-Split_Aloe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spikes on an Aloe Vera houseplant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aloe_Vera_houseplant.jpg/220px-Aloe_Vera_houseplant.jpg"},{"image_text":"Multiple Aloe species with a variety of growth forms. UCLA Botanical Garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aloe_diversity.jpg/220px-Aloe_diversity.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depiction of Aloe, labeled in Greek \"ΑΛΟΗ\" (Aloë) from the Juliana Anicia Codex, a copy, written in Constantinople in 515 AD, of Dioscorides' 1st century AD work.[23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aloe%2C_Juliana_Anicia_Codex.jpg/220px-Aloe%2C_Juliana_Anicia_Codex.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Aloe species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aloe_species"},{"title":"List of ineffective cancer treatments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ineffective_cancer_treatments"},{"title":"List of Southern African indigenous trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_African_indigenous_trees"}]
[{"reference":"\"Aloe\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30106039-2","url_text":"\"Aloe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of ALOE\". 9 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aloe","url_text":"\"Definition of ALOE\""}]},{"reference":"\"aloe noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com\". Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/aloe","url_text":"\"aloe noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALOE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary\". Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aloe","url_text":"\"ALOE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Aloe\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aloe","url_text":"\"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Aloe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aloe Vera: Science and Safety\". NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nccih.nih.gov/health/aloevera","url_text":"\"Aloe Vera: Science and Safety\""}]},{"reference":"Salehi, Bahare; Albayrak, Sevil; Antolak, Hubert; Kręgiel, Dorota; Pawlikowska, Ewelina; Sharifi-Rad, Mehdi; Uprety, Yadav; Tsouh Fokou, Patrick Valere; Yousef, Zubaida; Amiruddin Zakaria, Zainul; Varoni, Elena Maria (2018-09-19). \"Aloe Genus Plants: From Farm to Food Applications and Phytopharmacotherapy\". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (9): 2843. doi:10.3390/ijms19092843. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6163315. PMID 30235891.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163315","url_text":"\"Aloe Genus Plants: From Farm to Food Applications and Phytopharmacotherapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms19092843","url_text":"10.3390/ijms19092843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0067","url_text":"1422-0067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163315","url_text":"6163315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30235891","url_text":"30235891"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Douglas (2021). \"Aloe\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/aloe","url_text":"\"Aloe\""}]},{"reference":"Guo, Xiaoqing; Mei, Nan (2 April 2016). \"Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects\". J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 34 (2): 77–96. doi:10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826. PMC 6349368. PMID 26986231.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349368","url_text":"\"Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10590501.2016.1166826","url_text":"10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349368","url_text":"6349368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26986231","url_text":"26986231"}]},{"reference":"Curwin, David (16 March 2008). \"aloe\". Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective. Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.balashon.com/2008/03/aloe.html","url_text":"\"aloe\""}]},{"reference":"Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008). Trees: a Visual Guide. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780520256507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520256507","url_text":"9780520256507"}]},{"reference":"\"Lomatophyllum\". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=280369","url_text":"\"Lomatophyllum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"\"Aloe americana\". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=297041","url_text":"\"Aloe americana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Manning, John; Boatwright, James S.; Daru, Barnabas H.; Maurin, Olivier & Bank, Michelle van der (2014). \"A Molecular Phylogeny and Generic Classification of Asphodelaceae Subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids?\". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1600/036364414X678044. S2CID 86714657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1600%2F036364414X678044","url_text":"10.1600/036364414X678044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86714657","url_text":"86714657"}]},{"reference":"Woźniak, Anna; Paduch, Roman (2012-02-01). \"Aloe vera extract activity on human corneal cells\". Pharmaceutical Biology. 50 (2): 147–154. doi:10.3109/13880209.2011.579980. ISSN 1388-0209. PMID 22338121. S2CID 40123094.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880209.2011.579980","url_text":"\"Aloe vera extract activity on human corneal cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880209.2011.579980","url_text":"10.3109/13880209.2011.579980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1388-0209","url_text":"1388-0209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22338121","url_text":"22338121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40123094","url_text":"40123094"}]},{"reference":"Fentaw, Eshetu; Dagne, Kifle; Wondimu, Tigist; Demissew, Sebsebe; Bjorå, Charlotte S.; Grace, Olwen M. (2020-11-11). \"Uses and perceived sustainability of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia\". South African Journal of Botany. 147: 1042–1050. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.11.001. ISSN 0254-6299. S2CID 228929133.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629920311467","url_text":"\"Uses and perceived sustainability of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sajb.2020.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.sajb.2020.11.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0254-6299","url_text":"0254-6299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228929133","url_text":"228929133"}]},{"reference":"Radha, Maharjan H.; Laxmipriya, Nampoothiri P. (2015-01-01). \"Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review\". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 5 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006. ISSN 2225-4110. PMC 4488101. PMID 26151005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488101","url_text":"\"Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcme.2014.10.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2225-4110","url_text":"2225-4110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488101","url_text":"4488101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151005","url_text":"26151005"}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Aloe 'Lizard Lips'\". Royal Horticultural Society. 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/249001/i-Aloe-i-Lizard-Lips/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Aloe 'Lizard Lips'\""}]},{"reference":"Klopper, Ronell; Smith, Gideon. \"Aloe genus L.\" PlantZAfrica. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://pza.sanbi.org/aloe-genus","url_text":"\"Aloe genus L.\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Reynolds, ed. (2004). Aloes: the Genus Aloe. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30672-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30672-0","url_text":"978-0-415-30672-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Aloe Vera Juice - How to Make it and its Side Effects\". November 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.superfoodliving.com/aloe-vera-juice-how-to-make-it-and-its-side-effects","url_text":"\"Aloe Vera Juice - How to Make it and its Side Effects\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, Cathy (September 15, 2012). \"Heartburn Remedies\". About.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204060842/http://altmedicine.about.com/od/therapiesfrometol/a/heartburn.htm","url_text":"\"Heartburn Remedies\""},{"url":"http://altmedicine.about.com/od/therapiesfrometol/a/heartburn.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Aloe Vera For IBS\". Medscape. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/546327","url_text":"\"Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Aloe Vera For IBS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aloe\". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806214058/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/aloe-vera","url_text":"\"Aloe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK","url_text":"Cancer Research UK"},{"url":"http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/aloe-vera","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Food Drug Administration, HHS (2002). \"Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule\". Fed Regist. 67 (90). Food and Drug Administration, HHS: 31125–7. PMID 12001972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12001972","url_text":"12001972"}]},{"reference":"Orchard, Ané; Kamatou, Guy; Viljoen, Alvaro M.; Patel, Namita; Mawela, Patricia; van Vuuren, Sandy F. (2019-01-14). \"The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils\". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019: 1–24. doi:10.1155/2019/6981305. ISSN 1741-427X. PMC 6348851. PMID 30733812.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348851","url_text":"\"The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F6981305","url_text":"10.1155/2019/6981305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1741-427X","url_text":"1741-427X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348851","url_text":"6348851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733812","url_text":"30733812"}]},{"reference":"\"§172.510 Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors e-CFR\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=3a096fd1d813e0b6f476ecd1470e7e4a&node=pt21.3.172&rgn=div5#se21.3.172_1510","url_text":"\"§172.510 Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors e-CFR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civic Heraldry of Namibia\". Heraldry of the World. Ralf Hartemink. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071227073627/http://www.ngw.nl/int/afr/windhoek.htm","url_text":"\"Civic Heraldry of Namibia\""},{"url":"http://www.ngw.nl/int/afr/windhoek.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Susan (2011). Aloes : the definitive guide. British Cactus and Succulent Society. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Kew Pub. ISBN 9781842464397. OCLC 670480354.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842464397","url_text":"9781842464397"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670480354","url_text":"670480354"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Erik, Van Wyk; Smith, Gideon (2014). Guide to the aloes of South Africa (Third ed.). Pretoria, South Africa. ISBN 9781920217389. OCLC 897036340.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920217389","url_text":"9781920217389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897036340","url_text":"897036340"}]},{"reference":"Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). \"Aloe\". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?submitForm=true&page_id=77&searchTextMenue=Aloe&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=6&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=1&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=2&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=3&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=5","url_text":"\"Aloe\""},{"url":"http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/","url_text":"African plants – a Photo Guide"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30106039-2","external_links_name":"\"Aloe\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aloe","external_links_name":"\"Definition of ALOE\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/aloe","external_links_name":"\"aloe noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com\""},{"Link":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aloe","external_links_name":"\"ALOE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aloe","external_links_name":"\"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Aloe\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000001341","external_links_name":"http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000001341"},{"Link":"http://nccih.nih.gov/health/aloevera","external_links_name":"\"Aloe Vera: Science and Safety\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163315","external_links_name":"\"Aloe Genus Plants: From Farm to Food Applications and Phytopharmacotherapy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms19092843","external_links_name":"10.3390/ijms19092843"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0067","external_links_name":"1422-0067"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163315","external_links_name":"6163315"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30235891","external_links_name":"30235891"},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#aspasphodelaceae","external_links_name":"Asphodelaceae"},{"Link":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/aloe","external_links_name":"\"Aloe\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349368","external_links_name":"\"Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10590501.2016.1166826","external_links_name":"10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349368","external_links_name":"6349368"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26986231","external_links_name":"26986231"},{"Link":"https://www.balashon.com/2008/03/aloe.html","external_links_name":"\"aloe\""},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=280369","external_links_name":"\"Lomatophyllum\""},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=297041","external_links_name":"\"Aloe americana\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1600%2F036364414X678044","external_links_name":"10.1600/036364414X678044"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86714657","external_links_name":"86714657"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880209.2011.579980","external_links_name":"\"Aloe vera extract activity on human corneal cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13880209.2011.579980","external_links_name":"10.3109/13880209.2011.579980"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1388-0209","external_links_name":"1388-0209"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22338121","external_links_name":"22338121"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40123094","external_links_name":"40123094"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629920311467","external_links_name":"\"Uses and perceived sustainability of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sajb.2020.11.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.sajb.2020.11.001"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0254-6299","external_links_name":"0254-6299"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228929133","external_links_name":"228929133"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488101","external_links_name":"\"Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcme.2014.10.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2225-4110","external_links_name":"2225-4110"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488101","external_links_name":"4488101"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151005","external_links_name":"26151005"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/249001/i-Aloe-i-Lizard-Lips/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Aloe 'Lizard Lips'\""},{"Link":"http://pza.sanbi.org/aloe-genus","external_links_name":"\"Aloe genus L.\""},{"Link":"http://www.superfoodliving.com/aloe-vera-juice-how-to-make-it-and-its-side-effects","external_links_name":"\"Aloe Vera Juice - How to Make it and its Side Effects\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204060842/http://altmedicine.about.com/od/therapiesfrometol/a/heartburn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Heartburn Remedies\""},{"Link":"http://altmedicine.about.com/od/therapiesfrometol/a/heartburn.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/546327","external_links_name":"\"Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Aloe Vera For IBS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806214058/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/aloe-vera","external_links_name":"\"Aloe\""},{"Link":"http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/aloe-vera","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12001972","external_links_name":"12001972"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348851","external_links_name":"\"The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F6981305","external_links_name":"10.1155/2019/6981305"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1741-427X","external_links_name":"1741-427X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348851","external_links_name":"6348851"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733812","external_links_name":"30733812"},{"Link":"http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=3a096fd1d813e0b6f476ecd1470e7e4a&node=pt21.3.172&rgn=div5#se21.3.172_1510","external_links_name":"\"§172.510 Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors e-CFR\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/practicalhotelst01tell","external_links_name":"The Practical Hotel Steward"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071227073627/http://www.ngw.nl/int/afr/windhoek.htm","external_links_name":"\"Civic Heraldry of Namibia\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngw.nl/int/afr/windhoek.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670480354","external_links_name":"670480354"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897036340","external_links_name":"897036340"},{"Link":"http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?submitForm=true&page_id=77&searchTextMenue=Aloe&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=6&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=1&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=2&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=3&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=5","external_links_name":"\"Aloe\""},{"Link":"http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/","external_links_name":"African plants – a Photo Guide"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/187962","external_links_name":"187962"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/82679","external_links_name":"82679"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=205082","external_links_name":"205082"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VTM9","external_links_name":"8VTM9"},{"Link":"http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Aloe","external_links_name":"Aloe"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/39863588","external_links_name":"39863588"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALFG","external_links_name":"1ALFG"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22603","external_links_name":"22603"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101163","external_links_name":"101163"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Aloe","external_links_name":"Aloe"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=101163","external_links_name":"101163"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2770879","external_links_name":"2770879"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=440","external_links_name":"440"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/71956","external_links_name":"71956"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/23960-1","external_links_name":"23960-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1049795","external_links_name":"1049795"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42772","external_links_name":"42772"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000494983","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000494983"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=25641","external_links_name":"25641"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e54a6854-bb03-4258-b5c0-883b6db056e3","external_links_name":"e54a6854-bb03-4258-b5c0-883b6db056e3"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=622035","external_links_name":"622035"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ALOE","external_links_name":"ALOE"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30106039-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30106039-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40010612","external_links_name":"40010612"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/2e5e96f1-0f7b-422d-a21a-6121afc333ce","external_links_name":"2e5e96f1-0f7b-422d-a21a-6121afc333ce"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000001341","external_links_name":"wfo-4000001341"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255351r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255351r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294760005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003788","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569639","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph691741&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limca_Book_of_Records
Limca Book of Records
["1 History","2 Editions","3 People of the Year","4 Other media","5 References","6 External links"]
Human and natural world records Limca Book of Records EditorVatsala Kaul BanerjeeLanguageEnglishSeriesLimca Book of RecordsSubjectNational records by IndiansGenreIndian National Record, Reference BookPublished1987–presentPublisherCoca-Cola India (local division of Coca Cola Company)Publication dateAnnuallyPublication placeIndiaISBN9788190114868Websitecoca-colaindia.com The Limca Book of Records is an annual reference book published in India documenting world records held by Indians. The records are further categorized into education, literature, agriculture, medical science, business, sports, nature, adventure, radio and cinema. The Limca Book of Records is published in English and is a promotional tool of Limca, a soft drink brand, owned by the Coca Cola Company, it is a localised equivalent of the Guinness World Records. History The Limca Book of Records was first published in 1990, when the Limca soft drink brand was owned by Parle Bisleri. It was started originally by Ramesh Chauhan, who sold it to The Coca-Cola Company in 1993. The book continued to be published by Coca-Cola. The Limca Book of Records is now published with the patronage of Coca-Cola India which manufactures Limca. Editions Its year 2006 edition was launched in New Delhi by Atul Singh, CEO of Coca-Cola India. On 25 September 2007, a special edition was released by Coca-Cola to commemorate 60 years of India's independence. The 20th edition of this book was released by Amitabh Bachchan in March 2009. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief G. Madhavan Nair also participated in this event. The 21st text edition of the book was launched on 29 March 2011. As the sports achievers special edition, it pays special tribute to the Indian athletes in the 2010 Commonwealth Games and Asian Games. The 25th edition marking the Silver Jubilee of the book's publication was launched on International Women’s Day in 2014. The 26th edition of Limca Book of Records was launched at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2015. The 27th edition of Limca Book of Records is The Specially Abled Edition in 2016. People of the Year Main article: People of the Year Since 1992, Limca Book of Records has featured 'People of the Year'. A panel of judges (including the editorial team) selects people who have consistently contributed to 'Indian excellence'. Other media Coca-colaindia.com published an online Limca book of records archive featuring several landmark records set in India. In 1996, the Indian national television channel Doordarshan broadcast 19 episodes of Limca Book Of Records Ki Anokhi Duniya which were hosted by Siddharth Kak and featured events from the book. In 2008, Star TV News Channel aired Limca Book of Records Wah India Show on Saturdays and Sundays from April to December. Siddarth Kak made the film Triumph of the Spirit about the Limca Book of Records. The film was broadcast by the National Geographic group Fox History and Entertainment channel in 2010. References ^ "Letter from the Editor". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ "Rules for submission". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ "India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai". Coca-Cola, India. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ "Bisleri's Ramesh Chauhan offers to buy back Limca Book". timesofindia-economictimes. ^ "The Hindu Business Line : Limca Book of Records 2006 edition". Blonnet.com. 2006-06-10. Retrieved 2009-12-08. ^ "People of the country give me inspiration: Big B". The Indian Express. Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "Amitabh releases Limca Book of Records' 20th edition". Hindustan Times. ^ "On its silver jubilee, Limca Book of Records celebrates Women's Day". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "Women Achievers Honoured at Launch of Limca Book of Records". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "Limca Book honours literary stalwarts in special edition". Business Standard. Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "Jaipur Literature Festival begins on grand note". ^ "India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai". Coca-Cola, India. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ "People of The Year". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2016. ^ "Limca book of records archive". The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 2019-09-05. ^ "Stunning stunts script record - Martial art expert wards off .22mm bullets with tongue". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015. ^ "History". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. External links Official website vteRecordsWorld records Category: World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Shortest Tallest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Grand Prix motorcycle racing Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics Athletics record progressions Olympic records National records Weightlifting Men 1993–1997 1998–2018 Women 1998–2018 Junior Youth In Australia National Rugby League Australian Football League In the US NBA Regular season Post-season All-Star NFL Individual Team NHL Individual Team All-Star Major League Baseball Career Season Game Major League Soccer Track and field WNBA Regular season Post-season In India Indian Super League National records Japan Palestine Philippines Thailand Motion recordsSpeed Wave Light Sound Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft Propeller-driven Transcontinental Land vehicle (propulsively-driven Wheel-driven On rails Motorcycle Production model by top speed by acceleration Production car by top speed by acceleration Power output British Water-borne vehicle Sailing Submerged Transatlantic Distance Furthest spacecraft Furthest landing on another world Furthest humans Furthest travel on another world Closest to the Sun) Furthest flight Highest altitude) Deepest ocean vehicle Endurance Space Spaceflight On another world Person Spacecraft population Aircraft Spaceflight records Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records Structures Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Superlative trees Physical phenomena Solar System extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest-living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms vteThe Coca-Cola CompanyBrandsSoft drinks A&W Root Beer (Canada only) Ambasa Ameyal Barq's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Blue Sky Cannings Coca-Cola Fanta Frutee Hit Kist Royal Tru Tropical Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Guaraná Jesus Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Nordic Mist Northern Neck Ginger Ale OK Soda Pibb Xtra Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Santiba Sarsi Seagram's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Chinotto Stoney Surge Urge Tab Tanora Tiky Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Capri-Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi-C Honest Tea Innocent Matte Leão Minute Maid Cappy Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Peace Iced Tea Simply Beverages Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum-E Yummies VitaminWater Zico Sports drinks Aquarius Bodyarmor SuperDrink Powerade Monster Beverage(17.9% stake) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Live+ Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Von Dutch Bottled water Abbey Well AdeS Arwa Aquarius Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smartwater Topo Chico Valpre Coffee-based Caribou Coffee Costa Coffee Dunkin' Donuts Georgia illy Dairy-based Fairlife Swerve Vio Purchased from Bisleri Citra Gold Spot Limca Thums Up Maaza Joint ventures Coca-Cola Beverages Africa (66.5%) Coca-Cola Europacific Partners (19.5%) Coca-Cola FEMSA (28%) Coca-Cola Hellenic (23.2%) Bambi (23.0%) Former holdings Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca-Cola Amatil Coca-Cola Enterprises Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola (1916) Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944) Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001) POM Wonderful v. Coca-Cola (2014) Campaignsand slogans Ashita Ga Arusa Coke Zero Facial Profiler Coming Together Country Sunshine H2NO Hey Kid, Catch! I'd like to buy the world a Coke The Lost Island of Alanna MagiCan Max Headroom Move to the Beat My Coke Rewards MyCoke Once Upon a Wheel Open Happiness Pepsi Invaders Coca-Cola polar bears The Polar Bears Share a Coke Other Coca-Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca-Cola Cocacolonization Coca-Cola Freestyle Cola wars Limca Book of Records One, Two, Three (1961 film)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Limca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limca"},{"link_name":"Coca Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"The Limca Book of Records is an annual reference book published in India documenting world records held by Indians. The records are further categorized into education, literature, agriculture, medical science, business, sports, nature, adventure, radio and cinema.[2][non-primary source needed]The Limca Book of Records is published in English and is a promotional tool of Limca, a soft drink brand, owned by the Coca Cola Company, it is a localised equivalent of the Guinness World Records.[3][non-primary source needed]","title":"Limca Book of Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parle Bisleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parle_Bisleri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Limca Book of Records was first published in 1990, when the Limca soft drink brand was owned by Parle Bisleri. It was started originally by Ramesh Chauhan, who sold it to The Coca-Cola Company in 1993.[4] The book continued to be published by Coca-Cola. The Limca Book of Records is now published with the patronage of Coca-Cola India which manufactures Limca.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_India"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation"},{"link_name":"G. Madhavan Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Silver Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"International Women’s Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%E2%80%99s_Day"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jaipur Literature Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_Literature_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Its year 2006 edition was launched in New Delhi by Atul Singh, CEO of Coca-Cola India.[5]On 25 September 2007, a special edition was released by Coca-Cola to commemorate 60 years of India's independence.The 20th edition of this book was released by Amitabh Bachchan in March 2009.[6] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief G. Madhavan Nair also participated in this event.[7]The 21st text edition of the book was launched on 29 March 2011. As the sports achievers special edition, it pays special tribute to the Indian athletes in the 2010 Commonwealth Games and Asian Games.The 25th edition marking the Silver Jubilee of the book's publication was launched on International Women’s Day in 2014.[8][9]The 26th edition of Limca Book of Records was launched at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2015.[10][11]The 27th edition of Limca Book of Records is The Specially Abled Edition in 2016.[12]","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Since 1992, Limca Book of Records has featured 'People of the Year'. A panel of judges (including the editorial team) selects people who have consistently contributed to 'Indian excellence'.[13]","title":"People of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"Star TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_India"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel"}],"text":"Coca-colaindia.com published an online Limca book of records archive[14] featuring several landmark records set in India.In 1996, the Indian national television channel Doordarshan broadcast 19 episodes of Limca Book Of Records Ki Anokhi Duniya which were hosted by Siddharth Kak and featured events from the book.In 2008, Star TV News Channel aired Limca Book of Records Wah India Show on Saturdays and Sundays from April to December.[15]Siddarth Kak made the film Triumph of the Spirit about the Limca Book of Records.[16] The film was broadcast by the National Geographic group Fox History and Entertainment channel in 2010.","title":"Other media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Letter from the Editor\". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508073537/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/letter-from-editor.aspx","url_text":"\"Letter from the Editor\""},{"url":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/letter-from-editor.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rules for submission\". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126114106/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/rule.aspx","url_text":"\"Rules for submission\""},{"url":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/rule.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai\". Coca-Cola, India. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042726/http://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","url_text":"\"India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bisleri's Ramesh Chauhan offers to buy back Limca Book\". timesofindia-economictimes.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-12/news/27714756_1_coca-cola-india-limca-book-brand","url_text":"\"Bisleri's Ramesh Chauhan offers to buy back Limca Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hindu Business Line : Limca Book of Records 2006 edition\". Blonnet.com. 2006-06-10. Retrieved 2009-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/10/stories/2006061002770500.htm","url_text":"\"The Hindu Business Line : Limca Book of Records 2006 edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"People of the country give me inspiration: Big B\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/people-of-the-country-give-me-inspiration-big-b/442167/","url_text":"\"People of the country give me inspiration: Big B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh releases Limca Book of Records' 20th edition\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/amitabh-releases-limca-book-of-records-20th-edition/story-uK9JQU1iFqmeTnTfRg18pJ.html","url_text":"\"Amitabh releases Limca Book of Records' 20th edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"On its silver jubilee, Limca Book of Records celebrates Women's Day\". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312035411/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/456686/on-its-silver-jubilee-limca-book-of-records-celebrates-womens-day.html","url_text":"\"On its silver jubilee, Limca Book of Records celebrates Women's Day\""},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/456686/on-its-silver-jubilee-limca-book-of-records-celebrates-womens-day.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Women Achievers Honoured at Launch of Limca Book of Records\". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140521131730/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Women-Achievers-Honoured-at-Launch-of-Limca-Book-of-Records/2014/05/21/article2236295.ece","url_text":"\"Women Achievers Honoured at Launch of Limca Book of Records\""},{"url":"http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Women-Achievers-Honoured-at-Launch-of-Limca-Book-of-Records/2014/05/21/article2236295.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Limca Book honours literary stalwarts in special edition\". Business Standard. Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/limca-book-honours-literary-stalwarts-in-special-edition-115012100734_1.html","url_text":"\"Limca Book honours literary stalwarts in special edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaipur Literature Festival begins on grand note\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/jaipur-literature-festival-begins-on-grand-note/33277/","url_text":"\"Jaipur Literature Festival begins on grand note\""}]},{"reference":"\"India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai\". Coca-Cola, India. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042726/http://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","url_text":"\"India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"People of The Year\". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170404063839/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/people-of-the-year.aspx","url_text":"\"People of The Year\""},{"url":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/people-of-the-year.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Limca book of records archive\". The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 2019-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/packages/limca-book-of-records/lbr-archives","url_text":"\"Limca book of records archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunning stunts script record - Martial art expert wards off .22mm bullets with tongue\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150309124521/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090313/jsp/jharkhand/story_10660919.jsp","url_text":"\"Stunning stunts script record - Martial art expert wards off .22mm bullets with tongue\""},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090313/jsp/jharkhand/story_10660919.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508073541/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/about-us.aspx","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/about-us.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/limca-book-of-records/","external_links_name":"coca-colaindia.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508073537/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/letter-from-editor.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Letter from the Editor\""},{"Link":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/letter-from-editor.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126114106/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/rule.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Rules for submission\""},{"Link":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/rule.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042726/http://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","external_links_name":"\"India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai\""},{"Link":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-12/news/27714756_1_coca-cola-india-limca-book-brand","external_links_name":"\"Bisleri's Ramesh Chauhan offers to buy back Limca Book\""},{"Link":"http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/10/stories/2006061002770500.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Hindu Business Line : Limca Book of Records 2006 edition\""},{"Link":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/people-of-the-country-give-me-inspiration-big-b/442167/","external_links_name":"\"People of the country give me inspiration: Big B\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/amitabh-releases-limca-book-of-records-20th-edition/story-uK9JQU1iFqmeTnTfRg18pJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Amitabh releases Limca Book of Records' 20th edition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312035411/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/456686/on-its-silver-jubilee-limca-book-of-records-celebrates-womens-day.html","external_links_name":"\"On its silver jubilee, Limca Book of Records celebrates Women's Day\""},{"Link":"http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/456686/on-its-silver-jubilee-limca-book-of-records-celebrates-womens-day.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140521131730/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Women-Achievers-Honoured-at-Launch-of-Limca-Book-of-Records/2014/05/21/article2236295.ece","external_links_name":"\"Women Achievers Honoured at Launch of Limca Book of Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Women-Achievers-Honoured-at-Launch-of-Limca-Book-of-Records/2014/05/21/article2236295.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/limca-book-honours-literary-stalwarts-in-special-edition-115012100734_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Limca Book honours literary stalwarts in special edition\""},{"Link":"https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/jaipur-literature-festival-begins-on-grand-note/33277/","external_links_name":"\"Jaipur Literature Festival begins on grand note\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042726/http://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","external_links_name":"\"India's Pride – Limca Book of Records (LBR) 2016 unveiled at the Make India Summit, Mumbai\""},{"Link":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/indias-pride-limca-book-records-lbr-2016-unveiled-make-india-summit-mumbai/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170404063839/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/people-of-the-year.aspx","external_links_name":"\"People of The Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/people-of-the-year.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/packages/limca-book-of-records/lbr-archives","external_links_name":"\"Limca book of records archive\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150309124521/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090313/jsp/jharkhand/story_10660919.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Stunning stunts script record - Martial art expert wards off .22mm bullets with tongue\""},{"Link":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090313/jsp/jharkhand/story_10660919.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508073541/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/about-us.aspx","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/about-us.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.coca-colaindia.com/limca-book-of-records","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Pediatrics
American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
["1 Board certification","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°53′36″N 87°37′26″W / 41.8933°N 87.62398°W / 41.8933; -87.62398American Osteopathic Board of PediatricsAbbreviationAOBPFormation1940TypeProfessionalHeadquartersChicago, ILCoordinates41°53′36″N 87°37′26″W / 41.8933°N 87.62398°W / 41.8933; -87.62398ChairmanArlen Foulks, DOVice ChairmanNathanel Brady, D.O.Secretary-TreasurerMark Gabay, D.O.Websiteaobp.org The American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics (AOBP) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases in infants, children, and adolescents (pediatricians). The board is one 18 medical specialty certifying boards of the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), and was established in 1940. Certification in pediatrics has grown to over 1,000 diplomates over the last decade. It was reported in 2011, 477 osteopathic pediatricians held active certification with the AOBP. With single accreditation in place both osteopathic and allopathic residency training candidates are eligible to examine for certification with the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics. Board certification Osteopathic and Allopathic trained residents are eligible for initial certification if they have successfully completed an ACGME approved residency in pediatrics. After graduation from residency must hold a medical license in the state in which their practice is located, and must complete the required AOBP examinations. The American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics requires osteopathic pediatricians to renew their certification annually through the Longitudinal Assessment Program to receive an annual reverification date for their certification. Prior to 1995, the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics offered lifetime certificates to members recognized as board certified where their educational requirements are increased to maintain certification. Pediatricians may receive Sub-speciality Certification in the following areas: Neonatology Pediatric Allergy/Immunology Sports Medicine Addiction Medicine For the first time ever, all AOA board certified physicians will have the opportunity to obtain the additional Designation of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) alongside their AOA Specialty Board Certification. AOA Board Certification’s multi-specialty Distinct Osteopathic Examination Committee developed an exam for all AOA Certifying Boards. There are two exam components: a written examination, consisting of 70 questions, and an in-person OMT See also American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists American College of Pediatrics References ^ a b "About the AOBP". American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics. 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2012. ^ "AOA Specialty Certifying Boards". American Osteopathic Association. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012. ^ "American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics". Healthcare Workforce Information Center. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2012. ^ Ayres, Ronald E; Scheinthal, S; Gross, C; Bell, E (April 2012). "Changes to Osteopathic Specialty Board Certification". Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 112 (4): 226–231. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2012. ^ "AAP Membership". American Academy of Pediatrics. Retrieved 9 October 2018. ^ "Specialties & Subspecialties". American Osteopathic Association. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 16 September 2012. External links AOBP homepage vteAmerican Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists Anesthesiology Dermatology Emergency Medicine Family Physicians Internal Medicine Neurology and Psychiatry Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine Nuclear Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Orthopedic Surgery Pathology Pediatrics Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Preventive Medicine Proctology Radiology Surgery
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_certification"},{"link_name":"Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"infants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infants"},{"link_name":"children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children"},{"link_name":"adolescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescents"},{"link_name":"pediatricians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"medical specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists"},{"link_name":"American Osteopathic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"osteopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics (AOBP) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases in infants, children, and adolescents (pediatricians). The board is one 18 medical specialty certifying boards of the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA),[2][3] and was established in 1940. Certification in pediatrics has grown to over 1,000 diplomates over the last decade. It was reported in 2011, 477 osteopathic pediatricians held active certification with the AOBP.[4] With single accreditation in place both osteopathic and allopathic residency training candidates are eligible to examine for certification with the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics.[5]","title":"American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_residency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specialty-6"},{"link_name":"Neonatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology"},{"link_name":"Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"Sports Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Medicine"}],"text":"Osteopathic and Allopathic trained residents are eligible for initial certification if they have successfully completed an ACGME approved residency in pediatrics. After graduation from residency must hold a medical license in the state in which their practice is located, and must complete the required AOBP examinations.The American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics requires osteopathic pediatricians to renew their certification annually through the Longitudinal Assessment Program to receive an annual reverification date for their certification. Prior to 1995, the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics offered lifetime certificates to members recognized as board certified where their educational requirements are increased to maintain certification.Pediatricians may receive Sub-speciality Certification in the following areas:[6]Neonatology\nPediatric Allergy/Immunology\nSports Medicine\nAddiction MedicineFor the first time ever, all AOA board certified physicians will have the opportunity to obtain the additional Designation of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) alongside their AOA Specialty Board Certification. AOA Board Certification’s multi-specialty Distinct Osteopathic Examination Committee developed an exam for all AOA Certifying Boards. There are two exam components: a written examination, consisting of 70 questions, and an in-person OMT","title":"Board certification"}]
[]
[{"title":"American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists"}]
[{"reference":"\"About the AOBP\". American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics. 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aobp.org/about.shtml","url_text":"\"About the AOBP\""}]},{"reference":"\"AOA Specialty Certifying Boards\". American Osteopathic Association. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601001928/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/aoa-specialty-boards.aspx","url_text":"\"AOA Specialty Certifying Boards\""},{"url":"https://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/aoa-specialty-boards.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics\". Healthcare Workforce Information Center. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415002527/http://www.hwic.org/experts/details.php?id=3123","url_text":"\"American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics\""},{"url":"http://www.hwic.org/experts/details.php?id=3123","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ayres, Ronald E; Scheinthal, S; Gross, C; Bell, E (April 2012). \"Changes to Osteopathic Specialty Board Certification\". Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 112 (4): 226–231. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304171457/http://jaoa.org/content/112/4/226.full.pdf%2Bhtml","url_text":"\"Changes to Osteopathic Specialty Board Certification\""},{"url":"http://www.jaoa.org/content/112/4/226.full.pdf+html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AAP Membership\". American Academy of Pediatrics. Retrieved 9 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://shop.aap.org/aap-membership/","url_text":"\"AAP Membership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Specialties & Subspecialties\". American Osteopathic Association. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150813083503/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx","url_text":"\"Specialties & Subspecialties\""},{"url":"http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Pediatrics&params=41.8933_N_87.62398_W_","external_links_name":"41°53′36″N 87°37′26″W / 41.8933°N 87.62398°W / 41.8933; -87.62398"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Pediatrics&params=41.8933_N_87.62398_W_","external_links_name":"41°53′36″N 87°37′26″W / 41.8933°N 87.62398°W / 41.8933; -87.62398"},{"Link":"http://www.aobp.org/","external_links_name":"aobp.org"},{"Link":"http://www.aobp.org/about.shtml","external_links_name":"\"About the AOBP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601001928/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/aoa-specialty-boards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"AOA Specialty Certifying Boards\""},{"Link":"https://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/aoa-specialty-boards.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130415002527/http://www.hwic.org/experts/details.php?id=3123","external_links_name":"\"American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics\""},{"Link":"http://www.hwic.org/experts/details.php?id=3123","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304171457/http://jaoa.org/content/112/4/226.full.pdf%2Bhtml","external_links_name":"\"Changes to Osteopathic Specialty Board Certification\""},{"Link":"http://www.jaoa.org/content/112/4/226.full.pdf+html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://shop.aap.org/aap-membership/","external_links_name":"\"AAP Membership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150813083503/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Specialties & Subspecialties\""},{"Link":"http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aobp.org/","external_links_name":"AOBP homepage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_power_source
Variable renewable energy
["1 Background and terminology","2 Sources","2.1 Wind power","2.2 Solar power","2.3 Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity","2.4 Tidal power","2.5 Wave power","3 Solutions for their integration","3.1 Operational reserve","3.2 Demand response","3.3 Storage","3.4 Geographic diversity and complementing technologies","3.5 Connecting grid internationally","3.6 Sector coupling","4 Penetration","4.1 Maximum penetration limits","4.2 Economic impacts of variability","5 Examples by country","5.1 Great Britain","5.2 Germany","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Class of renewable energy sources The 150 MW Andasol solar power station is a commercial parabolic trough solar thermal power plant, in Spain. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even after sunset. Grids with high penetration of renewable energy sources generally need more flexible generation rather than baseload generation Variable renewable energy (VRE) or intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are renewable energy sources that are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power, as opposed to controllable renewable energy sources, such as dammed hydroelectricity or bioenergy, or relatively constant sources, such as geothermal power. The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure. Options to absorb large shares of variable energy into the grid include using storage, improved interconnection between different variable sources to smooth out supply, using dispatchable energy sources such as hydroelectricity and having overcapacity, so that sufficient energy is produced even when weather is less favourable. More connections between the energy sector and the building, transport and industrial sectors may also help.: 55  Background and terminology The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low: global electricity generation in 2021 was 7% wind and 4% solar. However, in 2021 Denmark, Luxembourg and Uruguay generated over 40% of their electricity from wind and solar. Characteristics of variable renewables include their unpredictability, variability, and low operating costs. These, along with renewables typically being asynchronous generators, provide a challenge to grid operators, who must make sure supply and demand are matched. Solutions include energy storage, demand response, availability of overcapacity and sector coupling. Smaller isolated grids may be less tolerant to high levels of penetration. Matching power demand to supply is not a problem specific to intermittent power sources. Existing power grids already contain elements of uncertainty including sudden and large changes in demand and unforeseen power plant failures. Though power grids are already designed to have some capacity in excess of projected peak demand to deal with these problems, significant upgrades may be required to accommodate large amounts of intermittent power. Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants. Intermittency or variability is the extent to which a power source fluctuates. This has two aspects: a predictable variability, such as the day-night cycle, and an unpredictable part (imperfect local weather forecasting). The term intermittent can be used to refer to the unpredictable part, with variable then referring to the predictable part. Dispatchability is the ability of a given power source to increase and decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; dispatchability is one of several ways system operators match supply (generator's output) to system demand (technical loads). Penetration is the amount of electricity generated from a particular source as a percentage of annual consumption. Nominal power or nameplate capacity is the theoretical output registered with authorities for classifying the unit. For intermittent power sources, such as wind and solar, nameplate power is the source's output under ideal conditions, such as maximum usable wind or high sun on a clear summer day. Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the ratio of actual electrical generation over a given period of time, usually a year, to actual generation in that time period. Basically, it is the ratio between the how much electricity a plant produced and how much electricity a plant would have produced if were running at its nameplate capacity for the entire time period. Firm capacity or firm power is "guaranteed by the supplier to be available at all times during a period covered by a commitment". Capacity credit: the amount of conventional (dispatchable) generation power that can be potentially removed from the system while keeping the reliability, usually expressed as a percentage of the nominal power. Foreseeability or predictability is how accurately the operator can anticipate the generation: for example tidal power varies with the tides but is completely foreseeable because the orbit of the moon can be predicted exactly, and improved weather forecasts can make wind power more predictable. Sources See also: Renewable energy Dammed hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar without storage can be decreased (curtailed) but are not dispatchable. Wind power Day ahead prediction and actual wind power Grid operators use day ahead forecasting to determine which of the available power sources to use the next day, and weather forecasting is used to predict the likely wind power and solar power output available. Although wind power forecasts have been used operationally for decades, as of 2019 the IEA is organizing international collaboration to further improve their accuracy. Erie Shores Wind Farm monthly output over a two-year period A wind farm in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu, IndiaWind-generated power is a variable resource, and the amount of electricity produced at any given point in time by a given plant will depend on wind speeds, air density, and turbine characteristics, among other factors. If wind speed is too low then the wind turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is too high the turbines will have to be shut down to avoid damage. While the output from a single turbine can vary greatly and rapidly as local wind speeds vary, as more turbines are connected over larger and larger areas the average power output becomes less variable. Intermittence: Regions smaller than synoptic scale, less than about 1000 km long, the size of an average country, have mostly the same weather and thus around the same wind power, unless local conditions favor special winds. Some studies show that wind farms spread over a geographically diverse area will as a whole rarely stop producing power altogether. This is rarely the case for smaller areas with uniform geography such as Ireland, Scotland and Denmark which have several days per year with little wind power. Capacity factor: Wind power typically has an annual capacity factor of 25–50%, with offshore wind outperforming onshore wind. Dispatchability: Because wind power is not by itself dispatchable wind farms are sometimes built with storage. Capacity credit: At low levels of penetration, the capacity credit of wind is about the same as the capacity factor. As the concentration of wind power on the grid rises, the capacity credit percentage drops. Variability: Site dependent. Sea breezes are much more constant than land breezes. Seasonal variability may reduce output by 50%. Reliability: A wind farm has high technical reliability when the wind blows. That is, the output at any given time will only vary gradually due to falling wind speeds or storms, the latter necessitating shut downs. A typical wind farm is unlikely to have to shut down in less than half an hour at the extreme, whereas an equivalent-sized power station can fail totally instantaneously and without warning. The total shutdown of wind turbines is predictable via weather forecasting. The average availability of a wind turbine is 98%, and when a turbine fails or is shut down for maintenance it only affects a small percentage of the output of a large wind farm. Predictability: Although wind is variable, it is also predictable in the short term. There is an 80% chance that wind output will change less than 10% in an hour and a 40% chance that it will change 10% or more in 5 hours. Because wind power is generated by large numbers of small generators, individual failures do not have large impacts on power grids. This feature of wind has been referred to as resiliency. Solar power Daily solar output at AT&T Park in San Francisco Seasonal variation of the output of the solar panels at AT&T park in San FranciscoIntermittency inherently affects solar energy, as the production of renewable electricity from solar sources depends on the amount of sunlight at a given place and time. Solar output varies throughout the day and through the seasons, and is affected by dust, fog, cloud cover, frost or snow. Many of the seasonal factors are fairly predictable, and some solar thermal systems make use of heat storage to produce grid power for a full day. Variability: In the absence of an energy storage system, solar does not produce power at night, little in bad weather and varies between seasons. In many countries, solar produces most energy in seasons with low wind availability and vice versa. Capacity factor Standard photovoltaic solar has an annual average capacity factor of 10-20%, but panels that move and track the sun have a capacity factor up to 30%. Thermal solar parabolic trough with storage 56%. Thermal solar power tower with storage 73%. Dish StirlingThe impact of intermittency of solar-generated electricity will depend on the correlation of generation with demand. For example, solar thermal power plants such as Nevada Solar One are somewhat matched to summer peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as the south-western United States. Thermal energy storage systems like the small Spanish Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant can improve the match between solar supply and local consumption. The improved capacity factor using thermal storage represents a decrease in maximum capacity, and extends the total time the system generates power. Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity In many countries new large dams are no longer being built, because of the environmental impact of reservoirs. Run of the river projects have continued to be built. The absence of a reservoir results in both seasonal and annual variations in electricity generated. Tidal power Types of tide Tidal power is the most predictable of all the variable renewable energy sources. The tides reverse twice a day, but they are never intermittent, on the contrary they are completely reliable. Wave power Waves are primarily created by wind, so the power available from waves tends to follow that available from wind, but due to the mass of the water is less variable than wind power. Wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, while wave power is proportional to the square of the wave height. Solutions for their integration See also: Electric power transmission The displaced dispatchable generation could be coal, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal or storage hydro. Rather than starting and stopping nuclear or geothermal, it is cheaper to use them as constant base load power. Any power generated in excess of demand can displace heating fuels, be converted to storage or sold to another grid. Biofuels and conventional hydro can be saved for later when intermittents are not generating power. Some forecast that “near-firm” renewables (batteries with solar and/or wind) power will be cheaper than existing nuclear by the late 2020s: therefore they say base load power will not be needed. Alternatives to burning coal and natural gas which produce fewer greenhouse gases may eventually make fossil fuels a stranded asset that is left in the ground. Highly integrated grids favor flexibility and performance over cost, resulting in more plants that operate for fewer hours and lower capacity factors. All sources of electrical power have some degree of variability, as do demand patterns which routinely drive large swings in the amount of electricity that suppliers feed into the grid. Wherever possible, grid operations procedure are designed to match supply with demand at high levels of reliability, and the tools to influence supply and demand are well-developed. The introduction of large amounts of highly variable power generation may require changes to existing procedures and additional investments. The capacity of a reliable renewable power supply, can be fulfilled by the use of backup or extra infrastructure and technology, using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average, which may be used to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands. Additionally, the storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies can be part of a reliable power supply. In practice, as the power output from wind varies, partially loaded conventional plants, which are already present to provide response and reserve, adjust their output to compensate. While low penetrations of intermittent power may use existing levels of response and spinning reserve, the larger overall variations at higher penetrations levels will require additional reserves or other means of compensation. Operational reserve See also: National Grid Reserve Service All managed grids already have existing operational and "spinning" reserve to compensate for existing uncertainties in the power grid. The addition of intermittent resources such as wind does not require 100% "back-up" because operating reserves and balancing requirements are calculated on a system-wide basis, and not dedicated to a specific generating plant. Some gas, or hydro power plants are partially loaded and then controlled to change as demand changes or to replace rapidly lost generation. The ability to change as demand changes is termed "response". The ability to quickly replace lost generation, typically within timescales of 30 seconds to 30 minutes, is termed "spinning reserve". Generally thermal plants running as peaking plants will be less efficient than if they were running as base load. Hydroelectric facilities with storage capacity, such as the traditional dam configuration, may be operated as base load or peaking plants. Grids can contract for grid battery plants, which provide immediately available power for an hour or so, which gives time for other generators to be started up in the event of a failure, and greatly reduces the amount of spinning reserve required. Demand response Demand response is a change in consumption of energy to better align with supply. It can take the form of switching off loads, or absorb additional energy to correct supply/demand imbalances. Incentives have been widely created in the American, British and French systems for the use of these systems, such as favorable rates or capital cost assistance, encouraging consumers with large loads to take them offline whenever there is a shortage of capacity, or conversely to increase load when there is a surplus. Certain types of load control allow the power company to turn loads off remotely if insufficient power is available. In France large users such as CERN cut power usage as required by the System Operator - EDF under the encouragement of the EJP tariff. Energy demand management refers to incentives to adjust use of electricity, such as higher rates during peak hours. Real-time variable electricity pricing can encourage users to adjust usage to take advantage of periods when power is cheaply available and avoid periods when it is more scarce and expensive. Some loads such as desalination plants, electric boilers and industrial refrigeration units, are able to store their output (water and heat). Several papers also concluded that Bitcoin mining loads would reduce curtailment, hedge electricity price risk, stabilize the grid, increase the profitability of renewable energy power stations and therefore accelerate transition to sustainable energy. But others argue that Bitcoin mining can never be sustainable. Instantaneous demand reduction. Most large systems also have a category of loads which instantly disconnect when there is a generation shortage, under some mutually beneficial contract. This can give instant load reductions or increases. Storage Main article: Grid energy storage Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year. Learning curve of lithium-ion batteries: the price of batteries declined by 97% in three decades. At times of low load where non-dispatchable output from wind and solar may be high, grid stability requires lowering the output of various dispatchable generating sources or even increasing controllable loads, possibly by using energy storage to time-shift output to times of higher demand. Such mechanisms can include: Pumped storage hydropower is the most prevalent existing technology used, and can substantially improve the economics of wind power. The availability of hydropower sites suitable for storage will vary from grid to grid. Typical round trip efficiency is 80%. Traditional lithium-ion is the most common type used for grid-scale battery storage as of 2020. Rechargeable flow batteries can serve as a large capacity, rapid-response storage medium. Hydrogen can be created through electrolysis and stored for later use. Flywheel energy storage systems have some advantages over chemical batteries. Along with substantial durability which allows them to be cycled frequently without noticeable life reduction, they also have very fast response and ramp rates. They can go from full discharge to full charge within a few seconds. They can be manufactured using non-toxic and environmentally friendly materials, easily recyclable once the service life is over. Thermal energy storage stores heat. Stored heat can be used directly for heating needs or converted into electricity. In the context of a CHP plant a heat storage can serve as a functional electricity storage at comparably low costs. Ice storage air conditioning Ice can be stored inter seasonally and can be used as a source of air-conditioning during periods of high demand. Present systems only need to store ice for a few hours but are well developed. Storage of electrical energy results in some lost energy because storage and retrieval are not perfectly efficient. Storage also requires capital investment and space for storage facilities. Geographic diversity and complementing technologies Five days of hourly output of five wind farms in Ontario The variability of production from a single wind turbine can be high. Combining any additional number of turbines, for example, in a wind farm, results in lower statistical variation, as long as the correlation between the output of each turbine is imperfect, and the correlations are always imperfect due to the distance between each turbine. Similarly, geographically distant wind turbines or wind farms have lower correlations, reducing overall variability. Since wind power is dependent on weather systems, there is a limit to the benefit of this geographic diversity for any power system. Multiple wind farms spread over a wide geographic area and gridded together produce power more constantly and with less variability than smaller installations. Wind output can be predicted with some degree of confidence using weather forecasts, especially from large numbers of turbines/farms. The ability to predict wind output is expected to increase over time as data is collected, especially from newer facilities. Electricity produced from solar energy tends to counterbalance the fluctuating supplies generated from wind. Normally it is windiest at night and during cloudy or stormy weather, and there is more sunshine on clear days with less wind. Besides, wind energy has often a peak in the winter season, whereas solar energy has a peak in the summer season; the combination of wind and solar reduces the need for dispatchable backup power. In some locations, electricity demand may have a high correlation with wind output, particularly in locations where cold temperatures drive electric consumption, as cold air is denser and carries more energy. The allowable penetration may be increased with further investment in standby generation. For instance some days could produce 80% intermittent wind and on the many windless days substitute 80% dispatchable power like natural gas, biomass and Hydro. Areas with existing high levels of hydroelectric generation may ramp up or down to incorporate substantial amounts of wind. Norway, Brazil, and Manitoba all have high levels of hydroelectric generation, Quebec produces over 90% of its electricity from hydropower, and Hydro-Québec is the largest hydropower producer in the world. The U.S. Pacific Northwest has been identified as another region where wind energy is complemented well by existing hydropower. Storage capacity in hydropower facilities will be limited by size of reservoir, and environmental and other considerations. Connecting grid internationally See also: HVDC and super gridIt is often feasible to export energy to neighboring grids at times of surplus, and import energy when needed. This practice is common in Europe and between the US and Canada. Integration with other grids can lower the effective concentration of variable power: for instance, Denmark's high penetration of VRE, in the context of the German/Dutch/Scandinavian grids with which it has interconnections, is considerably lower as a proportion of the total system. Hydroelectricity that compensates for variability can be used across countries. The capacity of power transmission infrastructure may have to be substantially upgraded to support export/import plans. Some energy is lost in transmission. The economic value of exporting variable power depends in part on the ability of the exporting grid to provide the importing grid with useful power at useful times for an attractive price. Sector coupling Demand and generation can be better matched when sectors such as mobility, heat and gas are coupled with the power system. The electric vehicle market is for instance expected to become the largest source of storage capacity. This may be a more expensive option appropriate for high penetration of variable renewables, compared to other sources of flexibility. The International Energy Agency says that sector coupling is needed to compensate for the mismatch between seasonal demand and supply. Electric vehicles can be charged during periods of low demand and high production, and in some places send power back from the vehicle-to-grid. Penetration Penetration refers to the proportion of a primary energy (PE) source in an electric power system, expressed as a percentage. There are several methods of calculation yielding different penetrations. The penetration can be calculated either as: the nominal capacity (installed power) of a PE source divided by the peak load within an electric power system; or the nominal capacity (installed power) of a PE source divided by the total capacity of the electric power system; or the electrical energy generated by a PE source in a given period, divided by the demand of the electric power system in this period. The level of penetration of intermittent variable sources is significant for the following reasons: Power grids with significant amounts of dispatchable pumped storage, hydropower with reservoir or pondage or other peaking power plants such as natural gas-fired power plants are capable of accommodating fluctuations from intermittent power more easily. Relatively small electric power systems without strong interconnection (such as remote islands) may retain some existing diesel generators but consuming less fuel, for flexibility until cleaner energy sources or storage such as pumped hydro or batteries become cost-effective. In the early 2020s wind and solar produce 10% of the world's electricity, but supply in the 40-55% penetration range has already been implemented in several systems, with over 65% planned for the UK by 2030. There is no generally accepted maximum level of penetration, as each system's capacity to compensate for intermittency differs, and the systems themselves will change over time. Discussion of acceptable or unacceptable penetration figures should be treated and used with caution, as the relevance or significance will be highly dependent on local factors, grid structure and management, and existing generation capacity. For most systems worldwide, existing penetration levels are significantly lower than practical or theoretical maximums. Maximum penetration limits Maximum penetration of combined wind and solar is estimated at around 70% to 90% without regional aggregation, demand management or storage; and up to 94% with 12 hours of storage. Economic efficiency and cost considerations are more likely to dominate as critical factors; technical solutions may allow higher penetration levels to be considered in future, particularly if cost considerations are secondary. Economic impacts of variability This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: no info on costs of seasonal variability e.g. of solar and seasonal demand variability. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2019) Estimates of the cost of wind and solar energy may include estimates of the "external" costs of wind and solar variability, or be limited to the cost of production. All electrical plant has costs that are separate from the cost of production, including, for example, the cost of any necessary transmission capacity or reserve capacity in case of loss of generating capacity. Many types of generation, particularly fossil fuel derived, will have cost externalities such as pollution, greenhouse gas emission, and habitat destruction, which are generally not directly accounted for. The magnitude of the economic impacts is debated and will vary by location, but is expected to rise with higher penetration levels. At low penetration levels, costs such as operating reserve and balancing costs are believed to be insignificant. Intermittency may introduce additional costs that are distinct from or of a different magnitude than for traditional generation types. These may include: Transmission capacity: transmission capacity may be more expensive than for nuclear and coal generating capacity due to lower load factors. Transmission capacity will generally be sized to projected peak output, but average capacity for wind will be significantly lower, raising cost per unit of energy actually transmitted. However transmission costs are a low fraction of total energy costs. Additional operating reserve: if additional wind and solar does not correspond to demand patterns, additional operating reserve may be required compared to other generating types, however this does not result in higher capital costs for additional plants since this is merely existing plants running at low output - spinning reserve. Contrary to statements that all wind must be backed by an equal amount of "back-up capacity", intermittent generators contribute to base capacity "as long as there is some probability of output during peak periods". Back-up capacity is not attributed to individual generators, as back-up or operating reserve "only have meaning at the system level". Balancing costs: to maintain grid stability, some additional costs may be incurred for balancing of load with demand. Although improvements to grid balancing can be costly, they can lead to long term savings. In many countries for many types of variable renewable energy, from time to time the government invites companies to tender sealed bids to construct a certain capacity of solar power to connect to certain electricity substations. By accepting the lowest bid the government commits to buy at that price per kWh for a fixed number of years, or up to a certain total amount of power. This provides certainty for investors against highly volatile wholesale electricity prices. However they may still risk exchange rate volatility if they borrowed in foreign currency. Examples by country Great Britain The operator of the British electricity system has said that it will be capable of operating zero-carbon by 2025, whenever there is enough renewable generation, and may be carbon negative by 2033. The company, National Grid Electricity System Operator, states that new products and services will help reduce the overall cost of operating the system. Germany In countries with a considerable amount of renewable energy, solar energy causes price drops around noon every day. PV production follows the higher demand during these hours. The images below show two weeks in 2022 in Germany, where renewable energy has a share of over 40%. Prices also drop every night and weekend due to low demand. In hours without PV and wind power, electricity prices rise. This can lead to demand side adjustments. While industry is dependent on the hourly prices, most private households still pay a fixed tariff. With smart meters, private consomers can also be motivated i.e. to load an electric car when enough renewable energy is available and prices are cheap. Steerable flexibility in electricity production is essential to back up variable energy sources. The German example shows that pumped hydro storage, gas plants and hard coal jump in fast. Lignite varies on a daily basis. Nuclear power and biomass can theoretically adjust to a certain extent. However, in this case incentives still seem not be high enough. Renewable and conventional energy production in Germany over two weeks in 2022. In hours with low wind and PV production, hard coal and gas fill the gap. Nuclear and biomass show almost no flexibility. PV follows the increased consumption during daytime hours but varies seasonally.Electricity market in Germany over two weeks in 2022. With the integration of solar PV, prices drop around noon every day in spite of a higher demand. Prices also drop every night and weekend due to low demand. A high availability of wind power causes the low prices on the right half. In hours without PV and wind power, the most expensive substitute set the price. The extreme levels for natural gas in 2022 were caused by Russian's invasion in Ukraine. The low availability of French nuclear power during these months increased the demand for exports. See also Energy portal Combined cycle hydrogen power plant Cost of electricity by source Energy security and renewable technology Ground source heat pump List of energy storage power plants Spark spread: calculating the cost of back up References ^ Cartlidge, Edwin (2011-11-18). "Saving for a Rainy Day". Science. 334 (6058): 922–924. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..922C. doi:10.1126/science.334.6058.922. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22096185. ^ "Flexible Power Plant Operation to Enable High Renewable Energy Penetration". IESR. 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-11-21. ^ a b "All Island Grid Study" (PDF). Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. January 2008. pp. 3–5, 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2008-10-15. ^ "The Carbon Trust & DTI Renewables Network Impacts Study" (PDF). Carbon Trust and UK Department of Trade and Industry. January 2004 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2009-04-22. ^ IPCC: Climate Change 2022, Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers (PDF). ipecac.ch (Report). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2004-04-22. ^ a b c "Global Electricity Review 2022". Ember. 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ Riesz, Jenny; Milligan, Michael (May 2015). "Designing electricity markets for a high penetration of variable renewables". WIREs Energy and Environment. 4 (3): 279–289. Bibcode:2015WIREE...4..279R. doi:10.1002/wene.137. ISSN 2041-8396. S2CID 167079952. ^ Sinsel, Simon R.; Riemke, Rhea L.; Hoffmann, Volker H. (2020-01-01). "Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review". Renewable Energy. 145: 2271–2285. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.147. hdl:20.500.11850/373407. ISSN 0960-1481. S2CID 198480155. ^ Czisch, Gregor; Gregor Giebel. "Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100% on Renewable Energies" (PDF). Institute for Electrical Engineering – Efficient Energy Conversion University of Kassel, Germany and Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2008-10-15. ^ a b c d "Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables: Management Options and Strategies" (PDF). IEA. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-15. ^ Widén, Joakim; Carpman, Nicole (1 April 2015). "Variability assessment and forecasting of renewables: A review for solar, wind, wave and tidal resources". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 44: 356–375. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.019. ISSN 1364-0321. ^ Pommeret, Aude; Schubert, Katheline (2019). "Energy Transition with Variable and Intermittent Renewable Electricity Generation". Cesifo Working Paper Series. CESifo Working Paper. 7442: 2. ^ a b Kuntz, Mark T.; Justin Dawe (2005). "renewable. rechargeable. remarkable". VRB Power Systems. Mechanical Engineering. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ a b International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" Archived 2007-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Conference Presentation, October 2006 ^ "firm power". www.ecowho.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10. ^ Giebel, Gregor. "Wind Powers Has a Capacity Credit" (PDF). Risø National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ Suchet, Daniel; Jeantet, Adrien; Elghozi, Thomas; Jehl, Zacharie (2020). "Defining and Quantifying Intermittency in the Power Sector". Energies. 13 (13): 3366. doi:10.3390/en13133366. ^ "Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable power generation". Clean Energy Wire. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2021-02-10. ^ "IEA wind task 36". iea wind forecasting. Retrieved 2019-07-25. ^ "The power of multiples: Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source". 2007-11-21. ^ Archer, C. L.; Jacobson, M. Z. (2007). "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 46 (11): 1701–1717. Bibcode:2007JApMC..46.1701A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.4620. doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1538.1. ^ David JC MacKay. "Sustainable Energy - without the hot air. Fluctuations and storage". ^ Andrzej Strupczewski. "Czy w Polsce wiatr wystarczy zamiast elektrowni atomowych?" (in Polish). atom.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-11-26. ^ Diesendorf, Mark (August 2007). "The Base-Load Fallacy" (PDF). Institute of Environmental Studies. www.energyscience.org.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Analysis of UK Wind Generation" 2011 ^ Sharman, Hugh (May 2005). "Why wind power works for Denmark". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering. 158 (2): 66–72. doi:10.1680/cien.2005.158.2.66. ^ "Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics". IEA. Retrieved 2021-02-10. ^ "How Dispatchable Wind Is Becoming a Reality in the US". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "51MWh vanadium flow battery system ordered for wind farm in northern Japan". Energy Storage News. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "Blowing Away the Myths" (PDF). The British Wind Energy Association. February 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-10-16. ^ Nedic, Dusko; Anser Shakoor; Goran Strbac; Mary Black; Jim Watson; Catherine Mitchell (July 2005). "Security assessment of future UK electricity scenarios" (PDF). Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ Junling Huang; Xi Lu; Michael B. McElroy (2014). "Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 62: 331–340. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022. S2CID 3527948. ^ Graham Sinden (1 December 2005). "Characteristics of the UK wind resource" pg4 ^ Reliability of Wind Turbines ^ "Wind Systems Integration Basics". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. ^ "renewable is doable A Smarter Energy Plan for Ontario (brochure version)" (PDF). PEMBINA Institute. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-10-17. ^ Gemasolar, energía non stop Archived 2013-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Spanish 26 October 2011 ^ Jurasz, J.; Canales, F.A.; Kies, A.; Guezgouz, M.; Beluco, A. (2020-01-01). "A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions". Solar Energy. 195: 703–724. arXiv:1904.01667. Bibcode:2020SoEn..195..703J. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087. ISSN 0038-092X. ^ "Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics". IEA. Retrieved 2021-02-10. ^ World Energy Perspective (PDF) (Report). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 21. ^ a b "Executive Summary: Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. October 2003. Retrieved 2016-11-07. ^ Spain Pioneers Grid-Connected Solar-Tower Thermal Power p. 3. Retrieved December 19, 2008. ^ Mills, David; Robert G. Morgan (July 2008). "A solar-powered economy: How solar thermal can replace coal, gas and oil". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. Retrieved 2008-10-17. ^ "Solar Air Cooling". Integration of Renewable energy on Farms. March 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2008-10-17. ^ "Project Description – Keeyask Hydropower Limited Partnership". 10 February 2011. ^ "Energy Resources: Tidal power". www.darvill.clara.net. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ "Wind and Waves". Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2012-06-04. ^ "Comparing the Variability of Wind Speed and Wave Height Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-06-04. ^ "Savenkov, M 2009 'On the Truncated Weibull Distribution and its Usefulness in Evaluating the Theoretical Capacity Factor of Potential Wind (or Wave) Energy Sites', University Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21-25" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2014-11-30. ^ Harvey, George (2022-06-28). "We Don't Need Base Load Power". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2022-11-21. ^ Michael G. Richard: Death by 'capacity factor': Is this how wind and solar ultimately win the game?, 2015-10-06 ^ "Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. Retrieved 2011-03-08. ^ "UK battery storage capacity could reach 70% growth in 2019 as business models evolve". Solar Power Portal. 13 June 2019. ^ "UK battery storage market reaches 1GW landmark as new applications continues to grow". Solar Power Portal. 2 April 2020. ^ Andrews, Dave (May 24, 2009). "How CERN is encouraged to not do atom or quark smashing, during periods of high demand and low power station availablity , by means of the EJP tarrif". - Extract from CERN newsletter indication when to switch of loads bulletin 46 Archived 2008-04-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/42/ description of EJP tariff Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report". California Energy Commission. November 21, 2005. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2006-04-21. ^ Fridgen, Gilbert; Körner, Marc-Fabian; Walters, Steffen; Weibelzahl, Martin (2021-03-09). "Not All Doom and Gloom: How Energy-Intensive and Temporally Flexible Data Center Applications May Actually Promote Renewable Energy Sources". Business & Information Systems Engineering. 63 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00686-z. hdl:10419/287421. ISSN 2363-7005. S2CID 233664180. To gain applicable knowledge, this paper evaluates the developed model by means of two use-cases with real-world data, namely AWS computing instances for training Machine Learning algorithms and Bitcoin mining as relevant DC applications. The results illustrate that for both cases the NPV of the IES compared to a stand-alone RES-plant increases, which may lead to a promotion of RES-plants. ^ Rhodes, Joshua. "Is Bitcoin Inherently Bad For The Environment?". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-01-16. Mining and transacting cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, do present energy and emissions challenges, but new research shows that there are possible pathways to mitigate some of these issues if cryptocurrency miners are willing to operate in a way to compliment the deployment of more low-carbon energy. ^ "Green Bitcoin Does Not Have to Be an Oxymoron". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2022-01-16. One way to invest in Bitcoin that has a positive effect on renewable energy is to encourage mining operations near wind or solar sites. This provides a customer for power that might otherwise need to be transmitted or stored, saving money as well as carbon. ^ Moffit, Tim (2021-06-01). "Beyond Boom and Bust: An emerging clean energy economy in Wyoming". Currently, projects are under development, but the issue of overgenerated wind continues to exist. By harnessing the overgenerated wind for Bitcoin mining, Wyoming has the opportunity to redistribute the global hashrate, incentivize Bitcoin miners to move their operations to Wyoming, and stimulate job growth as a result. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Rennie, Ellie (2021-11-07). "Climate change and the legitimacy of Bitcoin". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3961105. S2CID 244155800. SSRN 3961105. In responding to these pressures and events, some miners are providing services and innovations that may help the viability of clean energy infrastructures for energy providers and beyond, including the data and computing industry. The paper finds that if Bitcoin loses legitimacy as a store of value, then it may result in lost opportunities to accelerate sustainable energy infrastructures and markets. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Eid, Bilal; Islam, Md Rabiul; Shah, Rakibuzzaman; Nahid, Abdullah-Al; Kouzani, Abbas Z.; Mahmud, M. A. Parvez (2021-11-01). "Enhanced Profitability of Photovoltaic Plants By Utilizing Cryptocurrency-Based Mining Load". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 31 (8): 1–5. Bibcode:2021ITAS...3196503E. doi:10.1109/TASC.2021.3096503. hdl:20.500.11782/2513. ISSN 1558-2515. S2CID 237245955. The grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants (PVPPs) are booming nowadays. The main problem facing the PV power plants deployment is the intermittency which leads to instability of the grid. This paper investigating the usage of a customized load - cryptocurrency mining rig - to create an added value for the owner of the plant and increase the ROI of the project. The developed strategy is able to keep the profitability as high as possible during the fluctuation of the mining network. ^ Bastian-Pinto, Carlos L.; Araujo, Felipe V. de S.; Brandão, Luiz E.; Gomes, Leonardo L. (2021-03-01). "Hedging renewable energy investments with Bitcoin mining". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 138: 110520. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110520. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 228861639. Windfarms can hedge electricity price risk by investing in Bitcoin mining. These findings, which can also be applied to other renewable energy sources, may be of interest to both the energy generator as well as the system regulator as it creates an incentive for early investment in sustainable and renewable energy sources. ^ Shan, Rui; Sun, Yaojin (2019-08-07). "Bitcoin Mining to Reduce the Renewable Curtailment: A Case Study of Caiso". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3436872. S2CID 219382864. SSRN 3436872. The enormous energy demand from Bitcoin mining is a considerable burden to achieve the climate agenda and the energy cost is the major operation cost. On the other side, with high penetration of renewable resources, the grid makes curtailment for reliability reasons, which reduces both economic and environment benefits from renewable energy. Deploying the Bitcoin mining machines at renewable power plants can mitigate both problems. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Can renewable energy make crypto mining greener? | Sifted". sifted.eu. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-27. ^ Wright, matthew; Hearps, Patrick; et al. Australian Sustainable Energy: Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan, Energy Research Institute, University of Melbourne, October 2010, p. 33. Retrieved from BeyondZeroEmissions.org website. ^ Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP), RenewableEnergyFocus.com website. ^ Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend ^ Benitez, Pablo C.; Lilianna E. Dragulescu; G. Cornelis Van Kooten (February 2006). "The Economics of Wind Power with Energy Storage". Resource Economics and Policy Analysis (REPA) Research Group. Department of Economics, University of Victoria. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ "Grid-Scale Battery Storage Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). ^ "The global race to produce hydrogen offshore". BBC News. 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-02-12. ^ "Mechanical energy storage". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19. ^ "Kinetic energy storage". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19. ^ a b Junling Huang; Michael B. McElroy (2014). "Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 62: 331–340. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022. S2CID 3527948. ^ Lovins, Amory; L. Hunter Lovins (November 1983). "The Fragility of Domestic Energy" (PDF). The Atlantic. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-20. ^ Nyenah, Emmanuel; Sterl, Sebastian; Thiery, Wim (2022). "Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide". Environmental Research Communications. 4 (5): 055011. Bibcode:2022ERCom...4e5011N. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb. S2CID 249227821. ^ Harden, Blaine (2007-03-21). "Air, Water Powerful Partners in Northwest". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ JUNE, WE (2022-01-27). "The European Super Grid : A solution to the EU's energy problems • Eyes on Europe". Eyes on Europe (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ "US, Canada expand clean energy cooperation". IHS Markit. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ "How Norway became Europe's biggest power exporter". Power Technology. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ IRENA (2018). Power System Flexibility for the Energy Transition, Part 1: Overview for policy makers (PDF). Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. pp. 25, 42. ISBN 978-92-9260-089-1. ^ "System integration of renewables – Topics". IEA. Retrieved 2021-05-21. ^ "Is Vehicle-to-Grid Technology the Key to Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution?". POWER Magazine. 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2021-02-12. ^ "UK city of Nottingham uses vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and IoT to optimise EV fleet charging". Traffic Technology Today. 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-02-12. ^ a b Gross, Robert; Heptonstall, Philip; Anderson, Dennis; Green, Tim; Leach, Matthew; Skea, Jim (March 2006). The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency (PDF). UK Energy Research Council. ISBN 978-1-903144-04-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2010-07-22. ^ http://repa.econ.uvic.ca/publications/Working%20Paper%202006-02.pdf ^ Shumais, Mohamed; Mohamed, Ibrahim. "DIMENSIONS OF ENERGY INSECURITY ON SMALL ISLANDS: THE CASE OF THE MALDIVES" (PDF). ^ "Transforming small-island power systems". /publications/2019/Jan/Transforming-small-island-power-systems. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ "Shining a light on a smart island". MAN Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ "Wind and solar produce record 10% of world's electricity, but faster change needed, scientists warn". www.independent.co.uk. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ Ltd, Renews (2020-08-11). "Britain urged to hit 65% renewables by 2030". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ "UK Looks To Triple Solar And More Than Quadruple Offshore Wind Power". OilPrice.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ Tong, Dan; Farnham, David J.; Duan, Lei; Zhang, Qiang; Lewis, Nathan S.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J. (2021-10-22). "Geophysical constraints on the reliability of solar and wind power worldwide". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6146. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6146T. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26355-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8536784. PMID 34686663. ^ http://www.claverton-energy.com/what-is-the-cost-per-kwh-of-bulk-transmission-national-grid-in-the-uk-note-this-excludes-distribution-costs.html Electric power transmission costs per kWh transmission / National Grid in the UK (note this excludes distribution costs) ^ http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,550/ Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency, UK Energy Research Council, March 2006 ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Will war fast-track the energy transition? | DW | 04.03.2022". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ Morse, Richard; Salvatore, Sarah; Slusarewicz, Joanna H.; Cohan, Daniel S. (2022-03-14). "Can wind and solar replace coal in Texas?". Renewables: Wind, Water, and Solar. 9 (1): 1. Bibcode:2022RWWS....9....1M. doi:10.1186/s40807-022-00069-2. ISSN 2198-994X. S2CID 247454828. ^ Vetter, David. "5 New Reports Show Wind And Solar Power Can Cripple Putin, Secure Climate Goals". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ "Accelerating Grid Integration". www.usaid.gov. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31. Grid modernization reduces medium- to long-term curtailment, stagnation of large-scale renewable energy deployment, reduces long-term costs, and enables new business models, such as electric vehicles (EVs), aggregation, demand-side management, and distributed energy resources. It also promotes regional market coordination and power system integration which can unlock billions of dollars in electricity revenue through cross-border trade. ^ ES, Tetra Tech; order, Inc under USAID’s Scaling Up Renewable Energy task (2021-07-28). "Renewable Energy Auctions Toolkit | Energy | U.S. Agency for International Development". www.usaid.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-19. ^ "Feed-In Tariffs vs Reverse Auctions: Setting the Right Subsidy Rates for Solar". Development Asia. 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2022-05-19. ^ "Government hits accelerator on low-cost renewable power". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-05-19. ^ "Currency Risk Is the Hidden Solar Project Deal Breaker". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2022-05-19. ^ Ambrose, Jillian (2020-07-27). "UK electricity grid's carbon emissions could turn negative by 2033, says National Grid". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-03. ^ "Zero carbon operation of Great Britain's electricity system by 2025 | National Grid ESO". www.nationalgrideso.com. Retrieved 2019-07-09. ^ "Renewable energies in figures". Umweltbundesamt (German environmental agency). 11 June 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2022. Further reading Sivaram, Varun (2018). Taming the Sun: Innovation to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03768-6. External links Grid Integration of Wind Energy Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine vteElectricity deliveryConcepts Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid SourcesNon-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmissionand distribution Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electrical substation Electricity retailing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Failure modes Black start Brownout Cascading failure Power outage Rolling blackout Protectivedevices Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Economicsand policies Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Statistics andproduction Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andasol solar power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andasol_solar_power_station"},{"link_name":"parabolic trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_trough"},{"link_name":"solar thermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renewables_need_flexible_backup_not_baseload.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"dispatchable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatchable_generation"},{"link_name":"wind power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power"},{"link_name":"solar power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power"},{"link_name":"hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"bioenergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergy"},{"link_name":"geothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power"},{"link_name":"grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_Island_Grid_Overview-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarbonDTI-4"},{"link_name":"storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The 150 MW Andasol solar power station is a commercial parabolic trough solar thermal power plant, in Spain. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even after sunset.[1]Grids with high penetration of renewable energy sources generally need more flexible generation rather than baseload generation[2]Variable renewable energy (VRE) or intermittent renewable energy sources (IRES) are renewable energy sources that are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power, as opposed to controllable renewable energy sources, such as dammed hydroelectricity or bioenergy, or relatively constant sources, such as geothermal power.The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure.[3][4]Options to absorb large shares of variable energy into the grid include using storage, improved interconnection between different variable sources to smooth out supply, using dispatchable energy sources such as hydroelectricity and having overcapacity, so that sufficient energy is produced even when weather is less favourable. More connections between the energy sector and the building, transport and industrial sectors may also help.[5]: 55","title":"Variable renewable energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"asynchronous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid"},{"link_name":"grid operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"energy storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage"},{"link_name":"demand response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_response"},{"link_name":"sector coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_coupling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_Island_Grid_Overview-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czisch100Renew-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEA2005WindVar-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dispatchability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatchable_generation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEFlowBattery-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieawind.org-14"},{"link_name":"nameplate capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate_capacity"},{"link_name":"intermittent power sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_power_source"},{"link_name":"Capacity factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor"},{"link_name":"Firm capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid#Capacity_and_firm_capacity"},{"link_name":"firm power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firm_power"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Capacity credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_credit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WindCC-16"},{"link_name":"example needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"tidal power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low: global electricity generation in 2021 was 7% wind and 4% solar.[6] However, in 2021 Denmark, Luxembourg and Uruguay generated over 40% of their electricity from wind and solar.[6] Characteristics of variable renewables include their unpredictability, variability, and low operating costs.[7] These, along with renewables typically being asynchronous generators, provide a challenge to grid operators, who must make sure supply and demand are matched. Solutions include energy storage, demand response, availability of overcapacity and sector coupling.[8] Smaller isolated grids may be less tolerant to high levels of penetration.[3][9]Matching power demand to supply is not a problem specific to intermittent power sources. Existing power grids already contain elements of uncertainty including sudden and large changes in demand and unforeseen power plant failures. Though power grids are already designed to have some capacity in excess of projected peak demand to deal with these problems, significant upgrades may be required to accommodate large amounts of intermittent power.[10]Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants.Intermittency or variability is the extent to which a power source fluctuates. This has two aspects: a predictable variability, such as the day-night cycle, and an unpredictable part (imperfect local weather forecasting).[11] The term intermittent can be used to refer to the unpredictable part, with variable then referring to the predictable part.[12]\nDispatchability is the ability of a given power source to increase and decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; dispatchability is one of several ways system operators match supply (generator's output) to system demand (technical loads).[13]\nPenetration is the amount of electricity generated from a particular source as a percentage of annual consumption.[14]\nNominal power or nameplate capacity is the theoretical output registered with authorities for classifying the unit. For intermittent power sources, such as wind and solar, nameplate power is the source's output under ideal conditions, such as maximum usable wind or high sun on a clear summer day.\nCapacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the ratio of actual electrical generation over a given period of time, usually a year, to actual generation in that time period. Basically, it is the ratio between the how much electricity a plant produced and how much electricity a plant would have produced if were running at its nameplate capacity for the entire time period.\nFirm capacity or firm power is \"guaranteed by the supplier to be available at all times during a period covered by a commitment\".[15]\nCapacity credit: the amount of conventional (dispatchable) generation power that can be potentially removed from the system while keeping the reliability, usually expressed as a percentage of the nominal power.[16][example needed][clarification needed]\nForeseeability or predictability is how accurately the operator can anticipate the generation:[17] for example tidal power varies with the tides but is completely foreseeable because the orbit of the moon can be predicted exactly, and improved weather forecasts can make wind power more predictable.[18]","title":"Background and terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"}],"text":"See also: Renewable energyDammed hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar without storage can be decreased (curtailed) but are not dispatchable.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windpowerprediction.png"},{"link_name":"wind power forecasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_renewable_energy&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erie_Shores_Wind_Farm_output_Aug-Jul_2008.gif"},{"link_name":"Erie Shores Wind Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Shores_Wind_Farm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aralvaimozhy_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"wind farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppandal_wind_farm"},{"link_name":"Muppandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppandal"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEA2005WindVar-10"},{"link_name":"synoptic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connect-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archer2007-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseFallacy-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denmark2002-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWEAMyth-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TyndallCenter-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junling-32"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEA2005WindVar-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_engineering"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEMBINAbrochure-36"}],"sub_title":"Wind power","text":"Day ahead prediction and actual wind powerGrid operators use day ahead forecasting to determine which of the available power sources to use the next day, and weather forecasting is used to predict the likely wind power and solar power output available. Although wind power forecasts have been used operationally for decades, as of 2019[update] the IEA is organizing international collaboration to further improve their accuracy.[19]Erie Shores Wind Farm monthly output over a two-year periodA wind farm in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu, IndiaWind-generated power is a variable resource, and the amount of electricity produced at any given point in time by a given plant will depend on wind speeds, air density, and turbine characteristics, among other factors. If wind speed is too low then the wind turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is too high the turbines will have to be shut down to avoid damage. While the output from a single turbine can vary greatly and rapidly as local wind speeds vary, as more turbines are connected over larger and larger areas the average power output becomes less variable.[10]Intermittence: Regions smaller than synoptic scale, less than about 1000 km long, the size of an average country, have mostly the same weather and thus around the same wind power, unless local conditions favor special winds. Some studies show that wind farms spread over a geographically diverse area will as a whole rarely stop producing power altogether.[20][21] This is rarely the case for smaller areas with uniform geography such as Ireland,[22][23][24] Scotland[25] and Denmark which have several days per year with little wind power.[26]\nCapacity factor: Wind power typically has an annual capacity factor of 25–50%, with offshore wind outperforming onshore wind.[27]\nDispatchability: Because wind power is not by itself dispatchable wind farms are sometimes built with storage.[28][29]\nCapacity credit: At low levels of penetration, the capacity credit of wind is about the same as the capacity factor. As the concentration of wind power on the grid rises, the capacity credit percentage drops.[30][31]\nVariability: Site dependent.[32] Sea breezes are much more constant than land breezes.[10] Seasonal variability may reduce output by 50%.[33]\nReliability: A wind farm has high technical reliability when the wind blows. That is, the output at any given time will only vary gradually due to falling wind speeds or storms, the latter necessitating shut downs. A typical wind farm is unlikely to have to shut down in less than half an hour at the extreme, whereas an equivalent-sized power station can fail totally instantaneously and without warning. The total shutdown of wind turbines is predictable via weather forecasting. The average availability of a wind turbine is 98%, and when a turbine fails or is shut down for maintenance it only affects a small percentage of the output of a large wind farm.[34]\nPredictability: Although wind is variable, it is also predictable in the short term. There is an 80% chance that wind output will change less than 10% in an hour and a 40% chance that it will change 10% or more in 5 hours.[35]Because wind power is generated by large numbers of small generators, individual failures do not have large impacts on power grids. This feature of wind has been referred to as resiliency.[36]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATTParksolarpaneloutput.png"},{"link_name":"AT&T Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATTParkannualoutput.png"},{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"energy storage system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage_system"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"solar parabolic trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_parabolic_trough"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRELSolar-41"},{"link_name":"solar power tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_tower"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRELSolar-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SolarStirlingEngine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dish Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy#Dish_designs"},{"link_name":"Nevada Solar One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Solar_One"},{"link_name":"Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemasolar_Thermosolar_Plant"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Solar power","text":"Daily solar output at AT&T Park in San FranciscoSeasonal variation of the output of the solar panels at AT&T park in San FranciscoIntermittency inherently affects solar energy, as the production of renewable electricity from solar sources depends on the amount of sunlight at a given place and time. Solar output varies throughout the day and through the seasons, and is affected by dust, fog, cloud cover, frost or snow. Many of the seasonal factors are fairly predictable, and some solar thermal systems make use of heat storage to produce grid power for a full day.[37]Variability: In the absence of an energy storage system, solar does not produce power at night, little in bad weather and varies between seasons. In many countries, solar produces most energy in seasons with low wind availability and vice versa.[38]\nCapacity factor Standard photovoltaic solar has an annual average capacity factor of 10-20%,[39] but panels that move and track the sun have a capacity factor up to 30%.[40] Thermal solar parabolic trough with storage 56%.[41] Thermal solar power tower with storage 73%.[41]Dish StirlingThe impact of intermittency of solar-generated electricity will depend on the correlation of generation with demand. For example, solar thermal power plants such as Nevada Solar One are somewhat matched to summer peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as the south-western United States. Thermal energy storage systems like the small Spanish Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant can improve the match between solar supply and local consumption. The improved capacity factor using thermal storage represents a decrease in maximum capacity, and extends the total time the system generates power.[42][43][44]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental impact of reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs"},{"link_name":"Run of the river projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity","text":"In many countries new large dams are no longer being built, because of the environmental impact of reservoirs. Run of the river projects have continued to be built.[45] The absence of a reservoir results in both seasonal and annual variations in electricity generated.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tide_type.svg"},{"link_name":"Tidal power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Tidal power","text":"Types of tideTidal power is the most predictable of all the variable renewable energy sources. The tides reverse twice a day, but they are never intermittent, on the contrary they are completely reliable.[46]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Wave power","text":"Waves are primarily created by wind, so the power available from waves tends to follow that available from wind, but due to the mass of the water is less variable than wind power. Wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, while wave power is proportional to the square of the wave height.[47][48][49]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electric power transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"base load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Alternatives to burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"stranded asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_asset"},{"link_name":"capacity factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"renewable power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"backup or extra infrastructure and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"above the intermittent average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"See also: Electric power transmissionThe displaced dispatchable generation could be coal, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal or storage hydro.[citation needed][clarification needed] Rather than starting and stopping nuclear or geothermal, it is cheaper to use them as constant base load power. Any power generated in excess of demand can displace heating fuels, be converted to storage or sold to another grid. Biofuels and conventional hydro can be saved for later when intermittents are not generating power. Some forecast that “near-firm” renewables (batteries with solar and/or wind) power will be cheaper than existing nuclear by the late 2020s: therefore they say base load power will not be needed.[50]Alternatives to burning coal and natural gas which produce fewer greenhouse gases may eventually make fossil fuels a stranded asset that is left in the ground. Highly integrated grids favor flexibility and performance over cost, resulting in more plants that operate for fewer hours and lower capacity factors.[51]All sources of electrical power have some degree of variability, as do demand patterns which routinely drive large swings in the amount of electricity that suppliers feed into the grid. Wherever possible, grid operations procedure are designed to match supply with demand at high levels of reliability, and the tools to influence supply and demand are well-developed. The introduction of large amounts of highly variable power generation may require changes to existing procedures and additional investments.The capacity of a reliable renewable power supply, can be fulfilled by the use of backup or extra infrastructure and technology, using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average, which may be used to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands.[52] Additionally, the storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies can be part of a reliable power supply.In practice, as the power output from wind varies, partially loaded conventional plants, which are already present to provide response and reserve, adjust their output to compensate. While low penetrations of intermittent power may use existing levels of response and spinning reserve, the larger overall variations at higher penetrations levels will require additional reserves or other means of compensation.","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Grid Reserve Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service"},{"link_name":"peaking plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_plant"},{"link_name":"base load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load_power_plant"},{"link_name":"grid battery plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Operational reserve","text":"See also: National Grid Reserve ServiceAll managed grids already have existing operational and \"spinning\" reserve to compensate for existing uncertainties in the power grid. The addition of intermittent resources such as wind does not require 100% \"back-up\" because operating reserves and balancing requirements are calculated on a system-wide basis, and not dedicated to a specific generating plant.Some gas, or hydro power plants are partially loaded and then controlled to change as demand changes or to replace rapidly lost generation. The ability to change as demand changes is termed \"response\". The ability to quickly replace lost generation, typically within timescales of 30 seconds to 30 minutes, is termed \"spinning reserve\".Generally thermal plants running as peaking plants will be less efficient than if they were running as base load. Hydroelectric facilities with storage capacity, such as the traditional dam configuration, may be operated as base load or peaking plants.Grids can contract for grid battery plants, which provide immediately available power for an hour or so, which gives time for other generators to be started up in the event of a failure, and greatly reduces the amount of spinning reserve required.[53][54]","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demand response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_response"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Energy demand management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_demand_management"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaliPolicy-57"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"curtailment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtailment_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(finance)"},{"link_name":"electricity price risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_market#Risk_management"},{"link_name":"profitability of renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment"},{"link_name":"transition to sustainable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fridgen2021-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhodes2021-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Demand response","text":"Demand response is a change in consumption of energy to better align with supply. It can take the form of switching off loads, or absorb additional energy to correct supply/demand imbalances. Incentives have been widely created in the American, British and French systems for the use of these systems, such as favorable rates or capital cost assistance, encouraging consumers with large loads to take them offline whenever there is a shortage of capacity, or conversely to increase load when there is a surplus.Certain types of load control allow the power company to turn loads off remotely if insufficient power is available. In France large users such as CERN cut power usage as required by the System Operator - EDF under the encouragement of the EJP tariff.[55][56]Energy demand management refers to incentives to adjust use of electricity, such as higher rates during peak hours. Real-time variable electricity pricing can encourage users to adjust usage to take advantage of periods when power is cheaply available and avoid periods when it is more scarce and expensive.[57] Some loads such as desalination plants, electric boilers and industrial refrigeration units, are able to store their output (water and heat). Several papers also concluded that Bitcoin mining loads would reduce curtailment, hedge electricity price risk, stabilize the grid, increase the profitability of renewable energy power stations and therefore accelerate transition to sustainable energy.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] But others argue that Bitcoin mining can never be sustainable.[66]Instantaneous demand reduction. Most large systems also have a category of loads which instantly disconnect when there is a generation shortage, under some mutually beneficial contract. This can give instant load reductions or increases.","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abengoa_Solar_(7336087392).jpg"},{"link_name":"thermal energy storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Solana Generating Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solana_Generating_Station"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battery-cost-learning-curve.png"},{"link_name":"Learning curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_curve"},{"link_name":"Pumped storage hydropower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEA2005WindVar-10"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REPAWindEconomics-70"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_renewable_energy&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"flow batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_battery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEFlowBattery-13"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Flywheel energy storage systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Thermal energy storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage"},{"link_name":"Ice storage air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning"}],"sub_title":"Storage","text":"Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage[67] so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.[68] The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year.[69]Learning curve of lithium-ion batteries: the price of batteries declined by 97% in three decades.At times of low load where non-dispatchable output from wind and solar may be high, grid stability requires lowering the output of various dispatchable generating sources or even increasing controllable loads, possibly by using energy storage to time-shift output to times of higher demand. Such mechanisms can include:Pumped storage hydropower is the most prevalent existing technology used, and can substantially improve the economics of wind power. The availability of hydropower sites suitable for storage will vary from grid to grid. Typical round trip efficiency is 80%.[10][70]Traditional lithium-ion is the most common type used for grid-scale battery storage as of 2020[update].[71] Rechargeable flow batteries can serve as a large capacity, rapid-response storage medium.[13] Hydrogen can be created through electrolysis and stored for later use.[72]Flywheel energy storage systems have some advantages over chemical batteries. Along with substantial durability which allows them to be cycled frequently without noticeable life reduction, they also have very fast response and ramp rates. They can go from full discharge to full charge within a few seconds.[73] They can be manufactured using non-toxic and environmentally friendly materials, easily recyclable once the service life is over.[74]Thermal energy storage stores heat. Stored heat can be used directly for heating needs or converted into electricity. In the context of a CHP plant a heat storage can serve as a functional electricity storage at comparably low costs. Ice storage air conditioning Ice can be stored inter seasonally and can be used as a source of air-conditioning during periods of high demand. Present systems only need to store ice for a few hours but are well developed.Storage of electrical energy results in some lost energy because storage and retrieval are not perfectly efficient. Storage also requires capital investment and space for storage facilities.","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ontariowindfarmshourlyoutputover5days.gif"},{"link_name":"correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-75"},{"link_name":"Wind output can be predicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AtlanticFragility-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Hydro-Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Geographic diversity and complementing technologies","text":"Five days of hourly output of five wind farms in OntarioThe variability of production from a single wind turbine can be high. Combining any additional number of turbines, for example, in a wind farm, results in lower statistical variation, as long as the correlation between the output of each turbine is imperfect, and the correlations are always imperfect due to the distance between each turbine. Similarly, geographically distant wind turbines or wind farms have lower correlations, reducing overall variability. Since wind power is dependent on weather systems, there is a limit to the benefit of this geographic diversity for any power system.[75]Multiple wind farms spread over a wide geographic area and gridded together produce power more constantly and with less variability than smaller installations. Wind output can be predicted with some degree of confidence using weather forecasts, especially from large numbers of turbines/farms. The ability to predict wind output is expected to increase over time as data is collected, especially from newer facilities.[75]Electricity produced from solar energy tends to counterbalance the fluctuating supplies generated from wind. Normally it is windiest at night and during cloudy or stormy weather, and there is more sunshine on clear days with less wind.[76] Besides, wind energy has often a peak in the winter season, whereas solar energy has a peak in the summer season; the combination of wind and solar reduces the need for dispatchable backup power.[77]In some locations, electricity demand may have a high correlation with wind output, [citation needed]particularly in locations where cold temperatures drive electric consumption, as cold air is denser and carries more energy.\nThe allowable penetration may be increased with further investment in standby generation. For instance some days could produce 80% intermittent wind and on the many windless days substitute 80% dispatchable power like natural gas, biomass and Hydro.\nAreas with existing high levels of hydroelectric generation may ramp up or down to incorporate substantial amounts of wind. Norway, Brazil, and Manitoba all have high levels of hydroelectric generation, Quebec produces over 90% of its electricity from hydropower, and Hydro-Québec is the largest hydropower producer in the world. The U.S. Pacific Northwest has been identified as another region where wind energy is complemented well by existing hydropower.[78] Storage capacity in hydropower facilities will be limited by size of reservoir, and environmental and other considerations.","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HVDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC"},{"link_name":"super grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_grid"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian grids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance_of_hydropower_in_Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Connecting grid internationally","text":"See also: HVDC and super gridIt is often feasible to export energy to neighboring grids at times of surplus, and import energy when needed. This practice is common in Europe[79] and between the US and Canada.[80] Integration with other grids can lower the effective concentration of variable power: for instance, Denmark's high penetration of VRE, in the context of the German/Dutch/Scandinavian grids with which it has interconnections, is considerably lower as a proportion of the total system. Hydroelectricity that compensates for variability can be used across countries.[81]The capacity of power transmission infrastructure may have to be substantially upgraded to support export/import plans. Some energy is lost in transmission. The economic value of exporting variable power depends in part on the ability of the exporting grid to provide the importing grid with useful power at useful times for an attractive price.","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"vehicle-to-grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Sector coupling","text":"Demand and generation can be better matched when sectors such as mobility, heat and gas are coupled with the power system. The electric vehicle market is for instance expected to become the largest source of storage capacity. This may be a more expensive option appropriate for high penetration of variable renewables, compared to other sources of flexibility.[82] The International Energy Agency says that sector coupling is needed to compensate for the mismatch between seasonal demand and supply.[83]Electric vehicles can be charged during periods of low demand and high production, and in some places send power back from the vehicle-to-grid.[84][85]","title":"Solutions for their integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieawind.org-14"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukerc2006tpa-86"},{"link_name":"hydropower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"pondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondage"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukerc2006tpa-86"}],"text":"Penetration refers to the proportion of a primary energy (PE) source in an electric power system, expressed as a percentage.[14] There are several methods of calculation yielding different penetrations. The penetration can be calculated either as:[86]the nominal capacity (installed power) of a PE source divided by the peak load within an electric power system; or\nthe nominal capacity (installed power) of a PE source divided by the total capacity of the electric power system; or\nthe electrical energy generated by a PE source in a given period, divided by the demand of the electric power system in this period.The level of penetration of intermittent variable sources is significant for the following reasons:Power grids with significant amounts of dispatchable pumped storage, hydropower with reservoir or pondage or other peaking power plants such as natural gas-fired power plants are capable of accommodating fluctuations from intermittent power more easily.[87]\nRelatively small electric power systems without strong interconnection (such as remote islands) may retain some existing diesel generators but consuming less fuel,[88] for flexibility[89] until cleaner energy sources or storage such as pumped hydro or batteries become cost-effective.[90]In the early 2020s wind and solar produce 10% of the world's electricity,[91] but supply in the 40-55% penetration range has already been implemented in several systems,[6] with over 65% planned for the UK by 2030.[92][93]There is no generally accepted maximum level of penetration, as each system's capacity to compensate for intermittency differs, and the systems themselves will change over time. Discussion of acceptable or unacceptable penetration figures should be treated and used with caution, as the relevance or significance will be highly dependent on local factors, grid structure and management, and existing generation capacity.For most systems worldwide, existing penetration levels are significantly lower than practical or theoretical maximums.[86]","title":"Penetration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Maximum penetration limits","text":"Maximum penetration of combined wind and solar is estimated at around 70% to 90% without regional aggregation, demand management or storage; and up to 94% with 12 hours of storage.[94] Economic efficiency and cost considerations are more likely to dominate as critical factors; technical solutions may allow higher penetration levels to be considered in future, particularly if cost considerations are secondary.","title":"Penetration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"externalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"operating reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_reserve"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Economic impacts of variability","text":"Estimates of the cost of wind and solar energy may include estimates of the \"external\" costs of wind and solar variability, or be limited to the cost of production. All electrical plant has costs that are separate from the cost of production, including, for example, the cost of any necessary transmission capacity or reserve capacity in case of loss of generating capacity. Many types of generation, particularly fossil fuel derived, will have cost externalities such as pollution, greenhouse gas emission, and habitat destruction, which are generally not directly accounted for.The magnitude of the economic impacts is debated and will vary by location, but is expected to rise with higher penetration levels. At low penetration levels, costs such as operating reserve and balancing costs are believed to be insignificant.Intermittency may introduce additional costs that are distinct from or of a different magnitude than for traditional generation types. These may include:Transmission capacity: transmission capacity may be more expensive than for nuclear and coal generating capacity due to lower load factors. Transmission capacity will generally be sized to projected peak output, but average capacity for wind will be significantly lower, raising cost per unit of energy actually transmitted. However transmission costs are a low fraction of total energy costs.[95]\nAdditional operating reserve: if additional wind and solar does not correspond to demand patterns, additional operating reserve may be required compared to other generating types, however this does not result in higher capital costs for additional plants since this is merely existing plants running at low output - spinning reserve. Contrary to statements that all wind must be backed by an equal amount of \"back-up capacity\", intermittent generators contribute to base capacity \"as long as there is some probability of output during peak periods\". Back-up capacity is not attributed to individual generators, as back-up or operating reserve \"only have meaning at the system level\".[96]\nBalancing costs: to maintain grid stability, some additional costs may be incurred for balancing of load with demand. Although improvements to grid balancing can be costly, they can lead to long term savings.[97][98][99][100]In many countries for many types of variable renewable energy, from time to time the government invites companies to tender sealed bids to construct a certain capacity of solar power to connect to certain electricity substations. By accepting the lowest bid the government commits to buy at that price per kWh for a fixed number of years, or up to a certain total amount of power. This provides certainty for investors against highly volatile wholesale electricity prices.[101][102][103] However they may still risk exchange rate volatility if they borrowed in foreign currency.[104]","title":"Penetration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zero-carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economy"},{"link_name":"carbon negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_negative"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Great Britain","text":"The operator of the British electricity system has said that it will be capable of operating zero-carbon by 2025, whenever there is enough renewable generation, and may be carbon negative by 2033.[105] The company, National Grid Electricity System Operator, states that new products and services will help reduce the overall cost of operating the system.[106]","title":"Examples by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"smart meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Variable_renewable_energy.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electricity_price_variation_Germany.svg"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"In countries with a considerable amount of renewable energy, solar energy causes price drops around noon every day. PV production follows the higher demand during these hours. The images below show two weeks in 2022 in Germany, where renewable energy has a share of over 40%.[107] Prices also drop every night and weekend due to low demand. In hours without PV and wind power, electricity prices rise. This can lead to demand side adjustments. While industry is dependent on the hourly prices, most private households still pay a fixed tariff. With smart meters, private consomers can also be motivated i.e. to load an electric car when enough renewable energy is available and prices are cheap.Steerable flexibility in electricity production is essential to back up variable energy sources. The German example shows that pumped hydro storage, gas plants and hard coal jump in fast. Lignite varies on a daily basis. Nuclear power and biomass can theoretically adjust to a certain extent. However, in this case incentives still seem not be high enough.Renewable and conventional energy production in Germany over two weeks in 2022. In hours with low wind and PV production, hard coal and gas fill the gap. Nuclear and biomass show almost no flexibility. PV follows the increased consumption during daytime hours but varies seasonally.Electricity market in Germany over two weeks in 2022. With the integration of solar PV, prices drop around noon every day in spite of a higher demand. Prices also drop every night and weekend due to low demand. A high availability of wind power causes the low prices on the right half. In hours without PV and wind power, the most expensive substitute set the price. The extreme levels for natural gas in 2022 were caused by Russian's invasion in Ukraine. The low availability of French nuclear power during these months increased the demand for exports.","title":"Examples by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-262-03768-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03768-6"}],"text":"Sivaram, Varun (2018). Taming the Sun: Innovation to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03768-6.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The 150 MW Andasol solar power station is a commercial parabolic trough solar thermal power plant, in Spain. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even after sunset.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg/220px-Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grids with high penetration of renewable energy sources generally need more flexible generation rather than baseload generation[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Renewables_need_flexible_backup_not_baseload.png/220px-Renewables_need_flexible_backup_not_baseload.png"},{"image_text":"Day ahead prediction and actual wind power","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Windpowerprediction.png/220px-Windpowerprediction.png"},{"image_text":"Erie Shores Wind Farm monthly output over a two-year period","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Erie_Shores_Wind_Farm_output_Aug-Jul_2008.gif/220px-Erie_Shores_Wind_Farm_output_Aug-Jul_2008.gif"},{"image_text":"A wind farm in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aralvaimozhy_station.jpg/220px-Aralvaimozhy_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daily solar output at AT&T Park in San Francisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ATTParksolarpaneloutput.png/220px-ATTParksolarpaneloutput.png"},{"image_text":"Seasonal variation of the output of the solar panels at AT&T park in San Francisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ATTParkannualoutput.png/250px-ATTParkannualoutput.png"},{"image_text":"Dish Stirling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SolarStirlingEngine.jpg/220px-SolarStirlingEngine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Types of tide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tide_type.svg/220px-Tide_type.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage[67] so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.[68] The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year.[69]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Abengoa_Solar_%287336087392%29.jpg/220px-Abengoa_Solar_%287336087392%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Learning curve of lithium-ion batteries: the price of batteries declined by 97% in three decades.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Battery-cost-learning-curve.png/220px-Battery-cost-learning-curve.png"},{"image_text":"Five days of hourly output of five wind farms in Ontario","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ontariowindfarmshourlyoutputover5days.gif/330px-Ontariowindfarmshourlyoutputover5days.gif"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"Combined cycle hydrogen power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant"},{"title":"Cost of electricity by source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source"},{"title":"Energy security and renewable technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technology"},{"title":"Ground source heat pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump"},{"title":"List of energy storage power plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_power_plants"},{"title":"Spark spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_spread"}]
[{"reference":"Cartlidge, Edwin (2011-11-18). \"Saving for a Rainy Day\". Science. 334 (6058): 922–924. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..922C. doi:10.1126/science.334.6058.922. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22096185.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.334.6058.922","url_text":"\"Saving for a Rainy Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...334..922C","url_text":"2011Sci...334..922C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.334.6058.922","url_text":"10.1126/science.334.6058.922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22096185","url_text":"22096185"}]},{"reference":"\"Flexible Power Plant Operation to Enable High Renewable Energy Penetration\". IESR. 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://iesr.or.id/en/flexible-power-plant-operation-to-enable-high-renewable-energy-penetration","url_text":"\"Flexible Power Plant Operation to Enable High Renewable Energy Penetration\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Island Grid Study\" (PDF). Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. January 2008. pp. 3–5, 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318231419/http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/E20F6E3D-8724-4E39-B315-0670B8C9841E/0/AllIslandGridStudyStudyOverviewJan08a2.pdf","url_text":"\"All Island Grid Study\""},{"url":"http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/E20F6E3D-8724-4E39-B315-0670B8C9841E/0/AllIslandGridStudyStudyOverviewJan08a2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Carbon Trust & DTI Renewables Network Impacts Study\" (PDF). Carbon Trust and UK Department of Trade and Industry. January 2004 [commissioned June 2003]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2009-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100919181607/http://www.ensg.gov.uk/assets/ct_impact_of_re_final_report.pdf","url_text":"\"The Carbon Trust & DTI Renewables Network Impacts Study\""},{"url":"http://www.ensg.gov.uk/assets/ct_impact_of_re_final_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IPCC: Climate Change 2022, Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers (PDF). ipecac.ch (Report). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2004-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220807023536/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf","url_text":"IPCC: Climate Change 2022, Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers"},{"url":"https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Electricity Review 2022\". Ember. 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/","url_text":"\"Global Electricity Review 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Riesz, Jenny; Milligan, Michael (May 2015). \"Designing electricity markets for a high penetration of variable renewables\". WIREs Energy and Environment. 4 (3): 279–289. Bibcode:2015WIREE...4..279R. doi:10.1002/wene.137. ISSN 2041-8396. S2CID 167079952.","urls":[{"url":"https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wene.137","url_text":"\"Designing electricity markets for a high penetration of variable renewables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WIREE...4..279R","url_text":"2015WIREE...4..279R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwene.137","url_text":"10.1002/wene.137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8396","url_text":"2041-8396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167079952","url_text":"167079952"}]},{"reference":"Sinsel, Simon R.; Riemke, Rhea L.; Hoffmann, Volker H. (2020-01-01). \"Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review\". Renewable Energy. 145: 2271–2285. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.147. hdl:20.500.11850/373407. ISSN 0960-1481. S2CID 198480155.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148119309875","url_text":"\"Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2019.06.147","url_text":"10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F373407","url_text":"20.500.11850/373407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-1481","url_text":"0960-1481"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198480155","url_text":"198480155"}]},{"reference":"Czisch, Gregor; Gregor Giebel. \"Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100% on Renewable Energies\" (PDF). Institute for Electrical Engineering – Efficient Energy Conversion University of Kassel, Germany and Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701230913/http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports/ris-r-1608_186-195.pdf","url_text":"\"Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100% on Renewable Energies\""},{"url":"https://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports/ris-r-1608_186-195.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables: Management Options and Strategies\" (PDF). IEA. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iea.org/Textbase/Papers/2005/variability.pdf","url_text":"\"Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables: Management Options and Strategies\""}]},{"reference":"Widén, Joakim; Carpman, Nicole (1 April 2015). \"Variability assessment and forecasting of renewables: A review for solar, wind, wave and tidal resources\". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 44: 356–375. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.019. ISSN 1364-0321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114010715","url_text":"\"Variability assessment and forecasting of renewables: A review for solar, wind, wave and tidal resources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2014.12.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-0321","url_text":"1364-0321"}]},{"reference":"Pommeret, Aude; Schubert, Katheline (2019). \"Energy Transition with Variable and Intermittent Renewable Electricity Generation\". Cesifo Working Paper Series. CESifo Working Paper. 7442: 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_7442.html","url_text":"\"Energy Transition with Variable and Intermittent Renewable Electricity Generation\""}]},{"reference":"Kuntz, Mark T.; Justin Dawe (2005). \"renewable. rechargeable. remarkable\". VRB Power Systems. Mechanical Engineering. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2008-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090115212122/http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/membersonly/oct05/features/rerere/rerere.html","url_text":"\"renewable. rechargeable. remarkable\""},{"url":"http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/membersonly/oct05/features/rerere/rerere.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"firm power\". www.ecowho.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecowho.com/defn/f/firm%20power/2da42","url_text":"\"firm power\""}]},{"reference":"Giebel, Gregor. \"Wind Powers Has a Capacity Credit\" (PDF). Risø National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318231423/http://ejournal.windeng.net/3/01/GGiebel-CapCredLit_WindEngEJournal_2005_right_links.pdf","url_text":"\"Wind Powers Has a Capacity Credit\""},{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/13774867.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Suchet, Daniel; Jeantet, Adrien; Elghozi, Thomas; Jehl, Zacharie (2020). \"Defining and Quantifying Intermittency in the Power Sector\". Energies. 13 (13): 3366. doi:10.3390/en13133366.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/13/3366/pdf","url_text":"\"Defining and Quantifying Intermittency in the Power Sector\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen13133366","url_text":"10.3390/en13133366"}]},{"reference":"\"Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable power generation\". Clean Energy Wire. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2021-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/volatile-predictable-forecasting-renewable-power-generation","url_text":"\"Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable power generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"IEA wind task 36\". iea wind forecasting. Retrieved 2019-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieawindforecasting.dk/","url_text":"\"IEA wind task 36\""}]},{"reference":"\"The power of multiples: Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source\". 2007-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/ams-tpo112107.php","url_text":"\"The power of multiples: Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, C. L.; Jacobson, M. Z. (2007). \"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 46 (11): 1701–1717. Bibcode:2007JApMC..46.1701A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.4620. doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1538.1.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/aj07_jamc.pdf","url_text":"\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JApMC..46.1701A","url_text":"2007JApMC..46.1701A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.4620","url_text":"10.1.1.475.4620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2007JAMC1538.1","url_text":"10.1175/2007JAMC1538.1"}]},{"reference":"David JC MacKay. \"Sustainable Energy - without the hot air. Fluctuations and storage\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c26/page_187.shtml","url_text":"\"Sustainable Energy - without the hot air. Fluctuations and storage\""}]},{"reference":"Andrzej Strupczewski. \"Czy w Polsce wiatr wystarczy zamiast elektrowni atomowych?\" [Can the wind suffice instead of nuclear power in Poland?] (in Polish). atom.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904155414/http://www.atom.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=73","url_text":"\"Czy w Polsce wiatr wystarczy zamiast elektrowni atomowych?\""},{"url":"http://www.atom.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=73","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diesendorf, Mark (August 2007). \"The Base-Load Fallacy\" (PDF). Institute of Environmental Studies. www.energyscience.org.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080708184613/http://www.sustainabilitycentre.com.au/BaseloadFallacy.pdf","url_text":"\"The Base-Load Fallacy\""},{"url":"http://www.sustainabilitycentre.com.au/BaseloadFallacy.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sharman, Hugh (May 2005). \"Why wind power works for Denmark\". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering. 158 (2): 66–72. doi:10.1680/cien.2005.158.2.66.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fcien.2005.158.2.66","url_text":"10.1680/cien.2005.158.2.66"}]},{"reference":"\"Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics\". IEA. Retrieved 2021-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/average-annual-capacity-factors-by-technology-2018","url_text":"\"Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Dispatchable Wind Is Becoming a Reality in the US\". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2020-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-dispatchable-wind-is-becoming-a-reality-in-the-us","url_text":"\"How Dispatchable Wind Is Becoming a Reality in the US\""}]},{"reference":"\"51MWh vanadium flow battery system ordered for wind farm in northern Japan\". Energy Storage News. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.energy-storage.news/news/51mwh-vanadium-flow-battery-system-ordered-for-wind-farm-in-northern-japan","url_text":"\"51MWh vanadium flow battery system ordered for wind farm in northern Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blowing Away the Myths\" (PDF). The British Wind Energy Association. February 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710024744/http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ref_three.pdf","url_text":"\"Blowing Away the Myths\""},{"url":"http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ref_three.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nedic, Dusko; Anser Shakoor; Goran Strbac; Mary Black; Jim Watson; Catherine Mitchell (July 2005). \"Security assessment of future UK electricity scenarios\" (PDF). Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070111234301/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t2_24.pdf","url_text":"\"Security assessment of future UK electricity scenarios\""},{"url":"http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t2_24.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Junling Huang; Xi Lu; Michael B. McElroy (2014). \"Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US\" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 62: 331–340. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022. S2CID 3527948.","urls":[{"url":"http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10981611/Meteorologically%20defined%20limits%20to%20reduction%20in%20the%20variability%20of%20outputs%20from%20a%20coupled%20wind%20farm%20system%20in%20the%20Central%20US_1.pdf?sequence=6","url_text":"\"Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2013.07.022","url_text":"10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3527948","url_text":"3527948"}]},{"reference":"\"Wind Systems Integration Basics\". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120607000124/http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/system_integration_basics.html","url_text":"\"Wind Systems Integration Basics\""},{"url":"http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/system_integration_basics.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"renewable is doable A Smarter Energy Plan for Ontario (brochure version)\" (PDF). PEMBINA Institute. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827184239/http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/renew-doable-brochure.pdf","url_text":"\"renewable is doable A Smarter Energy Plan for Ontario (brochure version)\""},{"url":"http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/renew-doable-brochure.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jurasz, J.; Canales, F.A.; Kies, A.; Guezgouz, M.; Beluco, A. (2020-01-01). \"A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions\". Solar Energy. 195: 703–724. arXiv:1904.01667. Bibcode:2020SoEn..195..703J. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087. ISSN 0038-092X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2019.11.087","url_text":"\"A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01667","url_text":"1904.01667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SoEn..195..703J","url_text":"2020SoEn..195..703J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2019.11.087","url_text":"10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-092X","url_text":"0038-092X"}]},{"reference":"\"Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics\". IEA. Retrieved 2021-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/average-annual-capacity-factors-by-technology-2018","url_text":"\"Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"World Energy Perspective (PDF) (Report). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf","url_text":"World Energy Perspective"}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Summary: Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts\" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. October 2003. Retrieved 2016-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35060.pdf","url_text":"\"Executive Summary: Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, David; Robert G. Morgan (July 2008). \"A solar-powered economy: How solar thermal can replace coal, gas and oil\". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. Retrieved 2008-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/magazine/story?id=52693","url_text":"\"A solar-powered economy: How solar thermal can replace coal, gas and oil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solar Air Cooling\". Integration of Renewable energy on Farms. March 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2008-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706180243/http://www.farm-energy.ca/IReF/index.php?page=solar-air-cooling-ataglance","url_text":"\"Solar Air Cooling\""},{"url":"http://www.farm-energy.ca/IReF/index.php?page=solar-air-cooling-ataglance","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Project Description – Keeyask Hydropower Limited Partnership\". 10 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://keeyask.com/the-project/project-description/","url_text":"\"Project Description – Keeyask Hydropower Limited Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Energy Resources: Tidal power\". www.darvill.clara.net. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm","url_text":"\"Energy Resources: Tidal power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wind and Waves\". Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2012-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913081744/http://www.mos.org/oceans/motion/wind.html","url_text":"\"Wind and Waves\""},{"url":"http://www.mos.org/oceans/motion/wind.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comparing the Variability of Wind Speed and Wave Height Data\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120617081359/http://energetech.com.au:8080/attachments/ComparingWindSpeedWaveHeight.pdf","url_text":"\"Comparing the Variability of Wind Speed and Wave Height Data\""},{"url":"http://energetech.com.au:8080/attachments/ComparingWindSpeedWaveHeight.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Savenkov, M 2009 'On the Truncated Weibull Distribution and its Usefulness in Evaluating the Theoretical Capacity Factor of Potential Wind (or Wave) Energy Sites', University Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21-25\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2014-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222120957/http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Savenkov, M 2009 'On the Truncated Weibull Distribution and its Usefulness in Evaluating the Theoretical Capacity Factor of Potential Wind (or Wave) Energy Sites', University Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21-25\""},{"url":"http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, George (2022-06-28). \"We Don't Need Base Load Power\". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2022-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://cleantechnica.com/2022/06/28/we-dont-need-base-load-power/","url_text":"\"We Don't Need Base Load Power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test\". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. Retrieved 2011-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/print/article/2011/02/solar-solar-and-energy-storage-a-perfect-match","url_text":"\"Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK battery storage capacity could reach 70% growth in 2019 as business models evolve\". Solar Power Portal. 13 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/blogs/uk_battery_storage_capacity_could_reach_70_growth_in_2019_as_business_model","url_text":"\"UK battery storage capacity could reach 70% growth in 2019 as business models evolve\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK battery storage market reaches 1GW landmark as new applications continues to grow\". Solar Power Portal. 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/blogs/uk_battery_storage_market_reaches_1gw_landmark_as_new_applications_continue","url_text":"\"UK battery storage market reaches 1GW landmark as new applications continues to grow\""}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Dave (May 24, 2009). \"How CERN is encouraged to not do atom or quark smashing, during periods of high demand and low power station availablity [sic], by means of the EJP tarrif\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-cern-is-encouraged-to-not-do-atom-or-quark-smashing-during-periods-of-high-demand-and-low-power-station-availablity-by-means-of-the-ejp-tarrif.html","url_text":"\"How CERN is encouraged to not do atom or quark smashing, during periods of high demand and low power station availablity [sic], by means of the EJP tarrif\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report\". California Energy Commission. November 21, 2005. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2006-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601145045/https://www.energy.ca.gov/2005_energypolicy/index.html","url_text":"\"2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report\""},{"url":"http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005_energypolicy/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fridgen, Gilbert; Körner, Marc-Fabian; Walters, Steffen; Weibelzahl, Martin (2021-03-09). \"Not All Doom and Gloom: How Energy-Intensive and Temporally Flexible Data Center Applications May Actually Promote Renewable Energy Sources\". Business & Information Systems Engineering. 63 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00686-z. hdl:10419/287421. ISSN 2363-7005. S2CID 233664180. To gain applicable knowledge, this paper evaluates the developed model by means of two use-cases with real-world data, namely AWS computing instances for training Machine Learning algorithms and Bitcoin mining as relevant DC applications. The results illustrate that for both cases the NPV of the IES compared to a stand-alone RES-plant increases, which may lead to a promotion of RES-plants.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00686-z","url_text":"\"Not All Doom and Gloom: How Energy-Intensive and Temporally Flexible Data Center Applications May Actually Promote Renewable Energy Sources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00686-z","url_text":"10.1007/s12599-021-00686-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F287421","url_text":"10419/287421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2363-7005","url_text":"2363-7005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233664180","url_text":"233664180"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, Joshua. \"Is Bitcoin Inherently Bad For The Environment?\". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-01-16. Mining and transacting cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, do present energy and emissions challenges, but new research shows that there are possible pathways to mitigate some of these issues if cryptocurrency miners are willing to operate in a way to compliment the deployment of more low-carbon energy.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuarhodes/2021/10/08/is-bitcoin-inherently-bad-for-the-environment/","url_text":"\"Is Bitcoin Inherently Bad For The Environment?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Bitcoin Does Not Have to Be an Oxymoron\". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2022-01-16. One way to invest in Bitcoin that has a positive effect on renewable energy is to encourage mining operations near wind or solar sites. This provides a customer for power that might otherwise need to be transmitted or stored, saving money as well as carbon.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/green-bitcoin-does-not-have-to-be-an-oxymoron","url_text":"\"Green Bitcoin Does Not Have to Be an Oxymoron\""}]},{"reference":"Moffit, Tim (2021-06-01). \"Beyond Boom and Bust: An emerging clean energy economy in Wyoming\". Currently, projects are under development, but the issue of overgenerated wind continues to exist. By harnessing the overgenerated wind for Bitcoin mining, Wyoming has the opportunity to redistribute the global hashrate, incentivize Bitcoin miners to move their operations to Wyoming, and stimulate job growth as a result.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zp872rt","url_text":"\"Beyond Boom and Bust: An emerging clean energy economy in Wyoming\""}]},{"reference":"Rennie, Ellie (2021-11-07). \"Climate change and the legitimacy of Bitcoin\". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3961105. S2CID 244155800. SSRN 3961105. In responding to these pressures and events, some miners are providing services and innovations that may help the viability of clean energy infrastructures for energy providers and beyond, including the data and computing industry. The paper finds that if Bitcoin loses legitimacy as a store of value, then it may result in lost opportunities to accelerate sustainable energy infrastructures and markets.","urls":[{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3961105","url_text":"\"Climate change and the legitimacy of Bitcoin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3961105","url_text":"10.2139/ssrn.3961105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244155800","url_text":"244155800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3961105","url_text":"3961105"}]},{"reference":"Eid, Bilal; Islam, Md Rabiul; Shah, Rakibuzzaman; Nahid, Abdullah-Al; Kouzani, Abbas Z.; Mahmud, M. A. Parvez (2021-11-01). \"Enhanced Profitability of Photovoltaic Plants By Utilizing Cryptocurrency-Based Mining Load\". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 31 (8): 1–5. Bibcode:2021ITAS...3196503E. doi:10.1109/TASC.2021.3096503. hdl:20.500.11782/2513. ISSN 1558-2515. S2CID 237245955. The grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants (PVPPs) are booming nowadays. The main problem facing the PV power plants deployment is the intermittency which leads to instability of the grid. [...] This paper investigating the usage of a customized load - cryptocurrency mining rig - to create an added value for the owner of the plant and increase the ROI of the project. [...] The developed strategy is able to keep the profitability as high as possible during the fluctuation of the mining network.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9483629","url_text":"\"Enhanced Profitability of Photovoltaic Plants By Utilizing Cryptocurrency-Based Mining Load\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ITAS...3196503E","url_text":"2021ITAS...3196503E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTASC.2021.3096503","url_text":"10.1109/TASC.2021.3096503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11782%2F2513","url_text":"20.500.11782/2513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-2515","url_text":"1558-2515"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237245955","url_text":"237245955"}]},{"reference":"Bastian-Pinto, Carlos L.; Araujo, Felipe V. de S.; Brandão, Luiz E.; Gomes, Leonardo L. (2021-03-01). \"Hedging renewable energy investments with Bitcoin mining\". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 138: 110520. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110520. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 228861639. Windfarms can hedge electricity price risk by investing in Bitcoin mining. [...] These findings, which can also be applied to other renewable energy sources, may be of interest to both the energy generator as well as the system regulator as it creates an incentive for early investment in sustainable and renewable energy sources.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120308054","url_text":"\"Hedging renewable energy investments with Bitcoin mining\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2020.110520","url_text":"10.1016/j.rser.2020.110520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-0321","url_text":"1364-0321"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228861639","url_text":"228861639"}]},{"reference":"Shan, Rui; Sun, Yaojin (2019-08-07). \"Bitcoin Mining to Reduce the Renewable Curtailment: A Case Study of Caiso\". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3436872. S2CID 219382864. SSRN 3436872. The enormous energy demand from Bitcoin mining is a considerable burden to achieve the climate agenda and the energy cost is the major operation cost. On the other side, with high penetration of renewable resources, the grid makes curtailment for reliability reasons, which reduces both economic and environment benefits from renewable energy. Deploying the Bitcoin mining machines at renewable power plants can mitigate both problems.","urls":[{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3436872","url_text":"\"Bitcoin Mining to Reduce the Renewable Curtailment: A Case Study of Caiso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3436872","url_text":"10.2139/ssrn.3436872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219382864","url_text":"219382864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3436872","url_text":"3436872"}]},{"reference":"\"Can renewable energy make crypto mining greener? | Sifted\". sifted.eu. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://sifted.eu/articles/renewable-energy-crypto-mining/","url_text":"\"Can renewable energy make crypto mining greener? | Sifted\""}]},{"reference":"Benitez, Pablo C.; Lilianna E. Dragulescu; G. Cornelis Van Kooten (February 2006). \"The Economics of Wind Power with Energy Storage\". Resource Economics and Policy Analysis (REPA) Research Group. Department of Economics, University of Victoria. Retrieved 2008-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://ideas.repec.org/p/rep/wpaper/2006-02.html","url_text":"\"The Economics of Wind Power with Energy Storage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grid-Scale Battery Storage Frequently Asked Questions\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/74426.pdf","url_text":"\"Grid-Scale Battery Storage Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"The global race to produce hydrogen offshore\". BBC News. 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55763356","url_text":"\"The global race to produce hydrogen offshore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mechanical energy storage\". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219164627/https://energystorage.org/why-energy-storage/technologies/mechanical-energy-storage/","url_text":"\"Mechanical energy storage\""},{"url":"https://energystorage.org/why-energy-storage/technologies/mechanical-energy-storage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kinetic energy storage\". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219163121/https://en.kest.energy/tech","url_text":"\"Kinetic energy storage\""},{"url":"https://en.kest.energy/tech","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Junling Huang; Michael B. McElroy (2014). \"Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US\" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 62: 331–340. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022. S2CID 3527948.","urls":[{"url":"https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/10981611/6/Meteorologically%20defined%20limits%20to%20reduction%20in%20the%20variability%20of%20outputs%20from%20a%20coupled%20wind%20farm%20system%20in%20the%20Central%20US_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2013.07.022","url_text":"10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3527948","url_text":"3527948"}]},{"reference":"Lovins, Amory; L. Hunter Lovins (November 1983). \"The Fragility of Domestic Energy\" (PDF). The Atlantic. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080625205941/http://www.rmi.org/images/other/EnergySecurity/S83-08_FragileDomEnergy.pdf","url_text":"\"The Fragility of Domestic Energy\""},{"url":"http://www.rmi.org/images/other/EnergySecurity/S83-08_FragileDomEnergy.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nyenah, Emmanuel; Sterl, Sebastian; Thiery, Wim (2022). \"Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide\". Environmental Research Communications. 4 (5): 055011. Bibcode:2022ERCom...4e5011N. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb. S2CID 249227821.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2515-7620%2Fac71fb","url_text":"\"Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ERCom...4e5011N","url_text":"2022ERCom...4e5011N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2515-7620%2Fac71fb","url_text":"10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249227821","url_text":"249227821"}]},{"reference":"Harden, Blaine (2007-03-21). \"Air, Water Powerful Partners in Northwest\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/20/AR2007032001634.html","url_text":"\"Air, Water Powerful Partners in Northwest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"JUNE, WE (2022-01-27). \"The European Super Grid : A solution to the EU's energy problems • Eyes on Europe\". Eyes on Europe (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eyes-on-europe.eu/the-european-super-grid-a-solution-to-the-eus-energy-problems/","url_text":"\"The European Super Grid : A solution to the EU's energy problems • Eyes on Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"US, Canada expand clean energy cooperation\". IHS Markit. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://cleanenergynews.ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/us-canada-expand-clean-energy-cooperation.html","url_text":"\"US, Canada expand clean energy cooperation\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Norway became Europe's biggest power exporter\". Power Technology. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.power-technology.com/features/how-norway-became-europes-biggest-power-exporter/","url_text":"\"How Norway became Europe's biggest power exporter\""}]},{"reference":"IRENA (2018). Power System Flexibility for the Energy Transition, Part 1: Overview for policy makers (PDF). Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. pp. 25, 42. ISBN 978-92-9260-089-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Nov/IRENA_Power_system_flexibility_1_2018.pdf?la=en&hash=72EC26336F127C7D51DF798CE19F477557CE9A82","url_text":"Power System Flexibility for the Energy Transition, Part 1: Overview for policy makers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9260-089-1","url_text":"978-92-9260-089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"System integration of renewables – Topics\". IEA. Retrieved 2021-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/topics/system-integration-of-renewables","url_text":"\"System integration of renewables – Topics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Vehicle-to-Grid Technology the Key to Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution?\". POWER Magazine. 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2021-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powermag.com/is-vehicle-to-grid-technology-the-key-to-accelerating-the-clean-energy-revolution/","url_text":"\"Is Vehicle-to-Grid Technology the Key to Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution?\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK city of Nottingham uses vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and IoT to optimise EV fleet charging\". Traffic Technology Today. 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.traffictechnologytoday.com/news/electric-vehicles-ev-infrastructure/uk-city-of-nottingham-uses-vehicle-to-grid-v2g-and-iot-to-optimise-ev-fleet-charging.html","url_text":"\"UK city of Nottingham uses vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and IoT to optimise EV fleet charging\""}]},{"reference":"Gross, Robert; Heptonstall, Philip; Anderson, Dennis; Green, Tim; Leach, Matthew; Skea, Jim (March 2006). The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency (PDF). UK Energy Research Council. ISBN 978-1-903144-04-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2010-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318231423/http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/06/0604Intermittency/0604IntermittencyReport.pdf","url_text":"The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903144-04-6","url_text":"978-1-903144-04-6"},{"url":"http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/06/0604Intermittency/0604IntermittencyReport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shumais, Mohamed; Mohamed, Ibrahim. \"DIMENSIONS OF ENERGY INSECURITY ON SMALL ISLANDS: THE CASE OF THE MALDIVES\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/543261/adbi-wp1049.pdf","url_text":"\"DIMENSIONS OF ENERGY INSECURITY ON SMALL ISLANDS: THE CASE OF THE MALDIVES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transforming small-island power systems\". /publications/2019/Jan/Transforming-small-island-power-systems. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jan/Transforming-small-island-power-systems","url_text":"\"Transforming small-island power systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shining a light on a smart island\". MAN Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.man-es.com/discover/shining-a-light-on-a-smart-island","url_text":"\"Shining a light on a smart island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wind and solar produce record 10% of world's electricity, but faster change needed, scientists warn\". www.independent.co.uk. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/renewable-energy-wind-solar-coal-how-much-electricity-climate-change-a9669651.html","url_text":"\"Wind and solar produce record 10% of world's electricity, but faster change needed, scientists warn\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/renewable-energy-wind-solar-coal-how-much-electricity-climate-change-a9669651.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ltd, Renews (2020-08-11). \"Britain urged to hit 65% renewables by 2030\". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://renews.biz/62362/britain-urged-to-hit-65-renewables-by-2030/","url_text":"\"Britain urged to hit 65% renewables by 2030\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Looks To Triple Solar And More Than Quadruple Offshore Wind Power\". OilPrice.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/UK-Looks-To-Triple-Solar-And-More-Than-Quadruple-Offshore-Wind-Power.html","url_text":"\"UK Looks To Triple Solar And More Than Quadruple Offshore Wind Power\""}]},{"reference":"Tong, Dan; Farnham, David J.; Duan, Lei; Zhang, Qiang; Lewis, Nathan S.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J. (2021-10-22). \"Geophysical constraints on the reliability of solar and wind power worldwide\". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6146. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6146T. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26355-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8536784. PMID 34686663.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8536784","url_text":"\"Geophysical constraints on the reliability of solar and wind power worldwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.6146T","url_text":"2021NatCo..12.6146T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26355-z","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-021-26355-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8536784","url_text":"8536784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34686663","url_text":"34686663"}]},{"reference":"Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. \"Will war fast-track the energy transition? | DW | 04.03.2022\". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/will-war-fast-track-the-energy-transition/a-61021440","url_text":"\"Will war fast-track the energy transition? | DW | 04.03.2022\""}]},{"reference":"Morse, Richard; Salvatore, Sarah; Slusarewicz, Joanna H.; Cohan, Daniel S. (2022-03-14). \"Can wind and solar replace coal in Texas?\". Renewables: Wind, Water, and Solar. 9 (1): 1. Bibcode:2022RWWS....9....1M. doi:10.1186/s40807-022-00069-2. ISSN 2198-994X. S2CID 247454828.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40807-022-00069-2","url_text":"\"Can wind and solar replace coal in Texas?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RWWS....9....1M","url_text":"2022RWWS....9....1M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40807-022-00069-2","url_text":"10.1186/s40807-022-00069-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2198-994X","url_text":"2198-994X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247454828","url_text":"247454828"}]},{"reference":"Vetter, David. \"5 New Reports Show Wind And Solar Power Can Cripple Putin, Secure Climate Goals\". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2022/03/30/5-new-reports-show-wind-and-solar-power-can-cripple-putin-secure-climate-goals/","url_text":"\"5 New Reports Show Wind And Solar Power Can Cripple Putin, Secure Climate Goals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accelerating Grid Integration\". www.usaid.gov. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31. Grid modernization reduces medium- to long-term curtailment, stagnation of large-scale renewable energy deployment, reduces long-term costs, and enables new business models, such as electric vehicles (EVs), aggregation, demand-side management, and distributed energy resources. It also promotes regional market coordination and power system integration which can unlock billions of dollars in electricity revenue through cross-border trade.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usaid.gov/energy/sure/grid-integration","url_text":"\"Accelerating Grid Integration\""}]},{"reference":"ES, Tetra Tech; order, Inc under USAID’s Scaling Up Renewable Energy task (2021-07-28). \"Renewable Energy Auctions Toolkit | Energy | U.S. Agency for International Development\". www.usaid.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usaid.gov/energy/auctions","url_text":"\"Renewable Energy Auctions Toolkit | Energy | U.S. Agency for International Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feed-In Tariffs vs Reverse Auctions: Setting the Right Subsidy Rates for Solar\". Development Asia. 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2022-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://development.asia/insight/feed-tariffs-vs-reverse-auctions-setting-right-subsidy-rates-solar","url_text":"\"Feed-In Tariffs vs Reverse Auctions: Setting the Right Subsidy Rates for Solar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government hits accelerator on low-cost renewable power\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-hits-accelerator-on-low-cost-renewable-power","url_text":"\"Government hits accelerator on low-cost renewable power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Currency Risk Is the Hidden Solar Project Deal Breaker\". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2022-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/currency-risk-is-the-hidden-solar-project-deal-breaker","url_text":"\"Currency Risk Is the Hidden Solar Project Deal Breaker\""}]},{"reference":"Ambrose, Jillian (2020-07-27). \"UK electricity grid's carbon emissions could turn negative by 2033, says National Grid\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/27/uk-electricity-grids-carbon-emissions-could-turn-negative-by-2033-says-national-grid","url_text":"\"UK electricity grid's carbon emissions could turn negative by 2033, says National Grid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Zero carbon operation of Great Britain's electricity system by 2025 | National Grid ESO\". www.nationalgrideso.com. Retrieved 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgrideso.com/news/zero-carbon-operation-great-britains-electricity-system-2025","url_text":"\"Zero carbon operation of Great Britain's electricity system by 2025 | National Grid ESO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renewable energies in figures\". Umweltbundesamt (German environmental agency). 11 June 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/climate-energy/renewable-energies/renewable-energies-in-figures","url_text":"\"Renewable energies in figures\""}]},{"reference":"Sivaram, Varun (2018). Taming the Sun: Innovation to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03768-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03768-6","url_text":"978-0-262-03768-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_renewable_energy&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_renewable_energy&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.334.6058.922","external_links_name":"\"Saving for a Rainy Day\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...334..922C","external_links_name":"2011Sci...334..922C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.334.6058.922","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.334.6058.922"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","external_links_name":"0036-8075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22096185","external_links_name":"22096185"},{"Link":"https://iesr.or.id/en/flexible-power-plant-operation-to-enable-high-renewable-energy-penetration","external_links_name":"\"Flexible Power Plant Operation to Enable High Renewable Energy Penetration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318231419/http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/E20F6E3D-8724-4E39-B315-0670B8C9841E/0/AllIslandGridStudyStudyOverviewJan08a2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"All Island Grid Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/E20F6E3D-8724-4E39-B315-0670B8C9841E/0/AllIslandGridStudyStudyOverviewJan08a2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100919181607/http://www.ensg.gov.uk/assets/ct_impact_of_re_final_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Carbon Trust & DTI Renewables Network Impacts Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.ensg.gov.uk/assets/ct_impact_of_re_final_report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220807023536/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf","external_links_name":"IPCC: Climate Change 2022, Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers"},{"Link":"https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Global Electricity Review 2022\""},{"Link":"https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wene.137","external_links_name":"\"Designing electricity markets for a high penetration of variable renewables\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WIREE...4..279R","external_links_name":"2015WIREE...4..279R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwene.137","external_links_name":"10.1002/wene.137"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8396","external_links_name":"2041-8396"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167079952","external_links_name":"167079952"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148119309875","external_links_name":"\"Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2019.06.147","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.147"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F373407","external_links_name":"20.500.11850/373407"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-1481","external_links_name":"0960-1481"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198480155","external_links_name":"198480155"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701230913/http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports/ris-r-1608_186-195.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100% on Renewable Energies\""},{"Link":"https://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports/ris-r-1608_186-195.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iea.org/Textbase/Papers/2005/variability.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables: Management Options and Strategies\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114010715","external_links_name":"\"Variability assessment and forecasting of renewables: A review for solar, wind, wave and tidal resources\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2014.12.019","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.019"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-0321","external_links_name":"1364-0321"},{"Link":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_7442.html","external_links_name":"\"Energy Transition with Variable and Intermittent Renewable Electricity Generation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090115212122/http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/membersonly/oct05/features/rerere/rerere.html","external_links_name":"\"renewable. rechargeable. remarkable\""},{"Link":"http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/membersonly/oct05/features/rerere/rerere.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ieawind.org/AnnexXXV/Publications/Task25/Task%2025%20Design%20and%20Operation%20of%20Power%20Systems%20UWIG.pdf","external_links_name":"International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, \"Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025113737/http://www.ieawind.org/AnnexXXV/Publications/Task25/Task%2025%20Design%20and%20Operation%20of%20Power%20Systems%20UWIG.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ecowho.com/defn/f/firm%20power/2da42","external_links_name":"\"firm power\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318231423/http://ejournal.windeng.net/3/01/GGiebel-CapCredLit_WindEngEJournal_2005_right_links.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wind Powers Has a Capacity Credit\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/13774867.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/13/3366/pdf","external_links_name":"\"Defining and Quantifying Intermittency in the Power Sector\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen13133366","external_links_name":"10.3390/en13133366"},{"Link":"https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/volatile-predictable-forecasting-renewable-power-generation","external_links_name":"\"Volatile but predictable: Forecasting renewable power generation\""},{"Link":"http://www.ieawindforecasting.dk/","external_links_name":"\"IEA wind task 36\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/ams-tpo112107.php","external_links_name":"\"The power of multiples: Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source\""},{"Link":"http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/aj07_jamc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JApMC..46.1701A","external_links_name":"2007JApMC..46.1701A"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.4620","external_links_name":"10.1.1.475.4620"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2007JAMC1538.1","external_links_name":"10.1175/2007JAMC1538.1"},{"Link":"http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c26/page_187.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Sustainable Energy - without the hot air. Fluctuations and storage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904155414/http://www.atom.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=73","external_links_name":"\"Czy w Polsce wiatr wystarczy zamiast elektrowni atomowych?\""},{"Link":"http://www.atom.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=73","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080708184613/http://www.sustainabilitycentre.com.au/BaseloadFallacy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Base-Load Fallacy\""},{"Link":"http://www.sustainabilitycentre.com.au/BaseloadFallacy.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.windaction.org/posts/30544-report-questions-wind-power-s-ability-to-deliver-electricity-when-most-needed#.WHkNM7kSiyA","external_links_name":"\"Analysis of UK Wind Generation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fcien.2005.158.2.66","external_links_name":"10.1680/cien.2005.158.2.66"},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/average-annual-capacity-factors-by-technology-2018","external_links_name":"\"Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-dispatchable-wind-is-becoming-a-reality-in-the-us","external_links_name":"\"How Dispatchable Wind Is Becoming a Reality in the US\""},{"Link":"https://www.energy-storage.news/news/51mwh-vanadium-flow-battery-system-ordered-for-wind-farm-in-northern-japan","external_links_name":"\"51MWh vanadium flow battery system ordered for wind farm in northern Japan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070710024744/http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ref_three.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Blowing Away the Myths\""},{"Link":"http://www.bwea.com/pdf/ref_three.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070111234301/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t2_24.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Security assessment of future UK electricity scenarios\""},{"Link":"http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t2_24.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10981611/Meteorologically%20defined%20limits%20to%20reduction%20in%20the%20variability%20of%20outputs%20from%20a%20coupled%20wind%20farm%20system%20in%20the%20Central%20US_1.pdf?sequence=6","external_links_name":"\"Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2013.07.022","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3527948","external_links_name":"3527948"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118042610/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1709/4a682549e8e853be7b393e916f4cab91487a.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.iset.uni-kassel.de/abt/FB-I/publication/2006-02-09Reliability.pdf","external_links_name":"Reliability of Wind Turbines"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120607000124/http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/system_integration_basics.html","external_links_name":"\"Wind Systems Integration Basics\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/system_integration_basics.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827184239/http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/renew-doable-brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"\"renewable is doable A Smarter Energy Plan for Ontario (brochure version)\""},{"Link":"http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/renew-doable-brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/2011/10/25/gemasolar_energia_non_stop.html","external_links_name":"Gemasolar, energía non stop"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130206152532/http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/2011/10/25/gemasolar_energia_non_stop.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2019.11.087","external_links_name":"\"A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01667","external_links_name":"1904.01667"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SoEn..195..703J","external_links_name":"2020SoEn..195..703J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2019.11.087","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-092X","external_links_name":"0038-092X"},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/average-annual-capacity-factors-by-technology-2018","external_links_name":"\"Average annual capacity factors by technology, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"World Energy Perspective"},{"Link":"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35060.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Executive Summary: Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts\""},{"Link":"http://www.iea.org/impagr/cip/pdf/issue36SolarP.pdf","external_links_name":"Spain Pioneers Grid-Connected Solar-Tower Thermal Power"},{"Link":"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/magazine/story?id=52693","external_links_name":"\"A solar-powered economy: How solar thermal can replace coal, gas and oil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706180243/http://www.farm-energy.ca/IReF/index.php?page=solar-air-cooling-ataglance","external_links_name":"\"Solar Air Cooling\""},{"Link":"http://www.farm-energy.ca/IReF/index.php?page=solar-air-cooling-ataglance","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://keeyask.com/the-project/project-description/","external_links_name":"\"Project Description – Keeyask Hydropower Limited Partnership\""},{"Link":"http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm","external_links_name":"\"Energy Resources: Tidal power\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913081744/http://www.mos.org/oceans/motion/wind.html","external_links_name":"\"Wind and Waves\""},{"Link":"http://www.mos.org/oceans/motion/wind.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120617081359/http://energetech.com.au:8080/attachments/ComparingWindSpeedWaveHeight.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Comparing the Variability of Wind Speed and Wave Height Data\""},{"Link":"http://energetech.com.au:8080/attachments/ComparingWindSpeedWaveHeight.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222120957/http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Savenkov, M 2009 'On the Truncated Weibull Distribution and its Usefulness in Evaluating the Theoretical Capacity Factor of Potential Wind (or Wave) Energy Sites', University Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 21-25\""},{"Link":"http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cleantechnica.com/2022/06/28/we-dont-need-base-load-power/","external_links_name":"\"We Don't Need Base Load Power\""},{"Link":"https://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/death-capacity-factor-how-wind-solar-ultimately-win-game.html","external_links_name":"Death by 'capacity factor': Is this how wind and solar ultimately win the game?"},{"Link":"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/print/article/2011/02/solar-solar-and-energy-storage-a-perfect-match","external_links_name":"\"Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test\""},{"Link":"https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/blogs/uk_battery_storage_capacity_could_reach_70_growth_in_2019_as_business_model","external_links_name":"\"UK battery storage capacity could reach 70% growth in 2019 as business models evolve\""},{"Link":"https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/blogs/uk_battery_storage_market_reaches_1gw_landmark_as_new_applications_continue","external_links_name":"\"UK battery storage market reaches 1GW landmark as new applications continues to grow\""},{"Link":"http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-cern-is-encouraged-to-not-do-atom-or-quark-smashing-during-periods-of-high-demand-and-low-power-station-availablity-by-means-of-the-ejp-tarrif.html","external_links_name":"\"How CERN is encouraged to not do atom or quark smashing, during periods of high demand and low power station availablity [sic], by means of the EJP tarrif\""},{"Link":"http://bulletin.cern.ch/eng/articles.php?bullno=46/2005&base=art","external_links_name":"bulletin 46"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080404141515/http://bulletin.cern.ch/eng/articles.php?bullno=46/2005&base=art","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/42/","external_links_name":"http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/42/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208120416/http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/42/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601145045/https://www.energy.ca.gov/2005_energypolicy/index.html","external_links_name":"\"2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005_energypolicy/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00686-z","external_links_name":"\"Not All Doom and Gloom: How Energy-Intensive and Temporally Flexible Data Center Applications May Actually Promote Renewable Energy Sources\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12599-021-00686-z","external_links_name":"10.1007/s12599-021-00686-z"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F287421","external_links_name":"10419/287421"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2363-7005","external_links_name":"2363-7005"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233664180","external_links_name":"233664180"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuarhodes/2021/10/08/is-bitcoin-inherently-bad-for-the-environment/","external_links_name":"\"Is Bitcoin Inherently Bad For The Environment?\""},{"Link":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/green-bitcoin-does-not-have-to-be-an-oxymoron","external_links_name":"\"Green Bitcoin Does Not Have to Be an Oxymoron\""},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zp872rt","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Boom and Bust: An emerging clean energy economy in Wyoming\""},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3961105","external_links_name":"\"Climate change and the legitimacy of Bitcoin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3961105","external_links_name":"10.2139/ssrn.3961105"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244155800","external_links_name":"244155800"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3961105","external_links_name":"3961105"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9483629","external_links_name":"\"Enhanced Profitability of Photovoltaic Plants By Utilizing Cryptocurrency-Based Mining Load\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ITAS...3196503E","external_links_name":"2021ITAS...3196503E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTASC.2021.3096503","external_links_name":"10.1109/TASC.2021.3096503"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11782%2F2513","external_links_name":"20.500.11782/2513"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-2515","external_links_name":"1558-2515"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237245955","external_links_name":"237245955"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120308054","external_links_name":"\"Hedging renewable energy investments with Bitcoin mining\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2020.110520","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.rser.2020.110520"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-0321","external_links_name":"1364-0321"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228861639","external_links_name":"228861639"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3436872","external_links_name":"\"Bitcoin Mining to Reduce the Renewable Curtailment: A Case Study of Caiso\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3436872","external_links_name":"10.2139/ssrn.3436872"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219382864","external_links_name":"219382864"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3436872","external_links_name":"3436872"},{"Link":"https://sifted.eu/articles/renewable-energy-crypto-mining/","external_links_name":"\"Can renewable energy make crypto mining greener? | Sifted\""},{"Link":"http://media.bze.org.au/ZCA2020_Stationary_Energy_Report_v1.pdf","external_links_name":"Australian Sustainable Energy: Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan"},{"Link":"http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/3272/innovation-in-concentrating-thermal-solar-power-csp/","external_links_name":"Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP)"},{"Link":"http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2013/10/solana_10_facts_you_didnt_know.php","external_links_name":"Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend"},{"Link":"http://ideas.repec.org/p/rep/wpaper/2006-02.html","external_links_name":"\"The Economics of Wind Power with Energy Storage\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/74426.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Grid-Scale Battery Storage Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55763356","external_links_name":"\"The global race to produce hydrogen offshore\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219164627/https://energystorage.org/why-energy-storage/technologies/mechanical-energy-storage/","external_links_name":"\"Mechanical energy storage\""},{"Link":"https://energystorage.org/why-energy-storage/technologies/mechanical-energy-storage/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220219163121/https://en.kest.energy/tech","external_links_name":"\"Kinetic energy storage\""},{"Link":"https://en.kest.energy/tech","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/10981611/6/Meteorologically%20defined%20limits%20to%20reduction%20in%20the%20variability%20of%20outputs%20from%20a%20coupled%20wind%20farm%20system%20in%20the%20Central%20US_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2013.07.022","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3527948","external_links_name":"3527948"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080625205941/http://www.rmi.org/images/other/EnergySecurity/S83-08_FragileDomEnergy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Fragility of Domestic Energy\""},{"Link":"http://www.rmi.org/images/other/EnergySecurity/S83-08_FragileDomEnergy.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2515-7620%2Fac71fb","external_links_name":"\"Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ERCom...4e5011N","external_links_name":"2022ERCom...4e5011N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2515-7620%2Fac71fb","external_links_name":"10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249227821","external_links_name":"249227821"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/20/AR2007032001634.html","external_links_name":"\"Air, Water Powerful Partners in Northwest\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.eyes-on-europe.eu/the-european-super-grid-a-solution-to-the-eus-energy-problems/","external_links_name":"\"The European Super Grid : A solution to the EU's energy problems • Eyes on Europe\""},{"Link":"https://cleanenergynews.ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/us-canada-expand-clean-energy-cooperation.html","external_links_name":"\"US, Canada expand clean energy cooperation\""},{"Link":"https://www.power-technology.com/features/how-norway-became-europes-biggest-power-exporter/","external_links_name":"\"How Norway became Europe's biggest power exporter\""},{"Link":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Nov/IRENA_Power_system_flexibility_1_2018.pdf?la=en&hash=72EC26336F127C7D51DF798CE19F477557CE9A82","external_links_name":"Power System Flexibility for the Energy Transition, Part 1: Overview for policy makers"},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/topics/system-integration-of-renewables","external_links_name":"\"System integration of renewables – Topics\""},{"Link":"https://www.powermag.com/is-vehicle-to-grid-technology-the-key-to-accelerating-the-clean-energy-revolution/","external_links_name":"\"Is Vehicle-to-Grid Technology the Key to Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution?\""},{"Link":"https://www.traffictechnologytoday.com/news/electric-vehicles-ev-infrastructure/uk-city-of-nottingham-uses-vehicle-to-grid-v2g-and-iot-to-optimise-ev-fleet-charging.html","external_links_name":"\"UK city of Nottingham uses vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and IoT to optimise EV fleet charging\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318231423/http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/06/0604Intermittency/0604IntermittencyReport.pdf","external_links_name":"The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency"},{"Link":"http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/06/0604Intermittency/0604IntermittencyReport.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://repa.econ.uvic.ca/publications/Working%20Paper%202006-02.pdf","external_links_name":"http://repa.econ.uvic.ca/publications/Working%20Paper%202006-02.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/543261/adbi-wp1049.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DIMENSIONS OF ENERGY INSECURITY ON SMALL ISLANDS: THE CASE OF THE MALDIVES\""},{"Link":"https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jan/Transforming-small-island-power-systems","external_links_name":"\"Transforming small-island power systems\""},{"Link":"https://www.man-es.com/discover/shining-a-light-on-a-smart-island","external_links_name":"\"Shining a light on a smart island\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/renewable-energy-wind-solar-coal-how-much-electricity-climate-change-a9669651.html","external_links_name":"\"Wind and solar produce record 10% of world's electricity, but faster change needed, scientists warn\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/renewable-energy-wind-solar-coal-how-much-electricity-climate-change-a9669651.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://renews.biz/62362/britain-urged-to-hit-65-renewables-by-2030/","external_links_name":"\"Britain urged to hit 65% renewables by 2030\""},{"Link":"https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/UK-Looks-To-Triple-Solar-And-More-Than-Quadruple-Offshore-Wind-Power.html","external_links_name":"\"UK Looks To Triple Solar And More Than Quadruple Offshore Wind Power\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8536784","external_links_name":"\"Geophysical constraints on the reliability of solar and wind power worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.6146T","external_links_name":"2021NatCo..12.6146T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26355-z","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41467-021-26355-z"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","external_links_name":"2041-1723"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8536784","external_links_name":"8536784"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34686663","external_links_name":"34686663"},{"Link":"http://www.claverton-energy.com/what-is-the-cost-per-kwh-of-bulk-transmission-national-grid-in-the-uk-note-this-excludes-distribution-costs.html","external_links_name":"http://www.claverton-energy.com/what-is-the-cost-per-kwh-of-bulk-transmission-national-grid-in-the-uk-note-this-excludes-distribution-costs.html"},{"Link":"http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,550/","external_links_name":"http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,550/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706221755/http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/component/option%2Ccom_docman/task%2Cdoc_download/gid%2C550/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/will-war-fast-track-the-energy-transition/a-61021440","external_links_name":"\"Will war fast-track the energy transition? | DW | 04.03.2022\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40807-022-00069-2","external_links_name":"\"Can wind and solar replace coal in Texas?\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RWWS....9....1M","external_links_name":"2022RWWS....9....1M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40807-022-00069-2","external_links_name":"10.1186/s40807-022-00069-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2198-994X","external_links_name":"2198-994X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247454828","external_links_name":"247454828"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2022/03/30/5-new-reports-show-wind-and-solar-power-can-cripple-putin-secure-climate-goals/","external_links_name":"\"5 New Reports Show Wind And Solar Power Can Cripple Putin, Secure Climate Goals\""},{"Link":"https://www.usaid.gov/energy/sure/grid-integration","external_links_name":"\"Accelerating Grid Integration\""},{"Link":"https://www.usaid.gov/energy/auctions","external_links_name":"\"Renewable Energy Auctions Toolkit | Energy | U.S. Agency for International Development\""},{"Link":"https://development.asia/insight/feed-tariffs-vs-reverse-auctions-setting-right-subsidy-rates-solar","external_links_name":"\"Feed-In Tariffs vs Reverse Auctions: Setting the Right Subsidy Rates for Solar\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-hits-accelerator-on-low-cost-renewable-power","external_links_name":"\"Government hits accelerator on low-cost renewable power\""},{"Link":"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/currency-risk-is-the-hidden-solar-project-deal-breaker","external_links_name":"\"Currency Risk Is the Hidden Solar Project Deal Breaker\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/27/uk-electricity-grids-carbon-emissions-could-turn-negative-by-2033-says-national-grid","external_links_name":"\"UK electricity grid's carbon emissions could turn negative by 2033, says National Grid\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgrideso.com/news/zero-carbon-operation-great-britains-electricity-system-2025","external_links_name":"\"Zero carbon operation of Great Britain's electricity system by 2025 | National Grid ESO\""},{"Link":"https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/climate-energy/renewable-energies/renewable-energies-in-figures","external_links_name":"\"Renewable energies in figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.wind-works.org/articles/GridIntegrationofWindEnergy.html","external_links_name":"Grid Integration of Wind Energy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510064213/http://wind-works.org/articles/GridIntegrationofWindEnergy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy
Chilean Navy
["1 History","1.1 Origins and the Wars of Independence (1817–1830)","1.2 Age of exploration, territorial expansion, and wars (1830–1885)","1.3 Civil war and arms race (1885–1902)","1.4 Depression and mutiny (1902–1950)","1.5 Role in Antarctica, incidents with Argentina, and the navy in the government (1950–1990)","2 Present","3 Equipment","3.1 Ships","3.2 Historic ships","3.3 Aircraft inventory","4 Future Navy acquisitions","5 Chilean Marines","6 SHOA","7 Ranks and rates","7.1 Officers","7.2 Enlisted","8 Commanders-in-chief","9 Gallery","10 Footnotes","11 Endnotes","12 References","13 External links"]
Branch of the Chilean Armed Forces Chilean NavyArmada de ChileCoat of arms of the Chilean NavyFounded1817; 207 years ago (1817)Country ChileTypeNavyRoleNaval warfareSize25,000 personnel133 vessels (see list)Part of Chilean Armed ForcesHeadquartersEdificio Armada de ChileValparaisoMotto(s)Vencer o Morir("Victory or Death")Colors  Navy blue  WhiteMarchBrazas a ceñir (English: "Braces to be close-hauled")Anniversaries21 May, Día de las Glorias Navales (Navy Day)EngagementsChilean War of IndependencePeruvian War of IndependenceWar of the ConfederationChincha Islands War War of the PacificPanama Crisis of 18851891 Chilean Civil WarItata incidentChilean naval mutiny of 1931World War II1973 Chilean coup d'étatBeagle ConflictCommandersCommander-in-Chief of the NavyAdmiral Juan Andrés de la Maza LarrainNotablecommandersLord Thomas CochraneRobert Winthrop SimpsonManuel Blanco EncaladaJuan José LatorreArturo PratCarlos CondellPatricio LynchJorge MonttJohn Williams WilsonJuan Williams RebolledoJosé Toribio MerinoInsigniaEnsignJackRoundelMilitary unit Chilean Navyof the Chilean Armed ForcesNaval ensign of ChileNaval ensign of Chile Chilean naval forces National Squadron Naval Aviation Submarine Force Marine Corps Amphibious and Naval Transport Command Tactical Divers Rescue and Salvage Command Other relevant components DIRECTEMAR Dirsomar SHOA History Maritime history of Chile Ships Current ships Historic ships Insignia Officer rank insignia Enlisted rate insignia vte The Chilean Navy (Spanish: Armada de Chile) is the naval warfare service branch of the Chilean Armed Forces. It is under the Ministry of National Defense. Its headquarters are at Edificio Armada de Chile, Valparaiso. History See also: Maritime history of Chile Origins and the Wars of Independence (1817–1830) Main article: First Chilean Navy Squadron The Chilean Squadron sails off for Perú in 1820 The origins of the Chilean Navy date back to 1817, when General Bernardo O'Higgins prophetically declared after the Chilean victory at the Battle of Chacabuco that a hundred such victories would count for nothing if Chile did not gain control of the sea. This led to the development of the Chilean Navy, and the first legal resolutions outlining the organization of the institution were created. Chile's First National Fleet and the Academy for Young Midshipmen, which was the predecessor of the current Naval Academy, were founded, as well as the Marine Corps and the Supply Commissary. The first commander of the Chilean Navy was Manuel Blanco Encalada. Famous British naval commander Lord Cochrane, who formerly had been a captain in the British royal navy, was hired by Chileans to organize and command their Navy. Cochrane recruited an almost all-anglophone complement of officers and midshipmen and crews of British, Irish, and American seamen. He became a key figure in the war against loyalist forces in Peru, and was instrumental in taking control of the fortresses of Valdivia, though he failed in his attempt to conquer Chiloé Island. In March 1824, the Chilean Navy and Army undertook an expedition to expel the Spanish from Chiloé Archipelago. An expedition was dispatched to Chiloé Island, but it ended in failure when the Chilean Army led by Jorge Beauchef was defeated at the Battle of Mocopulli. Only after Ramón Freire's Chiloé expedition in 1826 did the royalist forces at Chiloé, under the command of Antonio de Quintanilla, surrender and Chiloé joined the new Chilean nation. Age of exploration, territorial expansion, and wars (1830–1885) The Chilean Squadron anchored in Valparaíso's bay in 1879 After the wars of independence, a series of conflicts demonstrated the importance of the navy to the nation. First of these conflicts were the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866), and the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The founding of Fuerte Bulnes in the Strait of Magellan marked the starting point of a series of Chilean Navy explorations, led by navy hydrographers, such as Francisco Vidal Gormaz and Francisco Hudson, in the unknown zone between the Strait of Magellan and Chiloé. To deal with this new area of activity, the navy founded in 1874 the Hydrographic Office, whose first director was Francisco Vidal Gormaz. Chilean war hero and martyr Arturo Prat is regarded as the ultimate example of the commitment of the navy to its country, after his death while leading a boarding party onto the enemy ironclad Huáscar at the naval battle of Iquique on 21 May 1879, during the War against Peru and Bolivia. The anniversary of this battle is celebrated every year as a public holiday called Día de las Glorias Navales. Prat is also considered to be one of the co-founders of the Naval Seaman Training School in 1868, which began operating a year later, and was one of the Naval Academy's finest graduate officers that in 1943 it became the National Naval School "Arturo Prat" in his honor. Chilean Navy officer's uniform, circa 1890 The navy further distinguished itself during the Battle of Pisagua in 1879, led by both the Navy and the Marine Artillery Groups and Marine Infantry, the world's first modern military landing operation, that resulted in Chilean victories in other parts of Peru's Tarapacá region, and resulted to its annexation by Chile. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations.: 53  With the Peruvian Navy destroyed, Bolivia becoming a landlocked country, and Argentina having only a brown-water navy, the Chilean Navy had a regional hegemony in the years following the War of the Pacific. To secure this advantage and not let new Argentine acquisitions challenge Chilean naval power, the Chilean government decided to modernize its navy. The modernization plan included the ordering of two cruisers and two torpedo boat destroyers, and the modernization of two armoured ships in English docks. Civil war and arms race (1885–1902) See also: Argentine–Chilean naval arms race Chilean Navy ship purchases and orders, 1887–1902 Year Ships Builder 1887 1 pre-dreadnought battleship 2 protected cruisers 2 torpedo boats La Seyne La Seyne  ? 1891 Chilean Civil War 1892 1 protected cruiser Elswick, Tyne and Wear 1895 1 protected cruiser 1 armored cruiser Armstrong 1896 1 armoured cruiser 6 torpedo boats Armstrong  ? 1901 2 predreadnought battleships 1 protected cruiser Armstrong Armstrong 1902 arms control treaty with Argentina A new predreadnought battleship, Capitán Prat, was ordered under the new construction program in 1889. The advent of the 1891 Chilean Civil War had a breach between the two branches of the Chilean armed forces, while the bulk of navy sided with the congress side, the majority of the Chilean Army remained loyal to José Manuel Balmaceda. When the majority of the national congress broke relations with the government, Jorge Montt took control of the fleet at Valparaíso and with notable politicians, such as Ramón Barros Luco, on board, the fleet sailed north to the nitrate-rich Tarapacá area, which Chile had seized from Peru 10 years earlier. Tarapacá was, by that time, Chile's richest region in terms of natural resources and was without the fleet practically out of reach for the Chilean Army. From here, the navy organized an army made of nitrate miners, whom they armed and trained to face the 40,000-men-strong Army of Chile. In August 1891, the new army was disembarked in Quintero and defeated the Chilean Army at the Battle of Concón and the Battle of Placilla before the presidential faction disbanded and the Congressional side took power. On the elections of October 1891, Jorge Montt was elected president. Not all navy officers sided with the congress. Some like Juan Williams Rebolledo, Juan José Latorre and Policarpo Toro remained on the presidential side and Francisco Vidal Gormaz declared his neutrality. After the war these officers were removed from their offices. In contrast to these officers whose career or influence in the navy was truncated by the war, the 1891 Chilean Civil War served as a starting point of a successful career in the navy for a generation of young officers like Francisco Nef and others who sided with the Congressionals who won the war. After incidents with Chile in 1872, 1877, and 1878, Argentina had decided that a brown-water navy, even if modern, was not enough to back up its ambitions in Patagonia and the South Atlantic. Both countries were distracted in the next few years by Argentina's internal military operations against natives and Chile's War of the Pacific against Bolivia and Peru, but by 1890, a full-fledged naval arms race was underway between the two. The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina had been a major success in laying the groundwork for nearly all of Chile and Argentina's 5,600 kilometres (3,500 mi) of shared borders, but the drawing of boundaries in the largely unexplored inland Patagonia soon became a major source of territorial disputes. Over the 1880s and 1890s, Chile and Argentina engaged in an arms race fueled by nationalistic rhetoric and tax income from their blooming economies. Both countries signed a treaty in 1902 to end the arms race. During the 1890s, the Chilean Navy carried out many hydrographic surveys in the Patagonian channels aimed to improve navigation, and explored the river basins of Patagonia. A German geographer, Hans Steffen, led navy explorations to western Patagonia, laying the groundwork for colonization of what would be Aisén Region years later. The navy occasionally collaborated with European naturalists such as Carl Skottsberg in their surveys of Chilean territory. Depression and mutiny (1902–1950) A possibly altered photograph shows the Chilean Air Force bombing the Chilean Fleet at the port of Coquimbo during the Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 See also: South American dreadnought race In 1904, Brazil ordered two Minas Gerais-class dreadnoughts to be built by the United Kingdom. In response, Argentina ordered two Rivadavia-class dreadnoughts with an option for a third from the United States. They also ordered 12 destroyers from three nations in Europe. With its major rival acquiring so many modern vessels, Chile was forced to respond, although this was delayed by a financial depression brought on by a major earthquake and a drastic fall in the nitrate market in 1906 and 1907, respectively. Eventually, Chile ordered two Almirante Latorre-class super-dreadnoughts and six Almirante Lynch-class destroyers from British shipyards, but received only two destroyers before the rest were purchased by the Royal Navy during World War I; of these, Chile would finally receive three destroyers and one battleship, the Almirante Latorre, after the War. Chile also received six British H-class submarines from the Royal Navy in 1917, and purchased three Capitan O'Brien-class submarines and six Serrano-class destroyers in the late 1920s. Its fleet of cruisers, though, all built in the 1890s, were totally outdated by the time the Great Depression forced their retirements without replacements. In 1931, the navy once more made headlines in Chilean politics when large portions of it (26 ships) began a mutiny that demanded the president to rescind a salary reduction. The demands were later expanded to include an agrarian reform, industrial "solidarity", and the payment of the external debt by the "millionaires". The mutineers had their ships located at Coquimbo and Talcahuano's naval base, which they controlled. Chilean government responded by sending the Chilean Air Force to bombard the ships in Coquimbo and charging Talcahuano's naval base. After the quelling of the rebellion, the navy was purged, although the mutiny had its origin among the lower ranks. These economic and political factors, along with Chile's neutrality for much of World War II, meant that the navy did not acquire any warships until after the war. Role in Antarctica, incidents with Argentina, and the navy in the government (1950–1990) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010) Chile formulated its Antarctic claim in 1940. In 1947, the navy established the first Chilean base, the Captain Arturo Prat Base, on the continent before the Chilean Army or Air Force established their own bases. Since then, the navy has played a major role in supplying Chilean bases and performing numerous rescue missions, among them, the MV Explorer in 1972 and 2007. The Navy's most recognizable sailing-school ship, the Esmeralda, began operations in 1952. It since has made various trips around the world with selected cadet officers and NCOs on board trained in ship handling and operations, as a requirement for graduation. Prior to the Esmeralda, another sailing ship, the General Baquedano, fulfilled the same functions. In the 1950s, the Chilean Navy became involved in a series of incidents with the Argentine Navy and Argentine civilians in the disputed areas of the Beagle Channel and Cape Horn. These incidents took the form of incursions into Chilean waters by Argentine fishing ships, and provocations, such as the shelling of a Chilean lighthouse by the Argentine Navy during the Snipe incident of 1958. Destroyers Cochrane and Blanco Encalada, Fletcher class, light cruiser O’Higgins, destroyer Almirante Riveros and light cruiser Capitán Prat in Arica port, circa 1965. During the late 1970s, the Chilean Navy played an important role in defending Chilean sovereignty over the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands that the Argentine Navy planned to seize. The birth of the modern Chilean Marine Corps of today began in 1964. Naval educational institutions were reformed in 1968, when president Eduardo Frei Montalva created the "Naval Specialities Schools System" with headquarters at the Las Salinas Naval Base in Viña del Mar. One of its schools, the Naval Seaman Training School, became the Seamen's School of the Navy "Captain Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna" in the same year as its centenary, in honor of the first naval seaman to rise through the ranks to become a naval officer. The NSSS soon became the Naval Polytechnic Academy in 1995, through a merger of all its component schools, with some of these schools staying as independent constituent academies. After the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat, together with the Army, the Air Force, and the Carabiniers, the navy, led by Admiral Jose Toribio Merino, became part of the government junta led by army commander in chief Augusto Pinochet. Upon the latter's resignation from the junta leadership in 1981, Adm. Merino became its chairman until March 1990, presiding over its sessions and those of the Legislative Commission. He was also, concurrently, the national defense minister. The training ship Esmeralda functioned as a floating prison and torture chamber for political prisoners during the 1973–1980 period of the military dictatorship. It is claimed that probably over a hundred persons were kept there at times and subjected to hideous treatment. It was also an unprecedented period of growth and expansion of the naval service, as more vessels became part of it, the marines strengthened and the navy's special forces unit raised. Present The 25,000-person navy, including 5,200 marines, is directed by Admiral Julio Leiva Molina Martin as of 2017. Of the fleet of 66 surface vessels (soon to be increased to 74), 21 are major combatant ships based in Valparaíso. The navy operates its own aircraft for transport, patrol, and surface and antisubmarine attack. The navy also operates four submarines and a tender ship to support them, all based in Talcahuano. The navy also provides access to services for residents of Chile's Pacific and Southern island regions, thus integrating its disjointed geography. The transport of passengers, especially during the school year or in cases of emergency, together with the supply of provisions and fuel, are of key importance to the inhabitants of these insular zones. The institution regularly carries out civil operations whereby navy professionals provide social assistance and health care to the civilian population, and provide support in cases of natural catastrophe. Sa'ar 4 type ship of the Chilean Navy It also undertakes preventive education campaigns for Chile's population on issues that include security on beaches and seaside resorts, and measures to be taken in the case of a tsunami. The most important naval bases and supply depots are (from north to south) in the Pacific Ocean: Iquique, Easter Island, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt; in the Atlantic zone: Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego: Punta Arenas, in the Beagle Channel, Cape Horn and Drake Passage: Puerto Williams, and in Antarctica: Captain Arturo Prat Base. These are now spread into five naval zones. Equipment Ships Main article: List of active ships of the Chilean Navy Historic ships See List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy Baquedano, first school ship of the navy Almirante Latorre, only dreadnought battleship of the Chilean Navy Blanco Encalada Covadonga Flach, a submarine prototype of 1866 Ironclad Huáscar, museum ship in Talcahuano Lautaro, as Priwall recorded the fastest ever westward rounding of Cape Horn by a commercial sailing ship in five days and fourteen hours Steam corvette Esmeralda (1855) 2nd class protected cruiser Esmeralda (1883) Esmeralda (BE-43), school ship of the navy Aircraft inventory Main article: List of active Chile military aircraft § Chilean Naval Aviation Future Navy acquisitions Amphibious landing ship Foudre Helicopters and armored amphibians for LSDH Aldea. The construction of another 3 PZM Patrulleros de Zona Marítima PZM, one for each naval zone. Elbit Hermes 900 unmanned aerial vehicle for maritime patrol tasks - under evaluation. Replacement or modernization of the L-class frigates. On December 27, 2019, it was announced that Australia had sold the Adelaide-class frigates, HMAS Newcastle (FFG 06) and HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05) to Chile. Construction of 4 multi-purpose ships (LPD), part of project "Escotillón IV" and the "plan de construcción naval continua" (continuous naval construction plan in spanish) of the Chilean Navy. Chilean Marines Main article: Chilean Marine Corps Chilean Navy special forces sailors equipped with the MP5N The Chilean Marines or (Infanteria de Marina de Chile) are the land/amphibious attack force of the Chilean Navy. The 5,000 man force combines special training and tactics with state-of-the-art equipment. SHOA Main article: SHOA The Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA, Spanish for Hydrological and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy) is an agency of the Chilean Navy managing situations dealing with hydrology and oceanography including tides and tsunamis. SHOA is also the official Chilean government timekeeper. Ranks and rates Ranks and rates are shown on the sleeves of all Chilean Navy summer uniforms (and on the shoulder boards on winter or summer service uniforms as well for officers and WOs only). Shoulder and sleeve ranks are inspired by those in the British Royal Navy, the French Navy and the German Navy. Officers, WOs and NCOs of the Marines add the Infante de Marina (Marine Soldier) title to their ranks from Seaman onward, as the Marines are part of the Navy. All officers, active or reserve, study at the Arturo Prat Naval Academy and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and the Naval War Academy receive improved training and education to be promoted as well as training in his/her specialty field while all active and reserve NCOs (known in the Navy through the general term Men of the Sea) study at the Seamen's School of the Navy "Alejandro Navarette Cisnerna" and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and its attached and independent colleges for later specialty training. Officers Rank group General/flag officers Senior officers Junior officers  Chilean Navyvte Almirante Vicealmirante Contraalmirante Comodoro Capitán de navío Capitán de fragata Capitán de corbeta Teniente 1° Teniente 2° Subteniente Guardiamarina Cadete Enlisted Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted  Chilean Navyvte Suboficial mayor Suboficial Sargento primero Sargento segundo Cabo primero Cabo segundo Marinero primero Marinero segundo Commanders-in-chief Main article: List of commanders-in-chief of the Chilean Navy Gallery Naval Battle of Iquique. Esmeralda versus Huascar Battleship Almirante Latorre The submarine Simpson (SS-21) entering Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 2004 Capitan Prat on the North Sea Chilean Navy Cougar Chilean frigate Almirante Blanco Encalada at Pearl Harbor, 2006 The Chilean training ship Esmeralda in Charlottetown Headquarters of Chilean Navy, in Valparaíso Footnotes ^ By 1911, the disparity between the navies of Chile, Argentina, and Brazil had grown; Brazil had nearly four times the tonnage of Chile, while Argentina had nearly three-and-a-half times as much. ^ Livermore and Grant, who cites Livermore's work, both attribute part of this delay to a 1908 earthquake, but no major earthquake hit Chile in that year, cf. List of earthquakes in Chile. However, the Valparaíso earthquake of 1906 caused nearly 4,000 deaths, a tsunami, and a wide swath of destruction over the Chilean capital and surrounding areas. Given this, it seems likely that Livermore's 1908 earthquake was a typographical error inadvertently repeated in Grant's account. Endnotes ^ WO1 Luis Mella Toro. Brazas a ceñir.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Our History - Armada de Chile". Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ William Sater, Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict, 1990 by the University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-1249-5 ^ Schenia, Naval History, 45–46; Garrent, "Beagle Channel," 85–87. ^ Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32. ^ Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 41. ^ Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 33–41. ^ Grant, Rulers, Guns, and Money, 168; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 40. ^ Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation Archived 2013-02-01 at the Wayback Machine (English translation of the Rettig report, PDF file) ^ Esmeralda: The torture ship Archived former site of a committee led by Germán F. Westphal, a former Chilean political prisoner and a professor at the University of Maryland in the United States. They believe the ship should not be allowed in ports as long as the crimes remain unpunished. Last updated 15 March 2006. ^ Niegan libertad en crimen de sacerdote en la Esmeralda Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación, 3 May 2008.(in Spanish) ^ Chilean navy considers Hermes 900 deal Archived 2015-01-25 at the Wayback Machine - Flightglobal.com, 7 October 2013 ^ La Armada de Chile busca reemplazo para sus fragatas antiaéreas 'Clase L' (in Spanish), webinfomil.com, 24 January 2018, archived from the original on 14 February 2018, retrieved 14 February 2018 ^ Uno de los ejes de mi gestión es la RENOVACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS de superficie (in Spanish), El Mercurio, 14 January 2018, p. 14, archived from the original on 15 February 2018, retrieved 14 February 2018 ^ "Defence strategists lament sale of most capable ships in RAN history". The Australian. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019. ^ "Piñera destaca el aporte del proyecto Escotillón IV al Plan de Construcción Naval de Chile". 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022. (in spanish) ^ "SERVICIO HIDROGRÁFICO Y OCEANOGRÁFICO DE LA ARMADA DE CHILE". Retrieved 2 July 2022. ^ a b "Los grados jerárquicos de la Armada". armada.cl/ (in Spanish). Chilean Navy. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2021. References Garrett, James L. "The Beagle Channel Dispute: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 81–109. JSTOR 165601. ISSN 0022-1937. OCLC 2239844. Gibbs, Jay (2005). "Question 30/04: The Bolivian Navy in the War of the Pacific". Warship International. XLII (3): 242–247. ISSN 0043-0374. Grant, Jonathan A. Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-674-02442-7. OCLC 166262725 Livermore, Seward W. "Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925." Journal of Modern History 16, no. 1 (1944): 31–48. JSTOR 1870986. ISSN 0022-2801. OCLC 62219150. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilean Navy. Armada de Chile website (in Spanish) Armada de Chile website (in English) Ranks of the Armada de Chile Official Chilean time webpage in English; from SHOA. Opinion piece about alleged UK-Chile cooperation in the Falklands War vte Chilean Armed Forces Ejército de Chile (Army) Armada de Chile (Navy) Fuerza Aérea de Chile (Air Force)Leadership Chief of the Joint Chiefs Army Commander Navy Commander Air force Commander Ranks Army ranks Navy ranks Air force ranks vteChile articlesHistoryTimelinePeriods Prehispanic (ACN–1536 AD) Spanish Discovery (1536–1540) Spanish Conquest (1540–1600) Colonial (1600–1810) Independence (1810–1826) Republic Organization (1823–1831) Conservative Republic (1831–1861) Liberal Republic (1861–1891) Parliamentary Era (1891–1925) Presidential Republic (1925–1973) Pinochet Regime (1973–1990) Democracy Transition (1990–Present) By topic Agriculture Banditry Economic Expansionism Mining Maritime Wars Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Fjords, channels, sounds and straits Geology Islands National parks Natural regions Provinces Regions Rivers Lakes Volcanoes Lighthouses World Heritage Sites Politics National Congress Elections Foreign relations Government Political parties President Ministries Law Civil Code Constitution History Human rights LGBT Intersex Law enforcement Supreme Court Constitutional Court Comptroller General of Chile Public safety Carabineros Gendarmerie Investigations Police Military Air Force Army Navy Ministry of Defence Economy Agriculture Aquaculture Central Bank Companies Energy Forestry Peso (currency) Stock Exchange Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages People Indigenous Religion Squatting Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Arts Beauty pageants Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Mythology Newspapers Public holidays Sports Television OutlineIndex Category Portal vteNavies of Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"naval warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Chilean Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Edificio Armada de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio_Armada_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Valparaiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valparaiso"}],"text":"Military unitThe Chilean Navy (Spanish: Armada de Chile) is the naval warfare service branch of the Chilean Armed Forces. It is under the Ministry of National Defense. Its headquarters are at Edificio Armada de Chile, Valparaiso.","title":"Chilean Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritime history of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Chile"}],"text":"See also: Maritime history of Chile","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armada_Chile_1era_Escuadra_nacional.jpg"},{"link_name":"sails off for Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Expedition_of_Per%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Bernardo O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chacabuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Manuel Blanco Encalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Blanco_Encalada"},{"link_name":"Lord Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald"},{"link_name":"anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"fortresses of Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdivian_Fort_System"},{"link_name":"Chiloé Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island"},{"link_name":"Chiloé Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Chiloé Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island"},{"link_name":"Jorge Beauchef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Beauchef"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mocopulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mocopulli"},{"link_name":"Ramón Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Quintanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Quintanilla"}],"sub_title":"Origins and the Wars of Independence (1817–1830)","text":"The Chilean Squadron sails off for Perú in 1820The origins of the Chilean Navy date back to 1817, when General Bernardo O'Higgins prophetically declared after the Chilean victory at the Battle of Chacabuco that a hundred such victories would count for nothing if Chile did not gain control of the sea.[2]This led to the development of the Chilean Navy, and the first legal resolutions outlining the organization of the institution were created. Chile's First National Fleet and the Academy for Young Midshipmen, which was the predecessor of the current Naval Academy, were founded, as well as the Marine Corps and the Supply Commissary.The first commander of the Chilean Navy was Manuel Blanco Encalada. Famous British naval commander Lord Cochrane, who formerly had been a captain in the British royal navy, was hired by Chileans to organize and command their Navy. Cochrane recruited an almost all-anglophone complement of officers and midshipmen and crews of British, Irish, and American seamen. He became a key figure in the war against loyalist forces in Peru, and was instrumental in taking control of the fortresses of Valdivia, though he failed in his attempt to conquer Chiloé Island.In March 1824, the Chilean Navy and Army undertook an expedition to expel the Spanish from Chiloé Archipelago. An expedition was dispatched to Chiloé Island, but it ended in failure when the Chilean Army led by Jorge Beauchef was defeated at the Battle of Mocopulli. Only after Ramón Freire's Chiloé expedition in 1826 did the royalist forces at Chiloé, under the command of Antonio de Quintanilla, surrender and Chiloé joined the new Chilean nation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_escuadra_chilena_en_1879_en_Valpara%C3%ADso.JPG"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"War of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Chincha Islands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Fuerte Bulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerte_Bulnes"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Francisco Vidal Gormaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Vidal_Gormaz"},{"link_name":"Francisco Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Hydrographic Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographic_and_Oceanographic_Service_of_the_Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"Francisco Vidal Gormaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Vidal_Gormaz"},{"link_name":"war hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_hero"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"Arturo Prat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Prat"},{"link_name":"boarding party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_(attack)"},{"link_name":"Huáscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ironclad)"},{"link_name":"naval battle of Iquique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique"},{"link_name":"War against Peru and Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"public holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilean_Navy_officer%27s_uniform.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pisagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pisagua"},{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"},{"link_name":"Policarpo Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarpo_Toro"},{"link_name":"Rapanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sater-3"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"landlocked country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country"},{"link_name":"brown-water navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-water_navy"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"}],"sub_title":"Age of exploration, territorial expansion, and wars (1830–1885)","text":"The Chilean Squadron anchored in Valparaíso's bay in 1879After the wars of independence, a series of conflicts demonstrated the importance of the navy to the nation. First of these conflicts were the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866), and the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The founding of Fuerte Bulnes in the Strait of Magellan marked the starting point of a series of Chilean Navy explorations, led by navy hydrographers, such as Francisco Vidal Gormaz and Francisco Hudson, in the unknown zone between the Strait of Magellan and Chiloé. To deal with this new area of activity, the navy founded in 1874 the Hydrographic Office, whose first director was Francisco Vidal Gormaz.Chilean war hero and martyr Arturo Prat is regarded as the ultimate example of the commitment of the navy to its country, after his death while leading a boarding party onto the enemy ironclad Huáscar at the naval battle of Iquique on 21 May 1879, during the War against Peru and Bolivia. The anniversary of this battle is celebrated every year as a public holiday called Día de las Glorias Navales. Prat is also considered to be one of the co-founders of the Naval Seaman Training School in 1868, which began operating a year later, and was one of the Naval Academy's finest graduate officers that in 1943 it became the National Naval School \"Arturo Prat\" in his honor.Chilean Navy officer's uniform, circa 1890The navy further distinguished itself during the Battle of Pisagua in 1879, led by both the Navy and the Marine Artillery Groups and Marine Infantry, the world's first modern military landing operation, that resulted in Chilean victories in other parts of Peru's Tarapacá region, and resulted to its annexation by Chile.After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations.[3]: 53With the Peruvian Navy destroyed, Bolivia becoming a landlocked country, and Argentina having only a brown-water navy, the Chilean Navy had a regional hegemony in the years following the War of the Pacific. To secure this advantage and not let new Argentine acquisitions challenge Chilean naval power, the Chilean government decided to modernize its navy. The modernization plan included the ordering of two cruisers and two torpedo boat destroyers, and the modernization of two armoured ships in English docks.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine–Chilean naval arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race"},{"link_name":"Capitán Prat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Capit%C3%A1n_Prat"},{"link_name":"1891 Chilean Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Chilean_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Chilean Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Army"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Balmaceda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Balmaceda"},{"link_name":"Jorge Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Montt"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Ramón Barros Luco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Barros_Luco"},{"link_name":"Tarapacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Region"},{"link_name":"Quintero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintero"},{"link_name":"Battle of Concón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Conc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Battle of Placilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Placilla"},{"link_name":"Jorge Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Montt"},{"link_name":"Juan Williams Rebolledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Williams_Rebolledo"},{"link_name":"Juan José Latorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Latorre"},{"link_name":"Policarpo Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarpo_Toro"},{"link_name":"Francisco Vidal Gormaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Vidal_Gormaz"},{"link_name":"Francisco Nef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Nef"},{"link_name":"military operations against natives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_treaty_of_1881_between_Chile_and_Argentina"},{"link_name":"arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race"},{"link_name":"Patagonian channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjords_and_channels_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Hans Steffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Steffen"},{"link_name":"Aisén Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais%C3%A9n_Region"},{"link_name":"naturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Carl Skottsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Skottsberg"}],"sub_title":"Civil war and arms race (1885–1902)","text":"See also: Argentine–Chilean naval arms raceA new predreadnought battleship, Capitán Prat, was ordered under the new construction program in 1889. The advent of the 1891 Chilean Civil War had a breach between the two branches of the Chilean armed forces, while the bulk of navy sided with the congress side, the majority of the Chilean Army remained loyal to José Manuel Balmaceda. When the majority of the national congress broke relations with the government, Jorge Montt took control of the fleet at Valparaíso and with notable politicians, such as Ramón Barros Luco, on board, the fleet sailed north to the nitrate-rich Tarapacá area, which Chile had seized from Peru 10 years earlier. Tarapacá was, by that time, Chile's richest region in terms of natural resources and was without the fleet practically out of reach for the Chilean Army. From here, the navy organized an army made of nitrate miners, whom they armed and trained to face the 40,000-men-strong Army of Chile. In August 1891, the new army was disembarked in Quintero and defeated the Chilean Army at the Battle of Concón and the Battle of Placilla before the presidential faction disbanded and the Congressional side took power. On the elections of October 1891, Jorge Montt was elected president.Not all navy officers sided with the congress. Some like Juan Williams Rebolledo, Juan José Latorre and Policarpo Toro remained on the presidential side and Francisco Vidal Gormaz declared his neutrality. After the war these officers were removed from their offices. In contrast to these officers whose career or influence in the navy was truncated by the war, the 1891 Chilean Civil War served as a starting point of a successful career in the navy for a generation of young officers like Francisco Nef and others who sided with the Congressionals who won the war.After incidents with Chile in 1872, 1877, and 1878, Argentina had decided that a brown-water navy, even if modern, was not enough to back up its ambitions in Patagonia and the South Atlantic. Both countries were distracted in the next few years by Argentina's internal military operations against natives and Chile's War of the Pacific against Bolivia and Peru, but by 1890, a full-fledged naval arms race was underway between the two.[4] The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina had been a major success in laying the groundwork for nearly all of Chile and Argentina's 5,600 kilometres (3,500 mi) of shared borders, but the drawing of boundaries in the largely unexplored inland Patagonia soon became a major source of territorial disputes. Over the 1880s and 1890s, Chile and Argentina engaged in an arms race fueled by nationalistic rhetoric and tax income from their blooming economies. Both countries signed a treaty in 1902 to end the arms race.During the 1890s, the Chilean Navy carried out many hydrographic surveys in the Patagonian channels aimed to improve navigation, and explored the river basins of Patagonia. A German geographer, Hans Steffen, led navy explorations to western Patagonia, laying the groundwork for colonization of what would be Aisén Region years later. The navy occasionally collaborated with European naturalists such as Carl Skottsberg in their surveys of Chilean territory.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombardeo_de_Coquimbo_1931.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coquimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquimbo"},{"link_name":"Chilean naval mutiny of 1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_naval_mutiny_of_1931"},{"link_name":"South American dreadnought race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"dreadnoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livermore32-5"},{"link_name":"Rivadavia-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivadavia-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)"},{"link_name":"nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[B]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Almirante Latorre-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirante_Latorre-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"super-dreadnoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-dreadnought"},{"link_name":"Almirante Lynch-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirante_Lynch-class_destroyer_(1912)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Almirante Latorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre"},{"link_name":"British H-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_H-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Capitan O'Brien-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitan_O%27Brien-class_submarine_(1928)"},{"link_name":"Serrano-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrano-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"began a mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_naval_mutiny_of_1931"},{"link_name":"external debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_debt"},{"link_name":"Coquimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquimbo"},{"link_name":"Talcahuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcahuano"},{"link_name":"Chilean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(warfare)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Depression and mutiny (1902–1950)","text":"A possibly altered photograph shows the Chilean Air Force bombing the Chilean Fleet at the port of Coquimbo during the Chilean naval mutiny of 1931See also: South American dreadnought raceIn 1904, Brazil ordered two Minas Gerais-class dreadnoughts to be built by the United Kingdom.[5] In response, Argentina ordered two Rivadavia-class dreadnoughts with an option for a third from the United States. They also ordered 12 destroyers from three nations in Europe. With its major rival acquiring so many modern vessels,[A] Chile was forced to respond, although this was delayed by a financial depression brought on by a major earthquake and a drastic fall in the nitrate market in 1906 and 1907, respectively.[7][B] Eventually, Chile ordered two Almirante Latorre-class super-dreadnoughts and six Almirante Lynch-class destroyers from British shipyards, but received only two destroyers before the rest were purchased by the Royal Navy during World War I; of these, Chile would finally receive three destroyers and one battleship, the Almirante Latorre, after the War.Chile also received six British H-class submarines from the Royal Navy in 1917, and purchased three Capitan O'Brien-class submarines and six Serrano-class destroyers in the late 1920s. Its fleet of cruisers, though, all built in the 1890s, were totally outdated by the time the Great Depression forced their retirements without replacements.In 1931, the navy once more made headlines in Chilean politics when large portions of it (26 ships) began a mutiny that demanded the president to rescind a salary reduction. The demands were later expanded to include an agrarian reform, industrial \"solidarity\", and the payment of the external debt by the \"millionaires\". The mutineers had their ships located at Coquimbo and Talcahuano's naval base, which they controlled. Chilean government responded by sending the Chilean Air Force to bombard the ships in Coquimbo and charging Talcahuano's naval base. After the quelling of the rebellion, the navy was purged, although the mutiny had its origin among the lower ranks.These economic and political factors, along with Chile's neutrality for much of World War II, meant that the navy did not acquire any warships until after the war.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctic claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory"},{"link_name":"Captain Arturo Prat Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base"},{"link_name":"MV Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Explorer_(1969)"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_barquentine_Esmeralda"},{"link_name":"General Baquedano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_corvette_Baquedano_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Beagle Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle_Channel"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Snipe incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snipe_incident"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unidades_de_la_Escuadra_en_Arica,_hacia_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"Picton, Lennox and Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picton,_Lennox_and_Nueva"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Frei Montalva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva"},{"link_name":"Viña del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar"},{"link_name":"1973 Chilean coup d'etat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27etat"},{"link_name":"Jose Toribio Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Toribio_Merino"},{"link_name":"government junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Junta_of_Chile_(1973)"},{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Role in Antarctica, incidents with Argentina, and the navy in the government (1950–1990)","text":"Chile formulated its Antarctic claim in 1940. In 1947, the navy established the first Chilean base, the Captain Arturo Prat Base, on the continent before the Chilean Army or Air Force established their own bases. Since then, the navy has played a major role in supplying Chilean bases and performing numerous rescue missions, among them, the MV Explorer in 1972 and 2007.The Navy's most recognizable sailing-school ship, the Esmeralda, began operations in 1952. It since has made various trips around the world with selected cadet officers and NCOs on board trained in ship handling and operations, as a requirement for graduation. Prior to the Esmeralda, another sailing ship, the General Baquedano, fulfilled the same functions.In the 1950s, the Chilean Navy became involved in a series of incidents with the Argentine Navy and Argentine civilians in the disputed areas of the Beagle Channel and Cape Horn. These incidents took the form of incursions into Chilean waters by Argentine fishing ships, and provocations, such as the shelling of a Chilean lighthouse by the Argentine Navy during the Snipe incident of 1958.Destroyers Cochrane and Blanco Encalada, Fletcher class, light cruiser O’Higgins, destroyer Almirante Riveros and light cruiser Capitán Prat in Arica port, circa 1965.During the late 1970s, the Chilean Navy played an important role in defending Chilean sovereignty over the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands that the Argentine Navy planned to seize.The birth of the modern Chilean Marine Corps of today began in 1964. Naval educational institutions were reformed in 1968, when president Eduardo Frei Montalva created the \"Naval Specialities Schools System\" with headquarters at the Las Salinas Naval Base in Viña del Mar. One of its schools, the Naval Seaman Training School, became the Seamen's School of the Navy \"Captain Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna\" in the same year as its centenary, in honor of the first naval seaman to rise through the ranks to become a naval officer. The NSSS soon became the Naval Polytechnic Academy in 1995, through a merger of all its component schools, with some of these schools staying as independent constituent academies.After the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat, together with the Army, the Air Force, and the Carabiniers, the navy, led by Admiral Jose Toribio Merino, became part of the government junta led by army commander in chief Augusto Pinochet. Upon the latter's resignation from the junta leadership in 1981, Adm. Merino became its chairman until March 1990, presiding over its sessions and those of the Legislative Commission. He was also, concurrently, the national defense minister. The training ship Esmeralda functioned as a floating prison and torture chamber for political prisoners during the 1973–1980 period of the military dictatorship.[9] It is claimed that probably over a hundred persons were kept there at times and subjected to hideous treatment.[10][11] It was also an unprecedented period of growth and expansion of the naval service, as more vessels became part of it, the marines strengthened and the navy's special forces unit raised.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tender ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilean_Navy_Saar_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"Iquique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquique"},{"link_name":"Puerto Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Montt"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Drake Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Passage"},{"link_name":"Puerto Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Williams"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Captain Arturo Prat Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base"}],"text":"The 25,000-person navy, including 5,200 marines, is directed by Admiral Julio Leiva Molina Martin as of 2017. Of the fleet of 66 surface vessels (soon to be increased to 74),[citation needed] 21 are major combatant ships based in Valparaíso. The navy operates its own aircraft for transport, patrol, and surface and antisubmarine attack. The navy also operates four submarines and a tender ship to support them, all based in Talcahuano.The navy also provides access to services for residents of Chile's Pacific and Southern island regions, thus integrating its disjointed geography. The transport of passengers, especially during the school year or in cases of emergency, together with the supply of provisions and fuel, are of key importance to the inhabitants of these insular zones.The institution regularly carries out civil operations whereby navy professionals provide social assistance and health care to the civilian population, and provide support in cases of natural catastrophe.Sa'ar 4 type ship of the Chilean NavyIt also undertakes preventive education campaigns for Chile's population on issues that include security on beaches and seaside resorts, and measures to be taken in the case of a tsunami.The most important naval bases and supply depots are (from north to south) in the Pacific Ocean: Iquique, Easter Island, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt; in the Atlantic zone: Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego: Punta Arenas, in the Beagle Channel, Cape Horn and Drake Passage: Puerto Williams, and in Antarctica: Captain Arturo Prat Base. These are now spread into five naval zones.","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ships","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decommissioned_ships_of_the_Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"Baquedano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_corvette_Baquedano_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Almirante Latorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre"},{"link_name":"dreadnought battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought_battleship"},{"link_name":"Blanco Encalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Blanco_Encalada"},{"link_name":"Covadonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner_Virjen_de_Covadonga"},{"link_name":"Flach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flach_(submarine)"},{"link_name":"Ironclad Huáscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Lautaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priwall_(barque)"},{"link_name":"Steam corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_corvette"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda (1855)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_corvette_Esmeralda"},{"link_name":"protected cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda (1883)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1883)"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda (BE-43)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_barquentine_Esmeralda"}],"sub_title":"Historic ships","text":"See List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy\nBaquedano, first school ship of the navy\nAlmirante Latorre, only dreadnought battleship of the Chilean Navy\nBlanco Encalada\nCovadonga\nFlach, a submarine prototype of 1866\nIronclad Huáscar, museum ship in Talcahuano\nLautaro, as Priwall recorded the fastest ever westward rounding of Cape Horn by a commercial sailing ship in five days and fourteen hours\nSteam corvette Esmeralda (1855)\n2nd class protected cruiser Esmeralda (1883)\nEsmeralda (BE-43), school ship of the navy","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aircraft inventory","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foudre-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foudre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Foudre_(L9011)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Patrulleros de Zona Marítima PZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrulleros_de_Zona_Mar%C3%ADtima_PZM"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Elbit Hermes 900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbit_Hermes_900"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"L-class frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Adelaide-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"HMAS Newcastle (FFG 06)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(FFG_05)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Amphibious landing ship FoudreHelicopters and armored amphibians for LSDH Aldea.[citation needed]\nThe construction of another 3 PZM Patrulleros de Zona Marítima PZM, one for each naval zone.[citation needed]\nElbit Hermes 900 unmanned aerial vehicle for maritime patrol tasks - under evaluation.[12]\nReplacement or modernization of the L-class frigates.[13][14] On December 27, 2019, it was announced that Australia had sold the Adelaide-class frigates, HMAS Newcastle (FFG 06) and HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05) to Chile.[15]\nConstruction of 4 multi-purpose ships (LPD), part of project \"Escotillón IV\" and the \"plan de construcción naval continua\" (continuous naval construction plan in spanish) of the Chilean Navy.[16]","title":"Future Navy acquisitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilean_Special_Forces_060826-N-8298P-029.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilean Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Marine_Corps"}],"text":"Chilean Navy special forces sailors equipped with the MP5NThe Chilean Marines or (Infanteria de Marina de Chile) are the land/amphibious attack force of the Chilean Navy. The 5,000 man force combines special training and tactics with state-of-the-art equipment.","title":"Chilean Marines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"tsunamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA, Spanish for Hydrological and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy) is an agency of the Chilean Navy managing situations dealing with hydrology and oceanography including tides and tsunamis. SHOA is also the official Chilean government timekeeper.[17]","title":"SHOA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"}],"text":"Ranks and rates are shown on the sleeves of all Chilean Navy summer uniforms (and on the shoulder boards on winter or summer service uniforms as well for officers and WOs only). Shoulder and sleeve ranks are inspired by those in the British Royal Navy, the French Navy and the German Navy. Officers, WOs and NCOs of the Marines add the Infante de Marina (Marine Soldier) title to their ranks from Seaman onward, as the Marines are part of the Navy.All officers, active or reserve, study at the Arturo Prat Naval Academy and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and the Naval War Academy receive improved training and education to be promoted as well as training in his/her specialty field while all active and reserve NCOs (known in the Navy through the general term Men of the Sea) study at the Seamen's School of the Navy \"Alejandro Navarette Cisnerna\" and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and its attached and independent colleges for later specialty training.","title":"Ranks and rates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Officers","title":"Ranks and rates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Enlisted","title":"Ranks and rates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commanders-in-chief"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Canada.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilean_submarine_Simpson_(SS-21)_at_Pearl_Harbor_on_21_June_2004_(040621-N-5539C-001).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor,_Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitan_Prat.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cougar_chile_unitas_47-06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almirante_Blanco_Encalada_(FF-15).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esmeralda_in_Charlottetown_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_barquentine_Esmeralda"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comandancia_Armada_Valpara%C3%ADso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"}],"text":"Naval Battle of Iquique. Esmeralda versus Huascar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattleship Almirante Latorre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe submarine Simpson (SS-21) entering Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCapitan Prat on the North Sea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChilean Navy Cougar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChilean frigate Almirante Blanco Encalada at Pearl Harbor, 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Chilean training ship Esmeralda in Charlottetown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeadquarters of Chilean Navy, in Valparaíso","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"List of earthquakes in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile"}],"text":"^ By 1911, the disparity between the navies of Chile, Argentina, and Brazil had grown; Brazil had nearly four times the tonnage of Chile, while Argentina had nearly three-and-a-half times as much.[6]\n\n^ Livermore and Grant, who cites Livermore's work,[8] both attribute part of this delay to a 1908 earthquake, but no major earthquake hit Chile in that year, cf. List of earthquakes in Chile. However, the Valparaíso earthquake of 1906 caused nearly 4,000 deaths, a tsunami, and a wide swath of destruction over the Chilean capital and surrounding areas. Given this, it seems likely that Livermore's 1908 earthquake was a typographical error inadvertently repeated in Grant's account.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"cite AV media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Our History - Armada de Chile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.armada.cl/armada/chilean-navy/who-we-are/our-history/2017-04-06/112033.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sater_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8203-1249-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1249-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Livermore32_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usip.org/files/resources/collections/truth_commissions/Chile90-Report/Chile90-Report.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130201141603/http://www.usip.org/files/resources/collections/truth_commissions/Chile90-Report/Chile90-Report.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda: The torture ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080224044157/http://www.chile-esmeralda.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Niegan libertad en crimen de sacerdote en la Esmeralda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20080503/pags/20080503165042.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110527105421/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20080503/pags/20080503165042.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"La Nación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(Santiago)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Chilean navy considers Hermes 900 deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chilean-navy-considers-hermes-900-deal-391408/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150125073553/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chilean-navy-considers-hermes-900-deal-391408/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"La Armada de Chile busca reemplazo para sus fragatas antiaéreas 'Clase L'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.webinfomil.com/2018/01/la-armada-de-chile-busca-reemplazo-para.html"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180214202831/http://www.webinfomil.com/2018/01/la-armada-de-chile-busca-reemplazo-para.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Uno de los ejes de mi gestión es la RENOVACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS de superficie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=14-01-2018%200:00:00&NewsID=543511&dtB=20-01-2018%200:00:00&BodyID=10&PaginaId=1"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180215023617/http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=14-01-2018%200:00:00&NewsID=543511&dtB=20-01-2018%200:00:00&BodyID=10&PaginaId=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Defence strategists lament sale of most capable ships in RAN history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/defence/defence-strategists-lament-sale-of-most-capable-ships-in-ran-history/news-story/b40cdb463adc4b2243cb7ec89ffc1472"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Piñera destaca el aporte del proyecto Escotillón IV al Plan de Construcción Naval de Chile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3463835/pinera-destaca-aporte-proyecto-escotillon-iv-plan-construccion-naval-chile"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"SERVICIO HIDROGRÁFICO Y OCEANOGRÁFICO DE LA ARMADA DE CHILE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.horaoficial.cl/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chile_Navy_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chile_Navy_20-1"},{"link_name":"\"Los grados jerárquicos de la Armada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.armada.cl/armada/nuestra-armada/los-grados-jerarquicos-de-la-armada/2017-08-29/095559.html"}],"text":"^ WO1 Luis Mella Toro. Brazas a ceñir.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Our History - Armada de Chile\". Retrieved 21 May 2020.\n\n^ William Sater, Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict, 1990 by the University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-1249-5\n\n^ Schenia, Naval History, 45–46; Garrent, \"Beagle Channel,\" 85–87.\n\n^ Livermore, \"Battleship Diplomacy,\" 32.\n\n^ Livermore, \"Battleship Diplomacy,\" 41.\n\n^ Livermore, \"Battleship Diplomacy,\" 33–41.\n\n^ Grant, Rulers, Guns, and Money, 168; Livermore, \"Battleship Diplomacy,\" 40.\n\n^ Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation Archived 2013-02-01 at the Wayback Machine (English translation of the Rettig report, PDF file)\n\n^ Esmeralda: The torture ship Archived former site of a committee led by Germán F. Westphal, a former Chilean political prisoner and a professor at the University of Maryland in the United States. They believe the ship should not be allowed in ports as long as the crimes remain unpunished. Last updated 15 March 2006.\n\n^ Niegan libertad en crimen de sacerdote en la Esmeralda Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación, 3 May 2008.(in Spanish)\n\n^ Chilean navy considers Hermes 900 deal Archived 2015-01-25 at the Wayback Machine - Flightglobal.com, 7 October 2013\n\n^ La Armada de Chile busca reemplazo para sus fragatas antiaéreas 'Clase L' (in Spanish), webinfomil.com, 24 January 2018, archived from the original on 14 February 2018, retrieved 14 February 2018\n\n^ Uno de los ejes de mi gestión es la RENOVACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS de superficie (in Spanish), El Mercurio, 14 January 2018, p. 14, archived from the original on 15 February 2018, retrieved 14 February 2018\n\n^ \"Defence strategists lament sale of most capable ships in RAN history\". The Australian. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.\n\n^ \"Piñera destaca el aporte del proyecto Escotillón IV al Plan de Construcción Naval de Chile\". 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022. (in spanish)\n\n^ \"SERVICIO HIDROGRÁFICO Y OCEANOGRÁFICO DE LA ARMADA DE CHILE\". Retrieved 2 July 2022.\n\n^ a b \"Los grados jerárquicos de la Armada\". armada.cl/ (in Spanish). Chilean Navy. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","title":"Endnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Naval ensign of Chile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/150px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Chilean Squadron sails off for Perú in 1820","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Armada_Chile_1era_Escuadra_nacional.jpg/200px-Armada_Chile_1era_Escuadra_nacional.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Chilean Squadron anchored in Valparaíso's bay in 1879","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/La_escuadra_chilena_en_1879_en_Valpara%C3%ADso.JPG/200px-La_escuadra_chilena_en_1879_en_Valpara%C3%ADso.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chilean Navy officer's uniform, circa 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chilean_Navy_officer%27s_uniform.jpg/220px-Chilean_Navy_officer%27s_uniform.jpg"},{"image_text":"A possibly altered photograph shows the Chilean Air Force bombing the Chilean Fleet at the port of Coquimbo during the Chilean naval mutiny of 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bombardeo_de_Coquimbo_1931.jpg/220px-Bombardeo_de_Coquimbo_1931.jpg"},{"image_text":"Destroyers Cochrane and Blanco Encalada, Fletcher class, light cruiser O’Higgins, destroyer Almirante Riveros and light cruiser Capitán Prat in Arica port, circa 1965.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Unidades_de_la_Escuadra_en_Arica%2C_hacia_1965.jpg/220px-Unidades_de_la_Escuadra_en_Arica%2C_hacia_1965.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sa'ar 4 type ship of the Chilean Navy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chilean_Navy_Saar_4.jpg/220px-Chilean_Navy_Saar_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amphibious landing ship Foudre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Foudre-01.jpg/200px-Foudre-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chilean Navy special forces sailors equipped with the MP5N","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chilean_Special_Forces_060826-N-8298P-029.jpg/200px-Chilean_Special_Forces_060826-N-8298P-029.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"WO1 Luis Mella Toro. Brazas a ceñir.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Our History - Armada de Chile\". Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armada.cl/armada/chilean-navy/who-we-are/our-history/2017-04-06/112033.html","url_text":"\"Our History - Armada de Chile\""}]},{"reference":"La Armada de Chile busca reemplazo para sus fragatas antiaéreas 'Clase L' (in Spanish), webinfomil.com, 24 January 2018, archived from the original on 14 February 2018, retrieved 14 February 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webinfomil.com/2018/01/la-armada-de-chile-busca-reemplazo-para.html","url_text":"La Armada de Chile busca reemplazo para sus fragatas antiaéreas 'Clase L'"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202831/http://www.webinfomil.com/2018/01/la-armada-de-chile-busca-reemplazo-para.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Uno de los ejes de mi gestión es la RENOVACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS de superficie (in Spanish), El Mercurio, 14 January 2018, p. 14, archived from the original on 15 February 2018, retrieved 14 February 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=14-01-2018%200:00:00&NewsID=543511&dtB=20-01-2018%200:00:00&BodyID=10&PaginaId=1","url_text":"Uno de los ejes de mi gestión es la RENOVACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS de superficie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023617/http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=14-01-2018%200:00:00&NewsID=543511&dtB=20-01-2018%200:00:00&BodyID=10&PaginaId=1","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defence strategists lament sale of most capable ships in RAN history\". The Australian. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/defence/defence-strategists-lament-sale-of-most-capable-ships-in-ran-history/news-story/b40cdb463adc4b2243cb7ec89ffc1472","url_text":"\"Defence strategists lament sale of most capable ships in RAN history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piñera destaca el aporte del proyecto Escotillón IV al Plan de Construcción Naval de Chile\". 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3463835/pinera-destaca-aporte-proyecto-escotillon-iv-plan-construccion-naval-chile","url_text":"\"Piñera destaca el aporte del proyecto Escotillón IV al Plan de Construcción Naval de Chile\""}]},{"reference":"\"SERVICIO HIDROGRÁFICO Y OCEANOGRÁFICO DE LA ARMADA DE CHILE\". Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.horaoficial.cl/","url_text":"\"SERVICIO HIDROGRÁFICO Y OCEANOGRÁFICO DE LA ARMADA DE CHILE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los grados jerárquicos de la Armada\". armada.cl/ (in Spanish). Chilean Navy. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armada.cl/armada/nuestra-armada/los-grados-jerarquicos-de-la-armada/2017-08-29/095559.html","url_text":"\"Los grados jerárquicos de la Armada\""}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Jay (2005). \"Question 30/04: The Bolivian Navy in the War of the Pacific\". Warship International. XLII (3): 242–247. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilean_Navy&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.armada.cl/armada/chilean-navy/who-we-are/our-history/2017-04-06/112033.html","external_links_name":"\"Our History - Armada de Chile\""},{"Link":"http://www.usip.org/files/resources/collections/truth_commissions/Chile90-Report/Chile90-Report.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130201141603/http://www.usip.org/files/resources/collections/truth_commissions/Chile90-Report/Chile90-Report.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080224044157/http://www.chile-esmeralda.com/","external_links_name":"Esmeralda: The torture ship"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20080503/pags/20080503165042.html","external_links_name":"Niegan libertad en crimen de sacerdote en la Esmeralda"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527105421/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20080503/pags/20080503165042.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chilean-navy-considers-hermes-900-deal-391408/","external_links_name":"Chilean navy considers Hermes 900 deal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150125073553/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chilean-navy-considers-hermes-900-deal-391408/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.webinfomil.com/2018/01/la-armada-de-chile-busca-reemplazo-para.html","external_links_name":"La Armada de Chile busca reemplazo para sus fragatas antiaéreas 'Clase L'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202831/http://www.webinfomil.com/2018/01/la-armada-de-chile-busca-reemplazo-para.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=14-01-2018%200:00:00&NewsID=543511&dtB=20-01-2018%200:00:00&BodyID=10&PaginaId=1","external_links_name":"Uno de los ejes de mi gestión es la RENOVACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS de superficie"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023617/http://impresa.elmercurio.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=14-01-2018%200:00:00&NewsID=543511&dtB=20-01-2018%200:00:00&BodyID=10&PaginaId=1","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/defence/defence-strategists-lament-sale-of-most-capable-ships-in-ran-history/news-story/b40cdb463adc4b2243cb7ec89ffc1472","external_links_name":"\"Defence strategists lament sale of most capable ships in RAN history\""},{"Link":"https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3463835/pinera-destaca-aporte-proyecto-escotillon-iv-plan-construccion-naval-chile","external_links_name":"\"Piñera destaca el aporte del proyecto Escotillón IV al Plan de Construcción Naval de Chile\""},{"Link":"https://www.horaoficial.cl/","external_links_name":"\"SERVICIO HIDROGRÁFICO Y OCEANOGRÁFICO DE LA ARMADA DE CHILE\""},{"Link":"https://www.armada.cl/armada/nuestra-armada/los-grados-jerarquicos-de-la-armada/2017-08-29/095559.html","external_links_name":"\"Los grados jerárquicos de la Armada\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/165601","external_links_name":"165601"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-1937","external_links_name":"0022-1937"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2239844","external_links_name":"2239844"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166262725","external_links_name":"166262725"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1870986","external_links_name":"1870986"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-2801","external_links_name":"0022-2801"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62219150","external_links_name":"62219150"},{"Link":"http://www.armada.cl/","external_links_name":"Armada de Chile website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429084814/http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/edic/base/port/armada_ingles.html","external_links_name":"Armada de Chile website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204072811/http://www.armada.cl/quienes-la-componen/prontus_armada/2009-01-22/152445.html","external_links_name":"Ranks of the Armada de Chile"},{"Link":"http://www.horaoficial.cl/index_ing.html","external_links_name":"in English"},{"Link":"http://www1.rionegro.com.ar/arch200509/05/n05j10.php","external_links_name":"Opinion piece about alleged UK-Chile cooperation in the Falklands War"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106568076","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123223909","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1222281-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007458938105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82127253","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocybernetics
Biocybernetics
["1 Terminology","2 Early proponents","3 Similar fields","4 Categories","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Biocybernetics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to biological science disciplines such as neurology and multicellular systems. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. The field of cybernetics itself has origins in biological disciplines such as neurophysiology. Biocybernetics is an abstract science and is a fundamental part of theoretical biology, based upon the principles of systemics. Biocybernetics is a psychological study that aims to understand how the human body functions as a biological system and performs complex mental functions like thought processing, motion, and maintaining homeostasis.(PsychologyDictionary.org)Within this field, many distinct qualities allow for different distinctions  within the cybernetic groups such as humans and insects such as beehives and ants. Humans work together but they also have individual thoughts that allow them to act on their own, while worker bees follow the commands of the queen bee.  (Seeley, 1989). Although humans often work together, they can also separate from the group and think for themselves.(Gackenbach, J. 2007) A unique example of this within the human sector of biocybernetics would be in society during the colonization period, when Great Britain established their colonies in North America and Australia. Many of the traits and qualities of the mother country were inherited by the colonies, as well as niche qualities that were unique to them based on their areas like language and personality—similar vines and grasses, where the parent plant produces offshoots, spreading from the core.  Once the shoots grow their roots and get separated from the mother plant, they will survive independently and be considered their plant. Society is more closely related to plants than to animals since, like plants, there is no distinct separation between parent and offspring. The branching of society is more similar to plant reproduction than to animal reproduction. Humans are a k- selected species that typically have fewer offspring that they nurture for longer periods than r -selected species. It could be argued that when Britain created colonies in regions like North America and Australia, these colonies, once they became independent, should be seen as offspring of British society. Like all children, the colonies inherited many characteristics, such as language, customs and technologies, from their parents, but still developed their own personality. This form of reproduction is most similar to the type of vegetative reproduction used by many plants, such as vines and grasses, where the parent plant produces offshoots, spreading ever further from the core. When such a shoot, once it has produced its own roots, gets separated from the mother plant, it will survive independently and define a new plant. Thus, the growth of society is more like that of plants than like that of the higher animals that we are most familiar with, there is not a clear distinction between a parent and its offspring. Superorganisms are also capable of the so-called "distributed intelligence," a system composed of individual agents with limited intelligence and information. These can pool resources to complete goals beyond the individuals' reach on their own. Similar to the concept of "Game theory." (Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E. 2010) In this concept, individuals and organisms make choices based on the behaviors of the other player to deem the most profitable outcome for them as an individual rather than a group. Terminology Biocybernetics is a conjoined word from bio (Greek: βίο / life) and cybernetics (Greek: κυβερνητική / controlling-governing). Although the extended form of the word is biological cybernetics, the field is most commonly referred to as biocybernetics in scientific papers. Early proponents Early proponents of biocybernetics include Ross Ashby, Hans Drischel, and Norbert Wiener among others. Popular papers published by each scientist are listed below. Ross Ashby, "Introduction to Cybernetics", 1956 Hans Drischel, "Einführung in die Biokybernetik." 1972 Norbert Wiener, "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine", 1948 Similar fields Papers and research that delve into topics involving biocybernetics may be found under a multitude of similar names, including molecular cybernetics, neurocybernetics, and cellular cybernetics. Such fields involve disciplines that specify certain aspects of the study of the living organism (for example, neurocybernetics focuses on the study neurological models in organisms). Categories Biocybernetics – the study of an entire living organism Neurocybernetics – cybernetics dealing with neurological models. (Psycho-Cybernetics was the title of a self-help book, and is not a scientific discipline) Molecular cybernetics – cybernetics dealing with molecular systems (e.g. molecular biology cybernetics) Cellular cybernetics – cybernetics dealing with cellular systems (e.g. information technology/cell phones or biological cells) Evolutionary cybernetics – study of the evolution of informational systems (See also evolutionary programming, evolutionary algorithm) See also Bioinformatics Biosemiotics Computational biology Computational biomodeling Medical cybernetics List of biomedical cybernetics software References ^ W. Ross Ashby, Introduction to Cybernetics. Methuen, London, UK, 1956. PDF text. ^ Hans Drischel, Einführung in die Biokybernetik. Berlin 1972 ^ Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, (Hermann & Cie Editeurs, Paris, The Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1948). External links Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Journal "Biological Cybernetics" Scientific portal on biological cybernetics UCLA Biocybernetics Laboratory Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (2010). "Game Theory and Biology". Game Theory. pp. 119–126. doi:10.1057/9780230280847_12. ISBN 978-0-230-23890-9. vteSubfields of and cyberneticians involved in cyberneticsSubfields Artificial intelligence Biological cybernetics Biomedical cybernetics Biorobotics Biosemiotics Neurocybernetics Catastrophe theory Computational neuroscience Connectionism Control theory Cybernetics in the Soviet Union Decision theory Emergence Engineering cybernetics Homeostasis Information theory Management cybernetics Medical cybernetics Second-order cybernetics Semiotics Sociocybernetics Synergetics Cyberneticians Alexander Lerner Alexey Lyapunov Alfred Radcliffe-Brown Allenna Leonard Anthony Wilden Buckminster Fuller Charles François Genevieve Bell Margaret Boden Claude Bernard Cliff Joslyn Erich von Holst Ernst von Glasersfeld Francis Heylighen Francisco Varela Frederic Vester Charles Geoffrey Vickers Gordon Pask Gordon S. Brown Gregory Bateson Heinz von Foerster Humberto Maturana I. A. Richards Igor Aleksander Jacque Fresco Jakob von Uexküll Jason Jixuan Hu Jay Wright Forrester Jennifer Wilby John N. Warfield Kevin Warwick Ludwig von Bertalanffy Maleyka Abbaszadeh Manfred Clynes Margaret Mead Marian Mazur N. Katherine Hayles Natalia Bekhtereva Niklas Luhmann Norbert Wiener Pyotr Grigorenko Qian Xuesen Ranulph Glanville Robert Trappl Sergei P. Kurdyumov Anthony Stafford Beer Stuart Kauffman Stuart Umpleby Talcott Parsons Ulla Mitzdorf Valentin Turchin Valentin Braitenberg William Ross Ashby Walter Bradford Cannon Walter Pitts Warren McCulloch William Grey Walter Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States 2 Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"systems biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology"},{"link_name":"cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"theoretical biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_biology"},{"link_name":"systemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemics"},{"link_name":"distributed intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence"}],"text":"Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to biological science disciplines such as neurology and multicellular systems. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. The field of cybernetics itself has origins in biological disciplines such as neurophysiology. Biocybernetics is an abstract science and is a fundamental part of theoretical biology, based upon the principles of systemics. Biocybernetics is a psychological study that aims to understand how the human body functions as a biological system and performs complex mental functions like thought processing, motion, and maintaining homeostasis.(PsychologyDictionary.org)Within this field, many distinct qualities allow for different distinctions  within the cybernetic groups such as humans and insects such as beehives and ants. Humans work together but they also have individual thoughts that allow them to act on their own, while worker bees follow the commands of the queen bee.  (Seeley, 1989). Although humans often work together, they can also separate from the group and think for themselves.(Gackenbach, J. 2007) A unique example of this within the human sector of biocybernetics would be in society during the colonization period, when Great Britain established their colonies in North America and Australia. Many of the traits and qualities of the mother country were inherited by the colonies, as well as niche qualities that were unique to them based on their areas like language and personality—similar vines and grasses, where the parent plant produces offshoots, spreading from the core.  Once the shoots grow their roots and get separated from the mother plant, they will survive independently and be considered their plant. Society is more closely related to plants than to animals since, like plants, there is no distinct separation between parent and offspring. The branching of society is more similar to plant reproduction than to animal reproduction. Humans are a k- selected species that typically have fewer offspring that they nurture for longer periods than r -selected species. It could be argued that when Britain created colonies in regions like North America and Australia, these colonies, once they became independent, should be seen as offspring of British society. Like all children, the colonies inherited many characteristics, such as language, customs and technologies, from their parents, but still developed their own personality. This form of reproduction is most similar to the type of vegetative reproduction used by many plants, such as vines and grasses, where the parent plant produces offshoots, spreading ever further from the core. When such a shoot, once it has produced its own roots, gets separated from the mother plant, it will survive independently and define a new plant. Thus, the growth of society is more like that of plants than like that of the higher animals that we are most familiar with, there is not a clear distinction between a parent and its offspring. Superorganisms are also capable of the so-called \"distributed intelligence,\" a system composed of individual agents with limited intelligence and information. These can pool resources to complete goals beyond the individuals' reach on their own. Similar to the concept of \"Game theory.\" (Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E. 2010) In this concept, individuals and organisms make choices based on the behaviors of the other player to deem the most profitable outcome for them as an individual rather than a group.","title":"Biocybernetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"}],"text":"Biocybernetics is a conjoined word from bio (Greek: βίο / life) and cybernetics (Greek: κυβερνητική / controlling-governing). Although the extended form of the word is biological cybernetics, the field is most commonly referred to as biocybernetics in scientific papers.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ross Ashby, \"Introduction to Cybernetics\", 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hans Drischel, \"Einführung in die Biokybernetik.\" 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Drischel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Norbert Wiener, \"Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine\", 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Early proponents of biocybernetics include Ross Ashby, Hans Drischel, and Norbert Wiener among others. Popular papers published by each scientist are listed below.Ross Ashby, \"Introduction to Cybernetics\", 1956[1]\nHans Drischel, \"Einführung in die Biokybernetik.\" 1972[2]\nNorbert Wiener, \"Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine\", 1948[3]","title":"Early proponents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Papers and research that delve into topics involving biocybernetics may be found under a multitude of similar names, including molecular cybernetics, neurocybernetics, and cellular cybernetics. Such fields involve disciplines that specify certain aspects of the study of the living organism (for example, neurocybernetics focuses on the study neurological models in organisms).","title":"Similar fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psycho-Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho-Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"evolutionary programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_programming"},{"link_name":"evolutionary algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm"}],"text":"Biocybernetics – the study of an entire living organism\nNeurocybernetics – cybernetics dealing with neurological models. (Psycho-Cybernetics was the title of a self-help book, and is not a scientific discipline)\nMolecular cybernetics – cybernetics dealing with molecular systems (e.g. molecular biology cybernetics)\nCellular cybernetics – cybernetics dealing with cellular systems (e.g. information technology/cell phones or biological cells)\nEvolutionary cybernetics – study of the evolution of informational systems (See also evolutionary programming, evolutionary algorithm)","title":"Categories"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"title":"Biosemiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosemiotics"},{"title":"Computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"},{"title":"Computational biomodeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biomodeling"},{"title":"Medical cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cybernetics"},{"title":"List of biomedical cybernetics software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomedical_cybernetics_software"}]
[{"reference":"Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (2010). \"Game Theory and Biology\". Game Theory. pp. 119–126. doi:10.1057/9780230280847_12. ISBN 978-0-230-23890-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230280847_12","url_text":"10.1057/9780230280847_12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-23890-9","url_text":"978-0-230-23890-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Biocybernetics%22","external_links_name":"\"Biocybernetics\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Biocybernetics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Biocybernetics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Biocybernetics%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Biocybernetics%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Biocybernetics%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/IntroCyb.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF text"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130111091403/http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=100465","external_links_name":"Journal \"Biological Cybernetics\""},{"Link":"http://www.biological-cybernetics.eu/","external_links_name":"Scientific portal on biological cybernetics"},{"Link":"http://biocyb.cs.ucla.edu/","external_links_name":"UCLA Biocybernetics Laboratory"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230280847_12","external_links_name":"10.1057/9780230280847_12"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006846-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282564205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014173","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014173","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114158&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=35293","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moths
Moth
["1 Differences between butterflies and moths","2 Etymology","3 Caterpillar","4 History","5 Economics","5.1 Significance to humans","5.2 Predators and parasites","6 Ecological importance","7 Attraction to light","8 Noteworthy moths","8.1 Moth species that may cause significant economic damage","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References"]
Group of mostly-nocturnal insects in the order Lepidoptera For other uses, see Moth (disambiguation). Moths Atlas moth, Attacus atlas Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta (unranked): Amphiesmenoptera Order: Lepidoptera Major divisions Aglossata Glossata (excluding butterflies) Heterobathmiina Zeugloptera Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (suborder Rhopalocera) and neither subordinate taxon is used in modern classifications. Moths make up the vast majority of the order. There are approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which have yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, although there are also crepuscular and diurnal species. Differences between butterflies and moths Main article: Comparison of butterflies and moths Basic moth identification features While the butterflies form a monophyletic group, the moths, comprising the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia, and Ditrysia. Although the rules for distinguishing moths from butterflies are not well established, one very good guiding principle is that butterflies have thin antennae and (with the exception of the family Hedylidae) have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae. Moth antennae are usually feathery with no ball on the end. The divisions are named by this principle: "club-antennae" (Rhopalocera) or "varied-antennae" (Heterocera). Lepidoptera first evolved during the Carboniferous period, but only evolved their characteristic proboscis alongside the rise of angiosperms in the Cretaceous period. Etymology The modern English word moth comes from Old English moððe (cf. Northumbrian mohðe) from Common Germanic (compare Old Norse motti, Dutch mot, and German Motte all meaning 'moth'). Its origins are possibly related to the Old English maða meaning 'maggot' or from the root of midge which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes. Caterpillar Poplar hawk-moth caterpillar (Laothoe populi) Moth larvae, or caterpillars, make cocoons from which they emerge as fully grown moths with wings. Some moth caterpillars dig holes in the ground, where they live until they are ready to turn into adult moths. History Moths evolved long before butterflies; moth fossils have been found that may be 190 million years old. Both types of Lepidoptera are thought to have co-evolved with flowering plants, mainly because most modern species, both as adults and larvae, feed on flowering plants. One of the earliest known species that is thought to be an ancestor of moths is Archaeolepis mane. Its fossil fragments show scaled wings that are similar to caddisflies in their veining. Economics Significance to humans An adult male pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). This species is a serious forest pest when in its larval state. Notice the bristle springing from the underside of the hindwing (frenulum) and running forward to be held in a small catch of the forewing, whose function is to link the wings together. Some moths, particularly their caterpillars, can be major agricultural pests in many parts of the world. Examples include corn borers and bollworms. The caterpillar of the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) causes severe damage to forests in the northeastern United States, where it is an invasive species. In temperate climates, the codling moth causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. In tropical and subtropical climates, the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is perhaps the most serious pest of brassicaceous crops. Also in sub-Saharan Africa, the African sugarcane borer is a major pest of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum. Several moths in the family Tineidae are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat fabric such as clothes and blankets made from natural proteinaceous fibers such as wool or silk. They are less likely to eat mixed materials containing some artificial fibers. There are some reports that they may be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar, by lavender, or by other natural oils; however, many consider this unlikely to prevent infestation. Naphthalene (the chemical used in mothballs) is considered more effective, but there are concerns over its effects on human health. The larvae of several moth species eat animal fibres and are notorious for creating holes in articles of clothing, in particular those made of wool. Most species do not eat fabrics, and some moth adults do not even eat at all. Some, like the Luna, Polyphemus, Atlas, Promethea, cecropia, and other large moths do not have mouth parts. This is possible because they live off the food stores from when they were a caterpillar, and only live a short time as an adult (roughly a week for some species). Many species of adult moths do however eat: for instance, many will drink nectar. Items of fabric infested by clothes moth larvae may be treated by freezing them for several days at a temperature below −8 °C (18 °F). Some moths are farmed for their economic value. The most notable of these is the silkworm, the larva of the domesticated moth Bombyx mori. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. As of 2002, the silk industry produces more than 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year. Not all silk is produced by Bombyx mori. There are several species of Saturniidae that also are farmed for their silk, such as the ailanthus moth (Samia cynthia group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi), the Assam silkmoth (Antheraea assamensis), and the Japanese silk moth (Antheraea yamamai). The larvae of many species are used as food, particularly in Africa, where they are an important source of nutrition. The mopane worm, the caterpillar of Gonimbrasia belina, from the family Saturniidae, is a significant food resource in southern Africa. Another saturniid used as food is the cavorting emperor (Usta terpsichore). In one country alone, Congo, more than 30 species of moth larvae are harvested. Some are sold not only in the local village markets, but are shipped by the ton from one country to another. Predators and parasites Tobacco hornworm parasitized by braconid wasps Nocturnal insectivores often feed on moths; these include some bats, some species of owls and other species of birds. Moths also are eaten by some species of lizards, amphibians, cats, dogs, rodents, and some bears. Moth larvae are vulnerable to being parasitized by Ichneumonidae. Baculoviruses are parasite double-stranded DNA insect viruses that are used mostly as biological control agents. They are members of the Baculoviridae, a family that is restricted to insects. Most baculovirus isolates have been obtained from insects, in particular from Lepidoptera. There is evidence that ultrasound in the range emitted by bats causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that causes it to drop a few centimeters or inches in its flight to evade attack, and tiger moths can emit clicks to foil bats' echolocation. The fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis infects the larvae of many different species of moths. Ecological importance Moths, like butterflies, bees and other more popularly recognized pollinating insects, serve an essential role as pollinators for many flowering plants, including species that bees do not visit. Nocturnal moths fly from flower to flower to feed on nectar during the night much as their diurnal relatives do during the day. A study conducted in the UK found moths dusted with pollen from 47 different plant species, including seven species largely ignored by bees. Some studies indicate that certain species of moths, such as those belonging to the families Erebidae and Sphingidae, may be the key pollinators for some flowering plants in the Himalayan ecosystem. The roles of moths as pollinators have been studied less frequently than those of diurnal pollinators, but recent studies have established that moths are important, but often overlooked, nocturnal pollinators of a wide range of plants. Some researchers say it is likely that many plants thought to be dependent on bees for pollination also rely on moths, which have historically been less observed because they pollinate mainly at night. Attraction to light Assorted moths in the University of Texas Insect Collection Moths frequently appear to circle artificial lights. The reason for this behavior (positive phototaxis) is currently unknown. One hypothesis is called celestial or transverse orientation. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the moon, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away that, even after travelling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field, or on the horizon. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, thereby causing airborne moths to come plummeting downward, and resulting in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source. Studies have found that light pollution caused by increasing use of artificial lights has either led to a severe decline in moth population in some parts of the world or has severely disrupted nocturnal pollination. Noteworthy moths Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), one of the largest moths in the world Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules), largest moth in Australia White witch moth (Thysania agrippina), the Lepidopteran with the longest wingspan Madagascan sunset moth (Chrysiridia rhipheus), considered to be one of the most impressive and beautiful Lepidoptera Death's-head hawkmoth (Acherontia spp.), is associated with the supernatural and evil and has been featured in art and movies Peppered moth (Biston betularia), the subject of a well-known study in natural selection Luna moth (Actias luna) Grease moth (Aglossa cuprina), known to have fed on the rendered fat of humans Emperor gum moth (Opodiphthera eucalypti) Polyphemus moth (Antheraea polyphemus) Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa), known to have been a food source for southeastern indigenous Australians Ornate moth (Utetheisa ornatrix), the subject of numerous behavioral studies regarding sexual selection Moth species that may cause significant economic damage Spongy moth (Lymantria dispar), an invasive species pest of hardwood trees in North America Winter moth (Operophtera brumata), an invasive species pest of hardwood trees, cranberry and blueberry in northeastern North America Corn earworm or cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea), a major agricultural pest Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella), a major pest of grain and flour Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), a pest mostly of apple, pear and walnut trees Light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), a highly polyphagous pest Wax moths (Galleria mellonella, Achroia grisella), pests of bee hives Duponchelia fovealis, a new invasive pest of vegetables and ornamental plants in the United States Gallery Diagram of a plume moth from Robert Hooke's Micrographia Leaf-shaped moth (Pergesa acteus) Giant grey moth (Agrius convolvuli) Oleander hawk-moth or army green moth (Daphnis nerii) Six-spot burnet moths mating (Zygaena filipendulae) Protective silk (or similar material) case (cocoon) A caterpillar of death's-head hawkmoth Mating pair of Laothoe populi, or poplar hawkmoths, showing two different color variants White-lined sphinx moth in Colorado, United States Closeup of a common clothes moth Giant silk moth (Adelowalkeria tristygma) Adult emperor moth (Gonimbrasia belina) A moth on a marble floor in Kolkata, India Clothes moth, eye Female rose-myrtle lappet moth hanging on the wooden door A moth on artificial flowers in Kolkata, India See also Baculovirus Clothing moth Comparison of butterflies and moths List of moths Lepidopterism Pollination Mothman References ^ Heppner, J.B. (2008). "Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera)". In Capinera, J.L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 2491–2494. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4705. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1. ^ "Moths". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2012. ^ Scoble, MJ 1995. The Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 404 p. ^ Kawahara, Akito Y.; Plotkin, David; Espeland, Marianne; Meusemann, Karen; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Donath, Alexander; Gimnich, France; Frandsen, Paul B.; Zwick, Andreas; Reis, Mario dos; Barber, Jesse R. (5 November 2019). "Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (45): 22657–22663. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11622657K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907847116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6842621. PMID 31636187. ^ Darby, Gene (1958). What is a Butterfly. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 41. ^ Hoyt, Cathryn. "Evolution of Moths and Butterflies". Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Studying the evolution of butterflies and moths is challenging, since fossils are so rare. But the few Lepidopteran fossils that exist, captured in amber or compressed in fine-grained rocks, show an astonishing amount of detail. The earliest Lepidopteran fossils appear in rocks that are about 190 million years old. These tiny fragments of scaled wings and bodies clearly indicate that moths evolved before butterflies. ^ Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge; Caswell, Margriet (April 2006). "The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States" (PDF). ers.usda.gov. USDA. Economic Information Bulletin Number 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2010. ^ Conlong, D.E. (February 1994). "A review and perspectives for the biological control of the African sugarcane stalkborer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 48 (1): 9–17. Bibcode:1994AgEE...48....9C. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90070-1. ^ a b Scott, Thomas (1995). Concise Encyclopedia Biology Archived 12 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-010661-2. ^ Konkel, Lindsey (28 July 2012). "7 Things You Don't Know About Moths, But Should". Live Science. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Choe, D.-H. (21 June 2016). "How to Manage Pests | Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets | Clothes Moths". ipm.ucdavis.edu. University of California, Davis. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. ^ "Table 74. Raw silk: production (including waste)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. Table lists worldwide raw silk production 132,400 metric tonnes in 2002 ^ "Silk Exchanges of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh". Central Silk Board of India. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. gives silk prices in rupees. Exchange rate is about 50 RS to dollar. ^ "Silk Worm Farming". Vegan Society. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. World Raw Silk Production in 1996 is listed as 83,670 metric tonnes ^ "Some Edible Species". Food-Insects.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. ^ Jones, G; D A Waters (2000). "Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 267 (1453): 1627–32. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1188. PMC 1690724. PMID 11467425. ^ Kaplan, Matt (17 July 2009). "Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. ^ "Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar". NPR (video). 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. ^ Baral, B (Feb 2017). "Entomopathogenicity and biological attributes of Himalayan treasured fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba)". Journal of Fungi. 3 (1): 4. doi:10.3390/jof3010004. PMC 5715966. PMID 29371523. ^ Fox, Alex. "Moths Work the Pollination Night Shift, Visiting Some Flowers Bees Skip". smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022. ^ "National Mission on Himalayan Studies". nmhs.org.in. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ Singh, Shiv Sahay (28 October 2018). "Moths are key to pollination in Himalayan ecosystem". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ Walton, Richard E.; Sayer, Carl D.; Bennion, Helen; Axmacher, Jan C. (13 May 2020). "Nocturnal pollinators strongly contribute to pollen transport of wild flowers in an agricultural landscape". Biology Letters. 16 (5). The Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0877. PMC 7280044. PMID 32396782. ^ Matt McGrath (13 May 2020). "Nature crisis: Moths have 'secret role' as crucial pollinators". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. ^ Macgregor, Callum J.; Pocock, Michael J. O.; Fox, Richard; Evans, Darren M. (2015). "Pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera, and the effects of light pollution: a review". Ecological Entomology. 40 (3): 187–198. Bibcode:2015EcoEn..40..187M. doi:10.1111/een.12174. ISSN 1365-2311. PMC 4405039. PMID 25914438. ^ Hahn, Melanie; Brühl, Carsten A. (25 January 2016). "The secret pollinators: an overview of moth pollination with a focus on Europe and North America". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 10 (1): 21–28. Bibcode:2016APInt..10...21H. doi:10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3. ISSN 1872-8855. S2CID 18514093. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2021. ^ Kuta, Sarah. "Moths are the Unsung Heroes of Pollination". smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022. ^ "Why Are Moths Attracted to Flame?". npr.org. 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2018. ^ van Langevelde, Frank; Braamburg-Annegarn, Marijke; Huigens, Martinus E.; Groendijk, Rob; Poitevin, Olivier; van Deijk, Jurriën R.; Ellis, Willem N.; van Grunsven, Roy H. A.; de Vos, Rob (4 January 2018). "Declines in moth populations stress the need for conserving dark nights". Global Change Biology. 24 (3): 925–932. Bibcode:2018GCBio..24..925V. doi:10.1111/gcb.14008. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 29215778. S2CID 205145880. ^ "The State Of Britain's Moths". butterfly-conservation.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ Boyes, Douglas H.; Evans, Darren M.; Fox, Richard; Parsons, Mark S.; Pocock, Michael J. O. (August 2021). "Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations". Science Advances. 7 (35): eabi8322. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.8322B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi8322. PMC 8386932. PMID 34433571. ^ Macgregor, Callum J.; Evans, Darren M.; Fox, Richard; Pocock, Michael J. O. (12 July 2016). "The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport". Global Change Biology. 23 (2): 697–707. doi:10.1111/gcb.13371. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 27251575. ^ Knop, Eva; Zoller, Leana; Ryser, Remo; Gerpe, Christopher; Hörler, Maurin; Fontaine, Colin (2 August 2017). "Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 206–209. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..206K. doi:10.1038/nature23288. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28783730. S2CID 4466564. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ Tait, Malcolm (2006). Animal Tragic: Popular Misconceptions of Wildlife Through the Centuries. Think Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-84525-015-7. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Brundage, Adrienne (23 March 2009), Other Arthropods of Forensic Importance, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University Forensic Entomology Lecture Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lepidoptera. Quotations related to Moths at Wikiquote vteHuman interactions with insectsAspectsof insectsin cultureIn the arts Insects in art Beetlewing Musca depicta Arthropods in film Insects in literature Insects in music List of insect-inspired songs Insects on stamps In fishing Fishing bait Fly fishing Artificial fly Fly tying In medicine Apitherapy Apitoxin Melittin Spanish fly Cantharidin In mythology Bees in mythology Cicadas in mythology Scarab (artifact) Other aspects Biomimicry Cockroach racing Cricket fighting Entomological warfare Entomophagy Insect farming Flea circus Insects in ethics Insects in religion Jingzhe Economicentomology Beneficial insect Biological pest control Beekeeping Bee pollen List of crop plants pollinated by bees Beeswax Honey Propolis Royal jelly Carmine/Cochineal Polish Chitin Kermes Sericulture Silk Shellac Model organism Drosophila melanogaster Harmfulinsects Insect bites and stings Insect sting allergy Bed bug Woodworm Home-stored product entomology Clothes moth Pioneers Jan Swammerdam Alfred Russel Wallace Jean-Henri Fabre Hans Zinsser (Rats, Lice and History) Lafcadio Hearn (Insect Literature) Concerns Bees and toxic chemicals Colony collapse disorder Decline in insect populations Habitat destruction List of endangered insects Pesticide Insecticide Neonicotinoid Pesticide toxicity to bees Categories,templates Insects and humans Insecticides Pesticides Insects portal vteExtant Lepidoptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder ZeuglopteraMicropterigoideaMicropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)Suborder AglossataAgathiphagoideaAgathiphagidae (kauri moths)Suborder HeterobathmiinaHeterobathmioideaHeterobathmiidaeSuborder GlossataDacnonyphaEriocranioidea Eriocraniidae AcanthoctesiaAcanthopteroctetoidea Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths) LophocoroninaLophocoronoideaLophocoronidaeNeopseustinaNeopseustoidea Aenigmatineidae Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths) ExoporiaHepialoidea Anomosetidae Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths) Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths) Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths) Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths) Mnesarchaeoidea Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths) HeteroneuraMonotrysiaAdeloidea Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths) Cecidosidae Heliozelidae Incurvariidae Prodoxidae (yucca moths) Andesianoidea Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths) Nepticuloidea Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths) Opostegidae (white eyecap moths) Palaephatoidea Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths) Tischerioidea Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths) DitrysiaSimaethistoidea Simaethistidae Tineoidea Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths) Arrhenophanidae Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths) Psychidae (bagworm moths) Tineidae (fungus moths) Gracillarioidea Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers) Douglasiidae (Douglas moths) Gracillariidae Roeslerstammiidae Yponomeutoidea Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths) Bedelliidae Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths) Heliodinidae Lyonetiidae Plutellidae Yponomeutidae (ermine moths) Ypsolophidae Gelechioidea Autostichidae Batrachedridae Blastobasidae Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths) Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths) Elachistidae (grass-miner moths) Gelechiidae (twirler moths) Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths) Lypusidae Metachandidae Momphidae (mompha moths) Oecophoridae (concealer moths) Pterolonchidae Scythrididae (flower moths) Xyloryctidae (timber moths) Galacticoidea Galacticidae Zygaenoidea Heterogynidae Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths) Himantopteridae Lacturidae Somabrachyidae Megalopygidae (flannel moths) Aididae Anomoeotidae Cyclotornidae Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths) Dalceridae (slug caterpillars) Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths) Cossoidea Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths) Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths) Sesioidea Brachodidae (little bear moths) Castniidae (castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths) Sesiidae (clearwing moths) Choreutoidea Choreutidae (metalmark moths) Tortricoidea Tortricidae (tortrix moths) Urodoidea Urodidae (false burnet moths) Schreckensteinioidea Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths) Epermenioidea Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths) Alucitoidea Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) Tineodidae (false plume moths) Pterophoroidea Pterophoridae (plume moths) Whalleyanoidea Whalleyanidae Immoidea Immidae Copromorphoidea Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths) Carposinidae (fruitworm moths) Thyridoidea Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths) Calliduloidea Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths) Papilionoidea(butterflies) Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies) Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies) Hesperiidae (skippers) Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs) Riodinidae (metalmarks) Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives) Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies) Hyblaeoidea Hyblaeidae (teak moths) Pyraloidea Pyralidae (snout moths) Crambidae (grass moth) Mimallonoidea Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths) Lasiocampoidea Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths) Bombycoidea Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth) Apatelodidae (American silkworm moths) Bombycidae (silk moths) Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths) Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth) Endromidae (Kentish glory and relatives) Eupterotidae Phiditiidae Saturniidae (saturniids) Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms) Noctuoidea Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths) Euteliidae Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts) Nolidae (tuft moths) Notodontidae (prominents, kittens) Oenosandridae Drepanoidea Drepanidae (hook-tips) Cimeliidae (gold moths) Doidae Geometroidea Sematuridae Pseudobistonidae Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths) Uraniidae Geometridae (geometer moths) Superfamily unassigned Millieriidae Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade. Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera Lists by region Portals: Insects Arthropods Animals Biology Taxon identifiersHeterocera Wikidata: Q1725788 NBN: NHMSYS0020797234 Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moth (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heppner-1"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyly"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"crepuscular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscular"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_animal"}],"text":"Group of mostly-nocturnal insects in the order LepidopteraFor other uses, see Moth (disambiguation).Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies.[1] They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (suborder Rhopalocera) and neither subordinate taxon is used in modern classifications. Moths make up the vast majority of the order. There are approximately 160,000 species of moth,[2] many of which have yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, although there are also crepuscular and diurnal species.","title":"Moth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"Microlepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Macrolepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Heterocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocera"},{"link_name":"Rhopalocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalocera"},{"link_name":"Monotrysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotrysia"},{"link_name":"Ditrysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditrysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scoble-3"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hedylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedylidae"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"proboscis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Basic moth identification featuresWhile the butterflies form a monophyletic group, the moths, comprising the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia, and Ditrysia.[3]Although the rules for distinguishing moths from butterflies are not well established, one very good guiding principle is that butterflies have thin antennae and (with the exception of the family Hedylidae) have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae. Moth antennae are usually feathery with no ball on the end. The divisions are named by this principle: \"club-antennae\" (Rhopalocera) or \"varied-antennae\" (Heterocera). Lepidoptera first evolved during the Carboniferous period, but only evolved their characteristic proboscis alongside the rise of angiosperms in the Cretaceous period.[4]","title":"Differences between butterflies and moths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_English"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"cf.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cf."},{"link_name":"Northumbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English"},{"link_name":"Common Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Germanic"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"maggot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"midge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midge"},{"link_name":"larva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"}],"text":"The modern English word moth comes from Old English moððe (cf. Northumbrian mohðe) from Common Germanic (compare Old Norse motti, Dutch mot, and German Motte all meaning 'moth'). Its origins are possibly related to the Old English maða meaning 'maggot' or from the root of midge which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poplar hawk-moth caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laothoe_populi"},{"link_name":"caterpillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"cocoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Poplar hawk-moth caterpillar (Laothoe populi)Moth larvae, or caterpillars, make cocoons from which they emerge as fully grown moths with wings. Some moth caterpillars dig holes in the ground, where they live until they are ready to turn into adult moths.[5]","title":"Caterpillar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Archaeolepis mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeolepis"},{"link_name":"caddisflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddisflies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Moths evolved long before butterflies; moth fossils have been found that may be 190 million years old. Both types of Lepidoptera are thought to have co-evolved with flowering plants, mainly because most modern species, both as adults and larvae, feed on flowering plants. One of the earliest known species that is thought to be an ancestor of moths is Archaeolepis mane. Its fossil fragments show scaled wings that are similar to caddisflies in their veining.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moth_September_2008-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thaumetopoea pityocampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumetopoea_pityocampa"},{"link_name":"frenulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenulum"},{"link_name":"caterpillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"corn borers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_borer"},{"link_name":"bollworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollworm_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"spongy moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongy_moth"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"codling moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codling_moth"},{"link_name":"Plutella xylostella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutella_xylostella"},{"link_name":"brassicaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"African sugarcane borer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldana"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tineidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tineidae"},{"link_name":"fabric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth"},{"link_name":"clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes"},{"link_name":"blankets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket"},{"link_name":"proteinaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinaceous"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-9"},{"link_name":"juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"},{"link_name":"cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus"},{"link_name":"lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender"},{"link_name":"Naphthalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene"},{"link_name":"mothballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothball"},{"link_name":"several moth species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_moth"},{"link_name":"Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actias_luna"},{"link_name":"Polyphemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_polyphemus"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacus_atlas"},{"link_name":"Promethea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosamia_promethea"},{"link_name":"cecropia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalophora_cecropia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"farmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm"},{"link_name":"silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"},{"link_name":"cocoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moth&action=edit"},{"link_name":"U.S. dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Saturniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturniidae"},{"link_name":"Samia cynthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia_cynthia"},{"link_name":"Antheraea pernyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_pernyi"},{"link_name":"Antheraea assamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_assamensis"},{"link_name":"Antheraea yamamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_yamamai"},{"link_name":"used as food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects_as_food"},{"link_name":"Gonimbrasia belina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina"},{"link_name":"southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Usta terpsichore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta_terpsichore"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Significance to humans","text":"An adult male pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). This species is a serious forest pest when in its larval state. Notice the bristle springing from the underside of the hindwing (frenulum) and running forward to be held in a small catch of the forewing, whose function is to link the wings together.Some moths, particularly their caterpillars, can be major agricultural pests in many parts of the world. Examples include corn borers and bollworms.[7] The caterpillar of the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) causes severe damage to forests in the northeastern United States, where it is an invasive species. In temperate climates, the codling moth causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. In tropical and subtropical climates, the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is perhaps the most serious pest of brassicaceous crops. Also in sub-Saharan Africa, the African sugarcane borer is a major pest of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum.[8]Several moths in the family Tineidae are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat fabric such as clothes and blankets made from natural proteinaceous fibers such as wool or silk.[9] They are less likely to eat mixed materials containing some artificial fibers. There are some reports that they may be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar, by lavender, or by other natural oils; however, many consider this unlikely to prevent infestation. Naphthalene (the chemical used in mothballs) is considered more effective, but there are concerns over its effects on human health.The larvae of several moth species eat animal fibres and are notorious for creating holes in articles of clothing, in particular those made of wool. Most species do not eat fabrics, and some moth adults do not even eat at all. Some, like the Luna, Polyphemus, Atlas, Promethea, cecropia, and other large moths do not have mouth parts. This is possible because they live off the food stores from when they were a caterpillar, and only live a short time as an adult (roughly a week for some species).[10] Many species of adult moths do however eat: for instance, many will drink nectar.[9]Items of fabric infested by clothes moth larvae may be treated by freezing them for several days at a temperature below −8 °C (18 °F).[11]Some moths are farmed for their economic value. The most notable of these is the silkworm, the larva of the domesticated moth Bombyx mori. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. As of 2002[update], the silk industry produces more than 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year.[12][13][14]Not all silk is produced by Bombyx mori. There are several species of Saturniidae that also are farmed for their silk, such as the ailanthus moth (Samia cynthia group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi), the Assam silkmoth (Antheraea assamensis), and the Japanese silk moth (Antheraea yamamai).The larvae of many species are used as food, particularly in Africa, where they are an important source of nutrition. The mopane worm, the caterpillar of Gonimbrasia belina, from the family Saturniidae, is a significant food resource in southern Africa. Another saturniid used as food is the cavorting emperor (Usta terpsichore). In one country alone, Congo, more than 30 species of moth larvae are harvested. Some are sold not only in the local village markets, but are shipped by the ton from one country to another.[15]","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg"},{"link_name":"braconid wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braconidae"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"Ichneumonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichneumonidae"},{"link_name":"double-stranded DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded_DNA"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"biological control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_control"},{"link_name":"Baculoviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculoviridae"},{"link_name":"Ultrasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"noctuid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctuid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"tiger moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctiini_(erebid_moths)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ophiocordyceps sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiocordyceps_sinensis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Predators and parasites","text":"Tobacco hornworm parasitized by braconid waspsNocturnal insectivores often feed on moths; these include some bats, some species of owls and other species of birds. Moths also are eaten by some species of lizards, amphibians, cats, dogs, rodents, and some bears. Moth larvae are vulnerable to being parasitized by Ichneumonidae.Baculoviruses are parasite double-stranded DNA insect viruses that are used mostly as biological control agents. They are members of the Baculoviridae, a family that is restricted to insects. Most baculovirus isolates have been obtained from insects, in particular from Lepidoptera.There is evidence that ultrasound in the range emitted by bats causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that causes it to drop a few centimeters or inches in its flight to evade attack,[16] and tiger moths can emit clicks to foil bats' echolocation.[17][18]The fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis infects the larvae of many different species of moths.[19]","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pollinating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Erebidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae"},{"link_name":"Sphingidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingidae"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Moths, like butterflies, bees and other more popularly recognized pollinating insects, serve an essential role as pollinators for many flowering plants, including species that bees do not visit. Nocturnal moths fly from flower to flower to feed on nectar during the night much as their diurnal relatives do during the day. A study conducted in the UK found moths dusted with pollen from 47 different plant species, including seven species largely ignored by bees.[20] Some studies indicate that certain species of moths, such as those belonging to the families Erebidae and Sphingidae, may be the key pollinators for some flowering plants in the Himalayan ecosystem.[21][22] The roles of moths as pollinators have been studied less frequently than those of diurnal pollinators, but recent studies have established that moths are important, but often overlooked, nocturnal pollinators of a wide range of plants.[23][24][25][26] Some researchers say it is likely that many plants thought to be dependent on bees for pollination also rely on moths, which have historically been less observed because they pollinate mainly at night. [27]","title":"Ecological importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assorted_Moths_(Lepidoptera)_in_the_University_of_Texas_Insect_Collection_(22281153644)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"phototaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototaxis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"light pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Assorted moths in the University of Texas Insect CollectionMoths frequently appear to circle artificial lights. The reason for this behavior (positive phototaxis) is currently unknown. One hypothesis is called celestial or transverse orientation. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the moon, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away that, even after travelling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field, or on the horizon. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, thereby causing airborne moths to come plummeting downward, and resulting in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source.[28]Studies have found that light pollution caused by increasing use of artificial lights has either led to a severe decline in moth population in some parts of the world[29][30][31] or has severely disrupted nocturnal pollination.[32][33]","title":"Attraction to light"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attacus atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacus_atlas"},{"link_name":"Coscinocera hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscinocera_hercules"},{"link_name":"Thysania agrippina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thysania_agrippina"},{"link_name":"Chrysiridia rhipheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysiridia_rhipheus"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tait-34"},{"link_name":"Death's-head hawkmoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth"},{"link_name":"Peppered moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth"},{"link_name":"Luna moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_moth"},{"link_name":"Grease moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_moth"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Emperor gum moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opodiphthera_eucalypti"},{"link_name":"Polyphemus moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_polyphemus"},{"link_name":"Bogong moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogong_moth"},{"link_name":"indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Ornate moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornate_moth"}],"text":"Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), one of the largest moths in the world\nHercules moth (Coscinocera hercules), largest moth in Australia\nWhite witch moth (Thysania agrippina), the Lepidopteran with the longest wingspan\nMadagascan sunset moth (Chrysiridia rhipheus), considered to be one of the most impressive and beautiful Lepidoptera[34]\nDeath's-head hawkmoth (Acherontia spp.), is associated with the supernatural and evil and has been featured in art and movies\nPeppered moth (Biston betularia), the subject of a well-known study in natural selection\nLuna moth (Actias luna)\nGrease moth (Aglossa cuprina), known to have fed on the rendered fat of humans[35]\nEmperor gum moth (Opodiphthera eucalypti)\nPolyphemus moth (Antheraea polyphemus)\nBogong moth (Agrotis infusa), known to have been a food source for southeastern indigenous Australians\nOrnate moth (Utetheisa ornatrix), the subject of numerous behavioral studies regarding sexual selection","title":"Noteworthy moths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lymantria dispar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria_dispar"},{"link_name":"Winter moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_moth"},{"link_name":"Corn earworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea"},{"link_name":"Indianmeal moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianmeal_moth"},{"link_name":"Codling moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codling_moth"},{"link_name":"Light brown apple moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_brown_apple_moth"},{"link_name":"polyphagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagous"},{"link_name":"Wax moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_moth"},{"link_name":"Galleria mellonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_mellonella"},{"link_name":"Achroia grisella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achroia_grisella"},{"link_name":"Duponchelia fovealis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis"}],"sub_title":"Moth species that may cause significant economic damage","text":"Spongy moth (Lymantria dispar), an invasive species pest of hardwood trees in North America\nWinter moth (Operophtera brumata), an invasive species pest of hardwood trees, cranberry and blueberry in northeastern North America\nCorn earworm or cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea), a major agricultural pest\nIndianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella), a major pest of grain and flour\nCodling moth (Cydia pomonella), a pest mostly of apple, pear and walnut trees\nLight brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), a highly polyphagous pest\nWax moths (Galleria mellonella, Achroia grisella), pests of bee hives\nDuponchelia fovealis, a new invasive pest of vegetables and ornamental plants in the United States","title":"Noteworthy moths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg"},{"link_name":"plume moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_moth"},{"link_name":"Robert Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke"},{"link_name":"Micrographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pergesa_acteus_(Cramer,_1779),_Kerala.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pergesa acteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergesa_acteus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_grey_moth.png"},{"link_name":"Agrius convolvuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrius_convolvuli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colourful_Moth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daphnis nerii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnis_nerii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_spotted_moths_1_(3745889925).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zygaena filipendulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygaena_filipendulae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silk_cocoon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caterpillar-----02.jpg"},{"link_name":"death's-head hawkmoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joined_moths.JPG"},{"link_name":"Laothoe populi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laothoe_populi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG"},{"link_name":"White-lined sphinx moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyles_lineata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg"},{"link_name":"common clothes moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_silk_moth_(Adelowalkeria_tristygma).jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelowalkeria tristygma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelowalkeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gonimbrasia belina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clothes_moth.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg"},{"link_name":"rose-myrtle lappet moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-myrtle_lappet_moth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"}],"text":"Diagram of a plume moth from Robert Hooke's Micrographia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaf-shaped moth (Pergesa acteus)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiant grey moth (Agrius convolvuli)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOleander hawk-moth or army green moth (Daphnis nerii)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSix-spot burnet moths mating (Zygaena filipendulae)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProtective silk (or similar material) case (cocoon)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA caterpillar of death's-head hawkmoth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMating pair of Laothoe populi, or poplar hawkmoths, showing two different color variants\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite-lined sphinx moth in Colorado, United States\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCloseup of a common clothes moth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiant silk moth (Adelowalkeria tristygma)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdult emperor moth (Gonimbrasia belina)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA moth on a marble floor in Kolkata, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClothes moth, eye\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFemale rose-myrtle lappet moth hanging on the wooden door\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA moth on artificial flowers in Kolkata, India","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Basic moth identification features","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg/220px-Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poplar hawk-moth caterpillar (Laothoe populi)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg/220px-Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg"},{"image_text":"An adult male pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). This species is a serious forest pest when in its larval state. Notice the bristle springing from the underside of the hindwing (frenulum) and running forward to be held in a small catch of the forewing, whose function is to link the wings together.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Moth_September_2008-3.jpg/200px-Moth_September_2008-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tobacco hornworm parasitized by braconid wasps","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/200px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Assorted moths in the University of Texas Insect Collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assorted_Moths_%28Lepidoptera%29_in_the_University_of_Texas_Insect_Collection_%2822281153644%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Assorted_Moths_%28Lepidoptera%29_in_the_University_of_Texas_Insect_Collection_%2822281153644%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Baculovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculovirus"},{"title":"Clothing moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella"},{"title":"Comparison of butterflies and moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_butterflies_and_moths"},{"title":"List of moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moths"},{"title":"Lepidopterism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopterism"},{"title":"Pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"title":"Mothman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothman"}]
[{"reference":"Heppner, J.B. (2008). \"Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera)\". In Capinera, J.L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 2491–2494. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4705. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6359-6_4705","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1","url_text":"978-1-4020-6242-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Moths\". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm","url_text":"\"Moths\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180702164937/https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kawahara, Akito Y.; Plotkin, David; Espeland, Marianne; Meusemann, Karen; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Donath, Alexander; Gimnich, France; Frandsen, Paul B.; Zwick, Andreas; Reis, Mario dos; Barber, Jesse R. (5 November 2019). \"Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (45): 22657–22663. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11622657K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907847116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6842621. PMID 31636187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akito_Y._Kawahara","url_text":"Kawahara, Akito Y."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842621","url_text":"\"Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11622657K","url_text":"2019PNAS..11622657K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1907847116","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1907847116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842621","url_text":"6842621"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31636187","url_text":"31636187"}]},{"reference":"Darby, Gene (1958). What is a Butterfly. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefic_Press","url_text":"Benefic Press"}]},{"reference":"Hoyt, Cathryn. \"Evolution of Moths and Butterflies\". Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Studying the evolution of butterflies and moths is challenging, since fossils are so rare. But the few Lepidopteran fossils that exist, captured in amber or compressed in fine-grained rocks, show an astonishing amount of detail. The earliest Lepidopteran fossils appear in rocks that are about 190 million years old. These tiny fragments of scaled wings and bodies clearly indicate that moths evolved before butterflies.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106184057/http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/evolution-of-moths-and-butterflies/","url_text":"\"Evolution of Moths and Butterflies\""},{"url":"http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/evolution-of-moths-and-butterflies/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge; Caswell, Margriet (April 2006). \"The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States\" (PDF). ers.usda.gov. USDA. Economic Information Bulletin Number 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100614154639/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf","url_text":"\"The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA","url_text":"USDA"},{"url":"https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conlong, D.E. (February 1994). \"A review and perspectives for the biological control of the African sugarcane stalkborer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)\". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 48 (1): 9–17. Bibcode:1994AgEE...48....9C. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90070-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AgEE...48....9C","url_text":"1994AgEE...48....9C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-8809%2894%2990070-1","url_text":"10.1016/0167-8809(94)90070-1"}]},{"reference":"Konkel, Lindsey (28 July 2012). \"7 Things You Don't Know About Moths, But Should\". Live Science. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/21933-moth-week-facts.html","url_text":"\"7 Things You Don't Know About Moths, But Should\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120234758/https://www.livescience.com/21933-moth-week-facts.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Choe, D.-H. (21 June 2016). \"How to Manage Pests | Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets | Clothes Moths\". ipm.ucdavis.edu. University of California, Davis. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html","url_text":"\"How to Manage Pests | Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets | Clothes Moths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis","url_text":"University of California, Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625180637/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 74. Raw silk: production (including waste)\". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. Table lists worldwide raw silk production 132,400 metric tonnes in 2002","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm","url_text":"\"Table 74. Raw silk: production (including waste)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080318231103/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Silk Exchanges of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh\". Central Silk Board of India. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070307195458/http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp","url_text":"\"Silk Exchanges of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh\""},{"url":"http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Silk Worm Farming\". Vegan Society. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. World Raw Silk Production in 1996 is listed as 83,670 metric tonnes","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042940/http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php","url_text":"\"Silk Worm Farming\""},{"url":"http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Some Edible Species\". Food-Insects.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107031911/http://food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm","url_text":"\"Some Edible Species\""},{"url":"http://www.food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, G; D A Waters (2000). \"Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 267 (1453): 1627–32. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1188. PMC 1690724. PMID 11467425.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690724","url_text":"\"Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2000.1188","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2000.1188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690724","url_text":"1690724"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11467425","url_text":"11467425"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Matt (17 July 2009). \"Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course\". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822014813/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-moths-jam-bat-sonar.html","url_text":"\"Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-moths-jam-bat-sonar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar\". NPR (video). 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106733884","url_text":"\"Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170810131957/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106733884","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baral, B (Feb 2017). \"Entomopathogenicity and biological attributes of Himalayan treasured fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba)\". Journal of Fungi. 3 (1): 4. doi:10.3390/jof3010004. PMC 5715966. PMID 29371523.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5715966","url_text":"\"Entomopathogenicity and biological attributes of Himalayan treasured fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjof3010004","url_text":"10.3390/jof3010004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5715966","url_text":"5715966"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29371523","url_text":"29371523"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Alex. \"Moths Work the Pollination Night Shift, Visiting Some Flowers Bees Skip\". smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-work-pollination-night-shift-visiting-some-flowers-bees-skip-180974884/","url_text":"\"Moths Work the Pollination Night Shift, Visiting Some Flowers Bees Skip\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030201654/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-work-pollination-night-shift-visiting-some-flowers-bees-skip-180974884/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Mission on Himalayan Studies\". nmhs.org.in. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nmhs.org.in/MG_24_2017_18.php","url_text":"\"National Mission on Himalayan Studies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181104031614/http://nmhs.org.in/MG_24_2017_18.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Shiv Sahay (28 October 2018). \"Moths are key to pollination in Himalayan ecosystem\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/moths-are-key-to-pollination-in-himalayan-ecosystem/article25354080.ece","url_text":"\"Moths are key to pollination in Himalayan ecosystem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181028192046/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/moths-are-key-to-pollination-in-himalayan-ecosystem/article25354080.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walton, Richard E.; Sayer, Carl D.; Bennion, Helen; Axmacher, Jan C. (13 May 2020). \"Nocturnal pollinators strongly contribute to pollen transport of wild flowers in an agricultural landscape\". Biology Letters. 16 (5). The Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0877. PMC 7280044. PMID 32396782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7280044","url_text":"\"Nocturnal pollinators strongly contribute to pollen transport of wild flowers in an agricultural landscape\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2019.0877","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2019.0877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7280044","url_text":"7280044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396782","url_text":"32396782"}]},{"reference":"Matt McGrath (13 May 2020). \"Nature crisis: Moths have 'secret role' as crucial pollinators\". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52630991","url_text":"\"Nature crisis: Moths have 'secret role' as crucial pollinators\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200513014202/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52630991","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Macgregor, Callum J.; Pocock, Michael J. O.; Fox, Richard; Evans, Darren M. (2015). \"Pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera, and the effects of light pollution: a review\". Ecological Entomology. 40 (3): 187–198. Bibcode:2015EcoEn..40..187M. doi:10.1111/een.12174. ISSN 1365-2311. PMC 4405039. PMID 25914438.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405039","url_text":"\"Pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera, and the effects of light pollution: a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EcoEn..40..187M","url_text":"2015EcoEn..40..187M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feen.12174","url_text":"10.1111/een.12174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2311","url_text":"1365-2311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405039","url_text":"4405039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25914438","url_text":"25914438"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Melanie; Brühl, Carsten A. (25 January 2016). \"The secret pollinators: an overview of moth pollination with a focus on Europe and North America\". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 10 (1): 21–28. Bibcode:2016APInt..10...21H. doi:10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3. ISSN 1872-8855. S2CID 18514093. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3","url_text":"\"The secret pollinators: an overview of moth pollination with a focus on Europe and North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APInt..10...21H","url_text":"2016APInt..10...21H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11829-016-9414-3","url_text":"10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1872-8855","url_text":"1872-8855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18514093","url_text":"18514093"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314172022/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kuta, Sarah. \"Moths are the Unsung Heroes of Pollination\". smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-are-the-unsung-heroes-of-pollination-180980491/","url_text":"\"Moths are the Unsung Heroes of Pollination\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030201653/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-are-the-unsung-heroes-of-pollination-180980491/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Are Moths Attracted to Flame?\". npr.org. 18 August 2007. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12903572","url_text":"\"Why Are Moths Attracted to Flame?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npr.org","url_text":"npr.org"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108215236/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12903572","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"van Langevelde, Frank; Braamburg-Annegarn, Marijke; Huigens, Martinus E.; Groendijk, Rob; Poitevin, Olivier; van Deijk, Jurriën R.; Ellis, Willem N.; van Grunsven, Roy H. A.; de Vos, Rob (4 January 2018). \"Declines in moth populations stress the need for conserving dark nights\". Global Change Biology. 24 (3): 925–932. Bibcode:2018GCBio..24..925V. doi:10.1111/gcb.14008. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 29215778. S2CID 205145880.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GCBio..24..925V","url_text":"2018GCBio..24..925V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14008","url_text":"10.1111/gcb.14008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013","url_text":"1354-1013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29215778","url_text":"29215778"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205145880","url_text":"205145880"}]},{"reference":"\"The State Of Britain's Moths\". butterfly-conservation.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/the-state-of-britains-moths","url_text":"\"The State Of Britain's Moths\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181104165943/https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/the-state-of-britains-moths","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boyes, Douglas H.; Evans, Darren M.; Fox, Richard; Parsons, Mark S.; Pocock, Michael J. O. (August 2021). \"Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations\". Science Advances. 7 (35): eabi8322. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.8322B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi8322. PMC 8386932. PMID 34433571.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386932","url_text":"\"Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.8322B","url_text":"2021SciA....7.8322B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi8322","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.abi8322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386932","url_text":"8386932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433571","url_text":"34433571"}]},{"reference":"Macgregor, Callum J.; Evans, Darren M.; Fox, Richard; Pocock, Michael J. O. (12 July 2016). \"The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport\". Global Change Biology. 23 (2): 697–707. doi:10.1111/gcb.13371. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 27251575.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.13371","url_text":"\"The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.13371","url_text":"10.1111/gcb.13371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013","url_text":"1354-1013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251575","url_text":"27251575"}]},{"reference":"Knop, Eva; Zoller, Leana; Ryser, Remo; Gerpe, Christopher; Hörler, Maurin; Fontaine, Colin (2 August 2017). \"Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination\" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 206–209. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..206K. doi:10.1038/nature23288. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28783730. S2CID 4466564. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-03947729/file/nature23288.pdf","url_text":"\"Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.548..206K","url_text":"2017Natur.548..206K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature23288","url_text":"10.1038/nature23288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783730","url_text":"28783730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4466564","url_text":"4466564"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527212730/https://hal.science/hal-03947729/file/nature23288.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tait, Malcolm (2006). Animal Tragic: Popular Misconceptions of Wildlife Through the Centuries. Think Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-84525-015-7. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jDkO2fMTgC&pg=PA38","url_text":"Animal Tragic: Popular Misconceptions of Wildlife Through the Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84525-015-7","url_text":"978-1-84525-015-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222943/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jDkO2fMTgC&pg=PA38","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moth&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6359-6_4705","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4705"},{"Link":"http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm","external_links_name":"\"Moths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180702164937/https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842621","external_links_name":"\"Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11622657K","external_links_name":"2019PNAS..11622657K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1907847116","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1907847116"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","external_links_name":"0027-8424"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842621","external_links_name":"6842621"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31636187","external_links_name":"31636187"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106184057/http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/evolution-of-moths-and-butterflies/","external_links_name":"\"Evolution of Moths and Butterflies\""},{"Link":"http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/evolution-of-moths-and-butterflies/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100614154639/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AgEE...48....9C","external_links_name":"1994AgEE...48....9C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-8809%2894%2990070-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0167-8809(94)90070-1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA681","external_links_name":"Concise Encyclopedia Biology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140112033954/http://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA681","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.livescience.com/21933-moth-week-facts.html","external_links_name":"\"7 Things You Don't Know About Moths, But Should\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120234758/https://www.livescience.com/21933-moth-week-facts.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html","external_links_name":"\"How to Manage Pests | Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets | Clothes Moths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625180637/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Table 74. Raw silk: production (including waste)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080318231103/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070307195458/http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp","external_links_name":"\"Silk Exchanges of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042940/http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php","external_links_name":"\"Silk Worm Farming\""},{"Link":"http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107031911/http://food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm","external_links_name":"\"Some Edible Species\""},{"Link":"http://www.food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690724","external_links_name":"\"Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2000.1188","external_links_name":"10.1098/rspb.2000.1188"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690724","external_links_name":"1690724"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11467425","external_links_name":"11467425"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822014813/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-moths-jam-bat-sonar.html","external_links_name":"\"Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course\""},{"Link":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-moths-jam-bat-sonar.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106733884","external_links_name":"\"Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170810131957/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106733884","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5715966","external_links_name":"\"Entomopathogenicity and biological attributes of Himalayan treasured fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjof3010004","external_links_name":"10.3390/jof3010004"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5715966","external_links_name":"5715966"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29371523","external_links_name":"29371523"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-work-pollination-night-shift-visiting-some-flowers-bees-skip-180974884/","external_links_name":"\"Moths Work the Pollination Night Shift, Visiting Some Flowers Bees Skip\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030201654/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-work-pollination-night-shift-visiting-some-flowers-bees-skip-180974884/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nmhs.org.in/MG_24_2017_18.php","external_links_name":"\"National Mission on Himalayan Studies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181104031614/http://nmhs.org.in/MG_24_2017_18.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/moths-are-key-to-pollination-in-himalayan-ecosystem/article25354080.ece","external_links_name":"\"Moths are key to pollination in Himalayan ecosystem\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181028192046/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/moths-are-key-to-pollination-in-himalayan-ecosystem/article25354080.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7280044","external_links_name":"\"Nocturnal pollinators strongly contribute to pollen transport of wild flowers in an agricultural landscape\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2019.0877","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsbl.2019.0877"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7280044","external_links_name":"7280044"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396782","external_links_name":"32396782"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52630991","external_links_name":"\"Nature crisis: Moths have 'secret role' as crucial pollinators\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200513014202/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52630991","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405039","external_links_name":"\"Pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera, and the effects of light pollution: a review\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EcoEn..40..187M","external_links_name":"2015EcoEn..40..187M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feen.12174","external_links_name":"10.1111/een.12174"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2311","external_links_name":"1365-2311"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405039","external_links_name":"4405039"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25914438","external_links_name":"25914438"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3","external_links_name":"\"The secret pollinators: an overview of moth pollination with a focus on Europe and North America\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APInt..10...21H","external_links_name":"2016APInt..10...21H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11829-016-9414-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1872-8855","external_links_name":"1872-8855"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18514093","external_links_name":"18514093"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314172022/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11829-016-9414-3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-are-the-unsung-heroes-of-pollination-180980491/","external_links_name":"\"Moths are the Unsung Heroes of Pollination\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030201653/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/moths-are-the-unsung-heroes-of-pollination-180980491/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12903572","external_links_name":"\"Why Are Moths Attracted to Flame?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108215236/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12903572","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GCBio..24..925V","external_links_name":"2018GCBio..24..925V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14008","external_links_name":"10.1111/gcb.14008"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013","external_links_name":"1354-1013"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29215778","external_links_name":"29215778"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205145880","external_links_name":"205145880"},{"Link":"https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/the-state-of-britains-moths","external_links_name":"\"The State Of Britain's Moths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181104165943/https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/the-state-of-britains-moths","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386932","external_links_name":"\"Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.8322B","external_links_name":"2021SciA....7.8322B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi8322","external_links_name":"10.1126/sciadv.abi8322"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386932","external_links_name":"8386932"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433571","external_links_name":"34433571"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.13371","external_links_name":"\"The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.13371","external_links_name":"10.1111/gcb.13371"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013","external_links_name":"1354-1013"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251575","external_links_name":"27251575"},{"Link":"https://hal.science/hal-03947729/file/nature23288.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.548..206K","external_links_name":"2017Natur.548..206K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature23288","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature23288"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","external_links_name":"0028-0836"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783730","external_links_name":"28783730"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4466564","external_links_name":"4466564"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527212730/https://hal.science/hal-03947729/file/nature23288.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jDkO2fMTgC&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"Animal Tragic: Popular Misconceptions of Wildlife Through the Centuries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222943/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jDkO2fMTgC&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020797234","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0020797234"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535550","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006068h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006068h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171063-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545931505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087552","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph207161&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_Remastered
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Marketing and release","5 Reception","5.1 Infinite Warfare bundling","5.2 Inclusion of microtransactions","5.3 Pricing of DLC and standalone version of game","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
2016 first-person shooter video game 2016 video gameCall of Duty: Modern Warfare RemasteredDeveloper(s)Raven SoftwarePublisher(s)ActivisionDirector(s)David PellasDesigner(s)Amos HodgeSeriesCall of DutyEngineIW engine (modified)Platform(s)PlayStation 4WindowsXbox OneReleaseNovember 4, 2016Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a 2016 first-person shooter game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. It is a remastered version of the 2007 game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, and was initially released as part of the special edition bundles of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare in November 2016 for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. A standalone version was released for these platforms in mid-2017. The game's story follows the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and the Special Air Service (SAS), who take on missions to fight against a separatist group in the Middle East and an ultranationalist group in Russia. Development began after an online petition requesting a Modern Warfare remaster began circulation. Activision enlisted Raven Software—who had assisted in the development of past Call of Duty games—to develop Modern Warfare Remastered, while original developer Infinity Ward supervised. Modern Warfare Remastered features extensive graphical enhancements, updated animations, and revised original sound effects as well as new ones. It retains the original core gameplay, with small adjustments. New multiplayer content, and additional single-player achievements and cheats are included. Critics lauded Modern Warfare Remastered for its enhanced graphics, revised sound, and range of other modifications. They praised the gameplay for what was considered a challenging and innovative single-player campaign when compared to later games in the series. The multiplayer mode was complimented for its simplicity and freshness. Criticism focused on the multiplayer mode for balancing issues and the single-player mode for its pacing and artificial intelligence. Modern Warfare Remastered became the subject of controversy following Activision's decisions to initially release it only as part of a bundle, include microtransactions, and—in the eyes of players—overcharge for both the downloadable content (DLC) and standalone version of the game. Gameplay See also: Gameplay of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Typical gameplay of a multiplayer match. In the clip, the player kills several enemy players on the opposing team, unlocking the ability to use killstreaks, while being awarded with medals. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered features the same core gameplay as the original version: it is a first-person shooter in which the player controls several characters during the single-player campaign, alternating from one to another between missions. It includes some modifications consisting of adjusted timing to existing gameplay animations, while remaining nearly identical to their original counterparts. In the prone position, the player character's arms and equipped weapon are visible. In the multiplayer mode, players can perform a taunt, by allowing them to inspect the exterior of their gun for example, intended to humiliate a defeated opponent. The single-player campaign is almost identical to the original. It retains the same collectibles and cheats while adding several more of the latter. The game offers full PlayStation Network trophy and Xbox Live achievement support—trophies were absent from Modern Warfare because the game was released before they were introduced—by including several new challenges. Modern Warfare Remastered features an updated version of the multiplayer mode that shares similarities with those featured in later Call of Duty games. It includes the same weapons, killstreaks—rewards gained that allows the player to locate opponents or call in military aircraft to attack them—perks, and game modes as Modern Warfare. Existing modes present in other installments are included such as "Gun Game", in which the player receives a new weapon each time they kill an opponent, and "Hardpoint", involving players attempting to secure and defend a designated area from the opposing team. New modes like "Prop Hunt", where players hide as inanimate objects from the opposition, are also introduced. Medals is another incorporated feature present in previous games. These are awarded to players if specific circumstances are met when killing an opponent. The multiplayer mode offers a larger variety of customization options for profile personalization, guns, and characters. The game also added weapons. All new content can be unlocked through completing challenges, crafting, or buying in-game currency through microtransactions. Plot See also: Plot of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered features the same plot as the original game. The player mainly controls British Special Air Service (SAS) recruit Sergeant John "Soap" MacTavish, starting with his enrollment in the 22nd SAS Regiment. The player also controls United States Marine Corps (USMC) member Sergeant Paul Jackson during five of the levels of Act 1. SAS officer Captain John Price is playable in two flashback missions from 1996 when he was a lieutenant. The player further assumes the role of an American thermal-imaging TV operator aboard a Lockheed AC-130 gunship during one level, and a British operative infiltrating a hijacked airliner to save a VIP in another. Finally, the player controls Yasir Al-Fulani, the president of an unnamed Middle Eastern country before he is executed, although he has no freedom of action beyond turning his head. While the United States invades a small, oil-rich Middle Eastern country following a coup d'état by the extremist Khaled Al-Asad, a British SAS squad infiltrates a cargo ship found to be carrying a nuclear device. Enemy jets sink the ship, but the SAS team escapes with its manifest and heads to Russia to rescue their informant, codenamed "Nikolai", from the Ultranationalist party. Intelligence from these operations indicates Al-Asad has a Russian nuclear device. The U.S. military launches an assault on his palace, but the nuclear device is detonated, wiping out most of the city and everyone in it. The SAS team tracks down Al-Asad in Azerbaijan and discovers he was working with Imran Zakhaev, the leader of the Ultranationalist party. The mission then flashes back 15 years where Captain Price, who was a lieutenant, is sent alongside his commanding officer, Captain MacMillan, on a failed assassination attempt on Zakhaev in Pripyat, Ukraine. After killing Al-Asad, the SAS team, with support from U.S. Marine Force Recon and Russian loyalists, attempt to capture Zakhaev's son, Victor, and learn his whereabouts. They ambush Victor, but he commits suicide. In response, Zakhaev seizes control of a nuclear launch facility. A joint operation is launched to take back the site, but Zakhaev launches intercontinental ballistic missiles at the U.S. Eastern Seaboard. The joint teams are able to breach the facility and remotely destroy the missiles before fleeing the area. Zakhaev's forces trap the escaping joint force on a bridge, and during the fight many are killed. He arrives, but a loyalist helicopter distracts him. The player shoots and kills Zakhaev with their pistol before being tended to by loyalist forces. Development A comparison of Modern Warfare (top) and Modern Warfare Remastered (bottom). The latter features enhanced textures and lighting, new models, and changes to the heads-up display. Activision became interested in a remaster of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare following the circulation of an online petition. The publisher approached Raven Software, which had assisted in the development of previous Call of Duty games, to be the primary developer; Infinity Ward would act as executive producer. Raven's studio director, David Pellas, recalled that every Raven employee agreed to undertaking a remaster. The developers pledged to focus throughout development on redefining the term remaster while respecting the original game. Much of Modern Warfare was "rebuilt  from the ground up" through the revitalization of its source code, materials, layouts, and effects that Infinity Ward allowed Raven to access. The game runs in a native 1080p resolution (increased to 4K for the PlayStation 4 Pro version) at 60 frames per second, and uses the then latest iteration of the series' IW engine. Raven wanted the remaster to provide a faithful experience for fans of Modern Warfare. They looked to connect newcomers to a world that players were used to in recent Call of Duty games, albeit one that mirrored reality. To assist in their decision-making, Raven scoured social media websites to find active players of Modern Warfare to understand what they would want from a re-release of the game. Pellas noted that the risk of negative fan reactions resulting from changes to the original and the desire to meet expectations was daunting for Raven; they were encouraged by their leading principle of keeping the gameplay unchanged. Subtle adjustments were made to the timing of existing gameplay animations, such as the transition between aiming a sniper rifle and the scope overlay appearing, but these were designed to be as close to identical to the original as possible. In bringing Modern Warfare's visuals up to modern standards, enhancements to the environments were designed using a procedure called "paint-over": color schemes were established and screenshots taken of the levels from Modern Warfare before they were overlaid with concept art. Raven wanted to give the environments a sense of history to avoid them feeling generic, with more visual details being integrated into them. The game used improved textures and mapping, effects, and lighting; objects were remodeled and new features such as realistic physics were used to move materials like clothing. The remaster became the first Call of Duty game to allow each gun to eject spent ammunition rounds accurate to that type, which was achieved through the inserted rounds remaining in the gun before ejection; identical rounds separate from those inserted were ejected in previous games. Raven faced some issues remastering the graphics, as the remaster used a heavily upgraded version of the series' engine. As a result, several of Modern Warfare's visual assets were not suited to the new technology, requiring the developers to enhance or remake them. The movement of non-player characters was improved to be more realistic. Several new first-person animations were added to the single-player campaign for immersion during certain scenes and to improve how the camera made use of the player character's body. The remastering of the game's audio included reverberation, depth, and spatial effects; one example a Raven developer noted was that, "Layering out multiple sounds now makes a big difference." A range of other examples of sound not present in Modern Warfare were used. The original music and vocal performances were retained, although Al-Asad's Arabic dialogue was amended and re-recorded to represent the game's English subtitles more accurately. Other minor dialogue alterations included adjusting the order of several lines and including new ones in the game's training level. Following negative player feedback at the gaming convention Call of Duty: XP 2016, the developers reverted changes to the multiplayer mode's announcers. Similarly, the weapon audio was revised to more closely resemble that found in the original game. As well as the remastering process, the game contained an array of new features. The multiplayer mode's content initially remained largely unchanged. Ten of the original sixteen maps were featured at launch, after the developers realized they could not remaster every map by the release date; the remaining six were released as a free update several weeks later. Raven supported the multiplayer mode from December 2016 to keep players invested in the game, introducing types of cosmetic customization and new melee weapons within a business model. This includes a loot box system, virtual crates branded in-game as "supply drops", which contain randomized items. Supply drops are obtained after purchasing in-game currency called Call of Duty Points (CP) or with Depot Credits earned through playing. Parts are another in-game currency used to craft items, acquired in supply drops or from duplicate items. Raven published playlists and seasonal events, which introduced new but similar customization content, multiplayer modes, and variants of existing maps. Further guns and melee weapons were incorporated during these events along with other game updates. Marketing and release News of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered leaked on Reddit on April 27, 2016, before its official announcement. The leak included a screenshot of a reservation card for the retail chain Target with the Legacy Edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare and the bundled remaster. A tweet in response on Call of Duty's official Twitter account the same day included two emoji in reply to a fan's 2014 tweet expressing excitement at the possibility of a Modern Warfare remaster, seemingly confirming its existence. On April 29, 2016, a leaked retailer advertisement for Infinite Warfare revealed that Modern Warfare Remastered would include the single-player campaign and ten multiplayer maps. Modern Warfare Remastered was officially announced on May 2, 2016, during the reveal trailer for Infinite Warfare. The game was featured at 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo, showing a trailer for its campaign. It revealed that PlayStation 4 users who pre-purchased the special edition bundle of Infinite Warfare could play Modern Warfare Remastered's campaign 30 days before its release date as part of Sony's exclusivity deal with Activision. A gameplay video for Modern Warfare Remastered's "Crew Expendable" mission was released online on July 14, 2016. The game's multiplayer mode was revealed during the Call of Duty: XP 2016 convention, and attendees were able to play it first. In September 2016, trailers were released for both single and multiplayer modes. Modern Warfare Remastered was released worldwide on November 4, 2016, for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One as part of the Legacy, Legacy Pro, and Digital Deluxe editions of Infinite Warfare. At the time, the game was available only by purchasing one of these editions of Infinite Warfare; with physical versions, Modern Warfare Remastered could only be played via Infinite Warfare's game disc. Activision confirmed Infinite Warfare must be permanently installed to use the included remaster. In June 2017, a standalone version of Modern Warfare Remastered was announced alongside its trailer; the game was released for the PlayStation 4 on June 27, 2017, followed by the Xbox One and Windows exactly a month later. On March 8, 2017, Activision announced that a remastered version of the Variety Map Pack downloadable content (DLC) originally released for Modern Warfare would be made available for Modern Warfare Remastered. It includes the same four maps and 10 rare supply drops. The map pack was released as a separate purchase for the PlayStation 4 on March 21, 2017, and for the Xbox One and Windows exactly a month later; it was not included with any retail versions of Modern Warfare Remastered. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PS4) 83/100(XONE) 89/100(PC) 86/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10Hardcore Gamer3.5/5IGN8.5/10Push Square9/10AwardPublicationAwardIGN – Best of 2016 AwardsBest Remaster Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic. Push Square described the game as "a ridiculously faithful remake" that "spruc up an old care package for a more modern age to near-perfection." IGN used the accolade of "Best Remaster" in 2016 to praise it. Critics lauded the enhanced graphics, revised sound, and other modifications. Push Square and GQ thought the remaster looked and sounded like a modern release, calling it "nothing short of a profound feat" and "an amazing technical overhaul". Several felt the game was more akin to a remake thanks to the range of enhancements. Destructoid complimented the "subtle" differences, highlighting level areas that felt more alive and the enhancements to the first-person cinematics. Although praising its scope, some considered the graphics were not quite cutting edge and occasionally exhibited minor shortcomings. The modern-day setting and core gameplay of the single-player campaign were praised. Critics viewed the narrative as "forward-thinking" and sincere, and having pushed the boundaries of storytelling in the first-person shooter genre; others were reminded how the campaign had long endured with fans as a result. Destructoid felt the story had since been topped by its competition, but that it was still worth playing because of the mission variety and the relationship between Soap and Price. The gameplay was considered pleasantly challenging and urgent, with IGN's reviewer noting it made them feel "relatively weighed down, encumbered, and more desperate". The game's level design, set pieces, and emphasis on teamwork attracted further praise. The multiplayer mode received similar praise. Push Square appreciated its faithfulness to the original. Destructoid complimented the map design and praised the gameplay for being welcoming to more casual players by requiring only moderate skill and agility. Critics considered the mode to be "refreshing" and just as enjoyable as faster-paced versions of more recent Call of Duty installments. Comparisons were made with Infinite Warfare; some thought that Modern Warfare Remastered's simpler design showed that "less can be more" and enjoyed that it allowed for different gameplay styles. Certain aspects that were thought to have aged poorly or needed improvement received scrutiny. Critics attributed this to a desire to preserve Modern Warfare's authenticity for fans. The multiplayer mode was described as "outdated" and criticized for balancing issues involving overpowered perks and weapons and for its collision detection. IGN felt many of the multiplayer maps and campaign levels were uninspired and primarily designed for players to use cover; VG247 criticized the level design for directing players through a linear path that did not always appear to be the correct route. Hardcore Gamer disapproved of the decision to retain infinitely spawning enemies in the campaign and felt weapons found in the levels were "barebones" compared to those the player starts out with. Some felt the narrative suffered from pacing issues. Several critics noted lingering problems with the artificial intelligence, describing enemy behavior as "relying on numbers, rather than cunning" and that allies often hampered the player. Players criticized the Windows version of Modern Warfare Remastered for several reasons. On Steam, it received mostly negative user reviews; complaints cited poor performance, numerous hackers, and a low player count. Players felt Activision had failed to provide adequate support for the PC in favor of the game's console versions, a trait which had been apparent with previous installments in the series. PC Gamer noted that the game required a capable PC to run well. They criticized the multiplayer mode for not including custom servers and the lack of active players. As part of his close involvement in the game's development, David Pellas playtested the PC version; he stated before its release that it "play amazingly" and had a "fantastic" frame rate, while acknowledging that it had been played on a high-end gaming PC. Infinite Warfare bundling Before its release, many criticized Activision's initial decision to make Modern Warfare Remastered available only for purchase through a special edition of Infinite Warfare. Critics recognized that Modern Warfare Remastered appealed highly to fans, and saw bundling the game as anti-consumerist, forcing players to pay more than necessary. Hardcore Gamer called the move "sickening", and Push Square felt it was "preposterous" and "a bullet in the face to consumers" due to Modern Warfare's influence in both the series and the first-person shooter genre. Several perceived the bundling as showing Activision's lack of faith in Infinite Warfare, and to ensure Call of Duty's continued growth. Others felt selling Modern Warfare Remastered separately would still be prosperous for the publisher; Rock, Paper, Shotgun's writer wrote they would spend more on the series if the modes of future installments, like the bundled games, were sold separately to allow them to purchase those they had the most interest in. Push Square believed a standalone would allow Activision to earn their fans' trust and money. They forecast an influx of pre-owned copies of the bundle, devaluing Infinite Warfare's worth and reducing the number of copies sold. Conversely, some described Activision's approach as "brilliant", seeing each game in the bundle as uniquely appealing to either former or longstanding fans of the series, and viewed the remaster as a valuable addition. Inclusion of microtransactions While adding new content several weeks after the release of Modern Warfare Remastered, Activision incorporated the use of microtransactions into the multiplayer mode, which had been absent from Modern Warfare. Data miners had previously uncovered hidden weapons within the game's files; fans regarded them as either an indication of future virtual goods or scrapped content. The choice to include microtransactions resulted in a backlash. PCGamesN called the decision "rubbing salt into the wound" after the criticism of bundling the remaster with Infinite Warfare. Concerns were raised that Modern Warfare Remastered would allow for gameplay advantages, similar to Activision's approach with recent Call of Duty installments. Others criticized what they perceived as Activision prioritizing revenue over improving the game, and helping to set an example for other video game publishers to sell re-releases with new or omitted content at extra cost. Opinions of Modern Warfare Remastered's microtransactions post-release, particularly surrounding the implementation of new guns not seen in Modern Warfare, were mixed. Hardcore Gamer was disappointed the guns were "locked behind paywall" and relied heavily on opening supply drops to obtain them. Conversely, in 2019 Kotaku wrote that while the game's loot box system had flaws and required performing repetitive tasks for those unwilling to spend money, it felt more rewarding and less exploitative than those offered by subsequent Call of Duty games. Pricing of DLC and standalone version of game Following the announcement of the remastered Variety Map Pack in March 2017, Activision was condemned for its decision that the DLC would not be free. Fans asserted that as a remaster, which often includes all previously released DLC from the original, the map pack should have been released with Modern Warfare Remastered when it launched. They also believed that selling the DLC for a higher price than its original release was unprincipled. The move was described by gaming journalist Jim Sterling as highlighting "just how far can mock its customers and get away with it", and by Hardcore Gamer as "one of the biggest rip-offs in recent memory." Hardcore Gamer believed the price increase because of inflation was erroneous; the 10 rare supply drops that were included held no value because they contained undesirable content; and few players were using the DLC maps. Some felt that including the DLC at no charge would have helped overcome wavering support from long-term fans, following the criticism of Infinite Warfare and the success of Electronic Arts' competing Battlefield 1. On the other hand, VG247 opined that the DLC was being sold because Modern Warfare Remastered was not sold at full-price as part of the Infinite Warfare bundle cost. The standalone version of Modern Warfare Remastered received criticism for not including the DLC and for its price. Some critics thought the discounted Infinite Warfare bundle offered more value for money. Rock, Paper, Shotgun criticized the game's cost and the DLC for being sold separately, and considered the bundle was not worth its price. They noted Modern Warfare Remastered's playerbase had fallen significantly on Steam in prior months, and concluded, "What should've been exciting is mired in irritation." Destructoid's writer also condemned Activision's business practices around Modern Warfare Remastered, voicing their disinterest in buying the standalone after waiting more than half a year for its release. They concluded, "I might've parted with that much money for it last year, but not now. It's too late." Notes ^ PlayStation 4 users who pre-purchased special editions of Infinite Warfare received Modern Warfare Remastered's campaign mode on October 5, 2016. ^ Additional work by Beenox, Certain Affinity and High Moon Studios. Original game developed by Infinity Ward. ^ Not to be confused with pre-ordering. References ^ MacLean, Haley (June 15, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – A Deeper Look At The Remastered Classic". Game Informer. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2021. ^ a b Gurwin, Gabe (July 27, 2017). "'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered' now available to all". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ a b c Scammell, David (May 2, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered is developed by Raven; first multiplayer maps confirmed". VideoGamer.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ a b c d Hornshaw, Phil (September 21, 2016). "How 'Modern Warfare Remastered' updated the classic without ruining it". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2017. ^ a b c d Thurmond, Joey (September 8, 2016). "Hands On: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Far More Than Its Title Suggests". Push Square. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h Acevedo, Paul (September 11, 2016). "More Modern Than Ever Before: Everything you need to know about Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Windows Central. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Alexandra, Heather (October 5, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered Adds Four Great New Cheats". Kotaku. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2017. ^ Makuch, Eddie (October 3, 2016). "Call of Duty 4 Remaster PS4 Trophies Revealed, Including One Really Interesting One". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ a b Vazquez, Suriel (September 2, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – The Remaster Of A Classic Is Faithful In All The Right Ways". Game Informer. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ Devine, Richard (November 17, 2016). "The top five tips for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered multiplayer beginners". Windows Central. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Dunsmore, Kevin (November 3, 2016). "Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ a b c Saed, Sherif (November 8, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered and the problem with remaking old games". VG247. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ McWhertor, Michael (December 8, 2016). "Six more Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered maps drop next week". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Scammell, David (December 9, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered gets 6 free maps, 2 new game modes next week". VideoGamer.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ a b Doster, S.E. (May 4, 2018). "Call of Duty's Prop Hunt, One Year Later". Kotaku. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ a b c d e Yin-Poole, Wesley (December 14, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now has supply drops". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2018. ^ a b c d e Dunsmore, Kevin (December 13, 2016). "Microtransactions Invade Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2021. ^ a b Hillier, Brenna (February 9, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered update 1.08 delivers over 170 new loot items – full patch notes". VG247. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2021. ^ a b c Dunsmore, Kevin (March 14, 2017). "Operation Shamrock and Awe, New Microtransactions Hit Modern Warfare Remastered". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ a b Dunsmore, Kevin (June 27, 2017). "Call of Duty Summer Event Hits Infinite Warfare, Modern Warfare Remastered Today". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ a b c Doster, S.E. (March 3, 2019). "Modern Warfare Remastered Did Call of Duty Loot Boxes The Right Way". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: Blackout. Gaz: Captain Price, Al-Asad just executed President Al-Fulani on national television. Captain Price: The Americans have plans for Al-Asad. And it's too late to do anything for Al-Fulani. ^ Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: Shock and Awe. Command: Outlaw this is command. We have a probable nuclear threat at the capital. Proceed to the minimum safe distance until the all clear has been given by the NEST team.  All U.S. forces, be advised, we have a confirmed nuclear threat in the city. NEST teams are on site and attempting to disarm. I repeat, we have a confirmed nu– Lt. Vasquez: Everyone, hang on! ^ Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: All Ghillied Up. Captain Price: I was just a "Leftenant" back then...doing some wetwork. Chernobyl. Christmas for the bad guys. Even a decade later, lot of 'em still used it to get their hands on nuclear material. A lot of 'em...including one Imran Zakhaev. Of course we couldn't just let that happen. Cash for spent fuel rods? That's one hell of a recipe for destruction. It was the first time our government had authorized an assassination order since the second world war...I was under the command of Captain MacMillan... ^ Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: Ultimatum. Captain Price: Delta One X-Ray, we have a missile launch, I repeat we have a missile – SSgt. Griggs: There's another one! Captain Price: Delta One X-Ray – we have two missiles in the air over! Command: Uh...roger Bravo Six, our satellites are tracking them now. Get your team inside the facility and retake the launch control center. We're working on getting the abort codes from the Russians at this time. ^ Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: No Fighting In The War Room. Captain Price: Soap, enter the codes! We'll watch for enemy reinforcements. Command: Standby for confirmation. Standby...standby... Bravo Six, all warheads have been confirmed destroyed in flight. We got a ton of debris, but most of it is landing in the ocean.  Gaz: Captain Price, this is Gaz at the security station. They came in by trucks. I'm thinking we can all use them to get the hell outta here. ^ a b c d Boatman, Brandon (September 9, 2016). "Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ a b c Takahashi, Dean (May 2, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered targets nostalgic fans". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b c d Martin, Matt (September 7, 2016). ""We cannot fuck with the game design" – Raven Software's terrifying responsibility of remaking Call of Duty: Modern Warfare". VG247. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Kelly, Kevin (October 7, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Interview with Ryan Burnett, Executive Producer at Raven Software". Community.Activision. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020. ^ a b c d Bierton, David (October 13, 2016). "Digital Foundry vs Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Modern Warfare Remastered PS4 Pro vs PS4 Performance Tested". Digital Foundry. Eurogamer. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ Shea, Brian (August 26, 2019). "The Impressive New Tech Behind Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2021. ^ a b c d Boatman, Brandon (September 9, 2016). "Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2017. ^ Saed, Sherif (October 5, 2016). "Watch how much better than the original Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered looks and sounds". VG247. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ Saed, Sherif (September 28, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered brings back original multiplayer announcer, more". VG247. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ Onder, Cade (September 28, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered will bring back the iconic multiplayer announcer". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2019. ^ Doster, S.E. (August 23, 2017). "Modern Warfare's 'Mad Props' Mode Is Broken And Boring". Kotaku. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Nunneley, Stephany (April 27, 2016). "Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition includes Modern Warfare remaster – rumor". VG247. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ Barker, Sammy (April 27, 2016). "Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Being Remastered for PS4". Push Square. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ Plunkett, Luke (April 28, 2016). "Call Of Duty 4 Remastered Apparently Confirmed With Poop Emoji". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2017. ^ McWhertor, Michael (April 29, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered includes campaign, 10 multiplayer maps". Polygon. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 3, 2016). "You can't buy Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered separately". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ Sarkar, Samit (June 14, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2020. Note that a "pre-purchase" is not the same thing as a "pre-order"; the former refers to a transaction on the PlayStation Store in which you put down your money ahead of time, rather than just a reservation (as with a pre-order). ^ Dornbush, Jonathan (June 13, 2016). "E3 2016: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Playable Early on PS4". IGN. Archived from the original on June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016. ^ Sarkar, Samit (June 14, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ McWhertor, Michael (July 14, 2016). "See Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's 'Crew Expendable' in action". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ^ Paget, Mat (June 8, 2016). "Call of Duty XP 2016 Convention Announced, Dates Revealed". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016. ^ Carpenter, Nichole (June 8, 2016). "Activision Announces Call of Duty XP Fan Event". IGN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ^ Takahashi, Dean (September 3, 2016). "A hands-on session with Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's multiplayer". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016. ^ Hilliard, Kyle (September 29, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Relive Your Memories With Remastered's Launch Trailer". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ Martin, Matt (September 4, 2016). "Flashbacks and flash bangs – it's the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered trailer". VG247. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ Good, Owen S. (October 3, 2016). "Activision confirms Modern Warfare Remastered needs Infinite Warfare disc to run". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016. ^ a b Yin-Poole, Wesley (June 29, 2017). "Don't trade in your Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition just yet". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017. ^ a b McCarthy, Caty (June 23, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Free From Its Infinite Warfare Prison". USgamer. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ Pereira, Chris (July 27, 2017). "PC, Xbox One Finally Receive Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Version". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017. ^ Passalacqua, Michael (March 7, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Map Pack Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ Makuch, Eddie (April 20, 2017). "Call Of Duty 4 Remaster DLC Launches On Xbox One And PC". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017. ^ Pereira, Chris (June 23, 2017). "Call Of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Release Confirmed". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ^ a b "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ a b "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ a b "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017. ^ a b c d Carter, Chris (November 7, 2016). "Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Destructoid. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2017. ^ a b c d e f Plagge, Kallie (November 8, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review". IGN. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Thurmond, Joey (November 13, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review". Push Square. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ a b "Best of 2016 Awards". IGN. January 6, 2017. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017. ^ a b c d White, Sam (November 7, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered outshines the rest of the Call Of Duty series". GQ. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ a b c d e Rignall, Jaz (November 4, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is Still Relevant – and Brilliant". USgamer. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ Carsillo, Ray (November 3, 2016). "Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ a b Devine, Richard (November 15, 2016). "Call of Duty Modern Warfare Remastered review: An icon reborn". Windows Central. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ Wilde, Tyler (November 9, 2016). "Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Review". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ a b Davenport, James (November 9, 2016). "Pass on Modern Warfare Remastered for the original version". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ a b Martin, Matt (October 24, 2016). "Realising Modern Warfare's campaign isn't as good as I remember it is like being kicked in the balls by satan's cloven hoof". VG247. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ a b c Yin-Poole, Wesley (July 28, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is having a tough time on Steam". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017. ^ a b Prescott, Shaun (July 28, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is now on Steam, but people aren't happy". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b Gach, Ethan (April 22, 2017). "Modern Warfare Remastered's Map Pack Is Even More Expensive Than The Original". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ Boatman, Brandon (September 9, 2016). "Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2021. ^ a b Williams, Mike (May 3, 2016). "Call of Duty: Infinity Warfare and Modern Warfare Remaster "Scratch Two Different Itches"". USgamer. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b Hillier, Brenna (May 5, 2016). "Modern Warfare Remastered is Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare's Trojan Horse". VG247. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ Sheridan, Connor (June 27, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is finally available standalone on PS4, will you get it?". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ O'Connell, Jason (May 1, 2016). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Overshadows Infinite Warfare". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ^ a b Thurmond, Joey (May 8, 2016). "Soapbox: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Infinite Warfare Exclusivity Is a Disaster". Push Square. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2017. ^ O'Connor, Alice (May 3, 2016). "Call Of Duty 4 Remaster Only Sold With Infinite Warfare". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2021. ^ Marchiafava, Jeff (July 1, 2016). "Funny To A Point – The Call Of Duty Hate Has Gotten Embarrassing, Guys". Game Informer. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2021. ^ Futter, Mike (August 18, 2016). "Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare – Call Of Duty: Infinite Warfare And Modern Warfare Remastered Look Great In New Demos". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ McWhertor, Michael (November 14, 2016). "Players dig up hidden weapons in Modern Warfare Remastered". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ a b Barrett, Ben (November 15, 2016). "Microtransactions in COD Modern Warfare Remastered now contain new weapons". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ Burns, Ben (May 4, 2017). "Here's the box for Modern Warfare Remastered standalone". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2021. ^ Nowogurski, Victor (December 13, 2016). "Call of Duty Fans Infuriated by Modern Warfare Remastered Supply Drops". Push Square. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2018. ^ a b c Dunsmore, Kevin (April 3, 2017). "Should Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Variety Map Pack be Free?". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2021. ^ Sterling, Jim (December 14, 2016). "The Bullshit Roundup: Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Just Got Microtransactions". The Jimquisition. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ a b Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 8, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is getting premium DLC". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ^ a b Arif, Shabana (April 24, 2017). "CoD: Modern Warfare Remastered DLC's ridiculously high price ticks off community". VG247. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017. ^ Sterling, Jim (March 10, 2017). "Activision Fucks Up Modern Warfare Remastered Further With DLC More Expensive Than It Used To Be". The Jimquisition. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ O'Connor, Alice (July 27, 2017). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now sold separately". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ^ Devore, Jordan (June 27, 2017). "Modern Warfare Remastered is standalone on PS4, but do you still care?". Destructoid. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020. External links Official website Quotations related to Call of Duty 4 at Wikiquote vteCall of DutyActivisionWorld War II seriesMain series Call of Duty United Offensive 2 3 WWII Vanguard Spin-offs Finest Hour 2: Big Red One Roads to Victory Modern WarfareOriginal series 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Modern Warfare 3 Reboot series Modern Warfare (2019) Modern Warfare II (2022) Modern Warfare III (2023) Spin-offs 4: Modern Warfare (Nintendo DS) Modern Warfare – Mobilized Modern Warfare 3 – Defiance Black OpsMain series World at War Black Ops Black Ops II Black Ops III Black Ops 4 Black Ops Cold War Black Ops 6 Zombies World at War – Zombies Black Ops – Zombies Spin-offs World at War (Nintendo DS) World at War – Final Fronts Black Ops – Declassified Strike Team Warzone Warzone (2020) Warzone (2022) Warzone Mobile Other games Online Ghosts Advanced Warfare Heroes Infinite Warfare Mobile Individual levels "All Ghillied Up" "No Russian" "Nuketown" "Shipment" Other media Find Makarov: Operation Kingfish "Nightmare" "Shepherd of Fire" "Survival" Black Reign "Not Ready to Die" "Carry On" "Mad Hatter" Technology id Tech 3 IW engine Esports Championship World League League Main developers Infinity Ward Treyarch Sledgehammer Games Raven Software Related Battle.net Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Endowment Captain Price "Press F to pay respects" 2017 Wichita swatting Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Raven Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software"},{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaster#Video_games"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_4:_Modern_Warfare"},{"link_name":"bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundling"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Infinite_Warfare"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"ultranationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultranationalism"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"online petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_petition"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty"},{"link_name":"Infinity Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Ward"},{"link_name":"achievements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"cheats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games#Unusual_effects"},{"link_name":"balancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_balance"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"microtransactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtransactions"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"}],"text":"2016 first-person shooter video game2016 video gameCall of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a 2016 first-person shooter game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision. It is a remastered version of the 2007 game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, and was initially released as part of the special edition bundles of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare in November 2016 for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. A standalone version was released for these platforms in mid-2017. The game's story follows the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and the Special Air Service (SAS), who take on missions to fight against a separatist group in the Middle East and an ultranationalist group in Russia.Development began after an online petition requesting a Modern Warfare remaster began circulation. Activision enlisted Raven Software—who had assisted in the development of past Call of Duty games—to develop Modern Warfare Remastered, while original developer Infinity Ward supervised. Modern Warfare Remastered features extensive graphical enhancements, updated animations, and revised original sound effects as well as new ones. It retains the original core gameplay, with small adjustments. New multiplayer content, and additional single-player achievements and cheats are included.Critics lauded Modern Warfare Remastered for its enhanced graphics, revised sound, and range of other modifications. They praised the gameplay for what was considered a challenging and innovative single-player campaign when compared to later games in the series. The multiplayer mode was complimented for its simplicity and freshness. Criticism focused on the multiplayer mode for balancing issues and the single-player mode for its pacing and artificial intelligence. Modern Warfare Remastered became the subject of controversy following Activision's decisions to initially release it only as part of a bundle, include microtransactions, and—in the eyes of players—overcharge for both the downloadable content (DLC) and standalone version of the game.","title":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gameplay of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_4:_Modern_Warfare#Gameplay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Call_of_Duty_Modern_Warfare_Remastered_multiplayer_gameplay.gif"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"single-player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Trends_interview-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_Hands-on-7"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"taunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunting#Video_games"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"cheats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games#Unusual_effects"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Cheats-9"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network_Trophies"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Achievement_system"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Trophies-10"},{"link_name":"military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_Impressions-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Tips-12"},{"link_name":"perks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point#Perks"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Remakes-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon_Maps_&_Modes-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer_Maps_&_Modes-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Prop_Hunt-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_Impressions-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Microtransactions-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Microtransactions-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Weapons-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Shamrock-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Summer_event-22"},{"link_name":"crafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms#Crafting"},{"link_name":"in-game currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-game_currency"},{"link_name":"microtransactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtransactions"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Microtransactions-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Microtransactions-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Loot_Boxes-23"}],"text":"See also: Gameplay of Call of Duty 4: Modern WarfareTypical gameplay of a multiplayer match. In the clip, the player kills several enemy players on the opposing team, unlocking the ability to use killstreaks, while being awarded with medals.Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered features the same core gameplay as the original version: it is a first-person shooter in which the player controls several characters during the single-player campaign, alternating from one to another between missions. It includes some modifications consisting of adjusted timing to existing gameplay animations, while remaining nearly identical to their original counterparts.[4] In the prone position, the player character's arms and equipped weapon are visible.[5] In the multiplayer mode, players can perform a taunt, by allowing them to inspect the exterior of their gun for example, intended to humiliate a defeated opponent.[6]The single-player campaign is almost identical to the original. It retains the same collectibles and cheats while adding several more of the latter.[7] The game offers full PlayStation Network trophy and Xbox Live achievement support—trophies were absent from Modern Warfare because the game was released before they were introduced—by including several new challenges.[8]Modern Warfare Remastered features an updated version of the multiplayer mode that shares similarities with those featured in later Call of Duty games. It includes the same weapons, killstreaks—rewards gained that allows the player to locate opponents or call in military aircraft to attack them[9][10]—perks, and game modes as Modern Warfare.[11][12] Existing modes present in other installments are included such as \"Gun Game\", in which the player receives a new weapon each time they kill an opponent, and \"Hardpoint\", involving players attempting to secure and defend a designated area from the opposing team.[13][14] New modes like \"Prop Hunt\", where players hide as inanimate objects from the opposition, are also introduced.[15] Medals is another incorporated feature present in previous games. These are awarded to players if specific circumstances are met when killing an opponent.[9] The multiplayer mode offers a larger variety of customization options for profile personalization, guns, and characters.[16][17] The game also added weapons.[18][19][20] All new content can be unlocked through completing challenges, crafting, or buying in-game currency through microtransactions.[16][17][21]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plot of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_4:_Modern_Warfare#Plot"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"John \"Soap\" MacTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_%22Soap%22_MacTavish"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Captain John Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Price"},{"link_name":"Lockheed AC-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130"},{"link_name":"VIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_important_person"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"nuclear device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_device"},{"link_name":"informant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informant"},{"link_name":"Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"detonated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosion"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Ghillied_Up"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Pripyat, Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pripyat"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Marine Force Recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalism"},{"link_name":"launch facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_launch_facility"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles"},{"link_name":"Eastern Seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"See also: Plot of Call of Duty 4: Modern WarfareCall of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered features the same plot as the original game. The player mainly controls British Special Air Service (SAS) recruit Sergeant John \"Soap\" MacTavish, starting with his enrollment in the 22nd SAS Regiment. The player also controls United States Marine Corps (USMC) member Sergeant Paul Jackson during five of the levels of Act 1. SAS officer Captain John Price is playable in two flashback missions from 1996 when he was a lieutenant. The player further assumes the role of an American thermal-imaging TV operator aboard a Lockheed AC-130 gunship during one level, and a British operative infiltrating a hijacked airliner to save a VIP in another. Finally, the player controls Yasir Al-Fulani, the president of an unnamed Middle Eastern country before he is executed, although he has no freedom of action beyond turning his head.While the United States invades a small, oil-rich Middle Eastern country following a coup d'état by the extremist Khaled Al-Asad,[22] a British SAS squad infiltrates a cargo ship found to be carrying a nuclear device. Enemy jets sink the ship, but the SAS team escapes with its manifest and heads to Russia to rescue their informant, codenamed \"Nikolai\", from the Ultranationalist party. Intelligence from these operations indicates Al-Asad has a Russian nuclear device. The U.S. military launches an assault on his palace, but the nuclear device is detonated, wiping out most of the city and everyone in it.[23]The SAS team tracks down Al-Asad in Azerbaijan and discovers he was working with Imran Zakhaev, the leader of the Ultranationalist party. The mission then flashes back 15 years where Captain Price, who was a lieutenant, is sent alongside his commanding officer, Captain MacMillan, on a failed assassination attempt on Zakhaev in Pripyat, Ukraine.[24] After killing Al-Asad, the SAS team, with support from U.S. Marine Force Recon and Russian loyalists, attempt to capture Zakhaev's son, Victor, and learn his whereabouts. They ambush Victor, but he commits suicide. In response, Zakhaev seizes control of a nuclear launch facility. A joint operation is launched to take back the site, but Zakhaev launches intercontinental ballistic missiles at the U.S. Eastern Seaboard.[25] The joint teams are able to breach the facility and remotely destroy the missiles before fleeing the area.[26]Zakhaev's forces trap the escaping joint force on a bridge, and during the fight many are killed. He arrives, but a loyalist helicopter distracts him. The player shoots and kills Zakhaev with their pistol before being tended to by loyalist forces.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cod4_game_engine.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Warfare_Remastered_in-game_screenshot.jpeg"},{"link_name":"heads-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty_4:_Modern_Warfare"},{"link_name":"online petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_petition"},{"link_name":"Raven Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"Infinity Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Ward"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_1-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VentureBeat_IW_Bundle-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Interview-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Activision_Interview-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_1-29"},{"link_name":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Foundry_MWR-33"},{"link_name":"4K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4_Pro"},{"link_name":"frames per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frames_per_second"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Foundry_PS4-34"},{"link_name":"IW engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IW_engine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_1-29"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_Modern_Warfare-35"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Trends_interview-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Interview-31"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Interview-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_2-36"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Trends_interview-6"},{"link_name":"concept art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Interview-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Foundry_MWR-33"},{"link_name":"mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Foundry_MWR-33"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_Hands-on-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Foundry_MWR-33"},{"link_name":"rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Trends_interview-6"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_2-36"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_Hands-on-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_2-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_Changes_made-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_Hands-on-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_2-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Changes-37"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: XP 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Experience_2016"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Content-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZone_Multiplayer-39"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_1-29"},{"link_name":"melee weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_weapons"},{"link_name":"business model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_economy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Microtransactions-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Microtransactions-19"},{"link_name":"loot box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loot_box"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Microtransactions-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Microtransactions-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Loot_Boxes-23"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Prop_Hunt-17"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Mad_Props-40"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Shamrock-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Summer_event-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Weapons-20"}],"text":"A comparison of Modern Warfare (top) and Modern Warfare Remastered (bottom). The latter features enhanced textures and lighting, new models, and changes to the heads-up display.Activision became interested in a remaster of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare following the circulation of an online petition. The publisher approached Raven Software,[6] which had assisted in the development of previous Call of Duty games, to be the primary developer; Infinity Ward would act as executive producer.[27][28] Raven's studio director, David Pellas, recalled that every Raven employee agreed to undertaking a remaster.[29] The developers pledged to focus throughout development on redefining the term remaster while respecting the original game.[6] Much of Modern Warfare was \"rebuilt [...] from the ground up\"[30] through the revitalization of its source code, materials, layouts, and effects that Infinity Ward allowed Raven to access.[27] The game runs in a native 1080p resolution[31] (increased to 4K for the PlayStation 4 Pro version) at 60 frames per second,[32] and uses the then latest iteration of the series' IW engine.[27][33]Raven wanted the remaster to provide a faithful experience for fans of Modern Warfare.[4] They looked to connect newcomers to a world that players were used to in recent Call of Duty games, albeit one that mirrored reality.[29] To assist in their decision-making, Raven scoured social media websites to find active players of Modern Warfare to understand what they would want from a re-release of the game. Pellas noted that the risk of negative fan reactions resulting from changes to the original and the desire to meet expectations was daunting for Raven; they were encouraged by their leading principle of keeping the gameplay unchanged.[29][34] Subtle adjustments were made to the timing of existing gameplay animations, such as the transition between aiming a sniper rifle and the scope overlay appearing, but these were designed to be as close to identical to the original as possible.[4]In bringing Modern Warfare's visuals up to modern standards, enhancements to the environments were designed using a procedure called \"paint-over\": color schemes were established and screenshots taken of the levels from Modern Warfare before they were overlaid with concept art.[6] Raven wanted to give the environments a sense of history to avoid them feeling generic, with more visual details being integrated into them.[6][29][31] The game used improved textures and mapping, effects, and lighting;[31] objects were remodeled and new features such as realistic physics were used to move materials like clothing.[5][6][31] The remaster became the first Call of Duty game to allow each gun to eject spent ammunition rounds accurate to that type, which was achieved through the inserted rounds remaining in the gun before ejection; identical rounds separate from those inserted were ejected in previous games.[6] Raven faced some issues remastering the graphics, as the remaster used a heavily upgraded version of the series' engine. As a result, several of Modern Warfare's visual assets were not suited to the new technology, requiring the developers to enhance or remake them.[4] The movement of non-player characters was improved to be more realistic. Several new first-person animations were added to the single-player campaign for immersion during certain scenes[34] and to improve how the camera made use of the player character's body.[5]The remastering of the game's audio included reverberation, depth, and spatial effects;[34] one example a Raven developer noted was that, \"Layering out multiple sounds now makes a big difference.\"[6] A range of other examples of sound not present in Modern Warfare were used. The original music and vocal performances were retained,[5][34] although Al-Asad's Arabic dialogue was amended and re-recorded to represent the game's English subtitles more accurately. Other minor dialogue alterations included adjusting the order of several lines and including new ones in the game's training level.[35] Following negative player feedback at the gaming convention Call of Duty: XP 2016, the developers reverted changes to the multiplayer mode's announcers. Similarly, the weapon audio was revised to more closely resemble that found in the original game.[36][37]As well as the remastering process, the game contained an array of new features. The multiplayer mode's content initially remained largely unchanged. Ten of the original sixteen maps were featured at launch, after the developers realized they could not remaster every map by the release date;[27] the remaining six were released as a free update several weeks later. Raven supported the multiplayer mode from December 2016 to keep players invested in the game, introducing types of cosmetic customization and new melee weapons within a business model.[16][17] This includes a loot box system, virtual crates branded in-game as \"supply drops\", which contain randomized items. Supply drops are obtained after purchasing in-game currency called Call of Duty Points (CP) or with Depot Credits earned through playing. Parts are another in-game currency used to craft items, acquired in supply drops or from duplicate items.[16][17][21] Raven published playlists and seasonal events, which introduced new but similar customization content, multiplayer modes, and variants of existing maps.[15][38] Further guns and melee weapons were incorporated during these events[19][20] along with other game updates.[18]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"reservation card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-order"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation#Target"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Infinite_Warfare"},{"link_name":"bundled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundling"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Leak-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_Leak-42"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"emoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Tweet-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon_Leak-44"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer_Announcement-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Announcement-45"},{"link_name":"2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2016"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_E3_Trailer-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon_E3_Trailer-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon_Gameplay-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Convention-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Convention-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VentureBeat_Multiplayer-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_Trailer-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Trailer-55"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer_Announcement-4"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon_Disc-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Disc-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_Standalone-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Standalone-59"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_DLC-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_DLC-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Standalone_announced-62"}],"text":"News of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered leaked on Reddit on April 27, 2016, before its official announcement. The leak included a screenshot of a reservation card for the retail chain Target with the Legacy Edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare and the bundled remaster.[39][40] A tweet in response on Call of Duty's official Twitter account the same day included two emoji in reply to a fan's 2014 tweet expressing excitement at the possibility of a Modern Warfare remaster, seemingly confirming its existence.[41] On April 29, 2016, a leaked retailer advertisement for Infinite Warfare revealed that Modern Warfare Remastered would include the single-player campaign and ten multiplayer maps.[42]Modern Warfare Remastered was officially announced on May 2, 2016, during the reveal trailer for Infinite Warfare.[3][43] The game was featured at 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo, showing a trailer for its campaign. It revealed that PlayStation 4 users who pre-purchased[c] the special edition bundle of Infinite Warfare could play Modern Warfare Remastered's campaign 30 days before its release date as part of Sony's exclusivity deal with Activision.[45][46] A gameplay video for Modern Warfare Remastered's \"Crew Expendable\" mission was released online on July 14, 2016.[47] The game's multiplayer mode was revealed during the Call of Duty: XP 2016 convention,[48][49] and attendees were able to play it first.[50] In September 2016, trailers were released for both single and multiplayer modes.[51][52]Modern Warfare Remastered was released worldwide on November 4, 2016, for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One as part of the Legacy, Legacy Pro, and Digital Deluxe editions of Infinite Warfare. At the time, the game was available only by purchasing one of these editions of Infinite Warfare; with physical versions, Modern Warfare Remastered could only be played via Infinite Warfare's game disc.[3][53] Activision confirmed Infinite Warfare must be permanently installed to use the included remaster.[54] In June 2017, a standalone version of Modern Warfare Remastered was announced alongside its trailer; the game was released for the PlayStation 4 on June 27, 2017,[55] followed by the Xbox One and Windows exactly a month later.[56]On March 8, 2017, Activision announced that a remastered version of the Variety Map Pack downloadable content (DLC) originally released for Modern Warfare would be made available for Modern Warfare Remastered. It includes the same four maps and 10 rare supply drops. The map pack was released as a separate purchase for the PlayStation 4 on March 21, 2017,[57] and for the Xbox One and Windows exactly a month later;[58] it was not included with any retail versions of Modern Warfare Remastered.[59]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXBO-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-65"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_review-66"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-67"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"Best of 2016 Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards#IGN"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_award-69"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXBO-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-65"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_award-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ_review-70"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ_review-70"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_review-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_review-71"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ_review-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_review-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM_review-72"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_review-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_review-71"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ_review-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_review-71"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_review-66"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-67"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_review-73"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_Gamer_review-74"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Remakes-14"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"balancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_balance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_Remakes-14"},{"link_name":"collision detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_detection#Video_games"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC_review-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_Gamer_Multiplayer-75"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-67"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_review-76"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_review-13"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_review-71"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_review-68"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_review-76"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"hackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_online_games"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Steam-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_Gamer_Steam-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_DLC-79"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_server"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_Gamer_Multiplayer-75"},{"link_name":"playtested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtest"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Interview_Page_3-80"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PS4) 83/100[60](XONE) 89/100[61](PC) 86/100[62]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10[63]Hardcore Gamer3.5/5[11]IGN8.5/10[64]Push Square9/10[65]AwardPublicationAwardIGN – Best of 2016 AwardsBest Remaster[66]Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered received \"generally favorable reviews\", according to review aggregator Metacritic.[60][61][62] Push Square described the game as \"a ridiculously faithful remake\" that \"spruc[es] up an old care package for a more modern age to near-perfection.\"[65] IGN used the accolade of \"Best Remaster\" in 2016 to praise it.[66]Critics lauded the enhanced graphics, revised sound, and other modifications. Push Square and GQ thought the remaster looked and sounded like a modern release, calling it \"nothing short of a profound feat\"[65] and \"an amazing technical overhaul\".[67] Several felt the game was more akin to a remake thanks to the range of enhancements.[11][65][67] Destructoid complimented the \"subtle\" differences, highlighting level areas that felt more alive and the enhancements to the first-person cinematics.[63] Although praising its scope, some considered the graphics were not quite cutting edge and occasionally exhibited minor shortcomings.[64][68]The modern-day setting and core gameplay of the single-player campaign were praised. Critics viewed the narrative as \"forward-thinking\" and sincere,[67][68] and having pushed the boundaries of storytelling in the first-person shooter genre;[69] others were reminded how the campaign had long endured with fans as a result.[65] Destructoid felt the story had since been topped by its competition, but that it was still worth playing because of the mission variety and the relationship between Soap and Price.[63] The gameplay was considered pleasantly challenging and urgent,[65][68] with IGN's reviewer noting it made them feel \"relatively weighed down, encumbered, and more desperate\".[64] The game's level design, set pieces, and emphasis on teamwork attracted further praise.[65][67][68]The multiplayer mode received similar praise. Push Square appreciated its faithfulness to the original.[65] Destructoid complimented the map design and praised the gameplay for being welcoming to more casual players by requiring only moderate skill and agility.[63] Critics considered the mode to be \"refreshing\" and just as enjoyable as faster-paced versions of more recent Call of Duty installments.[11][64][70] Comparisons were made with Infinite Warfare; some thought that Modern Warfare Remastered's simpler design showed that \"less can be more\"[65] and enjoyed that it allowed for different gameplay styles.[71]Certain aspects that were thought to have aged poorly or needed improvement received scrutiny. Critics attributed this to a desire to preserve Modern Warfare's authenticity for fans.[11][12][65] The multiplayer mode was described as \"outdated\" and criticized for balancing issues involving overpowered perks and weapons[11][12] and for its collision detection.[70][72] IGN felt many of the multiplayer maps and campaign levels were uninspired and primarily designed for players to use cover; VG247 criticized the level design for directing players through a linear path that did not always appear to be the correct route.[64][73] Hardcore Gamer disapproved of the decision to retain infinitely spawning enemies in the campaign and felt weapons found in the levels were \"barebones\" compared to those the player starts out with.[11] Some felt the narrative suffered from pacing issues.[64][65] Several critics noted lingering problems with the artificial intelligence, describing enemy behavior as \"relying on numbers, rather than cunning\"[68] and that allies often hampered the player.[65][73]Players criticized the Windows version of Modern Warfare Remastered for several reasons. On Steam, it received mostly negative user reviews; complaints cited poor performance, numerous hackers, and a low player count. Players felt Activision had failed to provide adequate support for the PC in favor of the game's console versions, a trait which had been apparent with previous installments in the series.[74][75][76] PC Gamer noted that the game required a capable PC to run well. They criticized the multiplayer mode for not including custom servers and the lack of active players.[72] As part of his close involvement in the game's development, David Pellas playtested the PC version; he stated before its release that it \"play[ed] amazingly\" and had a \"fantastic\" frame rate, while acknowledging that it had been played on a high-end gaming PC.[77]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VentureBeat_IW_Bundle-30"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_IW_Bundle-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_IW_Bundle-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar+_Standalone-83"},{"link_name":"anti-consumerist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerist"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_MWR_Overshadows-84"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PushSquare_IW_exclusivity-85"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VentureBeat_IW_Bundle-30"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_Standalone-58"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USgamer_IW_Bundle-81"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPS_Announcement-86"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PushSquare_IW_exclusivity-85"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_IW_Bundle-82"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_IW_Bundle-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_Demos-88"}],"sub_title":"Infinite Warfare bundling","text":"Before its release, many criticized Activision's initial decision to make Modern Warfare Remastered available only for purchase through a special edition of Infinite Warfare. Critics recognized that Modern Warfare Remastered appealed highly to fans,[28][78][79][80] and saw bundling the game as anti-consumerist, forcing players to pay more than necessary. Hardcore Gamer called the move \"sickening\",[81] and Push Square felt it was \"preposterous\" and \"a bullet in the face to consumers\" due to Modern Warfare's influence in both the series and the first-person shooter genre.[82] Several perceived the bundling as showing Activision's lack of faith in Infinite Warfare, and to ensure Call of Duty's continued growth.[28][55][78] Others felt selling Modern Warfare Remastered separately would still be prosperous for the publisher; Rock, Paper, Shotgun's writer wrote they would spend more on the series if the modes of future installments, like the bundled games, were sold separately to allow them to purchase those they had the most interest in.[83] Push Square believed a standalone would allow Activision to earn their fans' trust and money. They forecast an influx of pre-owned copies of the bundle, devaluing Infinite Warfare's worth and reducing the number of copies sold.[82] Conversely, some described Activision's approach as \"brilliant\", seeing each game in the bundle as uniquely appealing to either former or longstanding fans of the series, and viewed the remaster as a valuable addition.[79][84][85]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Microtransactions-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Microtransactions-19"},{"link_name":"Data miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"link_name":"virtual goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_goods"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon_Weapons-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamesN_Microtransactions-90"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Steam-77"},{"link_name":"PCGamesN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamesN_Standalone-91"},{"link_name":"gameplay advantages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-to-win"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamesN_Microtransactions-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Push_Square_Microtransactions-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_DLC-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jim_Sterling_Microtransactions-94"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_Shamrock-21"},{"link_name":"performing repetitive tasks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Loot_Boxes-23"}],"sub_title":"Inclusion of microtransactions","text":"While adding new content several weeks after the release of Modern Warfare Remastered, Activision incorporated the use of microtransactions into the multiplayer mode, which had been absent from Modern Warfare.[16][17] Data miners had previously uncovered hidden weapons within the game's files; fans regarded them as either an indication of future virtual goods or scrapped content.[86][87] The choice to include microtransactions resulted in a backlash.[74] PCGamesN called the decision \"rubbing salt into the wound\" after the criticism of bundling the remaster with Infinite Warfare.[88] Concerns were raised that Modern Warfare Remastered would allow for gameplay advantages, similar to Activision's approach with recent Call of Duty installments.[87][89] Others criticized what they perceived as Activision prioritizing revenue over improving the game,[90] and helping to set an example for other video game publishers to sell re-releases with new or omitted content at extra cost.[91]Opinions of Modern Warfare Remastered's microtransactions post-release, particularly surrounding the implementation of new guns not seen in Modern Warfare, were mixed. Hardcore Gamer was disappointed the guns were \"locked behind [a] paywall\" and relied heavily on opening supply drops to obtain them.[19] Conversely, in 2019 Kotaku wrote that while the game's loot box system had flaws and required performing repetitive tasks for those unwilling to spend money, it felt more rewarding and less exploitative than those offered by subsequent Call of Duty games.[21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_DLC-79"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_DLC-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_DLC-96"},{"link_name":"Jim Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sterling"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jim_Sterling_DLC-97"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_DLC-93"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Battlefield 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_1"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_DLC-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_DLC-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247_DLC-96"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Steam-77"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Trends_Standalone-3"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Disc-57"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_Gamer_Steam-78"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPS_Standalone-98"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Standalone-99"}],"sub_title":"Pricing of DLC and standalone version of game","text":"Following the announcement of the remastered Variety Map Pack in March 2017, Activision was condemned for its decision that the DLC would not be free. Fans asserted that as a remaster, which often includes all previously released DLC from the original, the map pack should have been released with Modern Warfare Remastered when it launched. They also believed that selling the DLC for a higher price than its original release was unprincipled.[76][92][93] The move was described by gaming journalist Jim Sterling as highlighting \"just how far [Activision] can mock its customers and get away with it\",[94] and by Hardcore Gamer as \"one of the biggest rip-offs in recent memory.\" Hardcore Gamer believed the price increase because of inflation was erroneous; the 10 rare supply drops that were included held no value because they contained undesirable content; and few players were using the DLC maps.[90] Some felt that including the DLC at no charge would have helped overcome wavering support from long-term fans, following the criticism of Infinite Warfare and the success of Electronic Arts' competing Battlefield 1.[90][92] On the other hand, VG247 opined that the DLC was being sold because Modern Warfare Remastered was not sold at full-price as part of the Infinite Warfare bundle cost.[93]The standalone version of Modern Warfare Remastered received criticism for not including the DLC and for its price.[74] Some critics thought the discounted Infinite Warfare bundle offered more value for money.[2][54][75] Rock, Paper, Shotgun criticized the game's cost and the DLC for being sold separately, and considered the bundle was not worth its price. They noted Modern Warfare Remastered's playerbase had fallen significantly on Steam in prior months, and concluded, \"What should've been exciting is mired in irritation.\"[95] Destructoid's writer also condemned Activision's business practices around Modern Warfare Remastered, voicing their disinterest in buying the standalone after waiting more than half a year for its release. They concluded, \"I might've parted with that much money for it last year, but not now. It's too late.\"[96]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Beenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox"},{"link_name":"Certain Affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Affinity"},{"link_name":"High Moon Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Moon_Studios"},{"link_name":"Infinity Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Ward"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Trends_Standalone-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer_Announcement-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"pre-ordering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-order"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"^ PlayStation 4 users who pre-purchased special editions of Infinite Warfare received Modern Warfare Remastered's campaign mode on October 5, 2016.[1]\n\n^ Additional work by Beenox, Certain Affinity and High Moon Studios. Original game developed by Infinity Ward.[2][3]\n\n^ Not to be confused with pre-ordering.[44]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Typical gameplay of a multiplayer match. In the clip, the player kills several enemy players on the opposing team, unlocking the ability to use killstreaks, while being awarded with medals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Call_of_Duty_Modern_Warfare_Remastered_multiplayer_gameplay.gif/260px-Call_of_Duty_Modern_Warfare_Remastered_multiplayer_gameplay.gif"}]
null
[{"reference":"MacLean, Haley (June 15, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – A Deeper Look At The Remastered Classic\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/pc/archive/2016/06/15/remastered-version-only-available-as-digital-download-with-purchase-of-infinite-warfare-for-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered.aspx","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – A Deeper Look At The Remastered Classic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032214/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/pc/archive/2016/06/15/remastered-version-only-available-as-digital-download-with-purchase-of-infinite-warfare-for-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gurwin, Gabe (July 27, 2017). \"'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered' now available to all\". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-2","url_text":"\"'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered' now available to all\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends","url_text":"Digital Trends"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621015233/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scammell, David (May 2, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered is developed by Raven; first multiplayer maps confirmed\". VideoGamer.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogamer.com/news/modern-warfare-remastered-is-developed-by-raven-first-multiplayer-maps-confirmed-2","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is developed by Raven; first multiplayer maps confirmed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215115109/https://www.videogamer.com/news/modern-warfare-remastered-is-developed-by-raven-first-multiplayer-maps-confirmed-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hornshaw, Phil (September 21, 2016). \"How 'Modern Warfare Remastered' updated the classic without ruining it\". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-interview","url_text":"\"How 'Modern Warfare Remastered' updated the classic without ruining it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends","url_text":"Digital Trends"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922003150/http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thurmond, Joey (September 8, 2016). \"Hands On: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Far More Than Its Title Suggests\". Push Square. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/10/hands_on_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered_is_far_more_than_its_title_suggests","url_text":"\"Hands On: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Far More Than Its Title Suggests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009150834/https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/10/hands_on_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered_is_far_more_than_its_title_suggests","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Acevedo, Paul (September 11, 2016). \"More Modern Than Ever Before: Everything you need to know about Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Windows Central. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-impressions","url_text":"\"More Modern Than Ever Before: Everything you need to know about Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160912172447/https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-impressions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexandra, Heather (October 5, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered Adds Four Great New Cheats\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-adds-4-great-new-cheats-1787450260","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered Adds Four Great New Cheats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006132754/https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-adds-4-great-new-cheats-1787450260","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (October 3, 2016). \"Call of Duty 4 Remaster PS4 Trophies Revealed, Including One Really Interesting One\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-ps4-trophies-revealed-incl/1100-6444126","url_text":"\"Call of Duty 4 Remaster PS4 Trophies Revealed, Including One Really Interesting One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006085140/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-ps4-trophies-revealed-incl/1100-6444126","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vazquez, Suriel (September 2, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – The Remaster Of A Classic Is Faithful In All The Right Ways\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/02/the-remaster-of-a-classic-is-faithful-in-all-the-right-ways.aspx","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – The Remaster Of A Classic Is Faithful In All The Right Ways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160904213858/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/02/the-remaster-of-a-classic-is-faithful-in-all-the-right-ways.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Devine, Richard (November 17, 2016). \"The top five tips for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered multiplayer beginners\". Windows Central. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-tips","url_text":"\"The top five tips for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered multiplayer beginners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161118134932/https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-tips","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunsmore, Kevin (November 3, 2016). \"Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/11/03/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/234091","url_text":"\"Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161105124910/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/11/03/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/234091","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saed, Sherif (November 8, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered and the problem with remaking old games\". VG247. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-and-the-problem-with-remaking-old-games","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered and the problem with remaking old games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161109175452/http://www.vg247.com/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-and-the-problem-with-remaking-old-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (December 8, 2016). \"Six more Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered maps drop next week\". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13889870/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-dlc-release-date","url_text":"\"Six more Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered maps drop next week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209021023/https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13889870/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-dlc-release-date","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scammell, David (December 9, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered gets 6 free maps, 2 new game modes next week\". VideoGamer.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogamer.com/news/modern-warfare-remastered-gets-6-free-maps-2-new-game-modes-next-week","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered gets 6 free maps, 2 new game modes next week\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209021023/https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13889870/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-dlc-release-date","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doster, S.E. (May 4, 2018). \"Call of Duty's Prop Hunt, One Year Later\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/call-of-dutys-prop-hunt-one-year-later-1825750626","url_text":"\"Call of Duty's Prop Hunt, One Year Later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180605224807/https://kotaku.com/call-of-dutys-prop-hunt-one-year-later-1825750626","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (December 14, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now has supply drops\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-12-14-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-has-supply-drops","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now has supply drops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215123903/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-12-14-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-has-supply-drops","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunsmore, Kevin (December 13, 2016). \"Microtransactions Invade Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/12/13/microtransactions-invade-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/239878","url_text":"\"Microtransactions Invade Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215064131/https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/12/13/microtransactions-invade-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/239878","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hillier, Brenna (February 9, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered update 1.08 delivers over 170 new loot items – full patch notes\". VG247. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2017/02/09/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-update-1-08-delivers-over-170-new-loot-items-full-patch-notes","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered update 1.08 delivers over 170 new loot items – full patch notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170209083328/http://www.vg247.com/2017/02/09/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-update-1-08-delivers-over-170-new-loot-items-full-patch-notes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunsmore, Kevin (March 14, 2017). \"Operation Shamrock and Awe, New Microtransactions Hit Modern Warfare Remastered\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/03/14/operation-shamrock-and-awe-new-microtransactions-hit-modern-warfare-remastered/250384","url_text":"\"Operation Shamrock and Awe, New Microtransactions Hit Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012113/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/03/14/operation-shamrock-and-awe-new-microtransactions-hit-modern-warfare-remastered/250384","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunsmore, Kevin (June 27, 2017). \"Call of Duty Summer Event Hits Infinite Warfare, Modern Warfare Remastered Today\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/06/27/call-of-duty-summer-event-hits-infinite-warfare-modern-warfare-remastered-today/263469","url_text":"\"Call of Duty Summer Event Hits Infinite Warfare, Modern Warfare Remastered Today\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170627211144/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/06/27/call-of-duty-summer-event-hits-infinite-warfare-modern-warfare-remastered-today/263469","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doster, S.E. (March 3, 2019). \"Modern Warfare Remastered Did Call of Duty Loot Boxes The Right Way\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-did-call-of-duty-loot-boxes-t-1833209400","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered Did Call of Duty Loot Boxes The Right Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403160641/https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-did-call-of-duty-loot-boxes-t-1833209400","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: Blackout. Gaz: Captain Price, Al-Asad just executed President Al-Fulani on national television. Captain Price: The Americans have plans for Al-Asad. And it's too late to do anything for Al-Fulani.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software","url_text":"Raven Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox","url_text":"Beenox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Affinity","url_text":"Certain Affinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Moon_Studios","url_text":"High Moon Studios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision","url_text":"Activision"}]},{"reference":"Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: Shock and Awe. Command: Outlaw this is command. We have a probable nuclear threat at the capital. Proceed to the minimum safe distance until the all clear has been given by the NEST team. [...] All U.S. forces, be advised, we have a confirmed nuclear threat in the city. NEST teams are on site and attempting to disarm. I repeat, we have a confirmed nu– Lt. Vasquez: Everyone, hang on!","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software","url_text":"Raven Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox","url_text":"Beenox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Affinity","url_text":"Certain Affinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Moon_Studios","url_text":"High Moon Studios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision","url_text":"Activision"}]},{"reference":"Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: All Ghillied Up. Captain Price: I was just a \"Leftenant\" back then...doing some wetwork. Chernobyl. Christmas for the bad guys. Even a decade later, lot of 'em still used it to get their hands on nuclear material. A lot of 'em...including one Imran Zakhaev. Of course we couldn't just let that happen. Cash for spent fuel rods? That's one hell of a recipe for destruction. It was the first time our government had authorized an assassination order since the second world war...I was under the command of Captain MacMillan...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software","url_text":"Raven Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox","url_text":"Beenox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Affinity","url_text":"Certain Affinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Moon_Studios","url_text":"High Moon Studios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision","url_text":"Activision"}]},{"reference":"Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: Ultimatum. Captain Price: Delta One X-Ray, we have a missile launch, I repeat we have a missile – SSgt. Griggs: There's another one! Captain Price: Delta One X-Ray – we have two missiles in the air over! Command: Uh...roger Bravo Six, our satellites are tracking them now. Get your team inside the facility and retake the launch control center. We're working on getting the abort codes from the Russians at this time.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software","url_text":"Raven Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox","url_text":"Beenox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Affinity","url_text":"Certain Affinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Moon_Studios","url_text":"High Moon Studios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision","url_text":"Activision"}]},{"reference":"Raven Software; Beenox; Certain Affinity; High Moon Studios (November 4, 2016). Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered. Activision. Level/area: No Fighting In The War Room. Captain Price: Soap, enter the codes! We'll watch for enemy reinforcements. Command: Standby for confirmation. Standby...standby... Bravo Six, all warheads have been confirmed destroyed in flight. We got a ton of debris, but most of it is landing in the ocean. [...] Gaz: Captain Price, this is Gaz at the security station. They came in by trucks. I'm thinking we can all use them to get the hell outta here.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software","url_text":"Raven Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox","url_text":"Beenox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_Affinity","url_text":"Certain Affinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Moon_Studios","url_text":"High Moon Studios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision","url_text":"Activision"}]},{"reference":"Boatman, Brandon (September 9, 2016). \"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-software-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/224324","url_text":"\"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160910231616/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-software-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/224324","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (May 2, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered targets nostalgic fans\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/02/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-targets-nostalgic-fans","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered targets nostalgic fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505021850/https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/02/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-targets-nostalgic-fans","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Matt (September 7, 2016). \"\"We cannot fuck with the game design\" – Raven Software's terrifying responsibility of remaking Call of Duty: Modern Warfare\". VG247. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/07/we-cannot-fuck-with-the-game-design-raven-softwares-terrifying-responsiblity-of-remaking-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","url_text":"\"\"We cannot fuck with the game design\" – Raven Software's terrifying responsibility of remaking Call of Duty: Modern Warfare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908204045/http://www.vg247.com/2016/09/07/we-cannot-fuck-with-the-game-design-raven-softwares-terrifying-responsiblity-of-remaking-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Kevin (October 7, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Interview with Ryan Burnett, Executive Producer at Raven Software\". Community.Activision. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.activision.com/call-of-duty/archives/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered--interview-with-ryan-burnett-executive-producer-at-raven-software","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Interview with Ryan Burnett, Executive Producer at Raven Software\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412184319/https://blog.activision.com/call-of-duty/archives/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered--interview-with-ryan-burnett-executive-producer-at-raven-software","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bierton, David (October 13, 2016). \"Digital Foundry vs Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2016-vs-modern-warfare-remastered","url_text":"\"Digital Foundry vs Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014235117/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2016-vs-modern-warfare-remastered","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered PS4 Pro vs PS4 Performance Tested\". Digital Foundry. Eurogamer. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalfoundry.net/2016-11-08-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-pro-vs-ps4-performance-tested","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered PS4 Pro vs PS4 Performance Tested\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Foundry","url_text":"Digital Foundry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190127151155/https://digitalfoundry.net/2016-11-08-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-pro-vs-ps4-performance-tested","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Brian (August 26, 2019). \"The Impressive New Tech Behind Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/2019/08/26/the-impressive-new-tech-behind-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","url_text":"\"The Impressive New Tech Behind Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190827101452/https://www.gameinformer.com/2019/08/26/the-impressive-new-tech-behind-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boatman, Brandon (September 9, 2016). \"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/225256","url_text":"\"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913034618/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/225256","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saed, Sherif (October 5, 2016). \"Watch how much better than the original Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered looks and sounds\". VG247. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/05/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-graphics-comparison-ps4-xbox-360","url_text":"\"Watch how much better than the original Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered looks and sounds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005111114/http://www.vg247.com/2016/10/05/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-graphics-comparison-ps4-xbox-360","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saed, Sherif (September 28, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered brings back original multiplayer announcer, more\". VG247. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/28/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-brings-back-original-multiplayer-announcer-more","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered brings back original multiplayer announcer, more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929134340/https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/28/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-brings-back-original-multiplayer-announcer-more","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Onder, Cade (September 28, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered will bring back the iconic multiplayer announcer\". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-will-bring-back-the-iconic-multiplayer-announcer-3444051","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered will bring back the iconic multiplayer announcer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001032317/https://www.gamezone.com/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-will-bring-back-the-iconic-multiplayer-announcer-3444051","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doster, S.E. (August 23, 2017). \"Modern Warfare's 'Mad Props' Mode Is Broken And Boring\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/modern-warfares-mad-props-mode-is-broken-and-boring-1798346950","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare's 'Mad Props' Mode Is Broken And Boring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823234535/https://kotaku.com/modern-warfares-mad-props-mode-is-broken-and-boring-1798346950","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nunneley, Stephany (April 27, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition includes Modern Warfare remaster – rumor\". VG247. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/04/27/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-modern-warfare-remaster","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition includes Modern Warfare remaster – rumor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428095522/http://www.vg247.com/2016/04/27/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-modern-warfare-remaster","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Sammy (April 27, 2016). \"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Being Remastered for PS4\". Push Square. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/04/call_of_duty_4_modern_warfare_being_remastered_for_ps4","url_text":"\"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Being Remastered for PS4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428104513/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/04/call_of_duty_4_modern_warfare_being_remastered_for_ps4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, Luke (April 28, 2016). \"Call Of Duty 4 Remastered Apparently Confirmed With Poop Emoji\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-4-remastered-apparently-confirmed-with-poo-1773511391","url_text":"\"Call Of Duty 4 Remastered Apparently Confirmed With Poop Emoji\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428165529/https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-4-remastered-apparently-confirmed-with-poo-1773511391","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (April 29, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered includes campaign, 10 multiplayer maps\". Polygon. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/29/11536052/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-details","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered includes campaign, 10 multiplayer maps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430115511/https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/29/11536052/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-details","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 3, 2016). \"You can't buy Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered separately\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-03-you-cant-buy-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-separately","url_text":"\"You can't buy Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered separately\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504105432/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-03-you-cant-buy-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-separately","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Samit (June 14, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases\". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2020. Note that a \"pre-purchase\" is not the same thing as a \"pre-order\"; the former refers to a transaction on the PlayStation Store in which you put down your money ahead of time, rather than just a reservation (as with a pre-order).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615120641/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dornbush, Jonathan (June 13, 2016). \"E3 2016: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Playable Early on PS4\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/14/e3-2016-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-playable-early-on-ps4","url_text":"\"E3 2016: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Playable Early on PS4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614050706/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/14/e3-2016-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-playable-early-on-ps4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Samit (June 14, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases\". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615120641/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (July 14, 2016). \"See Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's 'Crew Expendable' in action\". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/14/12189812/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-crew-expendable-gameplay-video","url_text":"\"See Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's 'Crew Expendable' in action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160714182814/http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/14/12189812/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-crew-expendable-gameplay-video","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paget, Mat (June 8, 2016). \"Call of Duty XP 2016 Convention Announced, Dates Revealed\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-xp-2016-convention-announced-dates-re/1100-6440598","url_text":"\"Call of Duty XP 2016 Convention Announced, Dates Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609230127/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-xp-2016-convention-announced-dates-re/1100-6440598","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Nichole (June 8, 2016). \"Activision Announces Call of Duty XP Fan Event\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/08/activision-announces-call-of-duty-xp-fan-event","url_text":"\"Activision Announces Call of Duty XP Fan Event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608165726/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/08/activision-announces-call-of-duty-xp-fan-event","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (September 3, 2016). \"A hands-on session with Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's multiplayer\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/03/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-multiplayer-hands-on","url_text":"\"A hands-on session with Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's multiplayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160909103646/https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/03/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-multiplayer-hands-on","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (September 29, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Relive Your Memories With Remastered's Launch Trailer\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/29/relive-your-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-memories-with-the-remastered-39-s-launch-trailer.aspx","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Relive Your Memories With Remastered's Launch Trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001083354/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/29/relive-your-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-memories-with-the-remastered-39-s-launch-trailer.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Matt (September 4, 2016). \"Flashbacks and flash bangs – it's the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered trailer\". VG247. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/04/flashbacks-and-flash-bangs-its-the-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-trailer","url_text":"\"Flashbacks and flash bangs – it's the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905135441/https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/04/flashbacks-and-flash-bangs-its-the-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-trailer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Good, Owen S. (October 3, 2016). \"Activision confirms Modern Warfare Remastered needs Infinite Warfare disc to run\". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/platform/amp/2016/10/3/13156336/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-needs-infinite-warfare-disc","url_text":"\"Activision confirms Modern Warfare Remastered needs Infinite Warfare disc to run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010020630/http://www.polygon.com/platform/amp/2016/10/3/13156336/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-needs-infinite-warfare-disc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (June 29, 2017). \"Don't trade in your Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition just yet\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-06-29-dont-trade-in-your-call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-just-yet","url_text":"\"Don't trade in your Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition just yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629163412/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-06-29-dont-trade-in-your-call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-just-yet","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Caty (June 23, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Free From Its Infinite Warfare Prison\". USgamer. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/modern-warfare-remastered-is-free-from-its-infinite-warfare-prison","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Free From Its Infinite Warfare Prison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer","url_text":"USgamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170626185400/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/modern-warfare-remastered-is-free-from-its-infinite-warfare-prison","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pereira, Chris (July 27, 2017). \"PC, Xbox One Finally Receive Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Version\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/pc-xbox-one-finally-receive-call-of-duty-modern-wa/1100-6452061","url_text":"\"PC, Xbox One Finally Receive Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Version\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171022034826/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/pc-xbox-one-finally-receive-call-of-duty-modern-wa/1100-6452061","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Passalacqua, Michael (March 7, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Map Pack Announced\". IGN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2017/03/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-pack-announced","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Map Pack Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308040804/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-pack-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (April 20, 2017). \"Call Of Duty 4 Remaster DLC Launches On Xbox One And PC\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-dlc-launches-on-xbox-one-a/1100-6449508","url_text":"\"Call Of Duty 4 Remaster DLC Launches On Xbox One And PC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421122534/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-dlc-launches-on-xbox-one-a/1100-6449508","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pereira, Chris (June 23, 2017). \"Call Of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Release Confirmed\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-standalon/1100-6451137","url_text":"\"Call Of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Release Confirmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171014210459/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-standalon/1100-6451137","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PlayStation 4 Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108132731/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for Xbox One Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161119084047/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PC Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513115141/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Chris (November 7, 2016). \"Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Destructoid. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-397048.phtml","url_text":"\"Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161107233753/https://www.destructoid.com/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-397048.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plagge, Kallie (November 8, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108223852/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thurmond, Joey (November 13, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review\". Push Square. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114173955/http://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 2016 Awards\". IGN. January 6, 2017. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/wikis/best-of-2016-awards/Best_Remaster","url_text":"\"Best of 2016 Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517170315/http://www.ign.com/wikis/best-of-2016-awards/Best_Remaster","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Sam (November 7, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered outshines the rest of the Call Of Duty series\". GQ. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/modern-warfare-remastered-call-of-duty-ps4","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered outshines the rest of the Call Of Duty series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ","url_text":"GQ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170404004520/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/modern-warfare-remastered-call-of-duty-ps4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rignall, Jaz (November 4, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is Still Relevant – and Brilliant\". USgamer. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-still-relevant-and-brilliant","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is Still Relevant – and Brilliant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer","url_text":"USgamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106153624/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-still-relevant-and-brilliant","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carsillo, Ray (November 3, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare review\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://egmnow.com/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-review","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102445/https://egmnow.com/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Devine, Richard (November 15, 2016). \"Call of Duty Modern Warfare Remastered review: An icon reborn\". Windows Central. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","url_text":"\"Call of Duty Modern Warfare Remastered review: An icon reborn\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161116145739/https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilde, Tyler (November 9, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Review\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-pc-review","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813035304/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-pc-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davenport, James (November 9, 2016). \"Pass on Modern Warfare Remastered for the original version\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/pass-on-modern-warfare-remastered-for-the-original-version","url_text":"\"Pass on Modern Warfare Remastered for the original version\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020065609/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/pass-on-modern-warfare-remastered-for-the-original-version","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Matt (October 24, 2016). \"Realising Modern Warfare's campaign isn't as good as I remember it is like being kicked in the balls by satan's cloven hoof\". VG247. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-review","url_text":"\"Realising Modern Warfare's campaign isn't as good as I remember it is like being kicked in the balls by satan's cloven hoof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025231535/https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (July 28, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is having a tough time on Steam\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-07-28-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-having-a-tough-time-on-steam","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is having a tough time on Steam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170728160104/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-07-28-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-having-a-tough-time-on-steam","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Prescott, Shaun (July 28, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is now on Steam, but people aren't happy\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-now-on-steam-but-people-arent-happy","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is now on Steam, but people aren't happy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030085120/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-now-on-steam-but-people-arent-happy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gach, Ethan (April 22, 2017). \"Modern Warfare Remastered's Map Pack Is Even More Expensive Than The Original\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/for-some-reason-modern-warfare-remastereds-map-pack-is-1794563753","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered's Map Pack Is Even More Expensive Than The Original\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424013600/https://kotaku.com/for-some-reason-modern-warfare-remastereds-map-pack-is-1794563753","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boatman, Brandon (September 9, 2016). \"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-2/225257","url_text":"\"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913033342/https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-2/225257","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Mike (May 3, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Infinity Warfare and Modern Warfare Remaster \"Scratch Two Different Itches\"\". USgamer. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-infinity-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remaster-scratch-two-different-itches","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Infinity Warfare and Modern Warfare Remaster \"Scratch Two Different Itches\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer","url_text":"USgamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506080349/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-infinity-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remaster-scratch-two-different-itches","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hillier, Brenna (May 5, 2016). \"Modern Warfare Remastered is Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare's Trojan Horse\". VG247. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/05/05/modern-warfare-remastered-is-call-of-duty-infinite-warfares-trojan-horse","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare's Trojan Horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505151448/https://www.vg247.com/2016/05/05/modern-warfare-remastered-is-call-of-duty-infinite-warfares-trojan-horse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sheridan, Connor (June 27, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is finally available standalone on PS4, will you get it?\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/au/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-finally-available-standalone-on-ps4-will-you-get-it","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is finally available standalone on PS4, will you get it?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124201230/https://www.gamesradar.com/au/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-finally-available-standalone-on-ps4-will-you-get-it","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Jason (May 1, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Overshadows Infinite Warfare\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/05/01/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-overshadows-infinite-warfare/204740","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Overshadows Infinite Warfare\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502123621/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/05/01/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-overshadows-infinite-warfare/204740","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thurmond, Joey (May 8, 2016). \"Soapbox: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Infinite Warfare Exclusivity Is a Disaster\". Push Square. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/05/soapbox_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastereds_infinite_warfare_exclusivity_is_a_disaster","url_text":"\"Soapbox: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Infinite Warfare Exclusivity Is a Disaster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509112128/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/05/soapbox_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastereds_infinite_warfare_exclusivity_is_a_disaster","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Alice (May 3, 2016). \"Call Of Duty 4 Remaster Only Sold With Infinite Warfare\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/05/03/call-of-duty-4-remastered-not-sold-separately","url_text":"\"Call Of Duty 4 Remaster Only Sold With Infinite Warfare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504110955/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/05/03/call-of-duty-4-remastered-not-sold-separately","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marchiafava, Jeff (July 1, 2016). \"Funny To A Point – The Call Of Duty Hate Has Gotten Embarrassing, Guys\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/07/01/funny-to-a-point-the-call-of-duty-hate-has-gotten-embarrassing-guys.aspx","url_text":"\"Funny To A Point – The Call Of Duty Hate Has Gotten Embarrassing, Guys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160703004349/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/07/01/funny-to-a-point-the-call-of-duty-hate-has-gotten-embarrassing-guys.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Futter, Mike (August 18, 2016). \"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare – Call Of Duty: Infinite Warfare And Modern Warfare Remastered Look Great In New Demos\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_infinite_warfare/b/pc/archive/2016/08/18/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remastered-look-great-in-new-demos.aspx","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare – Call Of Duty: Infinite Warfare And Modern Warfare Remastered Look Great In New Demos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819034815/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_infinite_warfare/b/pc/archive/2016/08/18/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remastered-look-great-in-new-demos.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (November 14, 2016). \"Players dig up hidden weapons in Modern Warfare Remastered\". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/14/13628862/modern-warfare-remastered-hidden-weapons-call-of-duty","url_text":"\"Players dig up hidden weapons in Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233556/https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/14/13628862/modern-warfare-remastered-hidden-weapons-call-of-duty","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Ben (November 15, 2016). \"Microtransactions in COD Modern Warfare Remastered now contain new weapons\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-supply-drops-loot-microtransactions","url_text":"\"Microtransactions in COD Modern Warfare Remastered now contain new weapons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN","url_text":"PCGamesN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161116152334/https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-supply-drops-loot-microtransactions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Ben (May 4, 2017). \"Here's the box for Modern Warfare Remastered standalone\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-leak","url_text":"\"Here's the box for Modern Warfare Remastered standalone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN","url_text":"PCGamesN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040924/https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-leak","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nowogurski, Victor (December 13, 2016). \"Call of Duty Fans Infuriated by Modern Warfare Remastered Supply Drops\". Push Square. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/12/call_of_duty_fans_infuriated_by_modern_warfare_remastered_supply_drops","url_text":"\"Call of Duty Fans Infuriated by Modern Warfare Remastered Supply Drops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161214175537/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/12/call_of_duty_fans_infuriated_by_modern_warfare_remastered_supply_drops","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunsmore, Kevin (April 3, 2017). \"Should Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Variety Map Pack be Free?\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2017/04/03/should-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastereds-variety-map-pack-be-free/252165","url_text":"\"Should Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Variety Map Pack be Free?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403220200/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/04/03/should-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastereds-variety-map-pack-be-free/252165","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sterling, Jim (December 14, 2016). \"The Bullshit Roundup: Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Just Got Microtransactions\". The Jimquisition. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sterling","url_text":"Sterling, Jim"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215020415/http://www.thejimquisition.com/the-bullshit-roundup-call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-just-got-microtransactions","url_text":"\"The Bullshit Roundup: Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Just Got Microtransactions\""},{"url":"http://www.thejimquisition.com/the-bullshit-roundup-call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-just-got-microtransactions","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 8, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is getting premium DLC\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-03-08-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-getting-premium-dlc","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is getting premium DLC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308171956/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-03-08-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-getting-premium-dlc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arif, Shabana (April 24, 2017). \"CoD: Modern Warfare Remastered DLC's ridiculously high price ticks off community\". VG247. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/2017/04/24/cod-modern-warfare-remastered-dlcs-ridiculously-high-price-ticks-off-community","url_text":"\"CoD: Modern Warfare Remastered DLC's ridiculously high price ticks off community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427034918/https://www.vg247.com/2017/04/24/cod-modern-warfare-remastered-dlcs-ridiculously-high-price-ticks-off-community","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sterling, Jim (March 10, 2017). \"Activision Fucks Up Modern Warfare Remastered Further With DLC More Expensive Than It Used To Be\". The Jimquisition. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312161014/http://www.thejimquisition.com/activision-fucks-up-modern-warfare-remastered-further-with-dlc-more-expensive-than-it-used-to-be","url_text":"\"Activision Fucks Up Modern Warfare Remastered Further With DLC More Expensive Than It Used To Be\""},{"url":"http://www.thejimquisition.com/activision-fucks-up-modern-warfare-remastered-further-with-dlc-more-expensive-than-it-used-to-be","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Alice (July 27, 2017). \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now sold separately\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/07/27/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-sold-seperately","url_text":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now sold separately\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115175255/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/07/27/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-sold-seperately","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Devore, Jordan (June 27, 2017). \"Modern Warfare Remastered is standalone on PS4, but do you still care?\". Destructoid. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/modern-warfare-remastered-is-standalone-on-ps4-but-do-you-still-care--445427.phtml","url_text":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is standalone on PS4, but do you still care?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918061906/https://www.destructoid.com/modern-warfare-remastered-is-standalone-on-ps4-but-do-you-still-care--445427.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/pc/archive/2016/06/15/remastered-version-only-available-as-digital-download-with-purchase-of-infinite-warfare-for-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – A Deeper Look At The Remastered Classic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032214/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/pc/archive/2016/06/15/remastered-version-only-available-as-digital-download-with-purchase-of-infinite-warfare-for-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-2","external_links_name":"\"'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered' now available to all\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170621015233/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.videogamer.com/news/modern-warfare-remastered-is-developed-by-raven-first-multiplayer-maps-confirmed-2","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is developed by Raven; first multiplayer maps confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215115109/https://www.videogamer.com/news/modern-warfare-remastered-is-developed-by-raven-first-multiplayer-maps-confirmed-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-interview","external_links_name":"\"How 'Modern Warfare Remastered' updated the classic without ruining it\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922003150/http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-interview","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/10/hands_on_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered_is_far_more_than_its_title_suggests","external_links_name":"\"Hands On: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Far More Than Its Title Suggests\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009150834/https://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/10/hands_on_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered_is_far_more_than_its_title_suggests","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-impressions","external_links_name":"\"More Modern Than Ever Before: Everything you need to know about Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160912172447/https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-impressions","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-adds-4-great-new-cheats-1787450260","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered Adds Four Great New Cheats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006132754/https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-adds-4-great-new-cheats-1787450260","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-ps4-trophies-revealed-incl/1100-6444126","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty 4 Remaster PS4 Trophies Revealed, Including One Really Interesting One\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006085140/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-ps4-trophies-revealed-incl/1100-6444126","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/02/the-remaster-of-a-classic-is-faithful-in-all-the-right-ways.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – The Remaster Of A Classic Is Faithful In All The Right Ways\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160904213858/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/02/the-remaster-of-a-classic-is-faithful-in-all-the-right-ways.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-tips","external_links_name":"\"The top five tips for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered multiplayer beginners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161118134932/https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-tips","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/11/03/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/234091","external_links_name":"\"Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161105124910/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/11/03/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/234091","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-and-the-problem-with-remaking-old-games","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered and the problem with remaking old games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161109175452/http://www.vg247.com/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-and-the-problem-with-remaking-old-games","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13889870/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-dlc-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Six more Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered maps drop next week\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209021023/https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13889870/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-dlc-release-date","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.videogamer.com/news/modern-warfare-remastered-gets-6-free-maps-2-new-game-modes-next-week","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered gets 6 free maps, 2 new game modes next week\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209021023/https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13889870/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-dlc-release-date","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/call-of-dutys-prop-hunt-one-year-later-1825750626","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty's Prop Hunt, One Year Later\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180605224807/https://kotaku.com/call-of-dutys-prop-hunt-one-year-later-1825750626","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-12-14-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-has-supply-drops","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now has supply drops\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215123903/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-12-14-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-has-supply-drops","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/12/13/microtransactions-invade-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/239878","external_links_name":"\"Microtransactions Invade Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215064131/https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/12/13/microtransactions-invade-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/239878","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2017/02/09/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-update-1-08-delivers-over-170-new-loot-items-full-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered update 1.08 delivers over 170 new loot items – full patch notes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170209083328/http://www.vg247.com/2017/02/09/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-update-1-08-delivers-over-170-new-loot-items-full-patch-notes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/03/14/operation-shamrock-and-awe-new-microtransactions-hit-modern-warfare-remastered/250384","external_links_name":"\"Operation Shamrock and Awe, New Microtransactions Hit Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012113/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/03/14/operation-shamrock-and-awe-new-microtransactions-hit-modern-warfare-remastered/250384","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/06/27/call-of-duty-summer-event-hits-infinite-warfare-modern-warfare-remastered-today/263469","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty Summer Event Hits Infinite Warfare, Modern Warfare Remastered Today\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170627211144/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/06/27/call-of-duty-summer-event-hits-infinite-warfare-modern-warfare-remastered-today/263469","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-did-call-of-duty-loot-boxes-t-1833209400","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered Did Call of Duty Loot Boxes The Right Way\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403160641/https://kotaku.com/modern-warfare-remastered-did-call-of-duty-loot-boxes-t-1833209400","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-software-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/224324","external_links_name":"\"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160910231616/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-software-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/224324","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/02/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-targets-nostalgic-fans","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered targets nostalgic fans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505021850/https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/02/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-targets-nostalgic-fans","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/07/we-cannot-fuck-with-the-game-design-raven-softwares-terrifying-responsiblity-of-remaking-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","external_links_name":"\"\"We cannot fuck with the game design\" – Raven Software's terrifying responsibility of remaking Call of Duty: Modern Warfare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908204045/http://www.vg247.com/2016/09/07/we-cannot-fuck-with-the-game-design-raven-softwares-terrifying-responsiblity-of-remaking-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.activision.com/call-of-duty/archives/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered--interview-with-ryan-burnett-executive-producer-at-raven-software","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Interview with Ryan Burnett, Executive Producer at Raven Software\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412184319/https://blog.activision.com/call-of-duty/archives/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered--interview-with-ryan-burnett-executive-producer-at-raven-software","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2016-vs-modern-warfare-remastered","external_links_name":"\"Digital Foundry vs Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014235117/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2016-vs-modern-warfare-remastered","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitalfoundry.net/2016-11-08-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-pro-vs-ps4-performance-tested","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered PS4 Pro vs PS4 Performance Tested\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190127151155/https://digitalfoundry.net/2016-11-08-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-pro-vs-ps4-performance-tested","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/2019/08/26/the-impressive-new-tech-behind-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","external_links_name":"\"The Impressive New Tech Behind Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190827101452/https://www.gameinformer.com/2019/08/26/the-impressive-new-tech-behind-call-of-duty-modern-warfare","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/225256","external_links_name":"\"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913034618/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/225256","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/05/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-graphics-comparison-ps4-xbox-360","external_links_name":"\"Watch how much better than the original Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered looks and sounds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005111114/http://www.vg247.com/2016/10/05/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-graphics-comparison-ps4-xbox-360","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/28/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-brings-back-original-multiplayer-announcer-more","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered brings back original multiplayer announcer, more\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929134340/https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/28/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-brings-back-original-multiplayer-announcer-more","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamezone.com/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-will-bring-back-the-iconic-multiplayer-announcer-3444051","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered will bring back the iconic multiplayer announcer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001032317/https://www.gamezone.com/news/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-will-bring-back-the-iconic-multiplayer-announcer-3444051","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/modern-warfares-mad-props-mode-is-broken-and-boring-1798346950","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare's 'Mad Props' Mode Is Broken And Boring\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823234535/https://kotaku.com/modern-warfares-mad-props-mode-is-broken-and-boring-1798346950","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/04/27/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-modern-warfare-remaster","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition includes Modern Warfare remaster – rumor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428095522/http://www.vg247.com/2016/04/27/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-modern-warfare-remaster","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/04/call_of_duty_4_modern_warfare_being_remastered_for_ps4","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Being Remastered for PS4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428104513/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/04/call_of_duty_4_modern_warfare_being_remastered_for_ps4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-4-remastered-apparently-confirmed-with-poo-1773511391","external_links_name":"\"Call Of Duty 4 Remastered Apparently Confirmed With Poop Emoji\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428165529/https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-4-remastered-apparently-confirmed-with-poo-1773511391","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/29/11536052/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-details","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered includes campaign, 10 multiplayer maps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430115511/https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/29/11536052/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-details","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-03-you-cant-buy-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-separately","external_links_name":"\"You can't buy Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered separately\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504105432/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-03-you-cant-buy-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-separately","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615120641/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/14/e3-2016-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-playable-early-on-ps4","external_links_name":"\"E3 2016: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Playable Early on PS4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614050706/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/14/e3-2016-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-playable-early-on-ps4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is PS4 timed exclusive for Infinite Warfare pre-purchases\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615120641/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/14/11929048/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-infinite-warfare-pre-purchase","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/14/12189812/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-crew-expendable-gameplay-video","external_links_name":"\"See Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's 'Crew Expendable' in action\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160714182814/http://www.polygon.com/2016/7/14/12189812/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-crew-expendable-gameplay-video","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-xp-2016-convention-announced-dates-re/1100-6440598","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty XP 2016 Convention Announced, Dates Revealed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609230127/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-xp-2016-convention-announced-dates-re/1100-6440598","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/08/activision-announces-call-of-duty-xp-fan-event","external_links_name":"\"Activision Announces Call of Duty XP Fan Event\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608165726/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/08/activision-announces-call-of-duty-xp-fan-event","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/03/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-multiplayer-hands-on","external_links_name":"\"A hands-on session with Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's multiplayer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160909103646/https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/03/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-multiplayer-hands-on","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/29/relive-your-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-memories-with-the-remastered-39-s-launch-trailer.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Relive Your Memories With Remastered's Launch Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001083354/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered/b/playstation4/archive/2016/09/29/relive-your-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-memories-with-the-remastered-39-s-launch-trailer.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/04/flashbacks-and-flash-bangs-its-the-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-trailer","external_links_name":"\"Flashbacks and flash bangs – it's the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered trailer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905135441/https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/04/flashbacks-and-flash-bangs-its-the-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-trailer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/platform/amp/2016/10/3/13156336/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-needs-infinite-warfare-disc","external_links_name":"\"Activision confirms Modern Warfare Remastered needs Infinite Warfare disc to run\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010020630/http://www.polygon.com/platform/amp/2016/10/3/13156336/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-needs-infinite-warfare-disc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-06-29-dont-trade-in-your-call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-just-yet","external_links_name":"\"Don't trade in your Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Legacy Edition just yet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629163412/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-06-29-dont-trade-in-your-call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-legacy-edition-just-yet","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/modern-warfare-remastered-is-free-from-its-infinite-warfare-prison","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Is Free From Its Infinite Warfare Prison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170626185400/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/modern-warfare-remastered-is-free-from-its-infinite-warfare-prison","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/pc-xbox-one-finally-receive-call-of-duty-modern-wa/1100-6452061","external_links_name":"\"PC, Xbox One Finally Receive Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Version\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171022034826/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/pc-xbox-one-finally-receive-call-of-duty-modern-wa/1100-6452061","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2017/03/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-pack-announced","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Map Pack Announced\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308040804/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-map-pack-announced","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-dlc-launches-on-xbox-one-a/1100-6449508","external_links_name":"\"Call Of Duty 4 Remaster DLC Launches On Xbox One And PC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421122534/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-remaster-dlc-launches-on-xbox-one-a/1100-6449508","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-standalon/1100-6451137","external_links_name":"\"Call Of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Standalone Release Confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171014210459/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-standalon/1100-6451137","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108132731/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161119084047/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered for PC Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513115141/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-397048.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161107233753/https://www.destructoid.com/review-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-397048.phtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108223852/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/08/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114173955/http://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastered","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.ign.com/wikis/best-of-2016-awards/Best_Remaster","external_links_name":"\"Best of 2016 Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517170315/http://www.ign.com/wikis/best-of-2016-awards/Best_Remaster","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/modern-warfare-remastered-call-of-duty-ps4","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered outshines the rest of the Call Of Duty series\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170404004520/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/modern-warfare-remastered-call-of-duty-ps4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-still-relevant-and-brilliant","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is Still Relevant – and Brilliant\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106153624/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-still-relevant-and-brilliant","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://egmnow.com/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-review","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102445/https://egmnow.com/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty Modern Warfare Remastered review: An icon reborn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161116145739/https://www.windowscentral.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-pc-review","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813035304/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-pc-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/pass-on-modern-warfare-remastered-for-the-original-version","external_links_name":"\"Pass on Modern Warfare Remastered for the original version\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020065609/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/pass-on-modern-warfare-remastered-for-the-original-version","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-review","external_links_name":"\"Realising Modern Warfare's campaign isn't as good as I remember it is like being kicked in the balls by satan's cloven hoof\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025231535/https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-ps4-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-07-28-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-having-a-tough-time-on-steam","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is having a tough time on Steam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170728160104/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-07-28-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-having-a-tough-time-on-steam","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-now-on-steam-but-people-arent-happy","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is now on Steam, but people aren't happy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030085120/https://www.pcgamer.com/uk/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-now-on-steam-but-people-arent-happy","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/for-some-reason-modern-warfare-remastereds-map-pack-is-1794563753","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered's Map Pack Is Even More Expensive Than The Original\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424013600/https://kotaku.com/for-some-reason-modern-warfare-remastereds-map-pack-is-1794563753","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-2/225257","external_links_name":"\"Raven Director David Pellas Goes In-Depth on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913033342/https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/09/09/raven-director-david-pellas-goes-in-depth-on-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-2/225257","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-infinity-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remaster-scratch-two-different-itches","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Infinity Warfare and Modern Warfare Remaster \"Scratch Two Different Itches\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506080349/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/call-of-duty-infinity-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remaster-scratch-two-different-itches","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2016/05/05/modern-warfare-remastered-is-call-of-duty-infinite-warfares-trojan-horse","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare's Trojan Horse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505151448/https://www.vg247.com/2016/05/05/modern-warfare-remastered-is-call-of-duty-infinite-warfares-trojan-horse","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/au/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-finally-available-standalone-on-ps4-will-you-get-it","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is finally available standalone on PS4, will you get it?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124201230/https://www.gamesradar.com/au/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-finally-available-standalone-on-ps4-will-you-get-it","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2016/05/01/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-overshadows-infinite-warfare/204740","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered Overshadows Infinite Warfare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502123621/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/05/01/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-overshadows-infinite-warfare/204740","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/05/soapbox_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastereds_infinite_warfare_exclusivity_is_a_disaster","external_links_name":"\"Soapbox: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Infinite Warfare Exclusivity Is a Disaster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509112128/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/05/soapbox_call_of_duty_modern_warfare_remastereds_infinite_warfare_exclusivity_is_a_disaster","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/05/03/call-of-duty-4-remastered-not-sold-separately","external_links_name":"\"Call Of Duty 4 Remaster Only Sold With Infinite Warfare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504110955/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/05/03/call-of-duty-4-remastered-not-sold-separately","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/07/01/funny-to-a-point-the-call-of-duty-hate-has-gotten-embarrassing-guys.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Funny To A Point – The Call Of Duty Hate Has Gotten Embarrassing, Guys\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160703004349/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/07/01/funny-to-a-point-the-call-of-duty-hate-has-gotten-embarrassing-guys.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_infinite_warfare/b/pc/archive/2016/08/18/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remastered-look-great-in-new-demos.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare – Call Of Duty: Infinite Warfare And Modern Warfare Remastered Look Great In New Demos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819034815/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/call_of_duty_infinite_warfare/b/pc/archive/2016/08/18/call-of-duty-infinite-warfare-and-modern-warfare-remastered-look-great-in-new-demos.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/14/13628862/modern-warfare-remastered-hidden-weapons-call-of-duty","external_links_name":"\"Players dig up hidden weapons in Modern Warfare Remastered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233556/https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/14/13628862/modern-warfare-remastered-hidden-weapons-call-of-duty","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-supply-drops-loot-microtransactions","external_links_name":"\"Microtransactions in COD Modern Warfare Remastered now contain new weapons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161116152334/https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-supply-drops-loot-microtransactions","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-leak","external_links_name":"\"Here's the box for Modern Warfare Remastered standalone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170505040924/https://www.pcgamesn.com/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered/modern-warfare-remastered-standalone-leak","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/12/call_of_duty_fans_infuriated_by_modern_warfare_remastered_supply_drops","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty Fans Infuriated by Modern Warfare Remastered Supply Drops\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161214175537/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2016/12/call_of_duty_fans_infuriated_by_modern_warfare_remastered_supply_drops","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hardcoregamer.com/2017/04/03/should-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastereds-variety-map-pack-be-free/252165","external_links_name":"\"Should Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered's Variety Map Pack be Free?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403220200/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2017/04/03/should-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastereds-variety-map-pack-be-free/252165","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215020415/http://www.thejimquisition.com/the-bullshit-roundup-call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-just-got-microtransactions","external_links_name":"\"The Bullshit Roundup: Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Remastered Just Got Microtransactions\""},{"Link":"http://www.thejimquisition.com/the-bullshit-roundup-call-of-duty-4-modern-warfare-remastered-just-got-microtransactions","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-03-08-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-getting-premium-dlc","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is getting premium DLC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308171956/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-03-08-call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-is-getting-premium-dlc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/2017/04/24/cod-modern-warfare-remastered-dlcs-ridiculously-high-price-ticks-off-community","external_links_name":"\"CoD: Modern Warfare Remastered DLC's ridiculously high price ticks off community\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427034918/https://www.vg247.com/2017/04/24/cod-modern-warfare-remastered-dlcs-ridiculously-high-price-ticks-off-community","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312161014/http://www.thejimquisition.com/activision-fucks-up-modern-warfare-remastered-further-with-dlc-more-expensive-than-it-used-to-be","external_links_name":"\"Activision Fucks Up Modern Warfare Remastered Further With DLC More Expensive Than It Used To Be\""},{"Link":"http://www.thejimquisition.com/activision-fucks-up-modern-warfare-remastered-further-with-dlc-more-expensive-than-it-used-to-be","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/07/27/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-sold-seperately","external_links_name":"\"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered now sold separately\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115175255/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/07/27/call-of-duty-modern-warfare-remastered-now-sold-seperately","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/modern-warfare-remastered-is-standalone-on-ps4-but-do-you-still-care--445427.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Modern Warfare Remastered is standalone on PS4, but do you still care?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918061906/https://www.destructoid.com/modern-warfare-remastered-is-standalone-on-ps4-but-do-you-still-care--445427.phtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.callofduty.com/modern-warfare-remastered","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Florida/Georgia)
St. Marys River (Florida–Georgia)
["1 Name","2 1805 incident","3 War of 1812","4 Literature","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 30°43′23″N 81°29′41″W / 30.72306°N 81.49472°W / 30.72306; -81.49472River in Florida and Georgia, United States Aerial photo of St. Marys River dividing border of Georgia (left) and Florida (right) from 26,000 feet altitudeSt. Marys River watershedLocation of mouthLocationCountryUnited StatesStateFlorida, GeorgiaPhysical characteristicsMouthAtlantic Ocean • coordinates30°43′23″N 81°29′41″W / 30.72306°N 81.49472°W / 30.72306; -81.49472Length236 mi (380 km) St. Marys River seen from Fort Clinch, Florida, with nuclear submarine returning to the sub base at Kings Bay, Georgia The St. Marys River (named Saint Marys River by the United States Geological Survey,) is a 126-mile-long (203 km) river in the southeastern United States. The river was known to the Indians of the area as Thlathlothlaguphka, or Phlaphlagaphgaw, meaning "rotten fish". French explorer Jean Ribault named the river the Seine when he encountered it in 1562. From near its source in the Okefenokee Swamp, to its mouth at the Atlantic Ocean, it forms a portion of the border between the U.S. states of Georgia and Florida. The river also serves as the southernmost point in the state of Georgia. The St. Marys River rises as a tiny stream, River Styx, flowing from the western edge of Trail Ridge, the geological relic of a barrier island/dune system, and into the southeastern Okefenokee Swamp. Arching to the northwest, it loses its channel within the swamp, then turns back to the southwest and reforms a stream, at which point it becomes the St. Marys River. Joined by another stream, Moccasin Creek, the river emerges from the Okefenokee Swamp at Baxter, Florida/Moniac, Georgia. It then flows south, then east, then north, then east-southeast intersecting I-95 near Yulee, and finally emptying its waters into the Atlantic, near St. Marys, Georgia and Fernandina Beach, Florida. Name The U.S. Board on Geographic Names discourages the use of apostrophes in place names, including St. Marys River. 1805 incident On 6 July 1805, Lieutenant Robert Pigot of HMS Cambrian arrived off the harbour in the French privateer schooner Matilda, which the British had captured three days earlier. On 7 July Pigot took Matilda twelve miles (nineteen kilometres) up the St Marys River to attack three vessels reported to be there. Along the way militia and riflemen fired on Matilda. Eventually the British reached the three vessels, which were lashed in a line across the river. They consisted of a Spanish privateer schooner and her two British prizes, the ship Golden Grove and the brig Ceres, which the Spanish privateer had captured some two months earlier. The Spaniards had armed Golden Grove with eight 6-pounder guns and six swivels, and given her a crew of 50 men. The brig too was armed with swivels and small arms. The Spanish schooner carried six guns and a crew of 70 men. Pigot engaged the vessels for an hour, and then after Matilda had grounded, took his crew in her boats and captured Golden Grove. The British then captured the other two vessels. Lastly, Pigot fired on a group of 100 militia, with a field gun, dispersing them. The British had two men killed, and 14 wounded, including Pigot, who had received two bullet wounds to head and one to a leg. A crowd of Americans on the Georgia side of the river watched the entire battle. War of 1812 See Battle of Fort Peter Literature Martin, Charles. Where the River Ends. New York, Broadway Books, 2008. ISBN 9780767926980. An artist and his dying wife fulfill her wish of one last canoe ride from the headwaters of the St. Marys to the sea. See also List of rivers of Florida List of rivers of Georgia (U.S. state) List of rivers of the Americas by coastline South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Saint Marys River ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 21, 2011 ^ Wright, Albert Hazen (1941). Studies in History. A. H. Wright. p. 3. ^ Unknown, reproduced from Crown collection of maps by A.B. Hulbert, v. 5. "Spanish Trail Map of Florida, ca. 1750". Florida Memory. U.S. Government. Retrieved 26 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Bartlett, Richard A. (1984). Rolling Rivers: An Encyclopedia of America's Rivers. McGraw-Hill. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-07-003910-0. ^ Quinn, David B. (1990). Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500-1625. Hambledon Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-85285-024-1. ^ King, Spencer Bidwell (2010). Georgia Voices: A Documentary History to 1872. University of Georgia Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8203-3540-7. ^ "Obscure Federal Rule Erased Apostrophes from Place Names". Review Journal. 6 February 2018. ^ "Names". Wall Street Journal. ^ a b "No. 15844". The London Gazette. 17 September 1805. pp. 1181–1182. External links State of Florida: Guide to the St. Marys River St. Marys River Watershed - Florida DEP Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Marys River (Florida-Georgia). vteSignificant waterways of FloridaLarger rivers Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee (North) Withlacoochee (South) Yellow Lakes Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir Smaller rivers Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little (Biscayne Bay) Little (Ochlockonee) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New (Broward) New (Carabelle) New (Santa Fe) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva Creeks andstreams Billy's Black Blackwater (Hillsborough) Blackwater (Lake) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey Canals Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal St. Lucie Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal See also Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie vteSignificant waterways of GeorgiaLarger rivers Alapaha Alcovy Altamaha Apalachee Aucilla Broad Chattahoochee Chattooga (Coosa River) Chattooga (Tugaloo River) Canoochee Conasauga Coosa Etowah Flint Hiwassee Little (Oconee River) Little (Savannah River) Little (Withlacoochee River) Little Tallapoosa Little Tennessee Nottely Ochlockonee Ocmulgee Oconee Ogeechee River Ohoopee Satilla Savannah South (Ocmulgee River) St. Marys Suwannee Tallapoosa Toccoa/Ocoee Towaliga Withlacoochee Yellow Lakes Allatoona Banks Lake Blackshear Burton Carters Chatuge Chehaw George W. Andrews Goat Rock Harding Hartwell Jackson Lanier Nottely Oconee Oliver Rabun Richard B. Russell Seminole Sinclair Strom Thurmond Tugalo Walter F. George West Point Smaller rivers Alabaha Alapahoochee Black (Okefenokee Swamp) Cartecay Coleman Coosawattee Dog Ellijay Hudson Jacks Jerico Little (Etowah River) Little Ochlockonee Little Ogeechee (Hancock County) Little Satilla (Satilla River) Mulberry River New (Chattahoochee River) New (Withlacoochee River) Oostanaula Soque South Newport Tallulah Tugaloo Willacoochee Tidal rivers Bear Belfast Broro Brunswick Buffalo Bull Chestatee Crescent Crooked Cumberland Darien Duplin Frederica Halfmoon Hampton Herb Laurel View Little Ogechee (Chatham County) Little Satilla (Atlantic Ocean) Mackay Medway Mud North River (Darien River) North (St. Marys River) North Newport Odingsell Sapelo Shad Skidaway Sope Tivoli Turtle Vernon Wilmington Creeks andstreams Alligator (Little Ocmulgee River) Big Satilla Brasstown Ebenezer Euchee Ichawaynochaway Kettle Kinchafoonee Little Satilla Muckalee Noonday Okapilco Peachtree Rocky Comfort Spring (Flint River) Suwannoochee Sweetwater (Chattahoochee River) Tobesofkee Toccoa Walnut (South River) Walnut (Ocmulgee River) Williamson Swamp Canals Augusta Canal Brunswick–Altamaha Canal Savannah–Ogeechee Canal Suwannee Canal See also Grand Bay Intracoastal Waterway Okefenokee Swamp List of Georgia rivers Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 National Spain Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Maryland_nuclear_sub,_St._Mary%27s_River,_FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Clinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Clinch"},{"link_name":"Kings Bay, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Bay,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-2"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright1941-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloridaMemory1750-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartlett1984-5"},{"link_name":"Jean Ribault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ribault"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn1990-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King2010-7"},{"link_name":"Okefenokee Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-95"},{"link_name":"Yulee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Marys, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marys,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fernandina Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandina_Beach,_Florida"}],"text":"River in Florida and Georgia, United StatesSt. Marys River seen from Fort Clinch, Florida, with nuclear submarine returning to the sub base at Kings Bay, GeorgiaThe St. Marys River (named Saint Marys River by the United States Geological Survey,[1]) is a 126-mile-long (203 km)[2] river in the southeastern United States. The river was known to the Indians of the area as Thlathlothlaguphka,[3] or Phlaphlagaphgaw,[4] meaning \"rotten fish\".[5] French explorer Jean Ribault named the river the Seine when he encountered it in 1562.[6][7] From near its source in the Okefenokee Swamp, to its mouth at the Atlantic Ocean, it forms a portion of the border between the U.S. states of Georgia and Florida. The river also serves as the southernmost point in the state of Georgia. \nThe St. Marys River rises as a tiny stream, River Styx, flowing from the western edge of Trail Ridge, the geological relic of a barrier island/dune system, and into the southeastern Okefenokee Swamp. Arching to the northwest, it loses its channel within the swamp, then turns back to the southwest and reforms a stream, at which point it becomes the St. Marys River. Joined by another stream, Moccasin Creek, the river emerges from the Okefenokee Swamp at Baxter, Florida/Moniac, Georgia. It then flows south, then east, then north, then east-southeast intersecting I-95 near Yulee, and finally emptying its waters into the Atlantic, near St. Marys, Georgia and Fernandina Beach, Florida.","title":"St. Marys River (Florida–Georgia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The U.S. Board on Geographic Names discourages the use of apostrophes in place names, including St. Marys River.[8][9]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cambrian_(1797)"},{"link_name":"Golden Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Grove_(1786_ship)"},{"link_name":"swivels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swivel_gun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG15844-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG15844-10"}],"text":"On 6 July 1805, Lieutenant Robert Pigot of HMS Cambrian arrived off the harbour in the French privateer schooner Matilda, which the British had captured three days earlier. On 7 July Pigot took Matilda twelve miles (nineteen kilometres) up the St Marys River to attack three vessels reported to be there. Along the way militia and riflemen fired on Matilda. Eventually the British reached the three vessels, which were lashed in a line across the river. They consisted of a Spanish privateer schooner and her two British prizes, the ship Golden Grove and the brig Ceres, which the Spanish privateer had captured some two months earlier. The Spaniards had armed Golden Grove with eight 6-pounder guns and six swivels, and given her a crew of 50 men. The brig too was armed with swivels and small arms. The Spanish schooner carried six guns and a crew of 70 men.[10]Pigot engaged the vessels for an hour, and then after Matilda had grounded, took his crew in her boats and captured Golden Grove. The British then captured the other two vessels. Lastly, Pigot fired on a group of 100 militia, with a field gun, dispersing them. The British had two men killed, and 14 wounded, including Pigot, who had received two bullet wounds to head and one to a leg. A crowd of Americans on the Georgia side of the river watched the entire battle.[10]","title":"1805 incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter"}],"text":"See Battle of Fort Peter","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780767926980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780767926980"}],"text":"Martin, Charles. Where the River Ends. New York, Broadway Books, 2008. ISBN 9780767926980. An artist and his dying wife fulfill her wish of one last canoe ride from the headwaters of the St. Marys to the sea.","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"St. Marys River seen from Fort Clinch, Florida, with nuclear submarine returning to the sub base at Kings Bay, Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/USS_Maryland_nuclear_sub%2C_St._Mary%27s_River%2C_FL.jpg/220px-USS_Maryland_nuclear_sub%2C_St._Mary%27s_River%2C_FL.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of rivers of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Florida"},{"title":"List of rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"title":"List of rivers of the Americas by coastline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Americas_by_coastline"},{"title":"South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic-Gulf_Water_Resource_Region"}]
[{"reference":"Wright, Albert Hazen (1941). Studies in History. A. H. Wright. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fXIvAAAAYAAJ&q=%27%27Thlathlothlaguphka%22","url_text":"Studies in History"}]},{"reference":"Unknown, reproduced from Crown collection of maps by A.B. Hulbert, v. 5. \"Spanish Trail Map of Florida, ca. 1750\". Florida Memory. U.S. Government. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/323021","url_text":"\"Spanish Trail Map of Florida, ca. 1750\""}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Richard A. (1984). Rolling Rivers: An Encyclopedia of America's Rivers. McGraw-Hill. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-07-003910-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LK8ONO81vgsC&q=%27%27rotten%20fish%27%27","url_text":"Rolling Rivers: An Encyclopedia of America's Rivers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-003910-0","url_text":"978-0-07-003910-0"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, David B. (1990). Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500-1625. Hambledon Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-85285-024-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P7OuMkzGKw0C&pg=PA259","url_text":"Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500-1625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-024-1","url_text":"978-1-85285-024-1"}]},{"reference":"King, Spencer Bidwell (2010). Georgia Voices: A Documentary History to 1872. University of Georgia Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8203-3540-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-KHEGir1xDcC&pg=PA2","url_text":"Georgia Voices: A Documentary History to 1872"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3540-7","url_text":"978-0-8203-3540-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Obscure Federal Rule Erased Apostrophes from Place Names\". Review Journal. 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/obscure-federal-rule-erased-apostrophes-from-place-names/","url_text":"\"Obscure Federal Rule Erased Apostrophes from Place Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Names\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324244304578471252974458308","url_text":"\"Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15844\". The London Gazette. 17 September 1805. pp. 1181–1182.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15844/page/1181","url_text":"\"No. 15844\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Marys_River_(Florida%E2%80%93Georgia)&params=30_43_23_N_81_29_41_W_region:US_type:river","external_links_name":"30°43′23″N 81°29′41″W / 30.72306°N 81.49472°W / 30.72306; -81.49472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Marys_River_(Florida%E2%80%93Georgia)&params=30_43_23_N_81_29_41_W_region:US_type:river","external_links_name":"30°43′23″N 81°29′41″W / 30.72306°N 81.49472°W / 30.72306; -81.49472"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/306327","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Saint Marys River"},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"The National Map"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fXIvAAAAYAAJ&q=%27%27Thlathlothlaguphka%22","external_links_name":"Studies in History"},{"Link":"https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/323021","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Trail Map of Florida, ca. 1750\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LK8ONO81vgsC&q=%27%27rotten%20fish%27%27","external_links_name":"Rolling Rivers: An Encyclopedia of America's Rivers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P7OuMkzGKw0C&pg=PA259","external_links_name":"Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500-1625"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-KHEGir1xDcC&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"Georgia Voices: A Documentary History to 1872"},{"Link":"https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/obscure-federal-rule-erased-apostrophes-from-place-names/","external_links_name":"\"Obscure Federal Rule Erased Apostrophes from Place Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324244304578471252974458308","external_links_name":"\"Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15844/page/1181","external_links_name":"\"No. 15844\""},{"Link":"http://floridaswater.com/stmarysriver/index.html","external_links_name":"State of Florida"},{"Link":"http://www.protectingourwater.org/watersheds/map/nassau/","external_links_name":"St. Marys River Watershed - Florida DEP"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1310730/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315144582","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5776165930975968530009","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6339387","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534680705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90004472","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/220439087","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_hare
Arctic hare
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Feeding","5 Physiology","6 Reproduction and lifespan","7 Predators","8 Subspecies","9 References"]
Species of mammal Arctic hare Arctic hare in Nunavut, Canada Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae Genus: Lepus Species: L. arcticus Binomial name Lepus arcticusRoss, 1819 Subspecies 4, see text Arctic hare range The Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) is a species of hare highly adapted to living in the Arctic tundra and other icy biomes. The Arctic hare survives with shortened ears and limbs, a small nose, fat that makes up close to 20% of its body, and a thick coat of fur. It usually digs holes in the ground or under the snow to keep warm and to sleep. Arctic hares look like rabbits but have shorter ears, are taller when standing, and, unlike rabbits, can thrive in extreme cold. They can travel together with many other hares, sometimes huddling with dozens or more, but are usually found alone, sometimes taking more than one partner. The Arctic hare can run up to 60 kilometres per hour (40 mph). Taxonomy This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) Arctic explorer John Ross described the Arctic hare in 1819. Description The Arctic hare is one of the largest living lagomorphs. Typically, this species measures from 43 to 70 cm (17 to 28 in) long, not counting a tail length of 4.5 to 10 cm (1.8 to 3.9 in). The body mass of this species is typically between 2.5–5.5 kg (6–12 lb), though large individuals can weigh up to 7 kg (15 lb). Distribution and habitat The Arctic hare is distributed over the northernmost regions of Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands and Northern Canada, including Ellesmere Island, and farther south in Labrador and Newfoundland. The Arctic hare is well adapted to conditions found in the tundras, plateaus, and treeless coasts of this region, including cold weather and frozen precipitation. The Arctic hare may be found at elevations from sea level to 900 m (3,000 ft). In Newfoundland and Southern Labrador, the Arctic hare changes its coat color, moulting and growing new fur, from brown or grey in the summer to white in the winter. This seasonal moulting also enables other Arctic animals, including ermine and ptarmigan, to remain camouflaged as the environment changes. However, the Arctic hares in the far north of Canada, where summer is very short, remain white all year round. Feeding The Arctic hare is a herbivore, specifically a folivore. Arctic hares feed primarily on woody plants, with arctic willow constituting 95% of their diet year-round. Arctic hares predominantly consume saxifrage, crowberry, and dwarf willow, but can also eat a variety of other foods, including lichens and mosses, blooms, other species' leaves, twigs, and roots, mountain sorrel and macroalgae (seaweed). Arctic hare diets are more diverse in summer. Although previously believed to still be primarily willow, dryas, and grasses, recent studies show that their diet becomes dominated by legumes, constituting 70% of their diet in the summer. Arctic hares have been reported to occasionally eat meat, including fish and the stomach contents of eviscerated caribou. They eat snow to get water. Physiology The Arctic hare has many physiological features that are adaptive to its extreme environment. Despite a 17% - 38% lower than expected basal metabolic rate, the Arctic hare is able to maintain a body temperature comparable to other lagomorphs (38.9 degrees C) because of its low surface area to volume ratio and high insulation. The lowered metabolic rate also allows the Arctic hare to save energy, making it adaptive for its cold and barren habitat. In addition, the Arctic hare has high locomotive efficiency combined with long periods of resting and shorter bouts of foraging which enables it to conserve energy and survive on its low diet intake. The white fur of Arctic hares, in addition to their camouflage benefits in the winter, have a high reflectance which may prevent excessive heat gain during the day. Behaviorally, the Arctic hare keeps warm in winter using body orientation, posture, and seeking or digging shelter. When resting, Arctic hares maintain a nearly spherical shape and typically stay in groups, but do not huddle. If the rabbits are solitary, they often rest in the shelter of large rocks protecting them from the wind and staying out of sight of predators. In addition to rocks, Arctic hares also find shelter in other natural shelters such as snowdrifts, man-made structures, and even digging their own burrows in snowdrifts up to 188 cm in length. The body size of Arctic hares is often significantly less in the winter compared to the summer, likely caused by decreased food quality and availability in addition to a decreased metabolic rate. Arctic hare body mass might also be affected by ambient temperature. At lower latitudes it was found that Arctic hares in Greenland exhibited larger body size with increased temperature, possibly caused by increased energy availability to contribute to body size and increased food plant availability. The opposite is true at higher latitudes in which Arctic hares had smaller body sizes with increased temperature. This trend is again linked to food plant availability. In this case, decreased precipitation and increased temperatures in the higher latitudes of Greenland result in a lower food plant availability to contribute to body mass. Reproduction and lifespan Summer coat Breeding season occurs around April or May. Gestation period of the Arctic hare is 53 days, so the babies are born around May, June, or July. Hares can have up to eight babies (average litter size 5.4), called leverets. The leverets stay within the mother's home range until they can survive on their own. Young Arctic hares are almost full size by late July (some weeks after birth) and breed for the first time after a year of age. There is little information on the lifespan of Arctic hares. Some anecdotal evidence suggests they live three to five years in the wild. Arctic hares do not fare well in captivity, living only a year and a half at most. Predators Known predators of the Arctic hare are the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wolf (Canis lupus), Lynx (Lynx canadensis), Ermine (Mustela erminea), Snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus), Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), Rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) – and occasionally humans. The Arctic wolf is probably the most successful predator of the Arctic hare, and even young wolves in their first autumn can catch adult hares. Arctic foxes and ermines, which are smaller, typically prey on young hares. Gyrfalcon carry hares to their nests, cutting them in half first; gyrfalcons use hare bones and feet in the structure of their nests on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) also prey on Arctic hares in the southern end of the hares' range. The snowy owls mainly target young hares; the French common name of the species derives from Anglo-Saxon harfang ("hare-catcher"). Four groups of parasites have been known to use Arctic hares as a host: protozoans (Eimeria exigua, Eimeria magna, Eimeria perforans, and Eimeria sculpta); nematodes (including Filaria and Oxyuris ambigua); lice (including Haemodipsus lyriocephalus and Haemodipsus setoni) and fleas (including Euhoplopsyllus glacialis and Megabothris groenlandicus). Fleas are more common than parasitic worms. Arctic hare footprints on the snow. Subspecies Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lepus arcticus (category) There are four subspecies of this hare: Lepus arcticus arcticus Lepus arcticus bangsii Lepus arcticus groenlandicus Lepus arcticus monstrabilis References ^ a b Smith, A.T.; Johnston, C.H. (2019). "Lepus arcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41274A45185887. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41274A45185887.en. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ "Arctic Hare". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2009. ^ Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.) (2005). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult, ISBN 0789477645 ^ a b c d e Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare), Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. ^ Small, R., L. Keith, R. Barta. (1991). Dispersion of introduced Arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) on islands off Newfoundland's south coast. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(10):2618-2623. ^ a b "Arctic Wildlife". Churchill Polar Bears. 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h Betzler, Brooke. "Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-04-08. ^ a b c d e f g h i Best, Troy L.; Henry, Travis Hill (1994-06-02). "Lepus arcticus". Mammalian Species (457): 1–9. doi:10.2307/3504088. JSTOR 3504088. S2CID 253989268. ^ a b Larter, Nicholas C. (July–September 1999). "Seasonal changes in arctic hare, Lepus arcticus, diet composition and differential digestibility". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 113: 481–486. ^ a b Wang, Lawrence C. H.; Jones, Douglas L.; MacArthur, Robert A.; Fuller, William A. (2011-02-14). "Adaptation to cold: energy metabolism in an atypical lagomorph, the arctic hare (Lepus arcticus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 51 (8): 841–846. doi:10.1139/z73-125. PMID 4750284. ^ a b c d e Hacklaender, Klaus (2018). "Lepus arcticus Ross, 1819, Arctic hare". Lagomorphs: 165–168. ^ a b Klein, David R. (1999). "Comparative social learning among Arctic herbivores: the caribou, muskox, and Arctic hare". Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 72: 126–140. ^ a b c d Gray, David R. (1993). "Behavioural Adaptations to Arctic Winter: Shelter Seeking by Arctic Hare (Lepus Arcticus)". Arctic. 46 (4): 340–353. doi:10.14430/arctic1362. ISSN 0004-0843. JSTOR 40511436. ^ a b c d Yom-Tov, Elad; Yom-Tov, Yoram; Yom-Tov, Shlomith; Andersen, Mogens; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Devasthale, Abhay; Geffen, Eli (2017-04-01). "The complex effects of geography, ambient temperature, and North Atlantic Oscillation on the body size of Arctic hares in Greenland". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (4): 909–918. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blw018. ISSN 0024-4066. ^ a b c d Hacklaender, Klaus (2018). "Lepus arcticus Ross, 1819, Arctic hare". Lagomorphs: 165–168. ^ "The Arctic Hare". Canadian Museum of Nature. 2012-02-20. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. ^ a b c d e f Ukaliq: the Arctic Hare, Eat and Be Eaten Archived 2006-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, Canadian Museum of Nature. vteExtant Lagomorpha species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)Ochotona Subgenus Pika: Alpine pika (O. alpina) Helan Shan pika (O. argentata) Collared pika (O. collaris) Korean pika (O. coreana) Hoffmann's pika (O. hoffmanni) Northern pika (O. hyperborea) Manchurian pika (O. mantchurica) Kazakh pika (O. opaca) Pallas's pika (O. pallasi) American pika (O. princeps) Turuchan pika (O. turuchanensis) Subgenus Ochotona: Gansu pika (O. cansus) Plateau pika (O. curzoniae) Daurian pika (O. dauurica) Nubra pika (O. nubrica) Steppe pika (O. pusilla) Qionglai pika (O. qionglaiensis) Afghan pika (O. rufescens) Sijin pika (O. sikimaria) Tsing-ling pika (O. syrinx) Moupin pika (O. thibetana) Thomas's pika (O. thomasi) Subgenus Conothoa: Chinese red pika (O. erythrotis) Forrest's pika (O. forresti) Glover's pika (O. gloveri) Ili pika (O. iliensis) Koslov's pika (O. koslowi) Ladak pika (O. ladacensis) Large-eared pika (O. macrotis) Royle's pika (O. roylei) Turkestan red pika (O. rutila) Subgenus Alienauroa: Yellow pika (O. huanglongensis) Sacred pika (O. sacraria) Flat-headed pika (O. flatcalvariam) Family Leporidae (Rabbits and Hares)Pentalagus Amami rabbit (P. furnessi) Bunolagus Riverine rabbit (B. monticularis) Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit (N. netscheri) Annamite striped rabbit (N. timminsi) Romerolagus Volcano rabbit (R. diazi) Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit (B. idahoensis) Sylvilagus(Cottontail rabbits) Subgenus Tapeti: Andean tapeti (S. andinus) Bogota tapeti (S. apollinaris) Swamp rabbit (S. aquaticus) Common tapeti (S. brasiliensis) Ecuadorian tapeti (S. daulensis) Dice's cottontail (S. dicei) Fulvous tapeti (S. fulvescens) Central American tapeti (S. gabbi) Northern tapeti (S. incitatus) Omilteme cottontail (S. insonus) Nicefor's tapeti (S. nicefori) Marsh rabbit (S. palustris) Suriname tapeti (S. parentum) Colombian tapeti (S. salentus) Santa Marta tapeti (S. sanctaemartae) Western tapeti (S. surdaster) Coastal tapeti (S. tapetillus) Venezuelan lowland rabbit (S. varynaensis) Subgenus Sylvilagus: Desert cottontail (S. audubonii) Mexican cottontail (S. cunicularis) Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus) Tres Marias rabbit (S. graysoni) Mountain cottontail (S. nuttallii) Appalachian cottontail (S. obscurus) Robust cottontail (S. holzneri) New England cottontail (S. transitionalis) Subgenus Microlagus: Brush rabbit (S. bachmani) Oryctolagus European rabbit (O. cuniculus) Poelagus Bunyoro rabbit (P. marjorita) Pronolagus(Red rock hares) Natal red rock hare (P. crassicaudatus) Jameson's red rock hare (P. randensis) Smith's red rock hare (P. rupestris) Hewitt's red rock hare (P. saundersiae) Caprolagus Hispid hare (C. hispidus) Lepus(Hares) Subgenus Macrotolagus: Antelope jackrabbit (L. alleni) Subgenus Poecilolagus: Snowshoe hare (L. americanus) Subgenus Lepus: Arctic hare (L. arcticus) Alaskan hare (L. othus) Mountain hare (L. timidus) Subgenus Proeulagus: Black jackrabbit (L. insularis) Desert hare (L. tibetanus) Tolai hare (L. tolai) Subgenus Eulagos: Broom hare (L. castroviejoi) Yunnan hare (L. comus) Korean hare (L. coreanus) European hare (L. europaeus) Manchurian hare (L. mandshuricus) Ethiopian highland hare (L. starcki) Subgenus Sabanalagus: Ethiopian hare (L. fagani) African savanna hare (L. victoriae) Subgenus Indolagus: Hainan hare (L. hainanus) Indian hare (L. nigricollis) Burmese hare (L. peguensis) Subgenus Sinolagus: Chinese hare (L. sinensis) Subgenus Tarimolagus: Yarkand hare (L. yarkandensis) Subgenus incertae sedis: Tamaulipas jackrabbit (L. altamirae) Japanese hare (L. brachyurus) Black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus) White-sided jackrabbit (L. callotis) Cape hare (L. capensis) Corsican hare (L. corsicanus) Tehuantepec jackrabbit (L. flavigularis) Granada hare (L. granatensis) Abyssinian hare (L. habessinicus) Woolly hare (L. oiostolus) Scrub hare (L. saxatilis) White-tailed jackrabbit (L. townsendii) Taxon identifiersLepus arcticus Wikidata: Q231625 Wikispecies: Lepus arcticus CoL: 7229C EoL: 988114 EUNIS: 1425 GBIF: 2436696 iNaturalist: 43126 IRMNG: 10806194 ITIS: 552511 IUCN: 41274 MDD: 1001081 MSW: 13500119 NatureServe: 2.103262 NCBI: 62618 Observation.org: 84374 Open Tree of Life: 638196 Paleobiology Database: 47638 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-2"},{"link_name":"hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"Arctic tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tundra"},{"link_name":"fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Species of mammalThe Arctic hare[2] (Lepus arcticus) is a species of hare highly adapted to living in the Arctic tundra and other icy biomes. The Arctic hare survives with shortened ears and limbs, a small nose, fat that makes up close to 20% of its body, and a thick coat of fur. It usually digs holes in the ground or under the snow to keep warm and to sleep. Arctic hares look like rabbits but have shorter ears, are taller when standing, and, unlike rabbits, can thrive in extreme cold. They can travel together with many other hares, sometimes huddling with dozens or more, but are usually found alone, sometimes taking more than one partner. The Arctic hare can run up to 60 kilometres per hour (40 mph).[3]","title":"Arctic hare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"Arctic explorer John Ross described the Arctic hare in 1819.[1]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lagomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagomorpha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnie-4"}],"text":"The Arctic hare is one of the largest living lagomorphs. Typically, this species measures from 43 to 70 cm (17 to 28 in) long, not counting a tail length of 4.5 to 10 cm (1.8 to 3.9 in). The body mass of this species is typically between 2.5–5.5 kg (6–12 lb), though large individuals can weigh up to 7 kg (15 lb).[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Canadian Arctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-5"},{"link_name":"tundras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"plateaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"changes its coat color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage#Crypsis_by_changing_skin_pattern.2C_color"},{"link_name":"ermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"ptarmigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan"},{"link_name":"camouflaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Churchill-7"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Churchill-7"}],"text":"The Arctic hare is distributed over the northernmost regions of Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands and Northern Canada, including Ellesmere Island, and farther south in Labrador and Newfoundland.[5] The Arctic hare is well adapted to conditions found in the tundras, plateaus, and treeless coasts of this region, including cold weather and frozen precipitation. The Arctic hare may be found at elevations from sea level to 900 m (3,000 ft).[5][6]In Newfoundland and Southern Labrador, the Arctic hare changes its coat color, moulting and growing new fur, from brown or grey in the summer to white in the winter. This seasonal moulting also enables other Arctic animals, including ermine and ptarmigan, to remain camouflaged as the environment changes.[7] However, the Arctic hares in the far north of Canada, where summer is very short, remain white all year round.[7]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"herbivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"folivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folivore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"},{"link_name":"woody plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant"},{"link_name":"arctic willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_willow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"},{"link_name":"saxifrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifrage"},{"link_name":"crowberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowberry"},{"link_name":"dwarf willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_willow"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"mountain sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_sorrel"},{"link_name":"macroalgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroalgae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"dryas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_(plant)"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"}],"text":"The Arctic hare is a herbivore, specifically a folivore.[8] Arctic hares feed primarily on woody plants, with arctic willow constituting 95% of their diet year-round.[8] Arctic hares predominantly consume saxifrage, crowberry, and dwarf willow, but can also eat a variety of other foods, including lichens and mosses, blooms, other species' leaves, twigs, and roots, mountain sorrel and macroalgae (seaweed).[8][9] Arctic hare diets are more diverse in summer.[10] Although previously believed to still be primarily willow, dryas, and grasses, recent studies show that their diet becomes dominated by legumes, constituting 70% of their diet in the summer.[8][10] Arctic hares have been reported to occasionally eat meat, including fish and the stomach contents of eviscerated caribou.[8] They eat snow to get water.[8]","title":"Feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basal metabolic rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-15"}],"text":"The Arctic hare has many physiological features that are adaptive to its extreme environment. Despite a 17% - 38% lower than expected basal metabolic rate, the Arctic hare is able to maintain a body temperature comparable to other lagomorphs (38.9 degrees C) because of its low surface area to volume ratio and high insulation.[11][9][12] The lowered metabolic rate also allows the Arctic hare to save energy, making it adaptive for its cold and barren habitat.[11][9][12] In addition, the Arctic hare has high locomotive efficiency combined with long periods of resting and shorter bouts of foraging which enables it to conserve energy and survive on its low diet intake.[13]The white fur of Arctic hares, in addition to their camouflage benefits in the winter, have a high reflectance which may prevent excessive heat gain during the day.[9][12] Behaviorally, the Arctic hare keeps warm in winter using body orientation, posture, and seeking or digging shelter.[14] When resting, Arctic hares maintain a nearly spherical shape and typically stay in groups, but do not huddle.[14] If the rabbits are solitary, they often rest in the shelter of large rocks protecting them from the wind and staying out of sight of predators.[14][9][13][12] In addition to rocks, Arctic hares also find shelter in other natural shelters such as snowdrifts, man-made structures, and even digging their own burrows in snowdrifts up to 188 cm in length.[14]The body size of Arctic hares is often significantly less in the winter compared to the summer, likely caused by decreased food quality and availability in addition to a decreased metabolic rate.[9][12] Arctic hare body mass might also be affected by ambient temperature. At lower latitudes it was found that Arctic hares in Greenland exhibited larger body size with increased temperature, possibly caused by increased energy availability to contribute to body size and increased food plant availability.[15] The opposite is true at higher latitudes in which Arctic hares had smaller body sizes with increased temperature.[15] This trend is again linked to food plant availability.[15] In this case, decreased precipitation and increased temperatures in the higher latitudes of Greenland result in a lower food plant availability to contribute to body mass.[15]","title":"Physiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_arcticus_1996-07-30.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-16"},{"link_name":"Gestation period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_(mammals)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-8"}],"text":"Summer coatBreeding season occurs around April or May.[9][16] Gestation period of the Arctic hare is 53 days, so the babies are born around May, June, or July.[9][16] Hares can have up to eight babies (average litter size 5.4), called leverets.[9][16] The leverets stay within the mother's home range until they can survive on their own.[17] Young Arctic hares are almost full size by late July (some weeks after birth) and breed for the first time after a year of age.[16]There is little information on the lifespan of Arctic hares. Some anecdotal evidence suggests they live three to five years in the wild.[8] Arctic hares do not fare well in captivity, living only a year and a half at most.[8]","title":"Reproduction and lifespan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_fox"},{"link_name":"Red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf"},{"link_name":"Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx"},{"link_name":"Ermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"Snowy owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_owl"},{"link_name":"Gyrfalcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrfalcon"},{"link_name":"Rough-legged hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough-legged_hawk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-5"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukaliq_Eat-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukaliq_Eat-18"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukaliq_Eat-18"},{"link_name":"Peregrine falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukaliq_Eat-18"},{"link_name":"snowy owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_owl"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukaliq_Eat-18"},{"link_name":"parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"protozoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoan"},{"link_name":"nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"Filaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filaria"},{"link_name":"lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice"},{"link_name":"fleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-5"},{"link_name":"parasitic worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukaliq_Eat-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petjada-llebre-artica.jpg"}],"text":"Known predators of the Arctic hare are the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wolf (Canis lupus), Lynx (Lynx canadensis), Ermine (Mustela erminea), Snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus), Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), Rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) – and occasionally humans.[5]The Arctic wolf is probably the most successful predator of the Arctic hare, and even young wolves in their first autumn can catch adult hares.[18] Arctic foxes and ermines, which are smaller, typically prey on young hares.[18] Gyrfalcon carry hares to their nests, cutting them in half first; gyrfalcons use hare bones and feet in the structure of their nests on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut.[18] Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) also prey on Arctic hares in the southern end of the hares' range.[18] The snowy owls mainly target young hares; the French common name of the species derives from Anglo-Saxon harfang (\"hare-catcher\").[18]Four groups of parasites have been known to use Arctic hares as a host: protozoans (Eimeria exigua, Eimeria magna, Eimeria perforans, and Eimeria sculpta); nematodes (including Filaria and Oxyuris ambigua); lice (including Haemodipsus lyriocephalus and Haemodipsus setoni) and fleas (including Euhoplopsyllus glacialis and Megabothris groenlandicus).[5] Fleas are more common than parasitic worms.[5][18]Arctic hare footprints on the snow.","title":"Predators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikimedia Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons"},{"link_name":"Lepus arcticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepus_arcticus"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lepus_arcticus"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to:\nLepus arcticus (category)There are four subspecies of this hare:Lepus arcticus arcticus\nLepus arcticus bangsii\nLepus arcticus groenlandicus\nLepus arcticus monstrabilis","title":"Subspecies"}]
[{"image_text":"Summer coat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lepus_arcticus_1996-07-30.jpg/220px-Lepus_arcticus_1996-07-30.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arctic hare footprints on the snow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Petjada-llebre-artica.jpg/220px-Petjada-llebre-artica.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Smith, A.T.; Johnston, C.H. (2019). \"Lepus arcticus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41274A45185887. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41274A45185887.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41274/45185887","url_text":"\"Lepus arcticus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41274A45185887.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41274A45185887.en"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). \"Order Lagomorpha\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13500001","url_text":"\"Order Lagomorpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA195%E2%80%93196","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"\"Arctic Hare\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613042857/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/arctic-hare.html","url_text":"\"Arctic Hare\""},{"url":"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/arctic-hare.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arctic Wildlife\". Churchill Polar Bears. 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://churchillpolarbears.org/churchill/arctic-wildlife","url_text":"\"Arctic Wildlife\""}]},{"reference":"Betzler, Brooke. \"Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)\". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepus_arcticus/","url_text":"\"Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)\""}]},{"reference":"Best, Troy L.; Henry, Travis Hill (1994-06-02). \"Lepus arcticus\". Mammalian Species (457): 1–9. doi:10.2307/3504088. JSTOR 3504088. S2CID 253989268.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/3504088","url_text":"\"Lepus arcticus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504088","url_text":"10.2307/3504088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3504088","url_text":"3504088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253989268","url_text":"253989268"}]},{"reference":"Larter, Nicholas C. (July–September 1999). \"Seasonal changes in arctic hare, Lepus arcticus, diet composition and differential digestibility\". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 113: 481–486.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wang, Lawrence C. H.; Jones, Douglas L.; MacArthur, Robert A.; Fuller, William A. (2011-02-14). \"Adaptation to cold: energy metabolism in an atypical lagomorph, the arctic hare (Lepus arcticus)\". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 51 (8): 841–846. doi:10.1139/z73-125. PMID 4750284.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z73-125","url_text":"\"Adaptation to cold: energy metabolism in an atypical lagomorph, the arctic hare (Lepus arcticus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz73-125","url_text":"10.1139/z73-125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4750284","url_text":"4750284"}]},{"reference":"Hacklaender, Klaus (2018). \"Lepus arcticus Ross, 1819, Arctic hare\". Lagomorphs: 165–168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Klein, David R. (1999). \"Comparative social learning among Arctic herbivores: the caribou, muskox, and Arctic hare\". Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 72: 126–140.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gray, David R. (1993). \"Behavioural Adaptations to Arctic Winter: Shelter Seeking by Arctic Hare (Lepus Arcticus)\". Arctic. 46 (4): 340–353. doi:10.14430/arctic1362. ISSN 0004-0843. JSTOR 40511436.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40511436","url_text":"\"Behavioural Adaptations to Arctic Winter: Shelter Seeking by Arctic Hare (Lepus Arcticus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1362","url_text":"10.14430/arctic1362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0843","url_text":"0004-0843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40511436","url_text":"40511436"}]},{"reference":"Yom-Tov, Elad; Yom-Tov, Yoram; Yom-Tov, Shlomith; Andersen, Mogens; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Devasthale, Abhay; Geffen, Eli (2017-04-01). \"The complex effects of geography, ambient temperature, and North Atlantic Oscillation on the body size of Arctic hares in Greenland\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (4): 909–918. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blw018. ISSN 0024-4066.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblw018","url_text":"\"The complex effects of geography, ambient temperature, and North Atlantic Oscillation on the body size of Arctic hares in Greenland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblw018","url_text":"10.1093/biolinnean/blw018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","url_text":"0024-4066"}]},{"reference":"Hacklaender, Klaus (2018). \"Lepus arcticus Ross, 1819, Arctic hare\". Lagomorphs: 165–168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Arctic Hare\". Canadian Museum of Nature. 2012-02-20. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713033651/http://nature.ca/ukaliq/021des/090_lfc01_e.cfm","url_text":"\"The Arctic Hare\""},{"url":"http://nature.ca/ukaliq/021des/090_lfc01_e.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_hare&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41274/45185887","external_links_name":"\"Lepus arcticus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41274A45185887.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41274A45185887.en"},{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13500001","external_links_name":"\"Order Lagomorpha\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA195%E2%80%93196","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613042857/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/arctic-hare.html","external_links_name":"\"Arctic Hare\""},{"Link":"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/arctic-hare.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Lepus_arcticus/","external_links_name":"Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)"},{"Link":"http://churchillpolarbears.org/churchill/arctic-wildlife","external_links_name":"\"Arctic Wildlife\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepus_arcticus/","external_links_name":"\"Lepus arcticus (Arctic hare)\""},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/3504088","external_links_name":"\"Lepus arcticus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504088","external_links_name":"10.2307/3504088"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3504088","external_links_name":"3504088"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253989268","external_links_name":"253989268"},{"Link":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z73-125","external_links_name":"\"Adaptation to cold: energy metabolism in an atypical lagomorph, the arctic hare (Lepus arcticus)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz73-125","external_links_name":"10.1139/z73-125"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4750284","external_links_name":"4750284"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40511436","external_links_name":"\"Behavioural Adaptations to Arctic Winter: Shelter Seeking by Arctic Hare (Lepus Arcticus)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1362","external_links_name":"10.14430/arctic1362"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0843","external_links_name":"0004-0843"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40511436","external_links_name":"40511436"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblw018","external_links_name":"\"The complex effects of geography, ambient temperature, and North Atlantic Oscillation on the body size of Arctic hares in Greenland\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblw018","external_links_name":"10.1093/biolinnean/blw018"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4066","external_links_name":"0024-4066"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713033651/http://nature.ca/ukaliq/021des/090_lfc01_e.cfm","external_links_name":"\"The Arctic Hare\""},{"Link":"http://nature.ca/ukaliq/021des/090_lfc01_e.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nature.ca/ukaliq/021des/050_fwb02_e.cfm","external_links_name":"Ukaliq: the Arctic Hare, Eat and Be Eaten"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510143858/http://www.nature.ca/ukaliq/021des/050_fwb02_e.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7229C","external_links_name":"7229C"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/988114","external_links_name":"988114"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1425","external_links_name":"1425"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2436696","external_links_name":"2436696"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43126","external_links_name":"43126"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10806194","external_links_name":"10806194"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552511","external_links_name":"552511"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41274","external_links_name":"41274"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1001081","external_links_name":"1001081"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13500119","external_links_name":"13500119"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103262/","external_links_name":"2.103262"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=62618","external_links_name":"62618"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/84374/","external_links_name":"84374"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=638196","external_links_name":"638196"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=47638","external_links_name":"47638"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537477605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult
Tristan and Iseult
["1 Narratives","1.1 Association with Arthur and death","1.2 Post-death","2 Origins and analogs","2.1 British","2.2 Irish","2.3 Persian","2.4 Roman","3 Branches","3.1 Common branch","3.2 Courtly branch","4 Other medieval versions","4.1 French","4.2 English and Welsh","4.3 Italian and Spanish","4.4 Nordic and Dutch","4.5 Slavic","5 Visual art","6 Modern adaptations","6.1 Literature","6.2 Theater and opera","6.3 Music","6.4 Film and television","7 See also","8 Notes and references","9 External links"]
Medieval romance For other uses, see Tristan and Iseult (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tristan and Iseult" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tristan and Isolde by Herbert Draper (1901) Tristan and Iseult, also known as Tristan and Isolde and other names, is a medieval chivalric romance told in numerous variations since the 12th century. Based on a Celtic legend and possibly other sources, the tale is a tragedy about the illicit love between the Cornish knight Tristan and the Irish princess Iseult in the days of King Arthur. It depicts Tristan's mission to escort Iseult from Ireland to marry his uncle, King Mark of Cornwall. On the journey, Tristan and Iseult ingest a love potion, instigating a forbidden love affair between them. The legend has had a lasting impact on Western culture. Its different versions exist in many European texts in various languages from the Middle Ages. The earliest instances take two primary forms: the so-called courtly and common branches, respectively associated with the 12th-century poems of Thomas of Britain and Béroul, the latter believed to reflect a now-lost original tale. A subsequent version emerged in the 13th century in the wake of the greatly expanded Prose Tristan, merging Tristan's romance more thoroughly with the mythology of King Arthur, with Tristan becoming one of his Knights of the Round Table. Finally, after the revived interest in the medieval era in the 19th century under the influence of Romantic nationalism, the story has continued to be popular in the modern era, notably Wagner's operatic adaptation. Narratives See also: Tristan and Iseult The Blonde Yseult by Gaston Bussière (early 20th century) The story and character of Tristan vary between versions. His name also varies, although Tristan is the most common modern spelling. The earliest known tradition comes from the French romances of Thomas of Britain and Béroul, two poets from the second half of the 12th century, based on uncertain origins. A later medieval tradition comes from the vast Prose Tristan (c. 1240) that is markedly different from the tales of Thomas and Béroul. Tristan and Isolde by John Duncan (1912) After defeating the Irish knight Morholt, the young prince Tristan travels to Ireland to bring back the fair Iseult (often known as Isolde, Isolt, or Yseult) for his uncle King Mark of Cornwall to marry. Along the way, Tristan and Iseult ingest a love potion, which causes them to fall madly in love. The potion's effects last a lifetime in the legend's so-called courtly branch. However, in the so-called common branch version, the potion's results end after three years. In some variants (including Béroul's), Tristan and Iseult ingest the potion accidentally after it was gifted to her by her mother to use on her wedding night. In others, the potion's maker gives it to Iseult to share with Mark, but she gives it to Tristan instead. Although Iseult marries Mark, the spell forces her and Tristan to seek each other as lovers. The King's advisors repeatedly try to charge the pair with adultery, but the lovers use trickery to preserve their façade of innocence. In Béroul's poem, the love potion eventually wears off, but the two lovers continue their adulterous relationship for some time, until returning to the kingdom of Cornwall. Like the Arthur–Lancelot–Guinevere love triangle in the medieval courtly love motif, Tristan, King Mark, and Iseult all love one another. Tristan honors and respects his uncle King Mark as his mentor and adopted father. Iseult is grateful for Mark's kindness to her. Mark loves Tristan as his son and Iseult as a wife. However, every night each has horrible dreams about the future. Simultaneous to the love triangle is the endangerment of a fragile kingdom and the end of the war between Ireland and Cornwall (Dumnonia). King Mark eventually learns of the affair and seeks to entrap his nephew and wife. Mark acquires what seems to be proof of their guilt and resolves to punish Tristan by hanging and Iseult by burning at the stake. However, Mark changes his mind about Iseult and lodges her in a leper colony. Tristan escapes on his way to the gallows, making a miraculous leap from a chapel to rescue Iseult. Tristan and Isolde (with Husdent the dog) by Hugues Merle (c. 1870) The lovers flee into the forest of Morrois and take shelter there for multiple years until Mark later discovers them and takes pity on their exile and suffering. They make peace with Mark after Tristan agrees to return Iseult to Mark and leave the country. Tristan then travels to Brittany, where he marries Iseult of the White Hands, daughter of Hoel of Brittany, for her name and beauty. In some versions, including Béroul and the Folie Tristan d'Oxford, Tristan returns in disguise for Iseult of Ireland, but their dog, Husdent, betrays his identity. Association with Arthur and death The End of the Song by Edmund Leighton (1902)Rogelio de Egusquiza's Tristan and Isolde (Death) (1910) The earliest surviving Tristan poems already include references to King Arthur and his court. Mentions of Tristan and Iseult are also found in some early Arthurian texts. Writers expanded the connection between the story and the Arthurian legend over time. Shortly after the completion of the Vulgate Cycle (the Lancelot-Grail cycle) in the first half of the 13th century, two authors created the Prose Tristan, which establishes Tristan as one of the most outstanding Knight of the Round Table. Here, he is also portrayed as a former enemy turned friend of Lancelot and a participant in the Quest for the Holy Grail. The Prose Tristan evolved into the familiar medieval tale of Tristan and Iseult that became the Post-Vulgate Cycle. Two centuries later, it became the primary source for the seminal Arthurian compilation Le Morte d'Arthur. In the popular extended version of the Prose Tristan, and the works derived from it, Tristan is attacked by King Mark while he plays the harp for Iseult. Mark strikes Tristan with a poisoned or cursed lance, mortally wounding him, and the lovers die together. The poetic treatments of the Tristan legend, however, offer a very different account of the hero's death, and the short version of the Prose Tristan and some later works also use the traditional account of Tristan's death as found in the poetic versions. In Thomas' poem, Tristan is wounded by a poisoned lance while attempting to rescue a young woman from six knights. Tristan sends his friend Kahedin to find Iseult of Ireland, the only person who can heal him. Tristan tells Kahedin to sail back with white sails if he is bringing Iseult and black sails if he is not (perhaps an echo of the Greek myth of Theseus). Iseult agrees to return to Tristan with Kahedin, but Tristan's jealous wife, Iseult of the White Hands, lies to Tristan about the color of the sails. Tristan dies of grief, thinking Iseult has betrayed him, and Iseult dies over his corpse. Post-death Geneviève and Lancelot at the Tombs of Isolde and Tristan by Eugénie Servières (c. 1814) French sources, such as the ones chosen in the English translation by Hilaire Belloc in 1903, state that a bramble briar grows out of Tristan's grave, growing so thickly that it forms a bower and roots itself into Iseult's grave. King Mark tries to have the branches cut three separate times, and each time the branches grow back and intertwine. Later versions embellish the story with the briar above Tristan's grave intertwining and a rose tree from Iseult's grave. Other variants replace the intertwining trees with hazel and honeysuckle. Later versions state that the lovers had several children, including a son and a daughter named after themselves. The children have adventures of their own. In the 14th-century French romance Ysaÿe le Triste (Ysaÿe the Sad), the eponymous hero is the son of Tristan and Iseult. He becomes involved with the fairy king Oberon and marries a girl named Martha, who bears him a son named Mark. Spanish Tristan el Joven also included Tristan's son, referred to as Tristan of Leonis. Origins and analogs There are several theories about the tale's origins, although historians disagree over which is the most accurate. British The mid-6th century "Drustanus Stone" in southeast Cornwall close to Castle Dore has an inscription referring to Drustan, son of Cunomorus (Mark). However, not all historians agree that the Drustan referred to is the archetype of Tristan. The inscription is heavily eroded, but the earliest records of the stone, dating to the 16th century, all agree on some variation of CIRVIVS / CIRUSIUS as the name inscribed. It was first read as a variation of DRUSTANUS in the late 19th century. The optimistic reading corresponds to the 19th-century revival of medieval romance. A 2014 study using 3D scanning supported the initial "CI" reading rather than the backward-facing "D." There are references to March ap Meichion (Mark) and Trystan in the Welsh Triads, some gnomic poetry, the Mabinogion stories, and the 11th-century hagiography of Illtud. A character called Drystan appears as one of King Arthur's advisers at the end of The Dream of Rhonabwy, a 13th-century tale in the Middle Welsh prose collection known as the Mabinogion. Iseult is also a member of Arthur's court in Culhwch and Olwen, an earlier Mabinogion tale. Irish Scholars have given much attention to possible Irish antecedents to the Tristan legend. An ill-fated love triangle is featured in several Irish works, most notably in Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne (The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne). In this literary work, the aging Fionn mac Cumhaill is to marry the young princess, Gráinne. At the betrothal ceremony, she falls in love with Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, one of Fionn's most trusted warriors. Gráinne gives a sleeping potion to all present but Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, and she convinces him to elope with her. Fianna pursues the fugitive lovers across Ireland. Another Irish analog is Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin, preserved in the 14th-century Yellow Book of Lecan. In this tale, Cano is an exiled Scottish king who accepts the hospitality of King Marcan of Ui Maile. His young wife, Credd, drugs all present and convinces Cano to be her lover. They try to keep a tryst while at Marcan's court, but they are frustrated by courtiers. In the end, Credd kills herself, and Cano dies of grief. The Ulster Cycle includes the text Clann Uisnigh or Deirdre of the Sorrows in which Naoise mac Usnech falls for Deirdre. However, King Conchobar mac Nessa imprisons her due to a prophecy that Ulster will plunge into civil war due to men fighting for her beauty. Conchobar agrees to marry Deirdre to avert war and avenges Clann Uisnigh. The death of Naoise and his kin leads many Ulstermen to defect to Connacht, including Conchobar's stepfather and trusted ally, Fergus mac Róich. This eventually results in the Irish epic tale Táin Bó Cúailnge. Persian Some scholars suggest that the 11th-century Persian story Vis and Rāmin is the model for the Tristan legend because the similarities are too significant to be coincidental. However, the evidence for the Persian origin of Tristan and Iseult is very circumstantial. Some suggest the Persian story traveled to the West with story-telling exchanges in a Syrian court during crusades. Others believe the story came West with minstrels who had free access to both Crusader and Saracen camps in the Holy Land. Roman Some scholars believe Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe and the story of Ariadne at Naxos may have contributed to the development of the Tristan legend. The sequence in which Tristan and Iseult die and become interwoven trees also parallels Ovid's love story of Baucis and Philemon, where two lovers transform after death into two trees sprouting from the same trunk. However, this also occurs in the saga of Deirdre of the Sorrows, making the link more tenuous. Moreover, this theory ignores the lost oral traditions of pre-literate societies, relying only on written records that were damaged during the development of modern nation-states such as England and France, especially during the dissolution of the monasteries. Branches Common branch The earliest representation of the so-called common (or "vulgar") branch is Béroul's Le Roman de Tristan (The Romance of Tristan). The first part dates between 1150 and 1170, and the second one dates between 1181 and 1190. The common branch is so named because it represents an earlier non-chivalric, non-courtly tradition of story-telling, making it more reflective of the Dark Ages than the refined High Middle Ages. In this respect, the works in this branch are similar to Layamon's Brut and the Perlesvaus. Beroul's version is the oldest known version of the Tristan romances, but knowledge of his work is limited. A few substantial fragments of his original version were discovered in the 19th century, with the rest reconstructed from later versions. It is considered the closest presentation of all the raw events in the romance, with no explanation or modifications. As a result, Beroul's version is an archetype for later "common branch" editions. A more substantial illustration of the common branch is the German version by Eilhart von Oberge. Eilhart was popular but paled in comparison with the later courtly Gottfried. One aspect of the common branch that differentiates from the courtly branch is the depiction of the lovers' time in exile from Mark's court. While the courtly branch describes Tristan and Iseult as sheltering in a "Cave of Lovers" and living in happy seclusion, the common branches emphasize the extreme suffering that Tristan and Iseult endure. In the common branch, exile is a proper punishment that highlights the couple's departure from courtly norms and emphasizes the impossibility of their romance. French medievalist Joseph Bédier thought all the Tristan legends could be traced to a single original: a Cornish or Breton poem. He dubbed this hypothetical original the "Ur-Tristan." Bédier wrote Romance of Tristan and Iseult to reconstruct what this source might have been like, incorporating material from other versions to make a cohesive whole. An English translation of Bédier's Roman de Tristan et Iseut (1900) by Edward J. Gallagher was published in 2013 by Hackett Publishing Company. A translation by Hilaire Belloc, first published in 1913, was published as a Caedmon Audio recording read by Claire Bloom in 1958 and republished in 2005. Courtly branch The earliest representation of what scholars name the "courtly" branch of the Tristan legend is in the work of Thomas of Britain, dating from 1173. Unfortunately, only ten fragments of his Tristan poem survived, compiled from six manuscripts. Of these six manuscripts, the ones in Turin and Strasbourg are now lost, leaving two in Oxford, one in Cambridge, and one in Carlisle. In his text, Thomas names another trouvère who also sang of Tristan, though no manuscripts of this earlier version have been discovered. There is also a passage describing Iseult writing a short lai out of grief. This information sheds light on the development of an unrelated legend concerning the death of a prominent troubadour and the composition of lais by noblewomen of the 12th century. The essential text for knowledge of the courtly branch of the Tristan legend is the abridged translation of Thomas made by Brother Robert at the request of King Haakon Haakonson of Norway in 1227. King Haakon had wanted to promote Angevin-Norman culture at his court, so he commissioned the translation of several French Arthurian works. The Nordic version presents a complete, direct narrative of the events in Thomas' Tristan with the omission of his numerous interpretive diversions. It is the only complete representative of the courtly branch in its formative period. Chronologically preceding the work of Brother Robert is the Tristan and Isolt of Gottfried von Strassburg, written circa 1211–1215. The poem was Gottfried's only known work and was left incomplete due to his death, with the retelling reaching halfway through the main plot. Authors such as Heinrich von Freiberg and Ulrich von Türheim completed the poem at a later time, but with the common branch of the legend as the source. Other medieval versions French A contemporary of Béroul and Thomas of Britain, Marie de France presented a Tristan episode in her lais, "Chevrefoil". The title refers to the symbiosis of the honeysuckle and hazelnut tree, which die when separated, similar to Tristan and Iseult. It concerns another of Tristan's clandestine returns to Cornwall, with the banished hero signaling his presence to Iseult with an inscribed hazelnut tree branch placed on a road she was to travel. This episode is similar to a version of the courtly branch when Tristan places wood shavings in a stream as a signal for Iseult to meet in the garden of Mark's palace. There are also two 12th-century Folies Tristan, Old French poems known as the Berne (Folie Tristan de Berne) and the Oxford (Folie Tristan d'Oxford) versions, which tell of Tristan's return to Marc's court under the guise of a madman. Besides their importance as episodic additions to the Tristan story and masterpieces of narrative structure, these relatively short poems significantly restored Béroul's and Thomas' incomplete texts. Chrétien de Troyes claimed to have written a Tristan story, though it has never been found. Chrétien mentioned this in the introduction to his Cligès, a romance that is anti-Tristan with a happy ending. Some scholars speculate his Tristan was ill-received, prompting Chrétien to write Cligès—a story with no Celtic antecedent—to make amends. After Béroul and Thomas, the most noteworthy development in French Tristania is a complex grouping of texts known as the Prose Tristan. Extremely popular in the 13th and 14th centuries, these lengthy narratives vary in detail. Modern editions run twelve volumes for the extended version that includes Tristan's participation in the Quest for the Holy Grail. The shorter version without the grail quest consists of five books. The Prose Tristan significantly influenced later medieval literature and inspired parts of the Post-Vulgate Cycle and the Roman de Palamedes. English and Welsh The earliest complete source of Tristan's story in English was Sir Tristrem, a c. 1300 romantic poem in the courtly style with 3,344 lines. It is part of the Auchinleck manuscript at the National Library of Scotland. As with many medieval English adaptations of French Arthuriana, the poem's artistic achievement is average. However, some critics have tried to rehabilitate it, claiming it is a parody. Its first editor, Walter Scott, provided a sixty-line ending to the story that was included in every subsequent edition. Thomas Malory's The Book of Sir Tristram de Lyones is the only other medieval handling of the Tristan legend in English. Malory provided a shortened translation of the French Prose Tristan and included it in his Arthurian romance compilation Le Morte d'Arthur. In Malory's version, Tristram is the son of the King of Lyonesse. Since the Winchester Manuscript surfaced in 1934, there has been much scholarly debate on whether the Tristan narrative, like all the episodes in Le Morte d'Arthur, was intended to be an independent piece or part of a more extensive work. The Welsh Ystorya Trystan exists in six manuscripts of mixed prose and verse dating from the late 16th to the mid-17th century. It seems to a derivative of an original Welsh tradition rather than the later French stories. Italian and Spanish In Italy, many cantari or oral poems performed in the public square about Tristan or referencing him. These poems include Cantari di Tristano, Due Tristani Quando Tristano e Lancielotto combattiero al petrone di Merlino, Ultime Imprese e Morte Tristano, and Vendetta che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte di Messer Tristano, among others. There are also four versions of the Prose Tristan in medieval Italy, named after the place of composition or library where they are housed: Tristano Panciaticchiano (Panciatichi family library), Tristano Riccardiano (Biblioteca Riccardiana), and Tristano Veneto (Venetian). The exception to this is La Tavola Ritonda, a 15th-century Italian rewrite of the Prose Tristan. In the first third of the 14th century, Arcipreste de Hita wrote his version of the Tristan story, Carta Enviada por Hiseo la Brunda a Tristán. Respuesta de Tristán is a unique 15th-century romance written as imaginary letters between the two lovers. Libro del muy esforzado caballero Don Tristán de Leonís y de sus grandes hechos en armas, a Spanish reworking of the Prose Tristan that was first published in Valladolid in 1501. Nordic and Dutch The popularity of Brother Robert's version spawned a parody, Saga Af Tristram ok Ísodd and the poem Tristrams kvæði. Two poems with Arthurian content have been preserved in the collection of Old Norse prose translations of Marie de France's lais Strengleikar (Stringed Instruments). One of these is "Chevrefoil", translated as "Geitarlauf". The Austrian National Library in Vienna is in possession of a 158-line fragment of a c. 1250 Dutch version of Thomas' Tristan. Slavic A 13th-century verse romance based on the German Tristan poems by Gottfried, Heinrich, and Eilhart was written in Old Czech. It is the only known verse representative of the Tristan story in Slavic languages. The Old Belarusian prose Povest' o Tryshchane  from the 1560s represents the furthest Eastern advance of the legend. Some scholars believe it to be the last medieval Tristan or Arthurian text period. Its lineage goes back to the Tristano Veneto. At that time, the Republic of Venice controlled large parts of the Croatian language area, encouraging a more active literary and cultural life than most of the Balkans. The manuscript of the Povest' states it was translated from a lost Serbian intermediary. Scholars assume the legend traveled from Venice through its Balkan colonies, finally reaching the last outpost in this Slavic language. Visual art Sir Tristram and La Belle Yseult Drinking the Love Potion by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1867) Various art forms from the medieval era represented Tristan's story, from ivory mirror cases to the 13th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt. In addition, many literary versions are illuminated with miniatures. The legend also became a popular subject for Romanticist painters of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern adaptations Literature In English, the Tristan story generally suffered the same fate as the Matter of Britain. However, after being ignored for about three centuries, a renaissance of original Arthurian literature took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Revival material includes Alfred Tennyson's "The Last Tournament" which is part of one of his Idylls of the King, Matthew Arnold's 1852 Tristram and Iseult, and Algernon Charles Swinburne's 1882 epic poem Tristram of Lyonesse. Other compilers wrote Tristan's texts as prose novels or short stories. By the 19th century, the Tristan legend spread across the Nordic world, from Denmark to the Faroe Islands. However, these stories diverged from their medieval precursors. For instance, in one Danish ballad, Tristan and Iseult are brother and sister. In two popular Danish chapbooks of the late 18th century, Tristans Saga ok Inionu and En Tragoedisk Historie om den ædle og Tappre Tistrand, Iseult is a princess of India. The popularity of these chapbooks inspired Icelandic poets Sigurður Breiðfjörð and Níels Jónsson to write rímur, long verse narratives inspired by the Tristan legend. Cornish writer Arthur Quiller-Couch started writing Castle Dor, a retelling of the Tristan and Iseult myth in modern circumstances. He designated an innkeeper as King Mark, his wife as Iseult, and a Breton onion-seller as Tristan. The plot was set in Troy, the fictional name of his hometown of Fowey. The book was left unfinished at Quiller-Couch's death in 1944 and was completed in 1962 by Daphne du Maurier. Rosemary Sutcliff wrote two novels based on the story of Tristan and Iseult. The first, Tristan and Iseult, is a 1971 retelling of the story for young adults, set in Cornwall in the southern peninsula of Britain. The story appears again as a chapter of Sutcliff's 1981 Arthurian novel, The Sword and the Circle. Thomas Berger retold the story of Tristan and Isolde in his 1978 interpretation of the Arthurian legend, Arthur Rex: A Legendary Novel. Dee Morrison Meaney told the tale from Iseult's perspective in the 1985 novel Iseult, focusing on the magical side of the story and how the arrival of the Saxons ended the druidic tradition and magical creatures. Diana L. Paxson's 1988 novel The White Raven told the legend of Tristan and Iseult (named in the book as Drustan and Esseilte) from the perspective of Iseult's handmaiden Brangien (Branwen), who was mentioned in various of the medieval stories. Joseph Bédier's Romance of Tristan and Iseult is quoted as a source by John Updike in the afterword to his 1994 novel Brazil about the lovers Tristão and Isabel. Bernard Cornwell included a historical interpretation of the legend as a side story in Enemy of God: A Novel of Arthur, a 1996 entry in The Warlord Chronicles series. Rosalind Miles wrote a trilogy about Tristan and Isolde: The Queen of the Western Isle (2002), The Maid of the White Hands (2003), and The Lady of the Sea (2004). Nancy McKenzie wrote Prince of Dreams: A Tale of Tristan and Essylte as part of her Arthurian series in 2003. In Bengali literature, Sunil Gangopadhyay depicts the story in the novel Sonali Dukkho ("সোনালী দুঃখ"). In Harry Turtledove's alternate history Ruled Britannia, Christopher Marlowe writes a play called Yseult and Tristan to compete with his friend William Shakespeare's immensely popular Hamlet. Theater and opera Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde celebrated in a 1933 German stampIn 1832, Gaetano Donizetti referenced this story in his opera L'elisir d'amore (The Elixir of Love or The Love Potion) in Milan. The character Adina sings the story to the ensemble, inspiring Nemorino to ask the charlatan Dulcamara for the magic elixir. Premiering in 1865, Richard Wagner's influential opera Tristan und Isolde depicts Tristan as a doomed romantic figure, while Isolde fulfills Wagner's quintessential feminine role as the redeeming woman. Swiss composer Frank Martin wrote the chamber opera, intended as an oratorio, Le Vin herbé between 1938 and 1940. Thomas Hardy published his one-act play The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse in 1923. Rutland Boughton's 1924 opera The Queen of Cornwall was based on Thomas Hardy's play. Music Twentieth-century composers have often used the legend with Wagnerian overtones in their compositions. For instance, Hans Werner Henze's orchestral composition Tristan borrowed freely from the Wagnerian version and other retellings of the legend. English composer Rutland Boughton composed the music drama The Queen of Cornwall, inspired by Hardy's play. Its first performance was at the Glastonbury Festival in 1924. Feeling that Hardy's play offered too much-unrelieved grimness, Broughton received permission to import a handful of lyrics from Hardy's early poetical works. In 2010, it was recorded on the Dutton Epoch label with Ronald Corp conducted the New London Orchestra and members of the London Chorus, including soloists Neal Davies (King Mark), Heather Shipp (Queen Iseult), Jacques Imbrailo (Sir Tristam), and Joan Rodgers (Iseult of Brittany). Olivier Messiaen built his 1948 symphony Turangalîla-Symphonie around the story. German power metal band Blind Guardian have a song inspired by Tristan and Iseult's story, "The Maiden and the Minstrel Knight", in their 2002 album A Night at the Opera. English singer and songwriter Patrick Wolf featured a song about the Tristan and Iseult legend, "Tristan", in his 2005 album Wind in the Wires. American indie rock band Tarkio has a song entitled "Tristan and Iseult" in their album Sea Songs for Landlocked Sailers. Film and television The story has also been adapted into film many times. The earliest is probably the 1909 French silent film Tristan et Yseult. Another French film of the same name was released two years later and offered a unique addition to the story: Tristan's jealous slave Rosen tricks the lovers into drinking the love potion, then denounces them to Mark. Mark pities the two lovers, but they commit double suicide anyway. There is also a French silent film version from 1920 closely following the legend. One of the most celebrated and controversial Tristan films was 1943's L'Éternel Retour (The Eternal Return), directed by Jean Delannoy with a screenplay by Jean Cocteau. It is a contemporary retelling of the story with a man named Patrice in the role of Tristan, who fetches a wife for his friend Marke. However, an evil dwarf tricks them into drinking a love potion, and the familiar plot ensues. The film was made in France during the Vichy regime under German domination. Elements of the movie reflect National Socialist ideology, with the beautiful blonde hero and heroine offset by the Untermensch dwarf. The dwarf has a more prominent role than in most interpretations of the legend; its conniving rains havoc on the lovers, much like the Jews of Nazi stereotypes. The 1970 Spanish film Tristana is only tangentially related to the story. The role of Tristan is assumed by the female character Tristana, who cares for her aging uncle, Don Lope. However, she wishes to marry Horacio. The 1981 Irish film Lovespell features Nicholas Clay as Tristan and Kate Mulgrew as Iseult. Coincidentally, Clay went on to play Lancelot in John Boorman's epic Excalibur. The German film Fire and Sword (Feuer und Schwert – Die Legende von Tristan und Isolde) premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 1981 and was released in 1982. The film starred Christoph Waltz as Tristan and was regarded as accurate to the story, though it removed the Iseult of Brittany's subplot. French director François Truffaut adapted the subject to modern times for his 1981 film La Femme d'à côté (The Woman Next Door), while 1988's In the Shadow of the Raven transported the characters to medieval Iceland. In the latter, Trausti and Isolde are warriors from rival tribes who come into conflict when Trausti kills the leader of Isolde's tribe. However, a local bishop makes peace between the two and arranges for their marriage. Bollywood director Subhash Ghai transferred the story to modern India and the United States in his 1997 musical Pardes. The legend received a high-budget treatment with 2006's Tristan & Isolde, produced by Tony Scott and Ridley Scott, written by Dean Georgaris, directed by Kevin Reynolds, and starring James Franco and Sophia Myles. In this version, Tristan is a Cornish warrior raised from a young age by Lord Marke after being orphaned when his parents are killed. In a fight with the Irish, Tristan defeats Morholt, the Irish King's second, but is poisoned during the battle, which dulls his senses. Believing Tristan is dead, his companions send him off in a boat meant to cremate a dead body. Meanwhile, Isolde leaves her home over an unwilling betrothal to Morholt and finds Tristan on the Irish coast. An animated TV series, Tristán & Isolda: La Leyenda Olvidada, aired in Spain and France in 1998. The 2002 French animated phil Tristan et Iseut is a redacted version of the traditional tale aimed at a family audience. See also Cornwall portalIreland portal Antony and Cleopatra Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Canoel Medieval hunting (terminology) Notes and references ^ "Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ Weston, Jessie Laidlay (1911). "Tristan" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–294. ^ Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian name dictionary. Taylor & Francis. p. 271. ISBN 0-8153-2865-6. Retrieved 2022-01-27. ^ N. J. Lacy (et al.). "Carta enviada por Hiseo la Brunda Tristan", "Repuesta de Tristan" from The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991. ^ Spring, Adam; Peters, Caradoc (December 2014). "Developing a low cost 3D imaging solution for inscribed stone surface analysis". Journal of Archaeological Science. 52: 97–107. Bibcode:2014JArSc..52...97S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017. ^ Jeffrey Gantz (translator), Culhwch and Olwen, from The Mabinogion, Penguin, 1976. ISBN 0-14-044322-3 ^ a b c Stewart Gregory (translator), Thomas of Britain, Roman de Tristan, New York: Garland Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-8240-4034-1 ^ a b Fakhr al-Dīn Gurgānī, and Dick Davis. 2008. Vis & Ramin. Washington, DC: Mage publishers. ^ Nosrat, Shahla (2014). Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn: origines indo-européennes de deux romans médiévaux (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-03880-3. ^ Grimbert, Joan T. 1995. Tristan and Isolde: a casebook. New York: Garland Pub. ^ Grimbert, Joan T. 1995. Tristan and Isolde: a casebook. p. 21. ^ "Early French Tristan Poems", from Norris J. Lacy (editor), Arthurian Archives, Cambridge, England; Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 1998. ISBN 0-8240-4034-1 ^ Federick, Alan."Introduction." The Romance of Tristan: The Tale of Tristan's Madness.Translated by Alan S. Fedrick, Penguin Classics, 1970. ^ a b Norris J. Lacy et al. "Gottfried von Strassburg" from The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, 1991. ^ Kelly, Molly Robinson. "After the Potion." The Hero's Place: Medieval Literary Traditions of Space and Belonging. Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press, 2009, pp. 227-284. ^ "Trove". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-11-06. ^ P. Schach, The Saga of Tristram and Isond, University of Nebraska Press, 1973 ^ "Tristan and Iseult". The Joys of Old French. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ Norris J. Lacy (editor). Arthurian Archives: Early French Tristan Poems. Cambridge (England); Rochester, New York: D.S. Brewer, 1998. ISBN 0-8240-4034-1 ^ "Chrétien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ "The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ N. J. Lacy et al. 'Cliges". The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991. ^ a b Before any editions of the Prose Tristan were attempted, scholars were dependent on an extended summary and analysis of all the manuscripts by Eilert Löseth in 1890 (republished in 1974). The more extended modern editions consist of two: Renée L. Curtis, ed. Le Roman de Tristan en prose, vols. 1–3 (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1963–1985) and Philippe Ménard, exec. ed. Le Roman de Tristan en Prose, vols. 1–9 (Geneva: Droz, 1987–1997). Curtis' edition of a simple manuscript (Carpentras 404) covers Tristan's ancestry and the traditional legend up to Tristan's madness. However, the massive number of manuscripts dissuaded other scholars from attempting what Curtis had done until Ménard hit upon the idea of using multiple teams of scholars to tackle the infamous Vienna 2542 manuscript. His edition follows Curtis' and ends with Tristan's death and the first signs of Arthur's fall. Richard Trachsler is currently preparing an edition of the "continuation" of the Prose Tristan. The shorter version, which contains no Grail Quest, is published by Joël Blanchard in five volumes. ^ Alan Lupak (editor). Lancelot of the Laik and Sir Tristrem. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. 1994. ^ The Tristan Legend Hill. Leeds England: Leeds Medieval Studies. 1973. ^ http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/tristan.htm ^ N. J. Lacy (et al.) (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ^ von Rudolph, Meissner (trans.), Die Strengleikar : ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der altnordischen Prosalitteratur (Halle a.S : M. Niemeyer, 1902). ^ N. J. Lacy (et al.). "Czech Arthurian Literature" in The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, 1991. ^ Kipel, Z (c. 1988). The Byelorussian Tristan. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7598-6. ^ N. J. Lacy (et al.). Tristan from The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991. ^ "L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ The Queen of Cornwall, retrieved 2022-05-03 ^ "The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ Messiaen : Turangalîla-Symphonie (Susanna Mälkki / Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France), retrieved 2022-05-03 ^ Patrick Wolf - Wind in the Wires, retrieved 2022-05-03 ^ "Films named Tristan and Isolde". Internet Movie Database. ^ a b c d e f g h Harty, Kevin J. "Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester". ^ "Watch Tristan e Isolda". msn.com. Retrieved 13 October 2019. ^ "Tristan et Iseut". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tristan and Iseult. Overview of the story "Romance of Tristan and Isolde" (free PDF ebook) Archived 2016-11-28 at the Wayback Machine Tristan page from the Camelot Project Bibliography of Modern Tristania in English Tristan and Iseult public domain audiobook at LibriVox (in French) Béroul's Le Roman de Tristan (in French) Thomas d'Angleterre's Tristan (in French) Tristan and Iseult, audio version vteCulture of CornwallCornish: Gonisogeth KernowSymbols Celtic cross Cornish chough Cornish heath Cornish kilts and tartans Jonathan Trelawny Michael An Gof Saint Piran Saint Piran's Flag Scillonian Cross Festivals AberFest Allantide Chewidden Thursday Furry Dance Golowan Guldize Kernewek Lowender Montol Festival Mummer's Day Nickanan Night Nos Lowen Noze looan 'Obby 'Oss Picrous Day St Piran's Day Tom Bawcock's Eve Sports Cornish hurling Cornish pilot-gig racing Cornish wrestling Rugby union in Cornwall Cuisine Cloam oven Clotted cream Cornish cheeses Cornish cream tea Cornish fairings Cornish Gilliflower Hevva cake Hog's pudding Pasty Saffron bun Stargazy pie Cornish Yarg Arts List of Cornish writers Tristan and Iseult Cornwall Film Festival Tate St Ives St Ives School W. J. Burley Charles Causley Newlyn School Barbara Hepworth Daphne du Maurier William Golding Alan Kent H. C. McNeile Rosamunde Pilcher Derek Tangye D. M. Thomas Minack Theatre The Pirates of Penzance Music Cornish bagpipes Brenda Wootton Dalla Fisherman's Friends Crowns Folk songs "Bro Goth agan Tasow" "Camborne Hill" "Come, all ye jolly tinner boys" "Delkiow Sivy" "Hail to the Homeland" "The Song of the Western Men" Language Anglo-Cornish Cornish literature Ordinalia Beunans Meriasek Bewnans Ke Prayer Book Rebellion Radyo an Gernewegva Mythology Beast of Bodmin Blunderbore Bucca Cormoran Cruel Coppinger Jack the Giant Killer Knocker King Arthur Lyonesse Mermaid of Zennor Owlman Piskie Spriggan Organisations Federation of Old Cornwall Societies Gorsedh Kernow Institute of Cornish Studies Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society Royal Cornwall Show Royal Institution of Cornwall (Royal Cornwall Museum) Movyans Skolyow Meythrin Akademi Kernewek Cornwall portal vteKing Arthur and the Matter of BritainFamily Agravain Cador Constantine Culhwch Ector Elaine of Garlot Hoel Gaheris Gareth Gawain Gingalain Guinevere Igraine Kay Mordred Morgan le Fay Morgause Ambrosius Aurelianus Uther Pendragon Urien Yvain Knights of the Round Table Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors the Younger Brunor Cligès Caradoc Dagonet Daniel Dinadan Galahad Galehaut Geraint Griflet Lamorak Lancelot Lanval Lionel Moriaen Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Percival Sagramore Tristan Other characters Accolon Agrestes Angharad Golden-Hand Anguish of Ireland Annowre Balin and Balan Ban Lady Bertilak Black Knight(s) Blanchefleur Bors the Elder Brangaine Brunor(s) Catigern Claudas Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Benoic Elaine of Corbenic Enide Feirefiz Fisher King(s) Garel Gorlois Green Knight(s) Guiomar Guiron le Courtois Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Hengist Iseult Lady/Ladies of the Lake Laudine Leodegrance Lohengrin Lot Lucius Lunete Lynette and Lyonesse Maleagant Mark of Cornwall Meliodas Merlin Nentres Nine sorceresses Olwen Percival's sister Red Knight(s) Rience Sebile Taliesin Tegau Eurfron Vortigern Yniol Objects and animals Cavall Excalibur Gringolet Holy Grail Pridwen Prydwen Questing Beast Round Table Siege Perilous Twrch Trwyth Places Astolat Avalon Glastonbury Tor Brocéliande Val sans retour Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Chapel perilous Corbenic Esplumoir Merlin Joyous Gard Land/Castle of Maidens Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel Tintagel Castle In media Bibliography List of works comics Topics Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke Loathly lady Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur's messianic return Pendragon Knight of the Swan Tristan and Iseult Wales portal England portal History portal vteTristan and IseultCharacters Anguish of Ireland Brangaine Iseult Kahedin Mark of Cornwall Meliodas Morholt Tristan Medieval sources Thomas of Britain's Tristran Béroul's Tristan Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan Prose Tristan "Cligès" "Chevrefoil" Folie Tristan d'Oxford Sir Tristrem Later literature Tristram and Iseult (1852) Tristram of Lyonesse (1882) Tristan (1903) Finnegans Wake (1939) Tristan and Iseult (1971) Arthur Rex (1978) The Old French Tristan Poems (1980) Music Tristan und Isolde (1865, Wagner) Discography Tristan chord "Liebestod" Souvenirs de Munich (ca. 1887) Turangalîla-Symphonie (1949, Messiaen) Tristan (1975, Henze) Qntal III: Tristan und Isolde (2003) "Tristan" (2005) Film The Eternal Return (1943) The Woman Next Door (1981) Lovespell (1981) Fire and Sword (1982) In the Shadow of the Raven (1988) Tristan & Isolde (2006) Art Tristan Quilt Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels Tristan and Isolde (Egusquiza) Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tristan and Iseult (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_James_Draper_-_Tristan_%26_Isolde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herbert Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_James_Draper"},{"link_name":"chivalric romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_romance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_people"},{"link_name":"Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan"},{"link_name":"Iseult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseult"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"King Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mark"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"love potion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_potion"},{"link_name":"Western culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"Thomas of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Béroul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9roul"},{"link_name":"Prose Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Tristan"},{"link_name":"Knights of the Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table"},{"link_name":"Romantic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Wagner's operatic adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tristan and Iseult (disambiguation).Tristan and Isolde by Herbert Draper (1901)Tristan and Iseult, also known as Tristan and Isolde and other names, is a medieval chivalric romance told in numerous variations since the 12th century.[1] Based on a Celtic legend and possibly other sources, the tale is a tragedy about the illicit love between the Cornish knight Tristan and the Irish princess Iseult in the days of King Arthur. It depicts Tristan's mission to escort Iseult from Ireland to marry his uncle, King Mark of Cornwall. On the journey, Tristan and Iseult ingest a love potion, instigating a forbidden love affair between them.The legend has had a lasting impact on Western culture. Its different versions exist in many European texts in various languages from the Middle Ages. The earliest instances take two primary forms: the so-called courtly and common branches, respectively associated with the 12th-century poems of Thomas of Britain and Béroul, the latter believed to reflect a now-lost original tale. A subsequent version emerged in the 13th century in the wake of the greatly expanded Prose Tristan, merging Tristan's romance more thoroughly with the mythology of King Arthur, with Tristan becoming one of his Knights of the Round Table. Finally, after the revived interest in the medieval era in the 19th century under the influence of Romantic nationalism, the story has continued to be popular in the modern era, notably Wagner's operatic adaptation.","title":"Tristan and Iseult"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan"},{"link_name":"Iseult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseult"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BUSSIERE_Gaston_-_Yseult_la_blonde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaston Bussière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Bussi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan"},{"link_name":"Thomas of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Béroul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9roul"},{"link_name":"Prose Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Tristan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Duncan_(1912)_Tristan_%26_Isolde.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duncan_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Morholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morholt"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Iseult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseult"},{"link_name":"Mark of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Lancelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot"},{"link_name":"Guinevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinevere"},{"link_name":"love triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_triangle"},{"link_name":"courtly love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Dumnonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnonia"},{"link_name":"hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"burning at the stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_burning"},{"link_name":"leper colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_colony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hugues_Merle_-_Tristan_and_Isolde_(3698339).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugues Merle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_Merle"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Hoel of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoel_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Folie Tristan d'Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folie_Tristan_d%27Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"See also: Tristan and IseultThe Blonde Yseult by Gaston Bussière (early 20th century)The story and character of Tristan vary between versions. His name also varies, although Tristan is the most common modern spelling. The earliest known tradition comes from the French romances of Thomas of Britain and Béroul, two poets from the second half of the 12th century, based on uncertain origins. A later medieval tradition comes from the vast Prose Tristan (c. 1240) that is markedly different from the tales of Thomas and Béroul.Tristan and Isolde by John Duncan (1912)After defeating the Irish knight Morholt, the young prince Tristan travels to Ireland to bring back the fair Iseult (often known as Isolde, Isolt, or Yseult) for his uncle King Mark of Cornwall to marry. Along the way, Tristan and Iseult ingest a love potion, which causes them to fall madly in love.[2] The potion's effects last a lifetime in the legend's so-called courtly branch. However, in the so-called common branch version, the potion's results end after three years.In some variants (including Béroul's), Tristan and Iseult ingest the potion accidentally after it was gifted to her by her mother to use on her wedding night. In others, the potion's maker gives it to Iseult to share with Mark, but she gives it to Tristan instead. Although Iseult marries Mark, the spell forces her and Tristan to seek each other as lovers. The King's advisors repeatedly try to charge the pair with adultery, but the lovers use trickery to preserve their façade of innocence. In Béroul's poem, the love potion eventually wears off, but the two lovers continue their adulterous relationship for some time, until returning to the kingdom of Cornwall.Like the Arthur–Lancelot–Guinevere love triangle in the medieval courtly love motif, Tristan, King Mark, and Iseult all love one another. Tristan honors and respects his uncle King Mark as his mentor and adopted father. Iseult is grateful for Mark's kindness to her. Mark loves Tristan as his son and Iseult as a wife. However, every night each has horrible dreams about the future. Simultaneous to the love triangle is the endangerment of a fragile kingdom and the end of the war between Ireland and Cornwall (Dumnonia).King Mark eventually learns of the affair and seeks to entrap his nephew and wife. Mark acquires what seems to be proof of their guilt and resolves to punish Tristan by hanging and Iseult by burning at the stake. However, Mark changes his mind about Iseult and lodges her in a leper colony. Tristan escapes on his way to the gallows, making a miraculous leap from a chapel to rescue Iseult.Tristan and Isolde (with Husdent the dog) by Hugues Merle (c. 1870)The lovers flee into the forest of Morrois and take shelter there for multiple years until Mark later discovers them and takes pity on their exile and suffering. They make peace with Mark after Tristan agrees to return Iseult to Mark and leave the country. Tristan then travels to Brittany, where he marries Iseult of the White Hands, daughter of Hoel of Brittany, for her name and beauty. In some versions, including Béroul and the Folie Tristan d'Oxford, Tristan returns in disguise for Iseult of Ireland, but their dog, Husdent, betrays his identity.[3]","title":"Narratives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leighton-Tristan_and_Isolde-1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edmund Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Leighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rogelio_de_Egusquiza_-_Tristan_and_Isolt_(Death)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rogelio de Egusquiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogelio_de_Egusquiza"},{"link_name":"Tristan and Isolde (Death)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_and_Isolde_(Death)"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Vulgate Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table"},{"link_name":"Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"Post-Vulgate Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Le Morte d'Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur"},{"link_name":"Kahedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahedin"},{"link_name":"Theseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theseus"}],"sub_title":"Association with Arthur and death","text":"The End of the Song by Edmund Leighton (1902)Rogelio de Egusquiza's Tristan and Isolde (Death) (1910)The earliest surviving Tristan poems already include references to King Arthur and his court. Mentions of Tristan and Iseult are also found in some early Arthurian texts. Writers expanded the connection between the story and the Arthurian legend over time. Shortly after the completion of the Vulgate Cycle (the Lancelot-Grail cycle) in the first half of the 13th century, two authors created the Prose Tristan, which establishes Tristan as one of the most outstanding Knight of the Round Table. Here, he is also portrayed as a former enemy turned friend of Lancelot and a participant in the Quest for the Holy Grail. The Prose Tristan evolved into the familiar medieval tale of Tristan and Iseult that became the Post-Vulgate Cycle. Two centuries later, it became the primary source for the seminal Arthurian compilation Le Morte d'Arthur.In the popular extended version of the Prose Tristan, and the works derived from it, Tristan is attacked by King Mark while he plays the harp for Iseult. Mark strikes Tristan with a poisoned or cursed lance, mortally wounding him, and the lovers die together. The poetic treatments of the Tristan legend, however, offer a very different account of the hero's death, and the short version of the Prose Tristan and some later works also use the traditional account of Tristan's death as found in the poetic versions.In Thomas' poem, Tristan is wounded by a poisoned lance while attempting to rescue a young woman from six knights. Tristan sends his friend Kahedin to find Iseult of Ireland, the only person who can heal him. Tristan tells Kahedin to sail back with white sails if he is bringing Iseult and black sails if he is not (perhaps an echo of the Greek myth of Theseus). Iseult agrees to return to Tristan with Kahedin, but Tristan's jealous wife, Iseult of the White Hands, lies to Tristan about the color of the sails. Tristan dies of grief, thinking Iseult has betrayed him, and Iseult dies over his corpse.","title":"Narratives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Servieres-Lancelot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugénie Servières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Servi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Hilaire Belloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc"},{"link_name":"Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Post-death","text":"Geneviève and Lancelot at the Tombs of Isolde and Tristan by Eugénie Servières (c. 1814)French sources, such as the ones chosen in the English translation by Hilaire Belloc in 1903, state that a bramble briar grows out of Tristan's grave, growing so thickly that it forms a bower and roots itself into Iseult's grave. King Mark tries to have the branches cut three separate times, and each time the branches grow back and intertwine. Later versions embellish the story with the briar above Tristan's grave intertwining and a rose tree from Iseult's grave. Other variants replace the intertwining trees with hazel and honeysuckle.Later versions state that the lovers had several children, including a son and a daughter named after themselves. The children have adventures of their own. In the 14th-century French romance Ysaÿe le Triste (Ysaÿe the Sad), the eponymous hero is the son of Tristan and Iseult. He becomes involved with the fairy king Oberon and marries a girl named Martha, who bears him a son named Mark. Spanish Tristan el Joven also included Tristan's son, referred to as Tristan of Leonis.[4]","title":"Narratives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are several theories about the tale's origins, although historians disagree over which is the most accurate.","title":"Origins and analogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Drustanus Stone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan#The_Tristan_Stone"},{"link_name":"Castle Dore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Dore"},{"link_name":"Cunomorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Welsh Triads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triads"},{"link_name":"gnomic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Mabinogion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion"},{"link_name":"Illtud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illtud"},{"link_name":"The Dream of Rhonabwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy"},{"link_name":"Middle Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Culhwch and Olwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"British","text":"The mid-6th century \"Drustanus Stone\" in southeast Cornwall close to Castle Dore has an inscription referring to Drustan, son of Cunomorus (Mark). However, not all historians agree that the Drustan referred to is the archetype of Tristan. The inscription is heavily eroded, but the earliest records of the stone, dating to the 16th century, all agree on some variation of CIRVIVS / CIRUSIUS as the name inscribed. It was first read as a variation of DRUSTANUS in the late 19th century. The optimistic reading corresponds to the 19th-century revival of medieval romance. A 2014 study using 3D scanning supported the initial \"CI\" reading rather than the backward-facing \"D.\"[5]There are references to March ap Meichion (Mark) and Trystan in the Welsh Triads, some gnomic poetry, the Mabinogion stories, and the 11th-century hagiography of Illtud. A character called Drystan appears as one of King Arthur's advisers at the end of The Dream of Rhonabwy, a 13th-century tale in the Middle Welsh prose collection known as the Mabinogion. Iseult is also a member of Arthur's court in Culhwch and Olwen, an earlier Mabinogion tale.[6]","title":"Origins and analogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Diarmuid_and_Gr%C3%A1inne"},{"link_name":"Fionn mac Cumhaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"Gráinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid Ua Duibhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne"},{"link_name":"sleeping potion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_potion"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid Ua Duibhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne"},{"link_name":"Fianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna"},{"link_name":"Yellow Book of Lecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Book_of_Lecan"},{"link_name":"Ulster Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Naoise mac Usnech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoise"},{"link_name":"Conchobar mac Nessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht"},{"link_name":"Fergus mac Róich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich"},{"link_name":"Táin Bó Cúailnge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge"}],"sub_title":"Irish","text":"Scholars have given much attention to possible Irish antecedents to the Tristan legend. An ill-fated love triangle is featured in several Irish works, most notably in Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne (The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne). In this literary work, the aging Fionn mac Cumhaill is to marry the young princess, Gráinne. At the betrothal ceremony, she falls in love with Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, one of Fionn's most trusted warriors. Gráinne gives a sleeping potion to all present but Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, and she convinces him to elope with her. Fianna pursues the fugitive lovers across Ireland.Another Irish analog is Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin, preserved in the 14th-century Yellow Book of Lecan. In this tale, Cano is an exiled Scottish king who accepts the hospitality of King Marcan of Ui Maile. His young wife, Credd, drugs all present and convinces Cano to be her lover. They try to keep a tryst while at Marcan's court, but they are frustrated by courtiers. In the end, Credd kills herself, and Cano dies of grief.The Ulster Cycle includes the text Clann Uisnigh or Deirdre of the Sorrows in which Naoise mac Usnech falls for Deirdre. However, King Conchobar mac Nessa imprisons her due to a prophecy that Ulster will plunge into civil war due to men fighting for her beauty. Conchobar agrees to marry Deirdre to avert war and avenges Clann Uisnigh. The death of Naoise and his kin leads many Ulstermen to defect to Connacht, including Conchobar's stepfather and trusted ally, Fergus mac Róich. This eventually results in the Irish epic tale Táin Bó Cúailnge.","title":"Origins and analogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Vis and Rāmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_and_R%C4%81min"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roman-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C4%ABn_Gurg%C4%81n%C4%AB_2008-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C4%ABn_Gurg%C4%81n%C4%AB_2008-8"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Persian","text":"Some scholars suggest that the 11th-century Persian story Vis and Rāmin is the model for the Tristan legend because the similarities are too significant to be coincidental.[7][8][9] However, the evidence for the Persian origin of Tristan and Iseult is very circumstantial.[10] Some suggest the Persian story traveled to the West with story-telling exchanges in a Syrian court during crusades.[8] Others believe the story came West with minstrels who had free access to both Crusader and Saracen camps in the Holy Land.[11]","title":"Origins and analogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Pyramus and Thisbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe"},{"link_name":"Ariadne at Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roman-7"},{"link_name":"Baucis and Philemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon"},{"link_name":"Deirdre of the Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_of_the_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"oral traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"}],"sub_title":"Roman","text":"Some scholars believe Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe and the story of Ariadne at Naxos may have contributed to the development of the Tristan legend.[7] The sequence in which Tristan and Iseult die and become interwoven trees also parallels Ovid's love story of Baucis and Philemon, where two lovers transform after death into two trees sprouting from the same trunk. However, this also occurs in the saga of Deirdre of the Sorrows, making the link more tenuous. Moreover, this theory ignores the lost oral traditions of pre-literate societies, relying only on written records that were damaged during the development of modern nation-states such as England and France, especially during the dissolution of the monasteries.","title":"Origins and analogs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béroul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9roul"},{"link_name":"chivalric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Layamon's Brut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut"},{"link_name":"Perlesvaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlesvaus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFTP-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eilhart von Oberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilhart_von_Oberge"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottfried-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bédier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B%C3%A9dier"},{"link_name":"Bédier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B%C3%A9dier"},{"link_name":"Hackett Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"Hilaire Belloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc"},{"link_name":"Caedmon Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caedmon_Audio"},{"link_name":"Claire Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Common branch","text":"The earliest representation of the so-called common (or \"vulgar\") branch is Béroul's Le Roman de Tristan (The Romance of Tristan). The first part dates between 1150 and 1170, and the second one dates between 1181 and 1190. The common branch is so named because it represents an earlier non-chivalric, non-courtly tradition of story-telling, making it more reflective of the Dark Ages than the refined High Middle Ages. In this respect, the works in this branch are similar to Layamon's Brut and the Perlesvaus.Beroul's version is the oldest known version of the Tristan romances, but knowledge of his work is limited. A few substantial fragments of his original version were discovered in the 19th century, with the rest reconstructed from later versions.[12] It is considered the closest presentation of all the raw events in the romance, with no explanation or modifications. As a result, Beroul's version is an archetype for later \"common branch\" editions.[13] A more substantial illustration of the common branch is the German version by Eilhart von Oberge. Eilhart was popular but paled in comparison with the later courtly Gottfried.[14]One aspect of the common branch that differentiates from the courtly branch is the depiction of the lovers' time in exile from Mark's court. While the courtly branch describes Tristan and Iseult as sheltering in a \"Cave of Lovers\" and living in happy seclusion, the common branches emphasize the extreme suffering that Tristan and Iseult endure. In the common branch, exile is a proper punishment that highlights the couple's departure from courtly norms and emphasizes the impossibility of their romance.[15]French medievalist Joseph Bédier thought all the Tristan legends could be traced to a single original: a Cornish or Breton poem. He dubbed this hypothetical original the \"Ur-Tristan.\" Bédier wrote Romance of Tristan and Iseult to reconstruct what this source might have been like, incorporating material from other versions to make a cohesive whole. An English translation of Bédier's Roman de Tristan et Iseut (1900) by Edward J. Gallagher was published in 2013 by Hackett Publishing Company. A translation by Hilaire Belloc, first published in 1913, was published as a Caedmon Audio recording read by Claire Bloom in 1958 and republished in 2005.[16]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roman-7"},{"link_name":"trouvère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)"},{"link_name":"troubadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour"},{"link_name":"Brother Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Robert"},{"link_name":"Haakon Haakonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gottfried von Strassburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Freiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Freiberg"},{"link_name":"Ulrich von Türheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_von_T%C3%BCrheim"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottfried-14"}],"sub_title":"Courtly branch","text":"The earliest representation of what scholars name the \"courtly\" branch of the Tristan legend is in the work of Thomas of Britain, dating from 1173. Unfortunately, only ten fragments of his Tristan poem survived, compiled from six manuscripts. Of these six manuscripts, the ones in Turin and Strasbourg are now lost, leaving two in Oxford, one in Cambridge, and one in Carlisle.[7] In his text, Thomas names another trouvère who also sang of Tristan, though no manuscripts of this earlier version have been discovered. There is also a passage describing Iseult writing a short lai out of grief. This information sheds light on the development of an unrelated legend concerning the death of a prominent troubadour and the composition of lais by noblewomen of the 12th century.The essential text for knowledge of the courtly branch of the Tristan legend is the abridged translation of Thomas made by Brother Robert at the request of King Haakon Haakonson of Norway in 1227. King Haakon had wanted to promote Angevin-Norman culture at his court, so he commissioned the translation of several French Arthurian works. The Nordic version presents a complete, direct narrative of the events in Thomas' Tristan with the omission of his numerous interpretive diversions. It is the only complete representative of the courtly branch in its formative period.[17]Chronologically preceding the work of Brother Robert is the Tristan and Isolt of Gottfried von Strassburg, written circa 1211–1215. The poem was Gottfried's only known work and was left incomplete due to his death, with the retelling reaching halfway through the main plot. Authors such as Heinrich von Freiberg and Ulrich von Türheim completed the poem at a later time, but with the common branch of the legend as the source.[14]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other medieval versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marie de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_France"},{"link_name":"her lais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lais_of_Marie_de_France"},{"link_name":"Chevrefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrefoil"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"Folie Tristan d'Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folie_Tristan_d%27Oxford"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chrétien de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cligès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Prose Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Tristan"},{"link_name":"Quest for the Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_for_the_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"Post-Vulgate Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Roman de Palamedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)"}],"sub_title":"French","text":"A contemporary of Béroul and Thomas of Britain, Marie de France presented a Tristan episode in her lais, \"Chevrefoil\". The title refers to the symbiosis of the honeysuckle and hazelnut tree, which die when separated, similar to Tristan and Iseult. It concerns another of Tristan's clandestine returns to Cornwall, with the banished hero signaling his presence to Iseult with an inscribed hazelnut tree branch placed on a road she was to travel. This episode is similar to a version of the courtly branch when Tristan places wood shavings in a stream as a signal for Iseult to meet in the garden of Mark's palace.There are also two 12th-century Folies Tristan, Old French poems known as the Berne (Folie Tristan de Berne) and the Oxford (Folie Tristan d'Oxford) versions, which tell of Tristan's return to Marc's court under the guise of a madman.[18] Besides their importance as episodic additions to the Tristan story and masterpieces of narrative structure, these relatively short poems significantly restored Béroul's and Thomas' incomplete texts.[19]Chrétien de Troyes claimed to have written a Tristan story, though it has never been found.[20] Chrétien mentioned this in the introduction to his Cligès, a romance that is anti-Tristan with a happy ending.[21] Some scholars speculate his Tristan was ill-received, prompting Chrétien to write Cligès—a story with no Celtic antecedent—to make amends.[22]After Béroul and Thomas, the most noteworthy development in French Tristania is a complex grouping of texts known as the Prose Tristan. Extremely popular in the 13th and 14th centuries, these lengthy narratives vary in detail. Modern editions run twelve volumes for the extended version that includes Tristan's participation in the Quest for the Holy Grail.[23] The shorter version without the grail quest consists of five books.[23] The Prose Tristan significantly influenced later medieval literature and inspired parts of the Post-Vulgate Cycle and the Roman de Palamedes.","title":"Other medieval versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Tristrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tristrem"},{"link_name":"Auchinleck manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchinleck_manuscript"},{"link_name":"National Library of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Thomas Malory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malory"},{"link_name":"Le Morte d'Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur"},{"link_name":"Lyonesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonesse"},{"link_name":"Winchester Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"English and Welsh","text":"The earliest complete source of Tristan's story in English was Sir Tristrem, a c. 1300 romantic poem in the courtly style with 3,344 lines. It is part of the Auchinleck manuscript at the National Library of Scotland. As with many medieval English adaptations of French Arthuriana, the poem's artistic achievement is average. However, some critics have tried to rehabilitate it, claiming it is a parody. Its first editor, Walter Scott, provided a sixty-line ending to the story that was included in every subsequent edition.[24]Thomas Malory's The Book of Sir Tristram de Lyones is the only other medieval handling of the Tristan legend in English. Malory provided a shortened translation of the French Prose Tristan and included it in his Arthurian romance compilation Le Morte d'Arthur. In Malory's version, Tristram is the son of the King of Lyonesse. Since the Winchester Manuscript surfaced in 1934, there has been much scholarly debate on whether the Tristan narrative, like all the episodes in Le Morte d'Arthur, was intended to be an independent piece or part of a more extensive work.The Welsh Ystorya Trystan exists in six manuscripts of mixed prose and verse dating from the late 16th to the mid-17th century.[25] It seems to a derivative of an original Welsh tradition rather than the later French stories.[26]","title":"Other medieval versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"La Tavola Ritonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tavola_Ritonda"},{"link_name":"Arcipreste de Hita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcipreste_de_Hita"}],"sub_title":"Italian and Spanish","text":"In Italy, many cantari or oral poems performed in the public square about Tristan or referencing him. These poems include Cantari di Tristano, Due Tristani Quando Tristano e Lancielotto combattiero al petrone di Merlino, Ultime Imprese e Morte Tristano, and Vendetta che fe Messer Lanzelloto de la Morte di Messer Tristano, among others.There are also four versions of the Prose Tristan in medieval Italy, named after the place of composition or library where they are housed: Tristano Panciaticchiano (Panciatichi family library), Tristano Riccardiano (Biblioteca Riccardiana), and Tristano Veneto (Venetian).[27] The exception to this is La Tavola Ritonda, a 15th-century Italian rewrite of the Prose Tristan.In the first third of the 14th century, Arcipreste de Hita wrote his version of the Tristan story, Carta Enviada por Hiseo la Brunda a Tristán. Respuesta de Tristán is a unique 15th-century romance written as imaginary letters between the two lovers. Libro del muy esforzado caballero Don Tristán de Leonís y de sus grandes hechos en armas, a Spanish reworking of the Prose Tristan that was first published in Valladolid in 1501.","title":"Other medieval versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Strengleikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengleikar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Austrian National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Library"}],"sub_title":"Nordic and Dutch","text":"The popularity of Brother Robert's version spawned a parody, Saga Af Tristram ok Ísodd and the poem Tristrams kvæði. Two poems with Arthurian content have been preserved in the collection of Old Norse prose translations of Marie de France's lais Strengleikar (Stringed Instruments). One of these is \"Chevrefoil\", translated as \"Geitarlauf\".[28]The Austrian National Library in Vienna is in possession of a 158-line fragment of a c. 1250 Dutch version of Thomas' Tristan.","title":"Other medieval versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Czech"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Old Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language"},{"link_name":"Povest' o Tryshchane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Povest%27_o_Tryshchane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Croatian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Slavic","text":"A 13th-century verse romance based on the German Tristan poems by Gottfried, Heinrich, and Eilhart was written in Old Czech. It is the only known verse representative of the Tristan story in Slavic languages.[29]The Old Belarusian prose Povest' o Tryshchane [be] from the 1560s represents the furthest Eastern advance of the legend. Some scholars believe it to be the last medieval Tristan or Arthurian text period. Its lineage goes back to the Tristano Veneto. At that time, the Republic of Venice controlled large parts of the Croatian language area, encouraging a more active literary and cultural life than most of the Balkans. The manuscript of the Povest' states it was translated from a lost Serbian intermediary. Scholars assume the legend traveled from Venice through its Balkan colonies, finally reaching the last outpost in this Slavic language.[30]","title":"Other medieval versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Tristram_and_Isolde_Drinking_the_Love_Potion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dante Gabriel Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti"},{"link_name":"Tristan Quilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Quilt"},{"link_name":"illuminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Romanticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"}],"text":"Sir Tristram and La Belle Yseult Drinking the Love Potion by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1867)Various art forms from the medieval era represented Tristan's story, from ivory mirror cases to the 13th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt. In addition, many literary versions are illuminated with miniatures. The legend also became a popular subject for Romanticist painters of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.","title":"Visual art"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matter of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Alfred Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"Idylls of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idylls_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"Matthew Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Tristram and Iseult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram_and_Iseult"},{"link_name":"Algernon Charles Swinburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne"},{"link_name":"Tristram of Lyonesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram_of_Lyonesse"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"chapbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapbook"},{"link_name":"Sigurður Breiðfjörð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Brei%C3%B0fj%C3%B6r%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Arthur Quiller-Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Quiller-Couch"},{"link_name":"Fowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowey"},{"link_name":"Daphne du Maurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Sutcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Sutcliff"},{"link_name":"The Sword and the Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_and_the_Circle"},{"link_name":"Thomas Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Berger_(US_novelist)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rex: A Legendary Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rex:_A_Legendary_Novel"},{"link_name":"Diana L. Paxson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_L._Paxson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bédier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B%C3%A9dier"},{"link_name":"John Updike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Enemy of God: A Novel of Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_God_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Warlord Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warlord_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Rosalind Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Miles_(author)"},{"link_name":"Nancy McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Sunil Gangopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Sonali Dukkho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonali_Dukkho_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"Ruled Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruled_Britannia"},{"link_name":"Christopher Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"In English, the Tristan story generally suffered the same fate as the Matter of Britain. However, after being ignored for about three centuries, a renaissance of original Arthurian literature took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Revival material includes Alfred Tennyson's \"The Last Tournament\" which is part of one of his Idylls of the King, Matthew Arnold's 1852 Tristram and Iseult, and Algernon Charles Swinburne's 1882 epic poem Tristram of Lyonesse. Other compilers wrote Tristan's texts as prose novels or short stories.By the 19th century, the Tristan legend spread across the Nordic world, from Denmark to the Faroe Islands. However, these stories diverged from their medieval precursors. For instance, in one Danish ballad, Tristan and Iseult are brother and sister. In two popular Danish chapbooks of the late 18th century, Tristans Saga ok Inionu and En Tragoedisk Historie om den ædle og Tappre Tistrand, Iseult is a princess of India. The popularity of these chapbooks inspired Icelandic poets Sigurður Breiðfjörð and Níels Jónsson to write rímur, long verse narratives inspired by the Tristan legend.[31]Cornish writer Arthur Quiller-Couch started writing Castle Dor, a retelling of the Tristan and Iseult myth in modern circumstances. He designated an innkeeper as King Mark, his wife as Iseult, and a Breton onion-seller as Tristan. The plot was set in Troy, the fictional name of his hometown of Fowey. The book was left unfinished at Quiller-Couch's death in 1944 and was completed in 1962 by Daphne du Maurier.Rosemary Sutcliff wrote two novels based on the story of Tristan and Iseult. The first, Tristan and Iseult, is a 1971 retelling of the story for young adults, set in Cornwall in the southern peninsula of Britain. The story appears again as a chapter of Sutcliff's 1981 Arthurian novel, The Sword and the Circle. Thomas Berger retold the story of Tristan and Isolde in his 1978 interpretation of the Arthurian legend, Arthur Rex: A Legendary Novel. Dee Morrison Meaney told the tale from Iseult's perspective in the 1985 novel Iseult, focusing on the magical side of the story and how the arrival of the Saxons ended the druidic tradition and magical creatures.Diana L. Paxson's 1988 novel The White Raven told the legend of Tristan and Iseult (named in the book as Drustan and Esseilte) from the perspective of Iseult's handmaiden Brangien (Branwen), who was mentioned in various of the medieval stories. Joseph Bédier's Romance of Tristan and Iseult is quoted as a source by John Updike in the afterword to his 1994 novel Brazil about the lovers Tristão and Isabel. Bernard Cornwell included a historical interpretation of the legend as a side story in Enemy of God: A Novel of Arthur, a 1996 entry in The Warlord Chronicles series. Rosalind Miles wrote a trilogy about Tristan and Isolde: The Queen of the Western Isle (2002), The Maid of the White Hands (2003), and The Lady of the Sea (2004). Nancy McKenzie wrote Prince of Dreams: A Tale of Tristan and Essylte as part of her Arthurian series in 2003.In Bengali literature, Sunil Gangopadhyay depicts the story in the novel Sonali Dukkho (\"সোনালী দুঃখ\"). In Harry Turtledove's alternate history Ruled Britannia, Christopher Marlowe writes a play called Yseult and Tristan to compete with his friend William Shakespeare's immensely popular Hamlet.","title":"Modern adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DR_1933_505_Nothilfe_Wagner_Tristan_und_Isolde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"L'elisir d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"Frank Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Martin_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Le Vin herbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vin_herb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rutland Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Boughton"}],"sub_title":"Theater and opera","text":"Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde celebrated in a 1933 German stampIn 1832, Gaetano Donizetti referenced this story in his opera L'elisir d'amore (The Elixir of Love or The Love Potion) in Milan. The character Adina sings the story to the ensemble, inspiring Nemorino to ask the charlatan Dulcamara for the magic elixir.[32]Premiering in 1865, Richard Wagner's influential opera Tristan und Isolde depicts Tristan as a doomed romantic figure, while Isolde fulfills Wagner's quintessential feminine role as the redeeming woman. Swiss composer Frank Martin wrote the chamber opera, intended as an oratorio, Le Vin herbé between 1938 and 1940.[33]Thomas Hardy published his one-act play The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse in 1923.[34] Rutland Boughton's 1924 opera The Queen of Cornwall was based on Thomas Hardy's play.","title":"Modern adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_(orchestral_composition)"},{"link_name":"Rutland Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Boughton"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"Ronald Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Corp"},{"link_name":"New London Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"London Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Chorus"},{"link_name":"Neal Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol_Davies"},{"link_name":"Jacques Imbrailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Imbrailo"},{"link_name":"Joan Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"Turangalîla-Symphonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turangal%C3%AEla-Symphonie"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Blind Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Maiden and the Minstrel Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maiden_and_the_Minstrel_Knight"},{"link_name":"A Night at the Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_at_the_Opera_(Blind_Guardian_album)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Wind in the Wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_in_the_Wires"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tarkio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkio_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sea Songs for Landlocked Sailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkio_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Twentieth-century composers have often used the legend with Wagnerian overtones in their compositions. For instance, Hans Werner Henze's orchestral composition Tristan borrowed freely from the Wagnerian version and other retellings of the legend.English composer Rutland Boughton composed the music drama The Queen of Cornwall, inspired by Hardy's play. Its first performance was at the Glastonbury Festival in 1924. Feeling that Hardy's play offered too much-unrelieved grimness, Broughton received permission to import a handful of lyrics from Hardy's early poetical works. In 2010, it was recorded on the Dutton Epoch label with Ronald Corp conducted the New London Orchestra and members of the London Chorus, including soloists Neal Davies (King Mark), Heather Shipp (Queen Iseult), Jacques Imbrailo (Sir Tristam), and Joan Rodgers (Iseult of Brittany).Olivier Messiaen built his 1948 symphony Turangalîla-Symphonie around the story.[35] German power metal band Blind Guardian have a song inspired by Tristan and Iseult's story, \"The Maiden and the Minstrel Knight\", in their 2002 album A Night at the Opera. English singer and songwriter Patrick Wolf featured a song about the Tristan and Iseult legend, \"Tristan\", in his 2005 album Wind in the Wires.[36] American indie rock band Tarkio has a song entitled \"Tristan and Iseult\" in their album Sea Songs for Landlocked Sailers.","title":"Modern adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"L'Éternel Retour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89ternel_Retour"},{"link_name":"Jean Delannoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Delannoy"},{"link_name":"Jean Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"Vichy regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"National Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist"},{"link_name":"Untermensch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"Lovespell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovespell"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Clay"},{"link_name":"Kate Mulgrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mulgrew"},{"link_name":"John Boorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boorman"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_(film)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"Fire and Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Christoph Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Waltz"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"François Truffaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut"},{"link_name":"La Femme d'à côté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Femme_d%27%C3%A0_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"In the Shadow of the Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Raven"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harty-38"},{"link_name":"Subhash Ghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Ghai"},{"link_name":"Pardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Tristan & Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_%26_Isolde_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tony Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Scott"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Kevin Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Reynolds_(director)"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco"},{"link_name":"Sophia Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Myles"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"The story has also been adapted into film many times.[37] The earliest is probably the 1909 French silent film Tristan et Yseult.[38] Another French film of the same name was released two years later and offered a unique addition to the story: Tristan's jealous slave Rosen tricks the lovers into drinking the love potion, then denounces them to Mark. Mark pities the two lovers, but they commit double suicide anyway.[38] There is also a French silent film version from 1920 closely following the legend.[38]One of the most celebrated and controversial Tristan films was 1943's L'Éternel Retour (The Eternal Return), directed by Jean Delannoy with a screenplay by Jean Cocteau. It is a contemporary retelling of the story with a man named Patrice in the role of Tristan, who fetches a wife for his friend Marke. However, an evil dwarf tricks them into drinking a love potion, and the familiar plot ensues.[38] The film was made in France during the Vichy regime under German domination. Elements of the movie reflect National Socialist ideology, with the beautiful blonde hero and heroine offset by the Untermensch dwarf. The dwarf has a more prominent role than in most interpretations of the legend; its conniving rains havoc on the lovers, much like the Jews of Nazi stereotypes.The 1970 Spanish film Tristana is only tangentially related to the story. The role of Tristan is assumed by the female character Tristana, who cares for her aging uncle, Don Lope. However, she wishes to marry Horacio.[38] The 1981 Irish film Lovespell features Nicholas Clay as Tristan and Kate Mulgrew as Iseult. Coincidentally, Clay went on to play Lancelot in John Boorman's epic Excalibur.[38] The German film Fire and Sword (Feuer und Schwert – Die Legende von Tristan und Isolde) premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 1981 and was released in 1982. The film starred Christoph Waltz as Tristan and was regarded as accurate to the story, though it removed the Iseult of Brittany's subplot.[38]French director François Truffaut adapted the subject to modern times for his 1981 film La Femme d'à côté (The Woman Next Door), while 1988's In the Shadow of the Raven transported the characters to medieval Iceland. In the latter, Trausti and Isolde are warriors from rival tribes who come into conflict when Trausti kills the leader of Isolde's tribe. However, a local bishop makes peace between the two and arranges for their marriage.[38] Bollywood director Subhash Ghai transferred the story to modern India and the United States in his 1997 musical Pardes.The legend received a high-budget treatment with 2006's Tristan & Isolde, produced by Tony Scott and Ridley Scott, written by Dean Georgaris, directed by Kevin Reynolds, and starring James Franco and Sophia Myles. In this version, Tristan is a Cornish warrior raised from a young age by Lord Marke after being orphaned when his parents are killed. In a fight with the Irish, Tristan defeats Morholt, the Irish King's second, but is poisoned during the battle, which dulls his senses. Believing Tristan is dead, his companions send him off in a boat meant to cremate a dead body. Meanwhile, Isolde leaves her home over an unwilling betrothal to Morholt and finds Tristan on the Irish coast.An animated TV series, Tristán & Isolda: La Leyenda Olvidada, aired in Spain and France in 1998.[39] The 2002 French animated phil Tristan et Iseut is a redacted version of the traditional tale aimed at a family audience.[40]","title":"Modern adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/topic/Tristan-and-Isolde"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Tristan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tristan"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Arthurian name dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA271"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8153-2865-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2865-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2014JArSc..52...97S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..52...97S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.08.017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-044322-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044322-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roman_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roman_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roman_7-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8240-4034-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4034-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D%C4%ABn_Gurg%C4%81n%C4%AB_2008_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D%C4%ABn_Gurg%C4%81n%C4%AB_2008_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn: origines indo-européennes de deux romans médiévaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r7HGoQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-343-03880-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-03880-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFTP_12-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8240-4034-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4034-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gottfried_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gottfried_14-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Trove\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/work/19061141?selectedversion=NBD3852350"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Tristan and Iseult\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//joysofoldfrench.wordpress.com/old-french-resources/tristan-and-iseult/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8240-4034-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4034-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Chrétien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Chretien-de-Troyes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/files/2414/2414-h/2414-h.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_23-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/tristan.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/tristan.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8240-7598-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-7598-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/topic/Lelisir-damore"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"The Queen of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6UHr0eoszs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001023863"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Messiaen : Turangalîla-Symphonie (Susanna Mälkki / Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r4eeMZBInY"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wolf - Wind in the Wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=CppK9ZfE-cI"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"Films named Tristan and Isolde\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/find?q=Tristan%20and%20Isolde;s=tt"},{"link_name":"Internet Movie Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harty_38-7"},{"link_name":"\"Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/acpbibs/harty.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"Watch Tristan e Isolda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.msn.com/en-ca/entertainment/rf-watch-online/tv-shows/tristan-e-isolda"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Tristan et Iseut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cineuropa.org/en/film/2579/"}],"text":"^ \"Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.\n\n^ Weston, Jessie Laidlay (1911). \"Tristan\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–294.\n\n^ Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian name dictionary. Taylor & Francis. p. 271. ISBN 0-8153-2865-6. Retrieved 2022-01-27.\n\n^ N. J. Lacy (et al.). \"Carta enviada por Hiseo la Brunda Tristan\", \"Repuesta de Tristan\" from The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.\n\n^ Spring, Adam; Peters, Caradoc (December 2014). \"Developing a low cost 3D imaging solution for inscribed stone surface analysis\". Journal of Archaeological Science. 52: 97–107. Bibcode:2014JArSc..52...97S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017.\n\n^ Jeffrey Gantz (translator), Culhwch and Olwen, from The Mabinogion, Penguin, 1976. ISBN 0-14-044322-3\n\n^ a b c Stewart Gregory (translator), Thomas of Britain, Roman de Tristan, New York: Garland Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-8240-4034-1\n\n^ a b Fakhr al-Dīn Gurgānī, and Dick Davis. 2008. Vis & Ramin. Washington, DC: Mage publishers.\n\n^ Nosrat, Shahla (2014). Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn: origines indo-européennes de deux romans médiévaux (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-03880-3.\n\n^ Grimbert, Joan T. 1995. Tristan and Isolde: a casebook. New York: Garland Pub.\n\n^ Grimbert, Joan T. 1995. Tristan and Isolde: a casebook. p. 21.\n\n^ \"Early French Tristan Poems\", from Norris J. Lacy (editor), Arthurian Archives, Cambridge, England; Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer, 1998. ISBN 0-8240-4034-1\n\n^ Federick, Alan.\"Introduction.\" The Romance of Tristan: The Tale of Tristan's Madness.Translated by Alan S. Fedrick, Penguin Classics, 1970.\n\n^ a b Norris J. Lacy et al. \"Gottfried von Strassburg\" from The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York: Garland, 1991.\n\n^ Kelly, Molly Robinson. \"After the Potion.\" The Hero's Place: Medieval Literary Traditions of Space and Belonging. Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press, 2009, pp. 227-284.\n\n^ \"Trove\". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-11-06.\n\n^ P. Schach, The Saga of Tristram and Isond, University of Nebraska Press, 1973\n\n^ \"Tristan and Iseult\". The Joys of Old French. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2022-05-03.\n\n^ Norris J. Lacy (editor). Arthurian Archives: Early French Tristan Poems. Cambridge (England); Rochester, New York: D.S. Brewer, 1998. ISBN 0-8240-4034-1\n\n^ \"Chrétien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.\n\n^ \"The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes\". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-05-03.\n\n^ N. J. Lacy et al. 'Cliges\". The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.\n\n^ a b Before any editions of the Prose Tristan were attempted, scholars were dependent on an extended summary and analysis of all the manuscripts by Eilert Löseth in 1890 (republished in 1974). The more extended modern editions consist of two: Renée L. Curtis, ed. Le Roman de Tristan en prose, vols. 1–3 (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1963–1985) and Philippe Ménard, exec. ed. Le Roman de Tristan en Prose, vols. 1–9 (Geneva: Droz, 1987–1997). Curtis' edition of a simple manuscript (Carpentras 404) covers Tristan's ancestry and the traditional legend up to Tristan's madness. However, the massive number of manuscripts dissuaded other scholars from attempting what Curtis had done until Ménard hit upon the idea of using multiple teams of scholars to tackle the infamous Vienna 2542 manuscript. His edition follows Curtis' and ends with Tristan's death and the first signs of Arthur's fall. Richard Trachsler is currently preparing an edition of the \"continuation\" of the Prose Tristan. The shorter version, which contains no Grail Quest, is published by Joël Blanchard in five volumes.\n\n^ Alan Lupak (editor). Lancelot of the Laik and Sir Tristrem. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. 1994.\n\n^ The Tristan Legend Hill. Leeds England: Leeds Medieval Studies. 1973.\n\n^ http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/tristan.htm\n\n^ N. J. Lacy (et al.) (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing.\n\n^ von Rudolph, Meissner (trans.), Die Strengleikar : ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der altnordischen Prosalitteratur (Halle a.S : M. Niemeyer, 1902).\n\n^ N. J. Lacy (et al.). \"Czech Arthurian Literature\" in The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, 1991.\n\n^ Kipel, Z (c. 1988). The Byelorussian Tristan. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7598-6.\n\n^ N. J. Lacy (et al.). Tristan from The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.\n\n^ \"L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.\n\n^ The Queen of Cornwall, retrieved 2022-05-03\n\n^ \"The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page\". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-03.\n\n^ Messiaen : Turangalîla-Symphonie (Susanna Mälkki / Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France), retrieved 2022-05-03\n\n^ Patrick Wolf - Wind in the Wires, retrieved 2022-05-03\n\n^ \"Films named Tristan and Isolde\". Internet Movie Database.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Harty, Kevin J. \"Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester\".\n\n^ \"Watch Tristan e Isolda\". msn.com. Retrieved 13 October 2019.\n\n^ \"Tristan et Iseut\".","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Tristan and Isolde by Herbert Draper (1901)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herbert_James_Draper_-_Tristan_%26_Isolde.jpg/300px-Herbert_James_Draper_-_Tristan_%26_Isolde.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Blonde Yseult by Gaston Bussière (early 20th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BUSSIERE_Gaston_-_Yseult_la_blonde.jpg/170px-BUSSIERE_Gaston_-_Yseult_la_blonde.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tristan and Isolde by John Duncan (1912)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/John_Duncan_%281912%29_Tristan_%26_Isolde.jpg/220px-John_Duncan_%281912%29_Tristan_%26_Isolde.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tristan and Isolde (with Husdent the dog) by Hugues Merle (c. 1870)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hugues_Merle_-_Tristan_and_Isolde_%283698339%29.jpg/170px-Hugues_Merle_-_Tristan_and_Isolde_%283698339%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geneviève and Lancelot at the Tombs of Isolde and Tristan by Eugénie Servières (c. 1814)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Servieres-Lancelot.jpg/170px-Servieres-Lancelot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir Tristram and La Belle Yseult Drinking the Love Potion by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1867)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Tristram_and_Isolde_Drinking_the_Love_Potion.jpg/220px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Tristram_and_Isolde_Drinking_the_Love_Potion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde celebrated in a 1933 German stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DR_1933_505_Nothilfe_Wagner_Tristan_und_Isolde.jpg/220px-DR_1933_505_Nothilfe_Wagner_Tristan_und_Isolde.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cornwall portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cornwall"},{"title":"Ireland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ireland"},{"title":"Antony and Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra"},{"title":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"title":"Pyramus and Thisbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe"},{"title":"Canoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoel"},{"title":"Medieval hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_hunting"}]
[{"reference":"\"Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tristan-and-Isolde","url_text":"\"Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Weston, Jessie Laidlay (1911). \"Tristan\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tristan","url_text":"\"Tristan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian name dictionary. Taylor & Francis. p. 271. ISBN 0-8153-2865-6. Retrieved 2022-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA271","url_text":"The Arthurian name dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2865-6","url_text":"0-8153-2865-6"}]},{"reference":"Spring, Adam; Peters, Caradoc (December 2014). \"Developing a low cost 3D imaging solution for inscribed stone surface analysis\". Journal of Archaeological Science. 52: 97–107. Bibcode:2014JArSc..52...97S. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..52...97S","url_text":"2014JArSc..52...97S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.08.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017"}]},{"reference":"Nosrat, Shahla (2014). Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn: origines indo-européennes de deux romans médiévaux (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-03880-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r7HGoQEACAAJ","url_text":"Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn: origines indo-européennes de deux romans médiévaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-03880-3","url_text":"978-2-343-03880-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Trove\". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19061141?selectedversion=NBD3852350","url_text":"\"Trove\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tristan and Iseult\". The Joys of Old French. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://joysofoldfrench.wordpress.com/old-french-resources/tristan-and-iseult/","url_text":"\"Tristan and Iseult\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chrétien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chretien-de-Troyes","url_text":"\"Chrétien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes\". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2414/2414-h/2414-h.htm","url_text":"\"The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes\""}]},{"reference":"N. J. Lacy (et al.) (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kipel, Z (c. 1988). The Byelorussian Tristan. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7598-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-7598-6","url_text":"0-8240-7598-6"}]},{"reference":"\"L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lelisir-damore","url_text":"\"L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"The Queen of Cornwall, retrieved 2022-05-03","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6UHr0eoszs","url_text":"The Queen of Cornwall"}]},{"reference":"\"The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page\". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001023863","url_text":"\"The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page\""}]},{"reference":"Messiaen : Turangalîla-Symphonie (Susanna Mälkki / Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France), retrieved 2022-05-03","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r4eeMZBInY","url_text":"Messiaen : Turangalîla-Symphonie (Susanna Mälkki / Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France)"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Wolf - Wind in the Wires, retrieved 2022-05-03","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CppK9ZfE-cI","url_text":"Patrick Wolf - Wind in the Wires"}]},{"reference":"\"Films named Tristan and Isolde\". Internet Movie Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/find?q=Tristan%20and%20Isolde;s=tt","url_text":"\"Films named Tristan and Isolde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"Harty, Kevin J. \"Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/acpbibs/harty.htm","url_text":"\"Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Tristan e Isolda\". msn.com. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-ca/entertainment/rf-watch-online/tv-shows/tristan-e-isolda","url_text":"\"Watch Tristan e Isolda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tristan et Iseut\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cineuropa.org/en/film/2579/","url_text":"\"Tristan et Iseut\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tristan+and+Iseult%22","external_links_name":"\"Tristan and Iseult\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tristan+and+Iseult%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tristan+and+Iseult%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tristan+and+Iseult%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tristan+and+Iseult%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tristan+and+Iseult%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tristan-and-Isolde","external_links_name":"\"Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tristan","external_links_name":"\"Tristan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZFbczeMtYcC&pg=PA271","external_links_name":"The Arthurian name dictionary"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..52...97S","external_links_name":"2014JArSc..52...97S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.08.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r7HGoQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn: origines indo-européennes de deux romans médiévaux"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19061141?selectedversion=NBD3852350","external_links_name":"\"Trove\""},{"Link":"https://joysofoldfrench.wordpress.com/old-french-resources/tristan-and-iseult/","external_links_name":"\"Tristan and Iseult\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chretien-de-Troyes","external_links_name":"\"Chrétien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2414/2414-h/2414-h.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes\""},{"Link":"http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/tristan.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/n&q/tristan.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lelisir-damore","external_links_name":"\"L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6UHr0eoszs","external_links_name":"The Queen of Cornwall"},{"Link":"https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001023863","external_links_name":"\"The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r4eeMZBInY","external_links_name":"Messiaen : Turangalîla-Symphonie (Susanna Mälkki / Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CppK9ZfE-cI","external_links_name":"Patrick Wolf - Wind in the Wires"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/find?q=Tristan%20and%20Isolde;s=tt","external_links_name":"\"Films named Tristan and Isolde\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/acpbibs/harty.htm","external_links_name":"\"Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-ca/entertainment/rf-watch-online/tv-shows/tristan-e-isolda","external_links_name":"\"Watch Tristan e Isolda\""},{"Link":"https://cineuropa.org/en/film/2579/","external_links_name":"\"Tristan et Iseut\""},{"Link":"http://www.timelessmyths.com/arthurian/tristan.html","external_links_name":"Overview of the story"},{"Link":"http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/2012-12-a/romance-of-tristan-and-isolde-ebook-PDF.htm","external_links_name":"\"Romance of Tristan and Isolde\" (free PDF ebook)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161128003625/http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/2012-12-a/romance-of-tristan-and-isolde-ebook-PDF.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/trismenu.htm","external_links_name":"Tristan page from the Camelot Project"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/trisbib.htm","external_links_name":"Bibliography of Modern Tristania in English"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Tristan&author=B%C3%A9dier&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Tristan and Iseult"},{"Link":"https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Tristan_(B%C3%A9roul)","external_links_name":"Béroul's Le Roman de Tristan"},{"Link":"https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Tristan_(Thomas_d'Angleterre)","external_links_name":"Thomas d'Angleterre's Tristan"},{"Link":"http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/tristan-et-iseult.html/","external_links_name":"Tristan and Iseult, audio version"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4276408-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichspost
Reichspost
["1 Deutsche Reichspost","2 Successors","3 Other use","4 See also","5 Notes"]
German state postal service, 1871 to 1945 For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich. For the country-wide postal service of the Holy Roman Empire, see Kaiserliche Reichspost. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Reichspost" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reichspost (German: ; "Imperial Mail") was the name of the postal service of Germany from 1866 to 1945. Deutsche Reichspost Kaiserliches Postamt sign, about 1900 Upon the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the break-up of the German Confederation in the Peace of Prague, the North German Confederation was established, instigated by the Prussian minister-president Otto von Bismarck. Originally a military alliance, it evolved to a federation with the issuing of a constitution with effect from 1st July 1867. In the course of the war, Prussian troops had occupied the Free City of Frankfurt and the King of Prussia (later to become the German Kaiser, or Emperor) had purchased the remnants of the Thurn-und-Taxis Post organisation. According to article 48, the federal area of the Northern German states, de facto an enlarged Prussia, came under the united postal authority, led by director Heinrich von Stephan. With the German unification upon the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Deutsche Reichspost was established as a state monopoly and became the official national postal authority of the German Empire including the annexed territory of Alsace-Lorraine. Its official name was Kaiserliche Post und Telegraphenverwaltung. The Southern German federated states of Baden (until 1872), Württemberg (until 1902) and Bavaria initially maintained separate state post authorities, that nevertheless were integrated into the nationwide administration. On 1st January 1876 a Reichspostamt under Postmaster General von Stephan was split-off from Bismarck's Reich Chancellery as a government agency in its own right. In the First World War, a Reichsabgabe tax was levied on the postal traffic from 1st August 1916 in order to finance the war expenses. Deutsche Reichspost logo, 1925 With the establishment of the Weimar Republic upon the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the former Reichspostamt in Berlin became the Reichspostministerium. After the period of hyperinflation, the Deutsche Reichspost (DRP) agency was again spun off in 1924 and operated as a state-owned enterprise. On 2nd June 1932, Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach was appointed Reichspost Minister by Chancellor Franz von Papen and he maintained his office upon the Machtergreifung of the Nazi Party in 1933, "assisted" by Nazi State Secretary Wilhelm Ohnesorge. The postal area was significantly enlarged with the incorporation of the Saar territory in 1935, the Austrian Anschluss in 1938, and the annexation of the Sudetenland according to the Munich Agreement. It was during this time that the Reichspost installed the first public videophone. In the Second World War the Reichspost authority spread out to the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, such as the Reichsgau Wartheland, the Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen, and the Polish General Government. In 1941 postal codes were introduced. The Feldpost military mail organisation of the Wehrmacht not only served Army, Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine service members, but also SS-Verfügungstruppen, Waffen-SS and Reichsarbeitsdienst members in the field, becoming the general postal authority of the occupied territories. Deliveries were more and more affected by the advance of Allied troops from January 1945 onward. The Reichspost finally ceased to function with the German Instrument of Surrender on 8th May. The last Reichspostminister Julius Dorpmüller, a member of the Flensburg Government, was arrested two weeks later, and governmental authority was officially taken over by the Allied Control Council with the Berlin Declaration of 5th June. Successors The Reichspost was initially replaced by Allied-controlled postal authorities that provided mail services in the occupation zones. From 1947, a united agency served the British-American Bizone area. With the emergence of two German states, the Deutsche Bundespost (German Federal Post) was established in West Germany, and the Deutsche Post in East Germany. In addition, there was a separate Deutsche Bundespost Berlin for West Berlin, as well as the Saar postal authority (1947–1956). After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the state-owned Bundespost continued to function as the sole provider of postal services until 1995, when the postal, telecommunications, and banking divisions were spun off as separate entities. The Deutsche Bundespost eventually became Deutsche Post AG, a share holding company, later reintegrating the Postbank, and Deutsche Telekom. Other use Between 1894 and 1938, a daily newspaper called Reichspost was issued in Vienna, Austria. During the Second World War there was an additional use for the postal vans: "01.05.1942 Transfer of Postschutz in the SS (see Gottlob Berger), shortly after that also the 'remote power mail' ('front help of the Deutsche Reichspost') used as 'SS power driving season'. During 1942, these buses were used for transporting psychiatric patients to the gasification facilities of T-4 euthanasia program." See also Deutsche Bundespost Deutsche Post Postage stamps and postal history of Germany Postschutz Notes ^ History of Deutsche Post AG (1995)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Reichspost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Reichspost"},{"link_name":"[ˈʁaɪçsˌpɔst]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"postal service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_service"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich.For the country-wide postal service of the Holy Roman Empire, see Kaiserliche Reichspost.Reichspost (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌpɔst]; \"Imperial Mail\") was the name of the postal service of Germany from 1866 to 1945.","title":"Reichspost"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaiserlich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Peace of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)"},{"link_name":"North German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Free City of Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Thurn-und-Taxis Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurn-und-Taxis_Post"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Stephan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stephan"},{"link_name":"German unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_unification"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"state monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_monopoly"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Alsace-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Reich Chancellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Reichsabgabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsabgabe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichspost-Emblem_-_Verkehrszentrum_Muenchen_02.SVG"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"German Revolution of 1918–1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Reichspostministerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichspostministerium"},{"link_name":"hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach"},{"link_name":"Franz von Papen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Papen"},{"link_name":"Machtergreifung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Ohnesorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge"},{"link_name":"Saar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Munich Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement"},{"link_name":"videophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"postal codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Feldpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldpost"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"SS-Verfügungstruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Reichsarbeitsdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsarbeitsdienst"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German Instrument of Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"link_name":"Julius Dorpmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Flensburg Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg_Government"},{"link_name":"Allied Control Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council"},{"link_name":"Berlin Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)"}],"text":"Kaiserliches Postamt sign, about 1900Upon the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the break-up of the German Confederation in the Peace of Prague, the North German Confederation was established, instigated by the Prussian minister-president Otto von Bismarck. Originally a military alliance, it evolved to a federation with the issuing of a constitution with effect from 1st July 1867. In the course of the war, Prussian troops had occupied the Free City of Frankfurt and the King of Prussia (later to become the German Kaiser, or Emperor) had purchased the remnants of the Thurn-und-Taxis Post organisation. According to article 48, the federal area of the Northern German states, de facto an enlarged Prussia, came under the united postal authority, led by director Heinrich von Stephan.With the German unification upon the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Deutsche Reichspost was established as a state monopoly and became the official national postal authority of the German Empire including the annexed territory of Alsace-Lorraine. Its official name was Kaiserliche Post und Telegraphenverwaltung. The Southern German federated states of Baden (until 1872), Württemberg (until 1902) and Bavaria initially maintained separate state post authorities, that nevertheless were integrated into the nationwide administration. On 1st January 1876 a Reichspostamt under Postmaster General von Stephan was split-off from Bismarck's Reich Chancellery as a government agency in its own right. In the First World War, a Reichsabgabe tax was levied on the postal traffic from 1st August 1916 in order to finance the war expenses.Deutsche Reichspost logo, 1925With the establishment of the Weimar Republic upon the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the former Reichspostamt in Berlin became the Reichspostministerium. After the period of hyperinflation, the Deutsche Reichspost (DRP) agency was again spun off in 1924 and operated as a state-owned enterprise. On 2nd June 1932, Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach was appointed Reichspost Minister by Chancellor Franz von Papen and he maintained his office upon the Machtergreifung of the Nazi Party in 1933, \"assisted\" by Nazi State Secretary Wilhelm Ohnesorge. The postal area was significantly enlarged with the incorporation of the Saar territory in 1935, the Austrian Anschluss in 1938, and the annexation of the Sudetenland according to the Munich Agreement. It was during this time that the Reichspost installed the first public videophone.In the Second World War the Reichspost authority spread out to the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, such as the Reichsgau Wartheland, the Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen, and the Polish General Government. In 1941 postal codes were introduced. The Feldpost military mail organisation of the Wehrmacht not only served Army, Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine service members, but also SS-Verfügungstruppen, Waffen-SS and Reichsarbeitsdienst members in the field, becoming the general postal authority of the occupied territories. Deliveries were more and more affected by the advance of Allied troops from January 1945 onward. The Reichspost finally ceased to function with the German Instrument of Surrender on 8th May. The last Reichspostminister Julius Dorpmüller, a member of the Flensburg Government, was arrested two weeks later, and governmental authority was officially taken over by the Allied Control Council with the Berlin Declaration of 5th June.","title":"Deutsche Reichspost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied-controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bizone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizone"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundespost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Post_of_the_GDR"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundespost Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost_Berlin"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Saar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)"},{"link_name":"reunification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Post AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Post_AG"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Reichspost was initially replaced by Allied-controlled postal authorities that provided mail services in the occupation zones. From 1947, a united agency served the British-American Bizone area. With the emergence of two German states, the Deutsche Bundespost (German Federal Post) was established in West Germany, and the Deutsche Post in East Germany. In addition, there was a separate Deutsche Bundespost Berlin for West Berlin, as well as the Saar postal authority (1947–1956).After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the state-owned Bundespost continued to function as the sole provider of postal services until 1995, when the postal, telecommunications, and banking divisions were spun off as separate entities. The Deutsche Bundespost eventually became Deutsche Post AG, a share holding company, later reintegrating the Postbank, and Deutsche Telekom.[1]","title":"Successors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Postschutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postschutz"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Berger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Between 1894 and 1938, a daily newspaper called Reichspost was issued in Vienna, Austria.[citation needed]\nDuring the Second World War there was an additional use for the postal vans: \"01.05.1942 Transfer of Postschutz in the SS (see Gottlob Berger), shortly after that also the 'remote power mail' ('front help of the Deutsche Reichspost') used as 'SS power driving season'. During 1942, these buses were used for transporting psychiatric patients to the gasification facilities of [the] T-4 euthanasia program.\"[citation needed]","title":"Other use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"History of Deutsche Post AG (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dpdhl.com/en/about_us/history/history_without_flash.html"}],"text":"^ History of Deutsche Post AG (1995)","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Kaiserliches Postamt sign, about 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kaiserlich.jpg/220px-Kaiserlich.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deutsche Reichspost logo, 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Reichspost-Emblem_-_Verkehrszentrum_Muenchen_02.SVG/220px-Reichspost-Emblem_-_Verkehrszentrum_Muenchen_02.SVG.png"}]
[{"title":"Deutsche Bundespost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost"},{"title":"Deutsche Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Post"},{"title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Germany"},{"title":"Postschutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postschutz"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reichspost%22","external_links_name":"\"Reichspost\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reichspost%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reichspost%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reichspost%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reichspost%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reichspost%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.dpdhl.com/en/about_us/history/history_without_flash.html","external_links_name":"History of Deutsche Post AG (1995)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_powers
Great power
["1 Characteristics","1.1 Power dimensions","1.2 Spatial dimension","1.3 Status dimension","1.4 \"Full-spectrum\" dimension","2 History","2.1 World Wars","2.2 Cold War","2.3 Aftermath of the Cold War","2.4 Emerging powers","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Nation that has great political, social, and economic influence on a global scale Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the United Nations Security Council. Part of the Politics seriesBasic forms of government List of forms of government List of countries by system of government Source of power Democracy (rule by many) Demarchy Direct Liberal Representative Social Socialist Others Oligarchy (rule by few) Anocracy Aristocracy Gerontocracy Kleptocracy Kritarchy Meritocracy Noocracy Particracy Plutocracy Stratocracy Technocracy Theocracy Autocracy (rule by one) Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Tyranny Anarchy (rule by none) Anarchism Free association Stateless Power ideology MonarchyRepublic (socio-political ideologies) Absolute Communist Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Presidential Semi-presidential AuthoritarianLibertarian (socio-economic ideologies) Anarchism Colonialism Communism Despotism Distributism Fascism Feudalism Socialism Totalitarianism Tribalism ReligiousSecular State religion Secular state State atheism GlobalLocal (geo-cultural ideologies) City-state Intergovernmental organisation National government World government Nationalism Internationalism Globalism Power structure Unitarism Unitary state Empire Principality Client state Associated state Dependent territory Dominion Protectorate Puppet state Puppet monarch Satellite state Self-governing colony Tributary state Buffer state Vassal state Viceroyalty Federalism Confederation Devolution Federation Superstate Supranational union International relations Small power Regional power Middle power Great power Superpower Related Administrative division Democracy indices Democratic transition Autocratization Democratisation Hybrid regimes Politics portalvte A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is considerable debate on the exact criteria of great power status. Historically, the status of great powers has been formally recognized in organizations such as the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 or the United Nations Security Council, of which permanent members are: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts. The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power. Characteristics There are no set or defined characteristics of a great power. These characteristics have often been treated as empirical, self-evident to the assessor. However, this approach has the disadvantage of subjectivity. As a result, there have been attempts to derive some common criteria and to treat these as essential elements of great power status. Danilovic (2002) highlights three central characteristics, which she terms as "power, spatial, and status dimensions," that distinguish major powers from other states. The following section ("Characteristics") is extracted from her discussion of these three dimensions, including all of the citations. Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of six criteria to determine great power: population and territory, resource endowment, military strength, economic capability, political stability and competence. John Mearsheimer defines great powers as those that "have sufficient military assets to put up a serious fight in an all-out conventional war against the most powerful state in the world." Power dimensions In the mid-19th century, German historian Leopold von Ranke attempted to scientifically document the great powers. As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place. This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptualizations of the world situation, from multi-polarity to overwhelming hegemony. In his essay, 'French Diplomacy in the Postwar Period', the French historian Jean-Baptiste Duroselle spoke of the concept of multi-polarity: "A Great power is one which is capable of preserving its own independence against any other single power." This differed from earlier writers, notably from Leopold von Ranke, who clearly had a different idea of the world situation. In his essay 'The Great Powers', written in 1833, von Ranke wrote: "If one could establish as a definition of a Great power that it must be able to maintain itself against all others, even when they are united, then Frederick has raised Prussia to that position." These positions have been the subject of criticism. In 2011, the U.S. had 10 major strengths according to Chinese scholar Peng Yuan, the director of the Institute of American Studies of the China Institutes for Contemporary International Studies. 1. Population, geographic position, and natural resources. 2. Military muscle. 3. High technology and education. 4. Cultural/soft power. 5. Cyber power. 6. Allies, the United States having more than any other state. 7. Geopolitical strength, as embodied in global projection forces. 8. Intelligence capabilities, as demonstrated by the killing of Osama bin Laden. 9. Intellectual power, fed by a plethora of U.S. think tanks and the “revolving door” between research institutions and government. 10. Strategic power, the United States being the world’s only country with a truly global strategy. However he also noted where the U.S. had recently slipped: 1. Political power, as manifested by the breakdown of bipartisanship. 2. Economic power, as illustrated by the post-2007 slowdown. 3. Financial power, given intractable deficits and rising debt. 4. Social power, as weakened by societal polarization. 5. Institutional power, since the United States can no longer dominate global institutions Spatial dimension All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition, the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'." Other suggestions have been made that a great power should have the capacity to engage in extra-regional affairs and that a great power ought to be possessed of extra-regional interests, two propositions which are often closely connected. Status dimension Formal or informal acknowledgment of a nation's great power status has also been a criterion for being a great power. As political scientist George Modelski notes, "The status of Great power is sometimes confused with the condition of being powerful. The office, as it is known, did in fact evolve from the role played by the great military states in earlier periods... But the Great power system institutionalizes the position of the powerful state in a web of rights and obligations." This approach restricts analysis to the epoch following the Congress of Vienna at which great powers were first formally recognized. In the absence of such a formal act of recognition it has been suggested that great power status can arise by implication by judging the nature of a state's relations with other great powers. A further option is to examine a state's willingness to act as a great power. As a nation will seldom declare that it is acting as such, this usually entails a retrospective examination of state conduct. As a result, this is of limited use in establishing the nature of contemporary powers, at least not without the exercise of subjective observation. Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of contemporary political and diplomatic questions, and exercise influence on the outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named but rather were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences that settled important questions based on major historical events. "Full-spectrum" dimension Historian Phillips P. O'Brien, Head of the School of International Relations and Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of St. Andrews, criticizes the concept of a great power, arguing that it is dated, vaguely defined, and inconsistently applied. He states that the term is used to "describe everything from true superpowers such as the United States and China, which wield the full spectrum of economic, technological, and military might, to better-than-average military powers such as Russia, which have nuclear weapons but little else that would be considered indicators of great power. " O'Brien advocates for the concept of a "full-spectrum power", which takes into account "all the fundamentals on which superior military power is built", including economic resources, domestic politics and political systems (which can restrain or expand dimensions of power), technological capabilities, and social and cultural factors (such as a society's willingness to go to war or invest in military development). History Further information: List of ancient great powers, List of medieval great powers, List of modern great powers, and International relations (1814–1919) The Congress of Vienna, an 1819 portrait by Jean-Baptiste Isabey depicting the Congress of Vienna Various sets of great, or significant, powers have existed throughout history. An early reference to great powers is from the third century, when the Persian prophet Mani described Rome, China, Aksum, and Persia as the four greatest kingdoms of his time. During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, American diplomat James Monroe observed that, "The respect which one power has for another is in exact proportion of the means which they respectively have of injuring each other." The term "great power" first appears at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress established the Concert of Europe as an attempt to preserve peace after the years of Napoleonic Wars. Lord Castlereagh, the British foreign secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, writing on 13 February 1814: "there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace." The Congress of Vienna consisted of five main powers: the Austrian Empire, France, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These five primary participants constituted the original great powers as we know the term today. Other powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and Sweden, which were great powers during the 17th century and the earlier 18th century, were consulted on certain specific issues, but they were not full participants. After the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain emerged as the pre-eminent global hegemon, due to it being the first nation to industrialize, possessing the largest navy, and the extent of its overseas empire, which ushered in a century of Pax Britannica. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers." Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Great Britain and the new German Empire (from 1871), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento era, Japan during the Meiji era, and the United States after its civil war. By 1900, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of eight nations created in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century. World Wars The "Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson The "Big Three" of Europe at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre: Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943 Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of World War I and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, and Sèvres made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order. The German Empire was defeated, Austria-Hungary was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four" – Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States – controlled the proceedings and outcome of the treaties more than Japan. The Big Four were the architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three". The status of the victorious great powers were recognised by permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the council began with only four permanent members – Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, never joined the League. Germany later joined after the Locarno Treaties, which made it a member of the League of Nations, and later left (and withdrew from the League in 1933); Japan left, and the Soviet Union joined. When World War II began in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances: the Allies (initially the United Kingdom and France, and Poland, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, China, and the United States) and the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan). During World War II, the U.S., U.K., USSR, and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council. Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T. R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But after World War II Britain lost its superpower status. The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world. Cold War The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945. During the Cold War, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defense budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China. Aftermath of the Cold War China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only state entities to have met the conditions to be considered "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the Russian Federation in 1991, as its largest successor state. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower (although some support a multipolar world view). Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers. In his 2014 publication Great Power Peace and American Primacy, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as the current great powers. Italy has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post WWII era. The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes: The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan. Sterio also cites Italy's status in the Group of Seven (G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power. Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for Lebanon (ISG) grouping of world powers. Some analysts assert that Italy is an "intermittent" or the "Least of the Great Powers", while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power. In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski considers India to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power. The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts. A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers. Emerging powers See also: Emerging power With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G7 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the member states, which include France, Germany and, before Brexit, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the "EU three"). Brazil and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers. Political scientist Stephen P. Cohen asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power. Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power. Former British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition. Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence. Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to emerge as a superpower. Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the G4 nations which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members. The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led Uniting for Consensus group. There are however few signs that reform of the Security Council will happen in the near future. See also Politics portalWorld portal Big Four (Western Europe) Failed state G8 Indo-Pacific List of modern great powers List of medieval great powers List of ancient great powers Power (international relations) Precedence among European monarchies International relations (1648–1814) International relations (1814–1919) Superpower Diplomatic history of World War I International relations (1919–1939) Diplomatic history of World War II History of United States foreign policy History of French foreign relations History of German foreign policy Foreign policy of the Russian Empire Foreign relations of the Soviet Union Historiography of the British Empire History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom Notes ^ Even though the book The Economics of World War II lists seven great powers at the start of 1939 (Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States), it focuses only on six of them, because France surrendered shortly after the war began. ^ The fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only remaining superpower in the 1990s. References ^ a b c d Peter Howard (2008). "Great Powers". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ Iver B. Neumann, "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." Journal of International Relations and Development 11.2 (2008): 128–151. online ^ Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1930. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5. ^ Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) Archived 30 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine (PDF copy) . ^ Louden, Robert (2007). The world we want. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. ISBN 978-0195321371. ^ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). "Great+power"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power. United States: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States p. 59 ^ a b Gaskarth, Jamie (11 February 2015). Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1317575115. ^ a b Richard Gowan; Bruce D. Jones; Shepard Forman, eds. (2010). Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0521889476. ^ a b Charles Webster, (ed), British Diplomacy 1813–1815: Selected Documents Dealing with the Reconciliation of Europe, (1931), p. 307. ^ Toje, A. (2010). The European Union as a small power: After the post-Cold War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ^ "World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com". ^ "Dictionary – Major power". reference.com. ^ Waltz, Kenneth N (1979). Theory of International Politics. McGraw-Hill. p. 131. ISBN 0-201-08349-3. ^ Danilovic, Vesna (2002). When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11287-6. ^ Taylor, Alan JP (1954). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918. Oxford: Clarendon. p. xxiv. ISBN 0-19-881270-1. ^ Organski, AFK – World Politics, Knopf (1958) ^ Waltz, Kenneth N. (1993). "The Emerging Structure of International Politics" (PDF). International Security. 18 (2): 50. doi:10.2307/2539097. JSTOR 2539097. S2CID 154473957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2017 – via International Relations Exam Database. ^ Mearsheimer, John (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton. p. 5. ^ contained on page 204 in: Kertesz and Fitsomons (eds) – Diplomacy in a Changing World, University of Notre Dame Press (1960) ^ Iggers and von Moltke "In the Theory and Practice of History", Bobbs-Merrill (1973) ^ a b c d Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–230 . ^ Quoted in Josef Joffe, The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (2014) ch. 7. ^ Toynbee, Arnold J (1926). The World After the Peace Conference. Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ Stoll, Richard J – State Power, World Views, and the Major Powers, Contained in: Stoll and Ward (eds) – Power in World Politics, Lynne Rienner (1989) ^ Modelski, George (1972). Principles of World Politics. Free Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-02-921440-4. ^ a b Domke, William K – Power, Political Capacity, and Security in the Global System, Contained in: Stoll and Ward (eds) – Power in World Politics, Lynn Rienner (1989) ^ a b c O’Brien, Phillips P. (29 June 2023). "There's No Such Thing as a Great Power". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 29 June 2023. ^ "Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory". 11 April 2005. ^ Tim McGrath, James Monroe: A Life (2020) p 44. ^ Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1584770775. ^ Bartlett, C. J. (1996). Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106. ISBN 9780312161385. ^ "Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power". University of Rochester. Archived from the original (PPT) on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ Tonge, Stephen. "European History Austria-Hungary 1870–1914". Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ Dallin, David (30 November 2006). The Rise of Russia in Asia. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-2919-1. ^ Power Transitions as the cause of war. ^ Globalization and Autonomy by Julie Sunday, McMaster University. Archived 15 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. Random House Trade. pp. 36, 306, 431. ISBN 0-375-76052-0. ^ Harrison, M (2000) M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press. ^ Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X. ^ Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-300-06930-3. ^ Sainsbury, Keith (1986). The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215858-1. ^ The Superpowers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox ^ Peden, 2012. ^ Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-51768-3. ^ Holmes, John. "Middle Power". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Though there are still debates on which countries belong to which category, there is a common understanding that the GP countries are the United States, China, United Kingdom, France, and Russia. Besides their political and economic dominance of the global arena, these countries have a special status in the United Nations Security Council with their permanent seats and veto rights.' ^ "The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. ^ Gerald Segal, Does China Matter?, Foreign Affairs (September/October 1999). ^ a b P. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11 (Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status. ^ Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11 (2): 128–151 . doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully-fledged great power. ^ Garnett, Sherman (6 November 1995). "Russia ponders its nuclear options". Washington Times. p. 2. Russia must deal with the rise of other middle powers in Eurasia at a time when it is more of a middle power itself. ^ Kitney, Geoff (25 March 2000). "Putin It To The People". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 41. The Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, which includes senior figures believed to be close to Putin, will soon publish a report saying Russia's superpower days are finished and that the country should settle for being a middle power with a matching defence structure. ^ T.V. Paul; James Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (8 September 2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-8047-5017-2. ^ Worldcrunch.com (28 November 2011). "Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation". Worldcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ Winder, Simon (19 November 2011). "Germany: The reluctant superpower". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. ^ Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2): 389–425. doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151. ^ Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999. Germany. p. 324. ISBN 0-312-22653-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Er LP (2006) Japan's Human Security Rolein Southeast Asia ^ "Merkel as a world star - Germany's place in the world", The Economist (18 November 2006), p. 27: "Germany, says Volker Perthes, director of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, is now pretty much where it belongs: squarely at the centre. Whether it wants to be or not, the country is a Mittelmacht, or middle power." ^ Susanna Vogt, "Germany and the G20", in Wilhelm Hofmeister, Susanna Vogt, G20: Perceptions and Perspectives for Global Governance (Singapore: 19 October 2011), p. 76, citing Thomas Fues and Julia Leininger (2008): "Germany and the Heiligendamm Process", in Andrew Cooper and Agata Antkiewicz (eds.): Emerging Powers in Global Governance: Lessons from the Heiligendamm Process, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, p. 246: "Germany's motivation for the initiative had been '... driven by a combination of leadership qualities and national interests of a middle power with civilian characteristics'." ^ "Change of Great Powers", in Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography, by M.A. Chaudhary and Guatam Chaudhary (New Delhi, 2009.), p. 101: "Germany is considered by experts to be an economic power. It is considered as a middle power in Europe by Chancellor Angela Merkel, former President Johannes Rau and leading media of the country." ^ Susanne Gratius, Is Germany still a EU-ropean power?, FRIDE Policy Brief, No. 115 (February 2012), pp. 1–2: "Being the world's fourth largest economic power and the second largest in terms of exports has not led to any greater effort to correct Germany's low profile in foreign policy ... For historic reasons and because of its size, Germany has played a middle-power role in Europe for over 50 years." ^ Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137299482. ^ Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 0773528369. ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers") ^ a b c Sterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0415668187. ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.") ^ Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. ISBN 978-1107471498. (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).") ^ Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Kuper, Stephen. "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019". Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020. Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear-capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers ^ "Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)". ^ "Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war". Reuters. 10 May 2018. ^ "Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri" (PDF) (Press release). unmisssions.org. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ Dimitris Bourantonis; Marios Evriviades, eds. (1997). A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development. Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 77. ISBN 9041103120. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ^ Italy: 150 years of a small great power, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010 ^ Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century: the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4868-6. ^ "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171. ^ "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9. ^ a b c Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power by Zbigniew Brzezinski, pp. 43–45. Published 2012. ^ Brewster, David (2012). India as an Asia Pacific Power. United States: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136620089. ^ Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.' ^ Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: "The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former." ^ Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)' ^ The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security. Routledge. 2 July 2010. ISBN 978-1136936074. (see section on 'The G6/G7: great power governance') ^ Contemporary Concert Diplomacy: The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert, Professor John Kirton ^ Penttilä, Risto (17 June 2013). The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security. Routledge. pp. 17–32. ISBN 978-1136053528. (The G8 as a Concert of Great Powers) ^ Tables of Sciences Po and Documentation Francaise: Russia y las grandes potencias Archived 28 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine and G8 et Chine (2004) ^ Sweijs, T.; De Spiegeleire, S.; de Jong, S.; Oosterveld, W.; Roos, H.; Bekkers, F.; Usanov, A.; de Rave, R.; Jans, K. (2017). Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 43. ISBN 978-94-92102-46-1. Retrieved 29 April 2022. We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States. ^ Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7. ^ Veit Bachmann and James D Sidaway, "Zivilmacht Europa: A Critical Geopolitics of the European Union as a Global Power", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan. 2009), pp. 94–109. ^ "India: Emerging Power", by Stephen P. Cohen, p. 60 ^ "India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications". Futuredirections.org.au. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). "Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status". The Diplomatic Courier. Retrieved 10 August 2014. ^ a b Kwang Ho Chun (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-6869-1. Retrieved 21 September 2015. ^ Robyn Meredith (2007). The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us. W.W Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33193-6. ^ Sharma, Rajeev (27 September 2015). "India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies". First Post. Retrieved 20 October 2015. Further reading Abbenhuis, Maartje. An Age of Neutrals Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 (2014) excerpt Allison, Graham. "The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers." Foreign Affairs 99 (2020): 30+ online Bridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen, eds. The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914 (2nd ed. 2004) excerpt Brooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. "The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China's rise and the fate of America's global position." International Security 40.3 (2016): 7–53. online Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-15-4. Edelstein, David M. Over the Horizon: Time, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Great Powers (Cornell UP, 2017). Eloranta, Jari, Eric Golson, Peter Hedberg, and Maria Cristina Moreira, eds. Small and Medium Powers in Global History: Trade, Conflicts, and Neutrality from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Routledge, 2018) 240 pp. online review Joffe, Josef. The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (2014) online Joffe, Josef. The Future of the great powers (1998) online Kassab, Hanna Samir. Grand strategies of weak states and great powers (Springer, 2017). Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) online Mckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Pearson. ISBN 978-1317872849. MacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2021). "The Status of Status in World Politics". World Politics. 73 (2): 358–391. Maass, Matthias. Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648–2016 (2017). Michaelis, Meir. "World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970)." Historical Journal 15#2 (1972): 331–60. online. Ogden, Chris. China and India: Asia's emergent great powers (John Wiley & Sons, 2017). Newmann, I.B. ed. Regional Great Powers in International Politics (1992) Schulz, Matthias. "A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851." German History 21.3 (2003): 319–346. Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393020258. Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." Journal of International Relations and Development 11.2 (2008): 128–151. online O'Brian, Patrick K. Atlas of World History (2007) Online Peden, G. C. "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power." Historical Journal 55#4 (2012), pp. 1073–1096. online Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, (2019) History of international relations Online Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. Rising titans, falling giants: how great powers exploit power shifts (Cornell UP, 2018). Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201083493. Ward, Steven. Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers (2018) excerpt from book; also online review Witkopf, Eugene R. (1981). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312892462. Xuetong, Yan. Leadership and the rise of great powers (Princeton UP, 2019). External links Library resources about Great power Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Great power at the Encyclopædia Britannica Rising Powers Project publishes Rising Powers Quarterly (2016– ) vtePower in international relationsTypes Climate Economic Energy Food Hard Maritime National Politics Realpolitik Sharp Smart Soft Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Least Great Great Potential Super Geopolitics American (Pax) Asian Chinese (Pax) Indian History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations (1814–1919) Theory Balance of power European Deterrence theory Hegemonic stability theory multilateralism internationalism Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by regionAfrica African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa–Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Americas Association of Caribbean States (ACS) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Organization of American States (OAS) Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Europe Council of Europe (CoE) European Union (EU) Nordic Council Visegrád Group (V4) Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) Organization of Turkic States North America–Europe Arctic Council North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Africa–Asia–Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa–South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania–Pacific Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) Non–regional Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) Commonwealth of Nations Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries E9 G4 G7 G8 G8+5 G20 G24 G77 India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations (UN) vteInternational relations (1814–1919)Great powers Austria-Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco-Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo-Russian Convention Anglo-Japanese Alliance League of the Three Emperors Eight-Nation Alliance Balkan League Trends European balance of power Ottoman decline Eastern question Spread of nationalism Sovereign debt Revanchism Pax Britannica New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Egyptian Lever In Asia Great Game Scramble for China Open Door Policy Meiji era Pan-Slavism Great Rapprochement Second Industrial Revolution Industrial warfare Treaties andagreements Treaty of Versailles (1871) Treaty of Frankfurt Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft–Katsura agreement Hague Conventions Martens Clause Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Formation of Romania Unification of Germany Unification of Italy Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik Naval arms races Anglo-German Dreadnought German Naval Laws Austro-Italian Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii Venezuela Naval Blockade Alaska boundary dispute First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Treaty of Fes Bosnian Crisis July Crisis Wars Russo-Turkish Anglo-Egyptian First Sino-Japanese Spanish–American Banana Wars Philippine–American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo-Japanese Italo-Turkish Balkan Wars First Second Albanian Revolts First Second Third World War I Authority control databases International FAST National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"link_name":"small powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_power"},{"link_name":"International relations theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_history1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stakes1-4"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_world_we_wantb-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balance1-6"},{"link_name":"NATO Quint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Quint"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"BRICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC"},{"link_name":"Contact Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaskarth-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Concert of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813%E2%80%931815-9"},{"link_name":"small powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_powers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Chaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the United Nations Security Council.[1]A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.[2]While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is considerable debate on the exact criteria of great power status. Historically, the status of great powers has been formally recognized in organizations such as the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815[1][3][4] or the United Nations Security Council, of which permanent members are: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[1][5][6] The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.[7][8]The term \"great power\" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The \"Great Powers\" constituted the \"Concert of Europe\" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties.[9] The formalization of the division between small powers[10] and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power[11] or major power.[12]","title":"Great power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"A. J. P. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz"},{"link_name":"neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Mearsheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mearsheimer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"There are no set or defined characteristics of a great power. These characteristics have often been treated as empirical, self-evident to the assessor.[13] However, this approach has the disadvantage of subjectivity. As a result, there have been attempts to derive some common criteria and to treat these as essential elements of great power status. Danilovic (2002) highlights three central characteristics, which she terms as \"power, spatial, and status dimensions,\" that distinguish major powers from other states. The following section (\"Characteristics\") is extracted from her discussion of these three dimensions, including all of the citations.[14]Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that \"The test of a great power is the test of strength for war.\"[15] Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity.[16] Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of six criteria to determine great power: population and territory, resource endowment, military strength, economic capability, political stability and competence.[17]John Mearsheimer defines great powers as those that \"have sufficient military assets to put up a serious fight in an all-out conventional war against the most powerful state in the world.\"[18]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jebens,_Adolf_-_Leopold_von_Ranke_(detail)_-_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Duroselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duroselle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"killing of Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden"}],"sub_title":"Power dimensions","text":"In the mid-19th century, German historian Leopold von Ranke attempted to scientifically document the great powers.As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place.This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptualizations of the world situation, from multi-polarity to overwhelming hegemony. In his essay, 'French Diplomacy in the Postwar Period', the French historian Jean-Baptiste Duroselle spoke of the concept of multi-polarity: \"A Great power is one which is capable of preserving its own independence against any other single power.\"[19]This differed from earlier writers, notably from Leopold von Ranke, who clearly had a different idea of the world situation. In his essay 'The Great Powers', written in 1833, von Ranke wrote: \"If one could establish as a definition of a Great power that it must be able to maintain itself against all others, even when they are united, then Frederick has raised Prussia to that position.\"[20] These positions have been the subject of criticism.[clarification needed][21]In 2011, the U.S. had 10 major strengths according to Chinese scholar Peng Yuan, the director of the Institute of American Studies of the China Institutes for Contemporary International Studies.[22]1. Population, geographic position, and natural resources.\n2. Military muscle.\n3. High technology and education.\n4. Cultural/soft power.\n5. Cyber power.\n6. Allies, the United States having more than any other state.\n7. Geopolitical strength, as embodied in global projection forces.\n8. Intelligence capabilities, as demonstrated by the killing of Osama bin Laden.\n9. Intellectual power, fed by a plethora of U.S. think tanks and the “revolving door” between research institutions and government.\n10. Strategic power, the United States being the world’s only country with a truly global strategy.However he also noted where the U.S. had recently slipped:1. Political power, as manifested by the breakdown of bipartisanship.\n2. Economic power, as illustrated by the post-2007 slowdown.\n3. Financial power, given intractable deficits and rising debt.\n4. Social power, as weakened by societal polarization.\n5. Institutional power, since the United States can no longer dominate global institutions","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power"},{"link_name":"Arnold J. Toynbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Spatial dimension","text":"All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition, the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that \"Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'.\"[23]Other suggestions have been made that a great power should have the capacity to engage in extra-regional affairs and that a great power ought to be possessed of extra-regional interests, two propositions which are often closely connected.[24]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Modelski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Modelski"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"}],"sub_title":"Status dimension","text":"Formal or informal acknowledgment of a nation's great power status has also been a criterion for being a great power. As political scientist George Modelski notes, \"The status of Great power is sometimes confused with the condition of being powerful. The office, as it is known, did in fact evolve from the role played by the great military states in earlier periods... But the Great power system institutionalizes the position of the powerful state in a web of rights and obligations.\"[25]This approach restricts analysis to the epoch following the Congress of Vienna at which great powers were first formally recognized.[21] In the absence of such a formal act of recognition it has been suggested that great power status can arise by implication by judging the nature of a state's relations with other great powers.[26]A further option is to examine a state's willingness to act as a great power.[26] As a nation will seldom declare that it is acting as such, this usually entails a retrospective examination of state conduct. As a result, this is of limited use in establishing the nature of contemporary powers, at least not without the exercise of subjective observation.Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of contemporary political and diplomatic questions, and exercise influence on the outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named but rather were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences that settled important questions based on major historical events.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillips P. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_P._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"University of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"}],"sub_title":"\"Full-spectrum\" dimension","text":"Historian Phillips P. O'Brien, Head of the School of International Relations and Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of St. Andrews, criticizes the concept of a great power, arguing that it is dated, vaguely defined, and inconsistently applied.[27] He states that the term is used to \"describe everything from true superpowers such as the United States and China, which wield the full spectrum of economic, technological, and military might, to better-than-average military powers such as Russia, which have nuclear weapons but little else that would be considered indicators of great power. \"[27] O'Brien advocates for the concept of a \"full-spectrum power\", which takes into account \"all the fundamentals on which superior military power is built\", including economic resources, domestic politics and political systems (which can restrain or expand dimensions of power), technological capabilities, and social and cultural factors (such as a society's willingness to go to war or invest in military development).[27]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ancient great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers"},{"link_name":"List of medieval great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers"},{"link_name":"List of modern great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers"},{"link_name":"International relations (1814–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Isabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Aksum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_history,_1815-1920b-30"},{"link_name":"Concert of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Lord Castlereagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh"},{"link_name":"British foreign secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813%E2%80%931815-9"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"industrialize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"overseas empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pax Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Britannica"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartlett1996-31"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"its civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Eight-Nation Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rise_of_Russia1-34"}],"text":"Further information: List of ancient great powers, List of medieval great powers, List of modern great powers, and International relations (1814–1919)The Congress of Vienna, an 1819 portrait by Jean-Baptiste Isabey depicting the Congress of ViennaVarious sets of great, or significant, powers have existed throughout history. An early reference to great powers is from the third century, when the Persian prophet Mani described Rome, China, Aksum, and Persia as the four greatest kingdoms of his time.[28] During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, American diplomat James Monroe observed that, \"The respect which one power has for another is in exact proportion of the means which they respectively have of injuring each other.\"[29] The term \"great power\" first appears at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[21][30] The Congress established the Concert of Europe as an attempt to preserve peace after the years of Napoleonic Wars.Lord Castlereagh, the British foreign secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, writing on 13 February 1814: \"there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace.\"[9]The Congress of Vienna consisted of five main powers: the Austrian Empire, France, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These five primary participants constituted the original great powers as we know the term today.[21] Other powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and Sweden, which were great powers during the 17th century and the earlier 18th century, were consulted on certain specific issues, but they were not full participants.After the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain emerged as the pre-eminent global hegemon, due to it being the first nation to industrialize, possessing the largest navy, and the extent of its overseas empire, which ushered in a century of Pax Britannica. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.\"[31]Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Great Britain and the new German Empire (from 1871), experienced continued economic growth and political power.[32] Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated.[33] At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento era, Japan during the Meiji era, and the United States after its civil war. By 1900, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of eight nations created in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_four.jpg"},{"link_name":"The \"Big Four\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Emanuele Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Georges Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"The \"Big Three\" of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asian and Pacific Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Cairo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"St-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly"},{"link_name":"Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacMillan1-37"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Locarno Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_German_referendum"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economics1-38"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justus-40"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Declaration by United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Four Policemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Policemen"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"William T. R. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._R._Fox"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Superpowers1-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"middle power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"link_name":"Regional powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power"}],"sub_title":"World Wars","text":"The \"Big Four\" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow WilsonThe \"Big Three\" of Europe at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph StalinThe Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre: Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts.[35] The conclusion of World War I and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, and Sèvres made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order.[36] The German Empire was defeated, Austria-Hungary was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the \"Big Four\" – Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States – controlled the proceedings and outcome of the treaties more than Japan. The Big Four were the architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the \"Big Three\".[37]The status of the victorious great powers were recognised by permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the council began with only four permanent members – Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, never joined the League. Germany later joined after the Locarno Treaties, which made it a member of the League of Nations, and later left (and withdrew from the League in 1933); Japan left, and the Soviet Union joined.When World War II began in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances: the Allies (initially the United Kingdom and France, and Poland, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, China, and the United States) and the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan).[38][nb 1] During World War II, the U.S., U.K., USSR, and China were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"[39] and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942.[40] These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II.[41] The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.Since the end of the World Wars, the term \"great power\" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T. R. Fox[42] and according to him, there were three superpowers: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But after World War II Britain lost its superpower status.[43] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Western Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)"},{"link_name":"superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower"},{"link_name":"proxy wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war"},{"link_name":"alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"power projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_projection"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. The term \"cold\" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945.[44]During the Cold War, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defense budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers.[45] China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"permanent seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"veto power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Weapons States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons"},{"link_name":"military expenditures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPRI-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"successor state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_state"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"multipolar world view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations#Multipolarity"},{"link_name":"third and fourth largest economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"hard power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PaulWirtz2004-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"P5+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5%2B1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperling-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otte2000-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Er-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gratius-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joshua1-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada_Among_Nationsb-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theo_Farrellb-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCSS2014b-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"},{"link_name":"Group of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Least of the Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Brzezinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"NATO Quint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Quint"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"BRICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC"},{"link_name":"Contact Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaskarth-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge2010-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirton-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risto_Penttil%C3%A4-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencepo-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath of the Cold War","text":"China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\".[46] These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only state entities to have met the conditions to be considered \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world.[47] However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China,[48] France,[49] Russia[50][51][52] and the United Kingdom[49] as middle powers. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the Russian Federation in 1991, as its largest successor state. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower[nb 2] (although some support a multipolar world view).Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach).[53][54][55] Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.[56][57][58][59][60][61][62]\nIn his 2014 publication Great Power Peace and American Primacy, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as the current great powers.[63]Italy has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post WWII era.[64][65][66][67][68] The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes:The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.[65]Sterio also cites Italy's status in the Group of Seven (G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power.[65] Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for Lebanon (ISG)[69][70][71] grouping of world powers. Some analysts assert that Italy is an \"intermittent\" or the \"Least of the Great Powers\",[72][73] while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power.[74][75][76]In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski[77] considers India to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power,[78] while some believe that India remains a middle power.[79][80][81]The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.[7][8][82][83][84][85]A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emerging power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_power"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-89"},{"link_name":"WTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"G-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"supranational union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"EU three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_three"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-79"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen P. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-79"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collecott-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-94"},{"link_name":"emerge as a superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpowers"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elephantdragon-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-94"},{"link_name":"G4 nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nations"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Uniting for Consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus"},{"link_name":"reform of the Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Emerging powers","text":"See also: Emerging powerWith continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right,[87] with representation at the WTO and at G7 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global \"civilian power\", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance.[88] The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the member states, which include France, Germany and, before Brexit, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the \"EU three\").[77]Brazil and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers.[1] Political scientist Stephen P. Cohen asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power.[89] Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power.[77][90]\nFormer British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition.[91] Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence.[92] Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to emerge as a superpower.[93][92]Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the G4 nations which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members.[94] The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led Uniting for Consensus group. There are however few signs that reform of the Security Council will happen in the near future.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"^ Even though the book The Economics of World War II lists seven great powers at the start of 1939 (Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States), it focuses only on six of them, because France surrendered shortly after the war began.[citation needed]\n\n^ The fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only remaining superpower in the 1990s.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Age-Neutrals-Great-Politics-1815-1914/dp/1107037603/"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-02-10/new-spheres-influence"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Powers-European-States-System-1814-1914/dp/0582784581"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929631-15-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-15-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eh.net/book_reviews/small-and-medium-powers-in-global-history-trade-conflicts-and-neutrality-from-the-eighteenth-to-the-twentieth-centuries/"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mythofamericasde0000joff"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatpowers00joff"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn"},{"link_name":"The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OaiQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1317872849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317872849"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2638127"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Mearsheimer, John J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mearsheimer"},{"link_name":"The Tragedy of Great Power Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tragedyofgreatpo00mear"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0393020258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020258"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/atlas-of-world-history/page/n2"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23352191"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190816033245/http://www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Waltz, Kenneth N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0201083493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201083493"},{"link_name":"excerpt from book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Status-Challenge-Rising-Powers-Steven/dp/1316633543/"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//risingpowersproject.com/quarterly/status-and-the-challenge-of-rising-powers-by-steven-ward-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2017-isbn-978-1107182363-pp-x-282-hardback-75-00/"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0312892462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312892462"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Abbenhuis, Maartje. An Age of Neutrals Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 (2014) excerpt\nAllison, Graham. \"The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers.\" Foreign Affairs 99 (2020): 30+ online\nBridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen, eds. The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914 (2nd ed. 2004) excerpt\nBrooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. \"The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China's rise and the fate of America's global position.\" International Security 40.3 (2016): 7–53. online\nDuroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-15-4.\nEdelstein, David M. Over the Horizon: Time, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Great Powers (Cornell UP, 2017). [ISBN missing]\nEloranta, Jari, Eric Golson, Peter Hedberg, and Maria Cristina Moreira, eds. Small and Medium Powers in Global History: Trade, Conflicts, and Neutrality from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Routledge, 2018) 240 pp. online review\nJoffe, Josef. The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (2014) online\nJoffe, Josef. The Future of the great powers (1998) online\nKassab, Hanna Samir. Grand strategies of weak states and great powers (Springer, 2017). [ISBN missing]\nKennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) online\nMckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Pearson. ISBN 978-1317872849.\nMacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2021). \"The Status of Status in World Politics\". World Politics. 73 (2): 358–391.\nMaass, Matthias. Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648–2016 (2017). [ISBN missing]\nMichaelis, Meir. \"World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970).\" Historical Journal 15#2 (1972): 331–60. online.\nOgden, Chris. China and India: Asia's emergent great powers (John Wiley & Sons, 2017). [ISBN missing]\nNewmann, I.B. ed. Regional Great Powers in International Politics (1992) [ISBN missing]\nSchulz, Matthias. \"A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851.\" German History 21.3 (2003): 319–346.\nMearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393020258.\nNeumann, Iver B. \"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007.\" Journal of International Relations and Development 11.2 (2008): 128–151. online\nO'Brian, Patrick K. Atlas of World History (2007) Online \nPeden, G. C. \"Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power.\" Historical Journal 55#4 (2012), pp. 1073–1096. online\nPella, John & Erik Ringmar, (2019) History of international relations Online Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine\nShifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. Rising titans, falling giants: how great powers exploit power shifts (Cornell UP, 2018).[ISBN missing]\nWaltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201083493.\nWard, Steven. Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers (2018) excerpt from book; also online review\nWitkopf, Eugene R. (1981). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312892462.\nXuetong, Yan. Leadership and the rise of great powers (Princeton UP, 2019).[ISBN missing]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the United Nations Security Council.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/250px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg"},{"image_text":"In the mid-19th century, German historian Leopold von Ranke attempted to scientifically document the great powers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jebens%2C_Adolf_-_Leopold_von_Ranke_%28detail%29_-_1875.jpg/220px-Jebens%2C_Adolf_-_Leopold_von_Ranke_%28detail%29_-_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Congress of Vienna, an 1819 portrait by Jean-Baptiste Isabey depicting the Congress of Vienna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG"},{"image_text":"The \"Big Four\" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/220px-Big_four.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Big Three\" of Europe at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre: Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"title":"World portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World"},{"title":"Big Four (Western Europe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)"},{"title":"Failed state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state"},{"title":"G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8"},{"title":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"},{"title":"List of modern great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers"},{"title":"List of medieval great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers"},{"title":"List of ancient great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers"},{"title":"Power (international relations)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international_relations)"},{"title":"Precedence among European monarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedence_among_European_monarchies"},{"title":"International relations (1648–1814)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)"},{"title":"International relations (1814–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)"},{"title":"Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower"},{"title":"Diplomatic history of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"title":"International relations (1919–1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"title":"Diplomatic history of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"History of United States foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy"},{"title":"History of French foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations"},{"title":"History of German foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_German_foreign_policy"},{"title":"Foreign policy of the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire"},{"title":"Foreign relations of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"Historiography of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire"},{"title":"History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"Peter Howard (2008). \"Great Powers\". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","url_text":"\"Great Powers\""},{"url":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1930. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog","url_text":"World history, 1815–1930"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog/page/n43","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5","url_text":"1-58477-077-5"}]},{"reference":"Louden, Robert (2007). The world we want. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. ISBN 978-0195321371.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187","url_text":"The world we want"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195321371","url_text":"978-0195321371"}]},{"reference":"T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). \"Great+power\"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power. United States: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&dq=","url_text":"\"Great+power\"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791464016","url_text":"0791464016"}]},{"reference":"Gaskarth, Jamie (11 February 2015). Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1317575115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CkqhBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317575115","url_text":"978-1317575115"}]},{"reference":"Richard Gowan; Bruce D. Jones; Shepard Forman, eds. (2010). Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0521889476.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwU0OjZBtcC","url_text":"Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521889476","url_text":"978-0521889476"}]},{"reference":"\"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/world%20power?s=t","url_text":"\"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary – Major power\". reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/major+power?s=t","url_text":"\"Dictionary – Major power\""}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Kenneth N (1979). Theory of International Politics. McGraw-Hill. p. 131. ISBN 0-201-08349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt","url_text":"Theory of International Politics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt/page/131","url_text":"131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-08349-3","url_text":"0-201-08349-3"}]},{"reference":"Danilovic, Vesna (2002). When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11287-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11287-6","url_text":"978-0-472-11287-6"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Alan JP (1954). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918. Oxford: Clarendon. p. xxiv. ISBN 0-19-881270-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt","url_text":"The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1","url_text":"0-19-881270-1"}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Kenneth N. (1993). \"The Emerging Structure of International Politics\" (PDF). International Security. 18 (2): 50. doi:10.2307/2539097. JSTOR 2539097. S2CID 154473957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2017 – via International Relations Exam Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093311/http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf","url_text":"\"The Emerging Structure of International Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539097","url_text":"10.2307/2539097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539097","url_text":"2539097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154473957","url_text":"154473957"},{"url":"http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mearsheimer, John (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Toynbee, Arnold J (1926). The World After the Peace Conference. Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference","url_text":"The World After the Peace Conference"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference/page/n8","url_text":"4"}]},{"reference":"Modelski, George (1972). Principles of World Politics. Free Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-02-921440-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-921440-4","url_text":"978-0-02-921440-4"}]},{"reference":"O’Brien, Phillips P. (29 June 2023). \"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power\". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/theres-no-such-thing-great-power","url_text":"\"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","url_text":"0015-7120"}]},{"reference":"\"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory\". 11 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4376627.stm","url_text":"\"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory\""}]},{"reference":"Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1584770775.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&q=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&pg=PA25","url_text":"World history, 1815–1920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584770775","url_text":"1584770775"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, C. J. (1996). Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106. ISBN 9780312161385.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eVPQWWqHbi8C&pg=PA106","url_text":"Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312161385","url_text":"9780312161385"}]},{"reference":"\"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power\". University of Rochester. Archived from the original (PPT) on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616093235/http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt","url_text":"\"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power\""},{"url":"http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tonge, Stephen. \"European History Austria-Hungary 1870–1914\". Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/aus-hun.htm","url_text":"\"European History Austria-Hungary 1870–1914\""}]},{"reference":"Dallin, David (30 November 2006). The Rise of Russia in Asia. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-2919-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Rise of Russia in Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2919-1","url_text":"978-1-4067-2919-1"}]},{"reference":"MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. Random House Trade. pp. 36, 306, 431. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan","url_text":"MacMillan, Margaret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacemakers:_The_Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919_and_Its_Attempt_to_End_War","url_text":"Paris 1919"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parissixmonthsth00macm_414/page/n87","url_text":"36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76052-0","url_text":"0-375-76052-0"}]},{"reference":"Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62","url_text":"Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9416-X","url_text":"0-8476-9416-X"}]},{"reference":"Sainsbury, Keith (1986). The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215858-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/turningpoint00keit","url_text":"The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215858-1","url_text":"978-0-19-215858-1"}]},{"reference":"Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-51768-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3","url_text":"978-1-351-51768-3"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, John. \"Middle Power\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303131625/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274","url_text":"\"Middle Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)\". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415232842/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458","url_text":"\"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute","url_text":"Stockholm International Peace Research Institute"},{"url":"http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neumann, Iver B. (2008). \"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007\". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11 (2): 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully-fledged great power.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7","url_text":"\"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7","url_text":"10.1057/jird.2008.7"}]},{"reference":"Garnett, Sherman (6 November 1995). \"Russia ponders its nuclear options\". Washington Times. p. 2. Russia must deal with the rise of other middle powers in Eurasia at a time when it is more of a middle power itself.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times","url_text":"Washington Times"}]},{"reference":"Kitney, Geoff (25 March 2000). \"Putin It To The People\". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 41. The Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, which includes senior figures believed to be close to Putin, will soon publish a report saying Russia's superpower days are finished and that the country should settle for being a middle power with a matching defence structure.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power","url_text":"middle power"}]},{"reference":"T.V. Paul; James Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (8 September 2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-8047-5017-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59","url_text":"Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5017-2","url_text":"978-0-8047-5017-2"}]},{"reference":"Worldcrunch.com (28 November 2011). \"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation\". Worldcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150611/http://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176","url_text":"\"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation\""},{"url":"https://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winder, Simon (19 November 2011). \"Germany: The reluctant superpower\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html","url_text":"\"Germany: The reluctant superpower\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sperling, James (2001). \"Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe\". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2): 389–425. doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123401000151","url_text":"10.1017/S0007123401000151"}]},{"reference":"Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999. Germany. p. 324. ISBN 0-312-22653-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22653-5","url_text":"0-312-22653-5"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137299482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137299482","url_text":"978-1137299482"}]},{"reference":"Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 0773528369.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC","url_text":"Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773528369","url_text":"0773528369"}]},{"reference":"Sterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law: \"selfistans\", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0415668187.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC","url_text":"The right to self-determination under international law: \"selfistans\", secession and the rule of the great powers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415668187","url_text":"978-0415668187"}]},{"reference":"Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. ISBN 978-1107471498.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=canqAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107471498","url_text":"978-1107471498"}]},{"reference":"Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200310/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/","url_text":"Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security"},{"url":"http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kuper, Stephen. \"Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019\". Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020. Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear-capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211210044814/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers","url_text":"\"Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019\""},{"url":"https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/lebanon/events/article/lebanon-ministerial-meeting-of-the-international-support-group-paris-08-12-17","url_text":"\"Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war\". Reuters. 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election/big-power-grouping-urges-lebanon-to-uphold-policy-on-steering-clear-of-war-idUSKBN1IB2V4","url_text":"\"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri\" (PDF) (Press release). unmisssions.org. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://unscol.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/isg-pm-designate_saad_hariri_11_07_18.pdf","url_text":"\"Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri\""}]},{"reference":"Dimitris Bourantonis; Marios Evriviades, eds. (1997). A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development. Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 77. ISBN 9041103120. Retrieved 13 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.it/search?tbm=bks&hl=it&q=A+United+Nations+for+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Peace%2C+Security%2C+and+Development","url_text":"A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041103120","url_text":"9041103120"}]},{"reference":"Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century: the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4868-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4868-6","url_text":"978-0-7391-4868-6"}]},{"reference":"Brewster, David (2012). India as an Asia Pacific Power. United States: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136620089.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136620089","url_text":"978-1136620089"}]},{"reference":"The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security. Routledge. 2 July 2010. ISBN 978-1136936074.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136936074","url_text":"978-1136936074"}]},{"reference":"Penttilä, Risto (17 June 2013). The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security. Routledge. pp. 17–32. ISBN 978-1136053528.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qaLncAQ1OKIC","url_text":"The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136053528","url_text":"978-1136053528"}]},{"reference":"Sweijs, T.; De Spiegeleire, S.; de Jong, S.; Oosterveld, W.; Roos, H.; Bekkers, F.; Usanov, A.; de Rave, R.; Jans, K. (2017). Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 43. ISBN 978-94-92102-46-1. Retrieved 29 April 2022. We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1EonDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92102-46-1","url_text":"978-94-92102-46-1"}]},{"reference":"Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3375-7","url_text":"0-7456-3375-7"}]},{"reference":"\"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications\". Futuredirections.org.au. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127053340/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html","url_text":"\"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications\""},{"url":"http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). \"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status\". The Diplomatic Courier. Retrieved 10 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/","url_text":"\"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status\""}]},{"reference":"Kwang Ho Chun (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-6869-1. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ","url_text":"The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6869-1","url_text":"978-1-4094-6869-1"}]},{"reference":"Robyn Meredith (2007). The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us. W.W Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33193-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elephantdragonri00mere","url_text":"The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33193-6","url_text":"978-0-393-33193-6"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Rajeev (27 September 2015). \"India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies\". First Post. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html","url_text":"\"India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies\""}]},{"reference":"Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-15-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-15-4","url_text":"1-929631-15-4"}]},{"reference":"Mckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Pearson. ISBN 978-1317872849.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OaiQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7","url_text":"The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317872849","url_text":"978-1317872849"}]},{"reference":"Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393020258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mearsheimer","url_text":"Mearsheimer, John J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tragedyofgreatpo00mear","url_text":"The Tragedy of Great Power Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020258","url_text":"0393020258"}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201083493.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz","url_text":"Waltz, Kenneth N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201083493","url_text":"0201083493"}]},{"reference":"Witkopf, Eugene R. (1981). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312892462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312892462","url_text":"0312892462"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","external_links_name":"\"Great Powers\""},{"Link":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog","external_links_name":"World history, 1815–1930"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog/page/n43","external_links_name":"25"},{"Link":"http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953","external_links_name":"(PDF chapter downloads)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060830054642/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472112872-appb.pdf","external_links_name":"(PDF copy)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187","external_links_name":"The world we want"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&dq=","external_links_name":"\"Great+power\"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CkqhBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwU0OjZBtcC","external_links_name":"Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/world%20power?s=t","external_links_name":"\"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com\""},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/major+power?s=t","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary – Major power\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt","external_links_name":"Theory of International Politics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt/page/131","external_links_name":"131"},{"Link":"https://www.press.umich.edu/16953/when_the_stakes_are_high","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt","external_links_name":"The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093311/http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Emerging Structure of International Politics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539097","external_links_name":"10.2307/2539097"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539097","external_links_name":"2539097"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154473957","external_links_name":"154473957"},{"Link":"http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472112872-appb.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference","external_links_name":"The World After the Peace Conference"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference/page/n8","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/theres-no-such-thing-great-power","external_links_name":"\"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","external_links_name":"0015-7120"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4376627.stm","external_links_name":"\"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&q=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"World history, 1815–1920"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eVPQWWqHbi8C&pg=PA106","external_links_name":"Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616093235/http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt","external_links_name":"\"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power\""},{"Link":"http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/aus-hun.htm","external_links_name":"\"European History Austria-Hungary 1870–1914\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"The Rise of Russia in Asia"},{"Link":"http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/87","external_links_name":"Power Transitions as the cause of war"},{"Link":"http://www.globalautonomy.ca/global1/glossary_entry.jsp?id=EV.0003","external_links_name":"Globalization and Autonomy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071215144723/http://www.globalautonomy.ca/global1/glossary_entry.jsp?id=EV.0003","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/parissixmonthsth00macm_414/page/n87","external_links_name":"36"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC&q=great+powers","external_links_name":"M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/turningpoint00keit","external_links_name":"The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303131625/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274","external_links_name":"\"Middle Power\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415232842/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458","external_links_name":"\"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)\""},{"Link":"http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/55401/gerald-segal/does-china-matter","external_links_name":"Does China Matter?"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T55xTVQq4IIC","external_links_name":"European Security After 9/11"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7","external_links_name":"\"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7","external_links_name":"10.1057/jird.2008.7"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150611/http://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176","external_links_name":"\"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html","external_links_name":"\"Germany: The reluctant superpower\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123401000151","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0007123401000151"},{"Link":"http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/contemporary_southeast_asia_a_journal_of_international_and_strategic_affairs/v028/28.1er.html","external_links_name":"Japan's Human Security Rolein Southeast Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC","external_links_name":"Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC","external_links_name":"The right to self-determination under international law: \"selfistans\", secession and the rule of the great powers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=canqAAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200310/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/","external_links_name":"Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security"},{"Link":"http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211210044814/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers","external_links_name":"\"Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/lebanon/events/article/lebanon-ministerial-meeting-of-the-international-support-group-paris-08-12-17","external_links_name":"\"Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election/big-power-grouping-urges-lebanon-to-uphold-policy-on-steering-clear-of-war-idUSKBN1IB2V4","external_links_name":"\"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war\""},{"Link":"https://unscol.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/isg-pm-designate_saad_hariri_11_07_18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.it/search?tbm=bks&hl=it&q=A+United+Nations+for+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Peace%2C+Security%2C+and+Development","external_links_name":"A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150413191614/http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/italia-150-anos-de-uma-pequena-grande-potencia/7478/","external_links_name":"Italy: 150 years of a small great power"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/strategicvisiona0000brze","external_links_name":"Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security"},{"Link":"http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm","external_links_name":"Contemporary Concert Diplomacy: The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qaLncAQ1OKIC","external_links_name":"The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security"},{"Link":"https://07d0eb30-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/munsummit/herramientas/referencias/mapas-y-graficas/russia-y-las-grandes-potencias-g8-y-china/17_1_g8etchine_gauche.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7cpJpyCUv6rF4H4LtX7iqDUo3K0wf4U4eg_avHPZBPEBMw60hYqFCA6VClilGg7LOf0AIcVuJu8odeqiyMEHQcaq6wzFXVIVV6ExURMlSLuEssICme77DQb0Z-xjCWiFPBtTUgbL_viUy5gRdAMz98ihtqC6iEdsPVKma9E6-zPDzyPvqZMkBWobG5SaQQb3BSVMlRcrlSz63a1urcQI5qFji5Zc_hxcXHhIjISbKzQ57-onqlPhGN1e0J-20TJzIg_5F1wG5PDJnOu_INDxALfaqHhyqzeUNkm4F3kL5iXpQCwISpaPw0xJAkoe_mrKT9iJ1WJZ2tUjLnEqid7_Vc6dwz1OYw%3D%3D&attredirects=0","external_links_name":"Russia y las grandes potencias"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028215613/https://07d0eb30-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/munsummit/herramientas/referencias/mapas-y-graficas/russia-y-las-grandes-potencias-g8-y-china/17_1_g8etchine_gauche.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7cpJpyCUv6rF4H4LtX7iqDUo3K0wf4U4eg_avHPZBPEBMw60hYqFCA6VClilGg7LOf0AIcVuJu8odeqiyMEHQcaq6wzFXVIVV6ExURMlSLuEssICme77DQb0Z-xjCWiFPBtTUgbL_viUy5gRdAMz98ihtqC6iEdsPVKma9E6-zPDzyPvqZMkBWobG5SaQQb3BSVMlRcrlSz63a1urcQI5qFji5Zc_hxcXHhIjISbKzQ57-onqlPhGN1e0J-20TJzIg_5F1wG5PDJnOu_INDxALfaqHhyqzeUNkm4F3kL5iXpQCwISpaPw0xJAkoe_mrKT9iJ1WJZ2tUjLnEqid7_Vc6dwz1OYw==&attredirects=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cartographie.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/17_2_g8etchine_droite.jpg","external_links_name":"G8 et Chine"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1EonDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127053340/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html","external_links_name":"\"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications\""},{"Link":"http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/","external_links_name":"\"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/elephantdragonri00mere","external_links_name":"The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us"},{"Link":"http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html","external_links_name":"\"India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Age-Neutrals-Great-Politics-1815-1914/dp/1107037603/","external_links_name":"excerpt"},{"Link":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-02-10/new-spheres-influence","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Powers-European-States-System-1814-1914/dp/0582784581","external_links_name":"excerpt"},{"Link":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://eh.net/book_reviews/small-and-medium-powers-in-global-history-trade-conflicts-and-neutrality-from-the-eighteenth-to-the-twentieth-centuries/","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mythofamericasde0000joff","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatpowers00joff","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OaiQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7","external_links_name":"The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638127","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tragedyofgreatpo00mear","external_links_name":"The Tragedy of Great Power Politics"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atlas-of-world-history/page/n2","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23352191","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816033245/http://www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Status-Challenge-Rising-Powers-Steven/dp/1316633543/","external_links_name":"excerpt from book"},{"Link":"https://risingpowersproject.com/quarterly/status-and-the-challenge-of-rising-powers-by-steven-ward-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2017-isbn-978-1107182363-pp-x-282-hardback-75-00/","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Great+power","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Great+power&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243609","external_links_name":"Great power"},{"Link":"https://risingpowersproject.com/","external_links_name":"Rising Powers Project"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/947048/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125218-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540906905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85057001","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127017&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32760","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Poges
Stoke Poges
["1 Etymology","2 Stoke Poges Manor House","3 Education","4 St Giles' Church","5 Sport","6 In media","7 Notable natives and residents","8 Notable organisations","9 Demography","10 Geography","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°32′46″N 0°35′02″W / 51.546°N 0.584°W / 51.546; -0.584 Human settlement in EnglandStoke PogesSt Giles' parish churchStoke PogesLocation within BuckinghamshireArea10.09 km2 (3.90 sq mi)Population4,752 (2011)• Density471/km2 (1,220/sq mi)OS grid referenceSU9884• London20.5 miles (33 km) ECivil parishStoke PogesUnitary authorityBuckinghamshireCeremonial countyBuckinghamshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSLOUGHPostcode districtSL2Dialling code01753PoliceThames ValleyFireBuckinghamshireAmbulanceSouth Central UK ParliamentBeaconsfieldWebsitewww.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk List of places UK England Buckinghamshire 51°32′46″N 0°35′02″W / 51.546°N 0.584°W / 51.546; -0.584 Stoke Poges (/ˈstoʊkˈpoʊdʒɪz/) is a village and civil parish in south-east Buckinghamshire, England. It is centred 3 miles (4.8 km) north-north-east of Slough, its post town, and 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Farnham Common. Etymology In the name Stoke Poges, stoke means "stockaded (place)" that is staked with more than just boundary-marking stakes. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the village was recorded as Stoche. William Fitz-Ansculf, who held the manor in 1086 (in the grounds of which the Norman parish church was built), later became known as William Stoches or William of Stoke. Amicia of Stoke, heiress to the manor, married Robert Pogeys, Knight of the Shire 200 years later, and the village eventually became known as Stoke Poges. Robert Poges was the son of Savoyard Imbert Pugeys, valet to King Henry III and later steward of the royal household. Poges and Pocheys being an English attempt at Pugeys which ironically meant "worthless thing". The spelling appearing as "Stoke Pocheys", if applicable to this village, may suggest the pronunciation of the second part had a slightly more open "o" sound than the word "Stoke". Stoke Poges Manor House This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire A manor house at Stoke Poges was built before the Norman Conquest and was mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book. In 1555 the owner, Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, pulled down much of the existing fortified house. He replaced it with a large Tudor brick-built house, with numerous chimneys and gables. In 1599 it was acquired by Sir Edward Coke, who is said to have entertained Queen Elizabeth I there in 1601. A few decades later, the married lady of the manor, Frances Coke, Viscountess Purbeck, the daughter of Sir Edward Coke, had a love affair with Robert Howard, a member of parliament. The affair's discovery was received as a scandal upon the three people involved, and in 1635 Lady Frances was imprisoned for adultery. She later escaped from prison to France, and eventually returned and lived at Stoke Poges Manor for a time. She died at Oxford in 1645 at the court of King Charles I. Charles I himself was imprisoned at Stoke Poges Manor in 1647 before his execution. Later the manor came into the possession of Thomas Penn, a son of William Penn who founded Pennsylvania and was its first proprietor. Thomas Penn held three-fourths of the proprietorship. The manor property remained in his family for at least two generations, as his son John Penn "of Stoke" also lived there. Thomas Gray's 1750 poem "A Long Story" describes the house and its occupants. Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was a frequent visitor to the house and rented it as a studio for some time. His most famous painting, The Monarch of the Glen (1851), is said to have been created at Stoke Poges, with the deer in the park used as models. Education Stoke Poges has a primary school called The Stoke Poges School. It was rated 'Good' by Ofsted in 2022. On 6 May 1985 four pupils drowned at Land's End during a school trip. Their bereaved parents were angered by Buckinghamshire County Council's offer of £3500 compensation per child. A Sikh faith secondary school called Pioneer Secondary Academy opened in 2022. On the site had been Khalsa Secondary Academy which had been rated 'Inadequate ' by Ofsted in 2019 and subsequently closed. Larchmoor School in Gerrards Cross Road was a major school in England for deaf children which was opened in 1967 by Elizabeth II and ran by the Royal National Institute for Deaf People. It closed in the late 20th century. Halidon House School was founded 1865, based in Slough and then in 1948 moved to Framewood Manor, Framewood Road. It was a girls school which closed in 1983. St. James Roman Catholic School moved from Richmond in 1830 to Baylis House. The school closed in 1907. Rafael Merry del Val, Cardinal Secretary of State under Pope Pius X was educated at the school. Stoke House School in Stoke Green was a preparatory school from 1841 to 1913. In 1913 Ted Parry, the headmaster relocated the school to Seaford and later it was renamed Stoke Brunswick School. Long Dene School, moved from Jordans, Buckinghamshire to the Manor House in 1940. In 1945 the school relocated to Chiddingstone Castle, Kent. Teikyo School United Kingdom is near Stoke Poges. St Giles' Church Main article: Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is believed to have been written in the churchyard of Saint Giles. The church is a Grade I listed building. Other churches have claimed the honour, including St Laurence's Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey and St Mary's in Everdon, Northamptonshire. Gray's Monument, Stoke Poges Gray is buried in a tomb with his mother and aunt in the churchyard. John Penn commissioned James Wyatt to design a monument which is a Grade II* listed building. It bears lines from the Elegy. The monument stands adjacent to St Giles' church and owned by the National Trust. A lychgate which is now located in the middle of the churchyard was designed by John Oldrid Scott and completed in 1887. In 2022 it became a national heritage asset being Listed Grade II. A gothic style rectory having a battlemented parapet was built by James Wyatt, 1802–1804 for John Penn of Stoke Park. It is now a private residence called Elegy House. Sport There are two public recreation grounds: Bells Hill and Plough Lane. In the late 20th century, large private sports facilities operated for the main benefit of Glaxo Laboratories staff at Sefton Park and for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Paints Division at Duffield House, Stoke Green. Badminton: Stoke Poges Badminton Club has for many decades run in the Village Centre. Bowls: Stoke Poges Bowls Club was founded in 1978 and closed in 2020. The bowling green was situated in the grounds of the Polish Association in Church Lane. The bowling green had opened in 1949 by St. Helens Cable and Wire Company. Cricket: Stoke Green Cricket Club in Stoke Green has been playing there since 1879 with support of the then landowner, Howard-Vyse of Stoke Place. Stoke Poges Golf Club at Stoke Park used to run a cricket club in the early 20th century, playing home matches in Farnham Royal. Darts: In 2023 darts teams from the Village Centre and the Rose and Crown public house in Stoke Poges, compete in the Chalfont and District Darts League. Football: Stoke Poges Football Club plays on the Bells Hill recreation ground. Golf: Stoke Park golf course was designed by Harry Colt for Nicholas Lane Jackson who founded it in 1908 as part of England's first golf and country club. It was known as Stoke Poges Golf Club. The South Buckinghamshire Golf Academy consisted of a 9 holes golf course and a golf driving range. It was opened in 1994 and owned by Buckinghamshire County Council. It closed down after the granting of a planning application in 2018 to turn it into a public Country Park. The South Buckinghamshire Golf Course, formerly known as Farnham Park Golf Course, is an 18-hole pay and play course, set in 130 acres of mature wooded parkland owned by Buckinghamshire Council. In 2023 there were two golf clubs using the course: South Buckinghamshire Golf Club and Farnham Park Golf Club. The latter was established at the course in 1977. Wexham Park Golf Centre in Wexham Street, straddles Stoke Poges and Wexham Parishes. It has a variety of golf facilities with a nine hole course being located in Stoke Poges Parish. Padel: In 2023 Buckinghamshire Council submitted plans to build two padel tennis courts at the South Buckinghamshire Golf Course. Table Tennis: Stoke Poges Table Tennis Club was founded in 1950. Play used to take place in the pavilion at Sefton Park. In the 21st century it plays at St Andrew's Church Centre in Rogers Lane. Tennis: Stoke Poges Lawn Tennis Club operates on Bells Hill recreation ground and commenced there in 1949. In media In 1931 Aldous Huxley wrote his book Brave New World which mentions Stoke Poges in it. He frequently visited Stoke Poges golf course. In 1957, British Pathé filmed ‘The Vital Vaccine’ at Sefton Park where Glaxo Laboratories created and manufactured the  'Polyvirin', Britain's Polio vaccine. The Chairman of Glaxo’,  Sir Harry Jephcott is filmed. It is announced at the start of the film, that it is the former home of the music hall star, Vesta Tilley In 1963 the film I Could Go On Singing with Judy Garland's character visits St Giles' parish church with her son. In 1964 the golf course at Stoke Park was the setting of a golf match in the James Bond film Goldfinger, played between the principal characters. The map on the dial in Bond's car that tracks Goldfinger's shows Stoke Poges. In 1969, Pinewood film studios hired a chemistry laboratory at Fulmer Research Institute for use as a film set for the film "The Chairman" (also known as "The Most Dangerous Man in the World"), starring Gregory Peck. In 1981 the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only filmed its opening sequence, when Bond visits his wife's grave, in the graveyard at St Giles' Church. In 1990 'Inspector Lynley' crime novel Well-Schooled in Murder by Elizabeth George, and its television adaptation, are set in Stoke Poges. In 1996, Nick Hancock's Football Nightmares Nick Hancock is trying to hitchhike to the Victoria Ground in Stoke-on-Trent, but keeps getting dropped off in, or just outside, Stoke Poges. In 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies, Stoke Park hotel doubles as the interior of the Hamburg hotel, where Bond (Pierce Brosnan) drinks his vodka, renews his past relationship with Carver's wife Paris (Teri Hatcher) and struggles with Dr. Kaufman (Götz Otto). In 1998, the novel Sharpe's Triumph by Bernard Cornwell was published. In the novel, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington's dragoon orderly Daniel Fletcher mentions that he is from Stoke Poges: Sharpe replies- "Never heard of it.” In 2004 Stoke Park is also featured in the films Layer Cake. also filmed there was Wimbledon (2004), Bride and Prejudice, (2004) and Bridget Jones's Diary.(2001) In 2007, Part of the 2007 series Jekyll was filmed on the boardwalk and surrounding area. In 2010, the BBC drama series Vexed (Series 1, Ep.2, TX 22 Aug 2010 – with Toby Stephens and Lucy Punch) was largely filmed in the grounds and inside Stoke Court – which had earlier been Bayer Group UK's conference centre. In 2017 the British media caused a furore after the National Galleries of Scotland had bought The Monarch of the Glen painting by Sir Edwin Landseer for £4 million and the view by some that it may have been painted at Stoke Park. In 2021, the lease of Stoke Park was bought by Reliance Industries (RIL) for £57 million from the International Group. Later in the year Stoke Park closed for refurbishment. In 2021, Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens featured in the BBC programme Great British Railway Journeys presented by Michael Portillio In 2021, Prime Minister, Boris Johnson in his keynote speech at the Conservative Party Conference referred to Thomas Gray and Stoke Poges, about a levelling up vision in terms of an imbalanced society. Notable natives and residents Augustus Henry Eden Allhusen (1867–1925), English politician, resident at Stoke Court, Rogers Lane (1867–1925) Christian Allhusen (1806–1890), Danish-English chemical manufacturer, resident at Stoke Court, Rogers Lane. John Charles Bell (1844–1924), 1st Baronet, Lord Mayor of London and businessman, resident at Framewood Manor, Framewood Road (1905–1924). John Beresford (1866–1944), 5th Baron Decies, Army officer, civil servant and baron, resident at Sefton Park (1905–1917) Robert Brooke-Popham (1878–1953), Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force and Governor of Kenya, resident at The Woodlands, Hollybush Hill. Wilberforce Bryant (1837–1906), English businessman, owner of Bryant & May match manufacturer and Quaker, resident at Stoke Park (1887-1906). : 70–77  Edward Coke (1552–1634), Lord Chief Justice of England and politician, resident at the Manor House (1598-1634).: 25–28  Abraham Darby IV (1804–1878), English ironmaster, resident at Stoke Court, Rogers Lane (1851–1872). Walter de Frece (1870-1935), British theatre impresario and politician, resident at Sefton Park with his wife, Vesta Tilley in the 1920s. Wallace Charles Devereux (1893–1952), English businessman and engineer, founder of Fulmer Research Institute in Stoke Poges and resident at The Meads, Park Road. John Thomas Duckworth (1748–1817), Admiral in the Royal Navy and baronet spent his childhood at the Vicarage, Park Road, where his father lived, being the Vicar of Stoke Poges (1754–1748). Ruth Durlacher (1876-1946), Irish tennis player and golfer, resident at the White House and Pinegrove, Stoke Green, in early 20th century. Walter Evelyn Gilliat (1869-1963), England footballer and Minister in the Church of England, resident at Duffield House where his father, Algernon, lived, Stoke Green Henry Godolphin (1648-1733) Dr., Provost of Eton College and Dean of St Paul's cathedral, resident at Baylis House in 18th century. Alfred Frank Hardiman (1891-1949), sculptor, resident at Farthing Green house. Francis Hastings (1514–1561), 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, politician, 1555 completed building of the Manor house. Elizabeth Hatton (1578-1646), 2nd wife of Edward Coke, resident at the Manor House. George Howard (1718–1796), Field Marshal in British Army and politician, resident at Stoke Place, Stoke Green (c.1764–1796). Richard Howard-Vyse (1883–1962), Major General and Honorary Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, resident at Stoke Place, Stoke Green (1883–1962) Richard William Howard Howard Vyse (1784–1853), Major General and Egyptologist, born in Stoke Poges and resident at Stoke Place, Stoke Greens. Nick 'Pa' Lane Jackson (1849–1937), founder of Stoke Park, sports administrator and author, resident Stoke Park (1908–1928).: 100–186  Alfred Webster 'Morgan' Kingston (1875-1936), tenor, opera singer, resident in Templewood Lane. Henry Labouchere (1798–1869), 1st Baron Taunton, British Whig politician, resident at Stoke Park (1848–1863).: 62–66  Jacques Laffite (born 1943) the French Formula One racing driver who won six Grands Prix for Ligier during the late 1970s and early 1980s, lived in Stoke Poges during some of his racing career. Henry Martin (Marten) (c.1562–1641), King's Advocate for James I and Judge of Admiralty Court is reported to have been born at Stoke Poges. Noel Mobbs (1878–1959), businessman, founder of Slough Estates, resident at Stoke Park (1928–1959).: 188–213  William Moleyns (1378–1425), politician, administrator, knight to Henry V, resident at the Manor House. William Molyneux (1772–1838), sportsman and gambler, resident at Stoke Farm, now known as Sefton Park (1795–1838). Bernard Oppenheimer (1866–1921), diamond merchant and philanthropist, resident at Sefton Park, Bells Hill (1917-1921). Sydney Godolphin Osborne (1808–1889), Lord, cleric, writer, philanthropist, vicar of Stoke Poges (1832–1841). Edward Hagarty Parry (1855–1931), International footballer & school headmaster, resident at Stoke House School, Stoke Green, (1855-1913). Granville Penn (1761–1844), author, scriptural geologist and civil servant, resident at Stoke Park (1761-1844).: 61  John Penn (1760–1834), Chief Proprietor of Province of Pennsylvania, politician and writer, resident at Stoke Park (1760–1834). Thomas Penn (1702–1775), son of William Penn and proprietor of Province of Pennsylvania, with three-fourths holding, resident at the Manor House, Stoke Park (1760–1775). Borradaile Savory (1855–1906), English clergyman and baronet, resident at The Woodlands, Hollybush Hill (1855–1906). William Scovell Savory (1826–1895), British Surgeon and baronet, resident at The Woodlands, Hollybush Hill (1884–1895). Philip Stanhope (1694-1773), 4th Earl of Chesterfield, British statesman and diplomat, resident at Baylis house in 18th century. Vesta Tilley (Matilda Alice Powles) (1864–1952), music hall performer, resident at Sefton Park in the 1920s with her husband Walter de Frece. Alexander Wedderburn (1733-1805), 1st Earl of Rosslyn, Lord High Chancellor, resident at Baylis House, late 18th century and early 19th century. Notable organisations Comer Group, is a real estate company which c.2010 became the owner of Stoke Court for part of its residential portfolio. Hitachi Data Systems, is a subsidiary of Hitachi. It provides technology and services relating to digital data. UK Headquarters at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges. International Group operates a group of companies in the leisure, sales, marketing, management, healthcare services and property development and ownership. Registered at Stoke Park until 2021, when the lease was sold to Reliance Industries Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), an Indian multinational conglomerate, on the Global 500 list, bought the lease of Stoke Park in 2021 Servier Laboratories Ltd, is part of a French centric international pharmaceutical group. UK Headquarters at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges. Urenco Ltd, a nuclear fuel company, operating internationally running uranium enrichment plants. Headquarters at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges. Fulmer Research Institute, a pioneer contract research and development organisation. Its Headquarters was in Hollybush Hill, Stoke Poges from 1946 to 1990. Glaxo Laboratories Ltd, now part of GSK, a fermentation and vaccine research laboratory at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges from 1948 to 1982: (NB: see 'In Media' section above - 1957, British Pathé filmed ‘The Vital Vaccine’ at Sefton Park) Miles Laboratories, a USA pharmaceutical and life sciences company. UK headquarters in Stoke Court, Rogers Lane, Stoke Poges from 1959 to 1978 when Bayer acquired it. Demography Stoke Poges compared 2001 UK Census Stoke Pogesward South Bucksborough England Population 4,839 61,945 49,138,831 Foreign born 11.9% 12.2% 9.2% White 93.3% 93.4% 90.9% Asian 4.8% 4.5% 4.6% Black 0.3% 0.4% 2.3% Christian 76.5% 75.6% 71.7% Muslim 1.1% 1.1% 3.1% Hindu 0.7% 1.2% 1.1% No religion 10.6% 12.5% 14.6% Unemployed 1.8% 1.9% 3.3% Retired 16.8% 14.8% 13.5% At the 2001 UK census, the Stoke Poges electoral ward had a population of 4,839. The ethnicity was 93.3% white, 1.3% mixed race, 4.8% Asian, 0.3% black and 0.3% other. The place of birth of residents was 88.1% United Kingdom, 1.6% Republic of Ireland, 2.5% other Western European countries, and 7.8% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 76.5% Christian, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.7% Hindu, 2.7% Sikh, 0.5% Jewish, and 1.1% Muslim. 10.6% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 7.6% did not state their religion. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 40.8% in full-time employment, 11.6% in part-time employment, 12.6% self-employed, 1.8% unemployed, 1.5% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 16.8% retired, 6.7% looking after home or family, 2.5% permanently sick or disabled and 2.5% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 15.4% retail, 13.4% manufacturing, 6.9% construction, 21.1% real estate, 9.2% health and social work, 7.3% education, 8.8% transport and communications, 3.5% public administration, 3.4% hotels and restaurants, 2.8% finance, 0.8% agriculture and 7.4% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in real estate, transport and communications. According to Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period of April 2001 to March 2002 the average gross weekly income of households was £870, compared with an average of £660 in South East England. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 28.4% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide. In 2011, The Daily Telegraph deemed Stoke Poges as Britain's eighth richest village and the third richest village in Buckinghamshire. 2011 Published Statistics: Population, home ownership and extracts from Physical Environment, surveyed in 2005 Output area Homes owned outright Owned with a loan Socially rented Privately rented Other km2 roads km2 water km2 domestic gardens km2 domestic buildings km2 non-domestic buildings Usual residents km2 Civil parish 727 717 183 159 28 0.397 0.076 1.422 0.176 0.057 4752 10.09 Geography Hamlets within Stoke Poges parish include: Hollybush Hill Stoke Green West End Wexham Street References ^ a b Key Statistics: Dwellings; Quick Statistics: Population Density; Physical Environment: Land Use Survey 2005 ^ David Carpenter. 2020. Henry III : The Rise to Power and Personal Rule 1207 – 1258. New Haven: Yale University Press. 360. ^ Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP40/647; http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT1/H6/CP40no647/aCP40no647fronts/IMG_0029.htm; second entry, with "London" in the margin, & with defendants Thomas Clerk, William Adam, John Lambard & John Spykernell of Stoke Pocheys. ^ "MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges - 1165194 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "A Long Story". Thomas Gray Archive. December 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English". BBC News. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "The Stoke Poges School - GOV.UK". www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Ofsted – Short inspection on The Stoke Poges School". Gov.uk. 19 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Leeming, Jan (presenter) (8 September 1985). "10 O'Clock News". BBC News. Event occurs at 6:00. BBC One. ^ "Pioneer Secondary Academy". Pioneer Secondary Academy. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ Singh, Tarvinder. "Home". Sikh Academies Trust. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Pioneer Secondary Academy - GOV.UK". www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Inspection Report on Khalsa Secondary Academy". Gov.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "High Court reveals Khalsa Academies Trust's safeguarding failures". schoolsweek.co.uk. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Termination notice to Khalsa Secondary Academy". GOV.UK. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "LARCHMOOR SCHOOL, Stoke Poges | UCL UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries". University College London. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ BOOTH, L.G. (1997). "The design and construction of timber hyperbolic paraboloid shell roofs in Britain: 1957–1975". Construction History. 13: 78. ISSN 0267-7768. JSTOR 41613779. ^ "Larchmoor School for the Deaf". The Royal National Institute for the Deaf. 22: 99–103. April 1967. ^ Fraser, Maxwell (1980). "9". The History of Slough. Slough: Slough Corporation. p. 94. OCLC 58814912. ^ "FRAME WOOD MANOR (HALIDON HOUSE SCHOOL), Stoke Poges - 1124349 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Archives, The National. "The Discovery Service". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Harris, L.H. (7 March 2023). "Baylis House". ^ "Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust - Baylis House" (PDF). 7 March 2023. ^ "STOKE HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1317440 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "Items relating to Stoke House and other schools records". Buckcc.gov.uk. 1879–1940. D-X 801/18. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ "Stoke Brunswick School". The Keep, East Sussex. 1886–1959. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "The Long Dene Community". The Long Dene Community. Retrieved 22 February 2023. ^ Smithson, Sue (1999). Community adventure : the story of Long Dene School. London: New European Publications. ISBN 1-872410-13-8. OCLC 44915980. ^ "Village Voice". Beaconsfield Advertiser. Uxbridge. 30 September 1998. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Hoyle, Joshua Fielding (1920). The Country Churchyard – Stoke Poges Church. Oxford, UK: Church Army Press. ^ "Stoke Poges Church". stokepogeschurch.org. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade I) (1164966)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022. ^ Historic England. "Tomb of Thomas Gray, his mother Dorothy Gray and his aunt Mary Antrobus in churchyard of St Giles Church, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1124345)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022. ^ Historic England. "Gray's Monument, Stoke Poges (Grade II*) (1124346)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022. ^ "Gray's Monument and Gray's Field Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire". National Trust. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ Blake, Rev. Vernon (22 November 1887). "Stoke Poges Church". The Times newspaper. Retrieved 12 February 2021. ^ Historic England. "Lych gate and attached stone and flint wall, Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1475583)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022. ^ Historic England. "St Giles' Vicarage (Grade II) (1332767)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022. ^ "Recreation Grounds | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Hitachi Data Systems: Sefton Park - A history - Promotional Item - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Sefton Park | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ Johnson, Alan Woodworth (1977). "John Donald Rose, 2 January 1911 - 14 October 1976". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 23: 449–463. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0017. S2CID 70495969. ^ "Duffiled House Conference Brochure by Joshua Keys - Issuu". issuu.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Poges Badminton Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Badminton Club at Stoke Poges Village Centre". www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Poges Bowls Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Green Cricket Club". ^ "Cricket 1911". archive.acscricket.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "The Chalfont & District Darts League - Home". cddl.leaguerepublic.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Poges Village Centre Social Club". www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Green Rovers FC | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Poges Saints First | East Berkshire Football League". fulltime.thefa.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ a b c d "Golf | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "History of Stoke Park -". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application". ^ "Home". The South Buckinghamshire. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Noticeboard". sbgc-live. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Home - FARNHAM PARK GOLF CLUB". www.farnhampark.co.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Wexham Park Golf Centre". www.wexhamparkgolfcentre.co.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application". ^ "Stoke Poges Table Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Poges Lawn Tennis Club – Play tennis in the heart of the village". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ "Stoke Poges Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council". Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1998). Brave New World (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-092987-1. ^ "THE VITAL VACCINE". British Pathé. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ Neame, Ronald (14 August 1963), I Could Go on Singing (Drama, Music), Barbican Films, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ "Goldfinger film locations (1964)". ^ J. Lee Thompson (Director), Gregory Peck (Actor) (1969). "The Chairman" (also known as "The Most Dangerous Man in the World") (Film). Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, England: Twentieth Century Fox. ^ "For Your Eyes Only film locations". ^ Nick Hancock's Football Nightmares (1996), 21 October 1996, retrieved 6 March 2023 ^ "Over 25 Years of 007 Filming Locations in England". Filming in England. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Sharpe's Triumph | Bernard Cornwell". www.bernardcornwell.net. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "History of Stoke Park -". Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English". BBC News. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ "Sir Edwin Landseer". nationalgalleries.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ "Luxury golf club and hotel to shut for two years after Indian billionaire buys it for £57 million". Bucks Free Press. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "Luxury Hotel, Spa, Golf & Country Club in Buckinghamshire | Stoke Park". www.stokepark.com. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ Barman, Arijit. "Reliance all set to buy iconic British Country Club Stoke Park for 60 mn pounds". The Economic Times. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ Cradock, Matt (30 May 2021). "Stoke Park Country Club To Shut For Two Years After Takeover". Golf Monthly Magazine. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "BBC Two – Great British Railway Journeys, Series 12, West Ruislip to Windsor". BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "BBC's Great British Railway Journey's next stop is Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens". Buckinghamshire Council. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "Bucks memorial gardens set to feature on popular BBC TV show". Bucks Free Press. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "Affluent Stoke Poges welcomes plan to 'take pressure off' by levelling up". The Guardian. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "Levelling up is Johnson's answer to chill penury". churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901. London: Dean & Son. 1901. p. 2. Retrieved 20 January 2021 ^ Chemist and Druggist, Volume 36. Benn Brothers. 1890. p. 61. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ South Bucks District Council (19 July 2011). "Framewood Road Character Appraisal". southbucks.gov.uk. p. 22. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ Slough Windsor Eton Observer (26 January 2021). "Death of Slough Magistrate". sloughhistoryonline.org.uk. ^ : 67 Rigby, Lionel (2000). Stoke Poges – A Buckinghamshire village through 1000 years. Phillimore. ISBN 9781860771316. ^ Kelly's directory of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. 1935. Kelly's Directories Ltd. 1935. pp. Stoke Poges. OCLC 1114860090. ^ a b c d e f Pugh, Peter (2008). Stoke Park the first 1000 years. Icon Books. ISBN 978-184-046-946-2. ^ Corley, T. A. B. (2004). "Bryant, Wilberforce (1837–1906), match manufacturer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46787. Retrieved 26 January 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "No. 21409". The London Gazette. 8 February 1853. p. 329. ^ "Recollections of Vesta Tilley | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Fulmer Research Institute, timeline". 23 January 2021. ^ "DUCKWORTH, Sir John Thomas (1748–1817). | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "Stoke Poges Heritage Walk – Map". Buckinghamshire.gov.uk. Item B. Buckinghamshire Council. 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Page 2941 | Issue 34156, 3 May 1935 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ 1935 Kelly's Directory of Berkshire and Oxfordshire. Kelly's Directories Ltd. 1935. pp. Stoke Poges. ^ "FamilySearch.org". ancestors.familysearch.org. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "England Players - Walter Gilliat". www.englandfootballonline.com. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Godolphin, Henry (1648–1733), college head and dean of St Paul's". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10878. Retrieved 6 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Buckinghamshire Sites – Parks – Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust". Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Alfred Frank Hardiman". London Remembers. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Alfred Frank Hardiman RA, RS, FRBS - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951". sculpture.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1165194 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2021. ^ Aughterson, Kate (2004). "Hatton, Elizabeth, Lady Hatton (1578–1646), courtier". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68059. Retrieved 14 February 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Sir George Howard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13900. Retrieved 13 July 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Parishes: Stoke Poges, A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925)". pp. 302–313. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ Anglesey, The Marquess of (1994). A History of the British Cavalry: Volume 5: 1914–1919 Egypt, Palestine and Syria. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 9780850523959. ^ 1851 England Census HO107/1718; Folio: 579; Page: 17 ^ Jackson, Nick Lane (1932). Sporting Days and Sporting Ways. London, UK: Hurst and Blacket. OCLC 1073277963. ^ "Morgan Kingston". www.historicaltenors.net. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ "Morgan Kingston". Our Mansfield & Area. Retrieved 31 May 2022. ^ Brief Lives John Aubrey Clarendon Press, 1898 – Great Britain ^ "Sir Noel Mobbs | English Bridge Union". www.ebu.co.uk. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ Neale, John Preston (1824). Views of the most interesting Collegiate and Parochial Churches in Great Britain – St Giles' Church, Stoke Poges – The Rev Arthur Bold. Volume 1. London: John le Keux. OCLC 939440882. ^ Bryant Bevan, The Rev. D.H. (1948). "The Country Churchyard Stoke Poges Church". R.G. Baker & Co. Ltd, Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire: 17. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Woodger, L. S. (1993), "Moleyns, Sir William (1378–1425), of Stoke Poges, Bucks", in J.S. Roskell; L. Clark; C. Rawcliffe (eds.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421, retrieved 31 January 2021 ^ Rigby, Lionel (2000). "20". Stoke Poges – A Buckinghamshire village through 1000 years. Phillimore. p. 74. ISBN 9781860771316. ^ "No. 32776". The London Gazette. 12 December 1920. p. 8839. ^ "Osborne, Lord Sydney Godolphin (1808–1889), philanthropist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20883. Retrieved 1 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Betts, Graham (2006). England: Player by player. Green Umbrella Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 1-905009-63-1. ^ Fell-Smith, Charlotte (2004). "Penn, Granville (1761–1844)". In Smail, Rev. Richard (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21847. Retrieved 25 January 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Penn, John (PN776J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Wainwright, Nicholas B. (1963). "The Penn Collection". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 87 (4): 393–419. ISSN 0031-4587. JSTOR 20089651. ^ "Savory, Borradaile (SVRY875B)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Framewood Road Conservation Area Character Appraisal report (19 July 2011).South Bucks District Council ^ Cannon, John (2004). "Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773), politician and diplomatist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26255. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 6 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Fraser, Maxwell. "Salt Hill". www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ De Frece, Lady (1934). Recollections of Vesta Tilley. Hutchinson. OCLC 754988460. ^ Murdoch, Alexander (2004). "Wedderburn, Alexander, first earl of Rosslyn (1733–1805), lord chancellor". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28954. Retrieved 6 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Residential Portfolio UK". thecomergroup.com. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ Kingsley, Nick (9 February 2014). "Landed families of Britain and Ireland: (108) Allhusen of Elswick Hall, Stoke Court and Bradenham Hall". Landed families of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "Hitachi Vantara – HDS partner contact information". HitachiVantara.com. 22 January 2021. ^ "International Group official website". igroup.co.uk. 22 January 2021. ^ Hammond, George; Raval, Anjli; Parkin, Benjamin (23 April 2021). "Mukesh Ambani buys 'Goldfinger' Stoke Park golf club for £57m". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "International Group – Founded in 1964, International Group is a family owned business". Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "Servier Laboratories UK HQ Contact". Servier.co.uk. 20 January 2021. ^ "Urenco Ltd – Official website". Urenco.com. 22 January 2021. ^ Liddiard, E A G (1965). "The Fulmer Research Institute". Physics Bulletin. 16 (5): 161–169. doi:10.1088/0031-9112/16/5/001. ^ Macrae, T. F. (1957). "The Research Work of Glaxo Laboratories Limited". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 146 (923): 181–193. Bibcode:1957RSPSB.146..181M. doi:10.1098/rspb.1957.0003. ISSN 0080-4649. JSTOR 82979. PMID 13420142. S2CID 33221639. ^ "Stoke Poges West End Conservation Area". South Bucks District Council: 19. 19 July 2011. ^ "History". bayer.com. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ a b "Neighbourhood Statistics". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2008. ^ "Britain's richest villages". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stoke Poges. "Stoke Poges" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. Stoke Poges Parish Council Stoke Poges Village Centre Stoke Poges Parish Church of St Andrew and St Giles The Stoke Poges Society vteSouth Bucks District Buckinghamshire Unitary Council elections County Council elections District Council elections Beaconsfield Constituency Towns (component areas and hamlets) Beaconsfield Holtspur Ledborough Gerrards Cross Other civil parishes (component villages and hamlets) Burnham Boveney Burnham East Burnham Egypt Hitcham Lent Rise Littleworth Littleworth Common Rose Hill Denham Baker's Wood Denham Denham Garden Village Denham Green Higher Denham New Denham Tatling End Dorney Dorney Dorney Reach Lake End Farnham Royal Farnham Common Farnham Park Farnham Royal Fulmer Hedgerley Hedgerley Hedgerley Dean Hedgerley Green Hedgerley Hill Iver Iver Iver Heath Love Green Richings Park Shreding Green Thorney Stoke Poges Hollybush Hill Stoke Green Stoke Poges Taplow Wexham George Green Middlegreen Wexham Former districts and boroughs Beaconsfield Urban District Eton Rural District Former constituencies Buckinghamshire County Constituency Eton and Slough Constituency South Buckinghamshire Constituency List of parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire List of places in Buckinghamshire List of civil parishes in Buckinghamshire Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈstoʊkˈpoʊdʒɪz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"post town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_town"},{"link_name":"Farnham Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham_Common"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandStoke Poges (/ˈstoʊkˈpoʊdʒɪz/) is a village and civil parish in south-east Buckinghamshire, England. It is centred 3 miles (4.8 km) north-north-east of Slough, its post town, and 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Farnham Common.","title":"Stoke Poges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stockaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stockade"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"William Fitz-Ansculf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fitz-Ansculf"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Savoyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie"},{"link_name":"King Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the name Stoke Poges, stoke means \"stockaded (place)\" that is staked with more than just boundary-marking stakes. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the village was recorded as Stoche. William Fitz-Ansculf, who held the manor in 1086 (in the grounds of which the Norman parish church was built), later became known as William Stoches or William of Stoke. Amicia of Stoke, heiress to the manor, married Robert Pogeys, Knight of the Shire 200 years later, and the village eventually became known as Stoke Poges. Robert Poges was the son of Savoyard Imbert Pugeys, valet to King Henry III and later steward of the royal household. Poges and Pocheys being an English attempt at Pugeys which ironically meant \"worthless thing\".[2] The spelling appearing as \"Stoke Pocheys\", if applicable to this village, may suggest the pronunciation of the second part had a slightly more open \"o\" sound than the word \"Stoke\".[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hastings,_2nd_Earl_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Coke"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Frances Coke, Viscountess Purbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Coke,_Viscountess_Purbeck"},{"link_name":"Robert Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Howard_(Royalist)"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(legal)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Penn"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Penn \"of Stoke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penn_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edwin Henry Landseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Landseer"},{"link_name":"The Monarch of the Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_of_the_Glen_(painting)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A manor house at Stoke Poges was built before the Norman Conquest and was mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book. In 1555 the owner, Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, pulled down much of the existing fortified house. He replaced it with a large Tudor brick-built house, with numerous chimneys and gables.[4] In 1599 it was acquired by Sir Edward Coke, who is said to have entertained Queen Elizabeth I there in 1601.A few decades later, the married lady of the manor, Frances Coke, Viscountess Purbeck, the daughter of Sir Edward Coke, had a love affair with Robert Howard, a member of parliament. The affair's discovery was received as a scandal upon the three people involved, and in 1635 Lady Frances was imprisoned for adultery. She later escaped from prison to France, and eventually returned and lived at Stoke Poges Manor for a time. She died at Oxford in 1645 at the court of King Charles I.Charles I himself was imprisoned at Stoke Poges Manor in 1647 before his execution.Later the manor came into the possession of Thomas Penn, a son of William Penn who founded Pennsylvania and was its first proprietor. Thomas Penn held three-fourths of the proprietorship. The manor property remained in his family for at least two generations, as his son John Penn \"of Stoke\" also lived there. Thomas Gray's 1750 poem \"A Long Story\" describes the house and its occupants.[5] Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was a frequent visitor to the house and rented it as a studio for some time. His most famous painting, The Monarch of the Glen (1851), is said to have been created at Stoke Poges, with the deer in the park used as models.[6]","title":"Stoke Poges Manor House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"four pupils drowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%27s_End_disaster"},{"link_name":"Land's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%27s_End"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Royal National Institute for Deaf People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Institute_for_Deaf_People"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Rafael Merry del Val","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ted Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hagarty_Parry"},{"link_name":"Seaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaford,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Stoke Brunswick School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Brunswick_School"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jordans, Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordans,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Chiddingstone Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddingstone_Castle"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Teikyo School United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikyo_School_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Stoke Poges has a primary school called The Stoke Poges School.[7] It was rated 'Good' by Ofsted in 2022.[8] On 6 May 1985 four pupils drowned at Land's End during a school trip. Their bereaved parents were angered by Buckinghamshire County Council's offer of £3500 compensation per child.[9]A Sikh faith secondary school called Pioneer Secondary Academy opened in 2022.[10][11][12] On the site had been Khalsa Secondary Academy which had been rated 'Inadequate ' by Ofsted in 2019 and subsequently closed.[13][14][15]Larchmoor School in Gerrards Cross Road was a major school in England for deaf children which was opened in 1967 by Elizabeth II and ran by the Royal National Institute for Deaf People. It closed in the late 20th century.[16][17][18]Halidon House School was founded 1865, based in Slough and then in 1948 moved to Framewood Manor, Framewood Road. It was a girls school which closed in 1983.[19][20][21]St. James Roman Catholic School moved from Richmond in 1830 to Baylis House. The school closed in 1907. Rafael Merry del Val, Cardinal Secretary of State under Pope Pius X was educated at the school.[22][23]Stoke House School in Stoke Green was a preparatory school from 1841 to 1913.[24][25] In 1913 Ted Parry, the headmaster relocated the school to Seaford and later it was renamed Stoke Brunswick School.[26]Long Dene School, moved from Jordans, Buckinghamshire to the Manor House in 1940. In 1945 the school relocated to Chiddingstone Castle, Kent.[27][28]Teikyo School United Kingdom is near Stoke Poges.[29]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray"},{"link_name":"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy_Written_in_a_Country_Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Saint Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Giles"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"St Laurence's Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Laurence%27s_Church,_Upton-cum-Chalvey"},{"link_name":"St Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everdon#St._Mary's_Church"},{"link_name":"Everdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everdon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray%27s_Monument.JPG"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"John Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penn_(writer)"},{"link_name":"James Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"lychgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychgate"},{"link_name":"John Oldrid Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oldrid_Scott"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"James Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"John Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penn_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Thomas Gray's \"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard\" is believed to have been written in the churchyard of Saint Giles. The church is a Grade I listed building.[30][31][32] Other churches have claimed the honour, including St Laurence's Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey and St Mary's in Everdon, Northamptonshire.Gray's Monument, Stoke PogesGray is buried in a tomb with his mother and aunt in the churchyard.[33] John Penn commissioned James Wyatt to design a monument which is a Grade II* listed building. It bears lines from the Elegy.[34] The monument stands adjacent to St Giles' church and owned by the National Trust.[35]A lychgate which is now located in the middle of the churchyard was designed by John Oldrid Scott and completed in 1887.[36] In 2022 it became a national heritage asset being Listed Grade II.[37]A gothic style rectory having a battlemented parapet was built by James Wyatt, 1802–1804 for John Penn of Stoke Park. It is now a private residence called Elegy House.[38]","title":"St Giles' Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Imperial Chemical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Harry Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Colt"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lane Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lane_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk-53"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk-53"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"There are two public recreation grounds: Bells Hill and Plough Lane.[39] In the late 20th century, large private sports facilities operated for the main benefit of Glaxo Laboratories staff at Sefton Park[40][41] and for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Paints Division[42] at Duffield House, Stoke Green.[43]Badminton: Stoke Poges Badminton Club has for many decades run in the Village Centre.[44][45]Bowls: Stoke Poges Bowls Club was founded in 1978 and closed in 2020. The bowling green was situated in the grounds of the Polish Association in Church Lane. The bowling green had opened in 1949 by St. Helens Cable and Wire Company.[46]Cricket: Stoke Green Cricket Club in Stoke Green has been playing there since 1879 with support of the then landowner, Howard-Vyse of Stoke Place.[47] Stoke Poges Golf Club at Stoke Park used to run a cricket club in the early 20th century, playing home matches in Farnham Royal.[48]Darts: In 2023 darts teams from the Village Centre and the Rose and Crown public house in Stoke Poges, compete in the Chalfont and District Darts League.[49][50]Football: Stoke Poges Football Club plays on the Bells Hill recreation ground.[51][52]Golf: Stoke Park golf course was designed by Harry Colt for Nicholas Lane Jackson who founded it in 1908 as part of England's first golf and country club. It was known as Stoke Poges Golf Club.[53][54] The South Buckinghamshire Golf Academy consisted of a 9 holes golf course and a golf driving range. It was opened in 1994 and owned by Buckinghamshire County Council. It closed down after the granting of a planning application in 2018 to turn it into a public Country Park.[53][55] The South Buckinghamshire Golf Course, formerly known as Farnham Park Golf Course, is an 18-hole pay and play course, set in 130 acres of mature wooded parkland owned by Buckinghamshire Council.[56][53] In 2023 there were two golf clubs using the course: South Buckinghamshire Golf Club[57] and Farnham Park Golf Club. The latter was established at the course in 1977.[58] Wexham Park Golf Centre in Wexham Street, straddles Stoke Poges and Wexham Parishes. It has a variety of golf facilities with a nine hole course being located in Stoke Poges Parish.[59][53]Padel: In 2023 Buckinghamshire Council submitted plans to build two padel tennis courts at the South Buckinghamshire Golf Course.[60]Table Tennis: Stoke Poges Table Tennis Club was founded in 1950. Play used to take place in the pavilion at Sefton Park. In the 21st century it plays at St Andrew's Church Centre in Rogers Lane.[61]Tennis: Stoke Poges Lawn Tennis Club operates on Bells Hill recreation ground and commenced there in 1949.[62][63]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Brave New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Harry Jephcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Jephcott"},{"link_name":"Vesta Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_Tilley"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"I Could Go On Singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Could_Go_On_Singing"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Pinewood film studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"Fulmer Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmer_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"\"The Chairman\" (also known as \"The Most Dangerous Man in the World\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chairman_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"For Your Eyes Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Well-Schooled in Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Schooled_in_Murder"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_George"},{"link_name":"Nick Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hancock"},{"link_name":"hitchhike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"Victoria Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ground"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Never Dies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies"},{"link_name":"Pierce Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"Teri Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Hatcher"},{"link_name":"Götz Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Otto"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Sharpe's Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Triumph"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoon"},{"link_name":"orderly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orderly"},{"link_name":"Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Layer Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_Cake_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"Bridget Jones's Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_(film)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Jekyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekyll_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"National Galleries of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"The Monarch of the Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monarch_of_the_Glen_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Sir Edwin Landseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Landseer"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Reliance Industries (RIL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Industries"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Poges_Memorial_Gardens"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Great British Railway Journeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_British_Railway_Journeys"},{"link_name":"Michael Portillio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Portillo"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray"},{"link_name":"levelling up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling_up_policy_of_the_Boris_Johnson_government"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"In 1931 Aldous Huxley wrote his book Brave New World which mentions Stoke Poges in it. He frequently visited Stoke Poges golf course.[64]\nIn 1957, British Pathé filmed ‘The Vital Vaccine’ at Sefton Park where Glaxo Laboratories created and manufactured the  'Polyvirin', Britain's Polio vaccine. The Chairman of Glaxo’,  Sir Harry Jephcott is filmed. It is announced at the start of the film, that it is the former home of the music hall star, Vesta Tilley[65]\nIn 1963 the film I Could Go On Singing with Judy Garland's character visits St Giles' parish church with her son.[66]\nIn 1964 the golf course at Stoke Park was the setting of a golf match in the James Bond film Goldfinger, played between the principal characters.[67] The map on the dial in Bond's car that tracks Goldfinger's shows Stoke Poges.\nIn 1969, Pinewood film studios hired a chemistry laboratory at Fulmer Research Institute for use as a film set for the film \"The Chairman\" (also known as \"The Most Dangerous Man in the World\"), starring Gregory Peck.[68]\nIn 1981 the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only filmed its opening sequence, when Bond visits his wife's grave, in the graveyard at St Giles' Church.[69]\nIn 1990 'Inspector Lynley' crime novel Well-Schooled in Murder by Elizabeth George, and its television adaptation, are set in Stoke Poges.\nIn 1996, Nick Hancock's Football Nightmares Nick Hancock is trying to hitchhike to the Victoria Ground in Stoke-on-Trent, but keeps getting dropped off in, or just outside, Stoke Poges.[70]\nIn 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies, Stoke Park hotel doubles as the interior of the Hamburg hotel, where Bond (Pierce Brosnan) drinks his vodka, renews his past relationship with Carver's wife Paris (Teri Hatcher) and struggles with Dr. Kaufman (Götz Otto).[71]\nIn 1998, the novel Sharpe's Triumph by Bernard Cornwell was published. In the novel, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington's dragoon orderly Daniel Fletcher mentions that he is from Stoke Poges: Sharpe replies- \"Never heard of it.”[72]\nIn 2004 Stoke Park is also featured in the films Layer Cake. also filmed there was Wimbledon (2004), Bride and Prejudice, (2004) and Bridget Jones's Diary.(2001)[73]\nIn 2007, Part of the 2007 series Jekyll was filmed on the boardwalk and surrounding area.\nIn 2010, the BBC drama series Vexed (Series 1, Ep.2, TX 22 Aug 2010 – with Toby Stephens and Lucy Punch) was largely filmed in the grounds and inside Stoke Court – which had earlier been Bayer Group UK's conference centre.\nIn 2017 the British media caused a furore after the National Galleries of Scotland had bought The Monarch of the Glen painting by Sir Edwin Landseer for £4 million and the view by some that it may have been painted at Stoke Park.[74][75]\nIn 2021, the lease of Stoke Park was bought by Reliance Industries (RIL) for £57 million from the International Group. Later in the year Stoke Park closed for refurbishment.[76][77][78][79]\nIn 2021, Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens featured in the BBC programme Great British Railway Journeys presented by Michael Portillio[80][81][82]\nIn 2021, Prime Minister, Boris Johnson in his keynote speech at the Conservative Party Conference referred to Thomas Gray and Stoke Poges, about a levelling up vision in terms of an imbalanced society.[83][84]","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augustus Henry Eden Allhusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Eden_Allhusen"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Christian Allhusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Allhusen"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"John Charles Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Bell"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"John Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford,_5th_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rigby-89"},{"link_name":"Robert Brooke-Popham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brooke-Popham"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Bryant & May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_%26_May"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPugh-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Edward Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPugh-91"},{"link_name":"Abraham Darby IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Darby_IV"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Walter de Frece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Frece"},{"link_name":"Vesta Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_Tilley"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Wallace Charles Devereux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Charles_Devereux"},{"link_name":"Fulmer Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmer_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"John Thomas Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Duckworth,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Ruth Durlacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Durlacher"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Walter Evelyn Gilliat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gilliat"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Henry Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Godolphin"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"St Paul's cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_cathedral"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Alfred Frank Hardiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Frank_Hardiman"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Francis Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hastings,_2nd_Earl_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Edward Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"George Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Howard_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Stoke Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Place"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Richard Howard-Vyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howard-Vyse"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards"},{"link_name":"Stoke Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Place"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Richard William Howard Howard Vyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Vyse"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Egyptologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology"},{"link_name":"Stoke Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Place"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Nick 'Pa' Lane Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lane_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPugh-91"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Henry Labouchere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPugh-91"},{"link_name":"Jacques Laffite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffite"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Ligier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipe_Ligier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Henry Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marten_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Noel Mobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Mobbs"},{"link_name":"Slough Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segro"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPugh-91"},{"link_name":"William Moleyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moleyns_(died_1425)"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"William Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Molyneux,_2nd_Earl_of_Sefton"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Bernard Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Sydney Godolphin Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Godolphin_Osborne"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Edward Hagarty Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hagarty_Parry"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Granville Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Penn"},{"link_name":"scriptural geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptural_geologist"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPugh-91"},{"link_name":"John Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penn_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Province of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Thomas Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Penn"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"Province of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Borradaile Savory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borradaile_Savory"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"William Scovell Savory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scovell_Savory"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Philip Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Vesta Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_Tilley"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"Walter de Frece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Frece"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wedderburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wedderburn,_1st_Earl_of_Rosslyn"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"Augustus Henry Eden Allhusen (1867–1925), English politician, resident at Stoke Court, Rogers Lane (1867–1925)[85]\nChristian Allhusen (1806–1890), Danish-English chemical manufacturer, resident at Stoke Court, Rogers Lane.[86]\nJohn Charles Bell (1844–1924), 1st Baronet, Lord Mayor of London and businessman, resident at Framewood Manor, Framewood Road (1905–1924).[87][88]\nJohn Beresford (1866–1944), 5th Baron Decies, Army officer, civil servant and baron, resident at Sefton Park (1905–1917)[89]\nRobert Brooke-Popham (1878–1953), Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force and Governor of Kenya, resident at The Woodlands, Hollybush Hill.[90]\nWilberforce Bryant (1837–1906), English businessman, owner of Bryant & May match manufacturer and Quaker, resident at Stoke Park (1887-1906).[91] : 70–77 [92]\nEdward Coke (1552–1634), Lord Chief Justice of England and politician, resident at the Manor House (1598-1634).[91]: 25–28 \nAbraham Darby IV (1804–1878), English ironmaster, resident at Stoke Court, Rogers Lane (1851–1872).[93]\nWalter de Frece (1870-1935), British theatre impresario and politician, resident at Sefton Park with his wife, Vesta Tilley in the 1920s.[94]\nWallace Charles Devereux (1893–1952), English businessman and engineer, founder of Fulmer Research Institute in Stoke Poges and resident at The Meads, Park Road.[95]\nJohn Thomas Duckworth (1748–1817), Admiral in the Royal Navy and baronet spent his childhood at the Vicarage, Park Road, where his father lived, being the Vicar of Stoke Poges (1754–1748).[96][97]\nRuth Durlacher (1876-1946), Irish tennis player and golfer, resident at the White House and Pinegrove, Stoke Green, in early 20th century.[98][99]\nWalter Evelyn Gilliat (1869-1963), England footballer and Minister in the Church of England, resident at Duffield House where his father, Algernon, lived, Stoke Green[100][101]\nHenry Godolphin (1648-1733) Dr., Provost of Eton College and Dean of St Paul's cathedral, resident at Baylis House in 18th century.[102][103]\nAlfred Frank Hardiman (1891-1949), sculptor, resident at Farthing Green house.[104][105]\nFrancis Hastings (1514–1561), 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, politician, 1555 completed building of the Manor house.[106]\nElizabeth Hatton (1578-1646), 2nd wife of Edward Coke, resident at the Manor House.[107]\nGeorge Howard (1718–1796), Field Marshal in British Army and politician, resident at Stoke Place, Stoke Green (c.1764–1796).[108][109]\nRichard Howard-Vyse (1883–1962), Major General and Honorary Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, resident at Stoke Place, Stoke Green (1883–1962)[110]\nRichard William Howard Howard Vyse (1784–1853), Major General and Egyptologist, born in Stoke Poges and resident at Stoke Place, Stoke Greens.[111]\nNick 'Pa' Lane Jackson (1849–1937), founder of Stoke Park, sports administrator and author, resident Stoke Park (1908–1928).[112][91]: 100–186 \nAlfred Webster 'Morgan' Kingston (1875-1936), tenor, opera singer, resident in Templewood Lane.[113][114]\nHenry Labouchere (1798–1869), 1st Baron Taunton, British Whig politician, resident at Stoke Park (1848–1863).[91]: 62–66 \nJacques Laffite (born 1943) the French Formula One racing driver who won six Grands Prix for Ligier during the late 1970s and early 1980s, lived in Stoke Poges during some of his racing career.[citation needed]\nHenry Martin (Marten) (c.1562–1641), King's Advocate for James I and Judge of Admiralty Court is reported to have been born at Stoke Poges.[115]\nNoel Mobbs (1878–1959), businessman, founder of Slough Estates, resident at Stoke Park (1928–1959).[116][91]: 188–213 \nWilliam Moleyns (1378–1425), politician, administrator, knight to Henry V, resident at the Manor House.[117][118][119]\nWilliam Molyneux (1772–1838), sportsman and gambler, resident at Stoke Farm, now known as Sefton Park (1795–1838).[120]\nBernard Oppenheimer (1866–1921), diamond merchant and philanthropist, resident at Sefton Park, Bells Hill (1917-1921).[121]\nSydney Godolphin Osborne (1808–1889), Lord, cleric, writer, philanthropist, vicar of Stoke Poges (1832–1841).[122]\nEdward Hagarty Parry (1855–1931), International footballer & school headmaster, resident at Stoke House School, Stoke Green, (1855-1913).[123]\nGranville Penn (1761–1844), author, scriptural geologist and civil servant, resident at Stoke Park (1761-1844).[124][91]: 61 \nJohn Penn (1760–1834), Chief Proprietor of Province of Pennsylvania, politician and writer, resident at Stoke Park (1760–1834).[125]\nThomas Penn (1702–1775), son of William Penn and proprietor of Province of Pennsylvania, with three-fourths holding, resident at the Manor House, Stoke Park (1760–1775).[126]\nBorradaile Savory (1855–1906), English clergyman and baronet, resident at The Woodlands, Hollybush Hill (1855–1906).[127]\nWilliam Scovell Savory (1826–1895), British Surgeon and baronet, resident at The Woodlands, Hollybush Hill (1884–1895).[128]\nPhilip Stanhope (1694-1773), 4th Earl of Chesterfield, British statesman and diplomat, resident at Baylis house in 18th century.[129][130]\nVesta Tilley (Matilda Alice Powles) (1864–1952), music hall performer, resident at Sefton Park in the 1920s with her husband Walter de Frece.[131]\nAlexander Wedderburn (1733-1805), 1st Earl of Rosslyn, Lord High Chancellor, resident at Baylis House, late 18th century and early 19th century.[132]","title":"Notable natives and residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer_Group"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Data Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Vantara"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Stoke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Reliance Industries Limited (RIL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Industries"},{"link_name":"Global 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Servier Laboratories Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoires_Servier"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Urenco Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urenco_Group"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Fulmer Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmer_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F052-141"},{"link_name":"GSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Miles Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Character_Appraisal-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"text":"Comer Group, is a real estate company which c.2010 became the owner of Stoke Court for part of its residential portfolio.[133][134]\nHitachi Data Systems, is a subsidiary of Hitachi. It provides technology and services relating to digital data. UK Headquarters at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges.[135]\nInternational Group operates a group of companies in the leisure, sales, marketing, management, healthcare services and property development and ownership. Registered at Stoke Park until 2021, when the lease was sold to Reliance Industries[136][137]\nReliance Industries Limited (RIL), an Indian multinational conglomerate, on the Global 500 list, bought the lease of Stoke Park in 2021[138]\nServier Laboratories Ltd, is part of a French centric international pharmaceutical group. UK Headquarters at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges.[139]\nUrenco Ltd, a nuclear fuel company, operating internationally running uranium enrichment plants. Headquarters at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges.[140]\nFulmer Research Institute, a pioneer contract research and development organisation. Its Headquarters was in Hollybush Hill, Stoke Poges from 1946 to 1990.[141]\nGlaxo Laboratories Ltd, now part of GSK, a fermentation and vaccine research laboratory at Sefton Park, Bells Hill, Stoke Poges from 1948 to 1982: (NB: see 'In Media' section above - 1957, British Pathé filmed ‘The Vital Vaccine’ at Sefton Park) [142]\nMiles Laboratories, a USA pharmaceutical and life sciences company. UK headquarters in Stoke Court, Rogers Lane, Stoke Poges from 1959 to 1978 when Bayer acquired it.[143][144]","title":"Notable organisations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat-145"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat-145"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"text":"At the 2001 UK census, the Stoke Poges electoral ward had a population of 4,839. The ethnicity was 93.3% white, 1.3% mixed race, 4.8% Asian, 0.3% black and 0.3% other. The place of birth of residents was 88.1% United Kingdom, 1.6% Republic of Ireland, 2.5% other Western European countries, and 7.8% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 76.5% Christian, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.7% Hindu, 2.7% Sikh, 0.5% Jewish, and 1.1% Muslim. 10.6% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 7.6% did not state their religion.[145]The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 40.8% in full-time employment, 11.6% in part-time employment, 12.6% self-employed, 1.8% unemployed, 1.5% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 16.8% retired, 6.7% looking after home or family, 2.5% permanently sick or disabled and 2.5% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 15.4% retail, 13.4% manufacturing, 6.9% construction, 21.1% real estate, 9.2% health and social work, 7.3% education, 8.8% transport and communications, 3.5% public administration, 3.4% hotels and restaurants, 2.8% finance, 0.8% agriculture and 7.4% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in real estate, transport and communications. According to Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period of April 2001 to March 2002 the average gross weekly income of households was £870, compared with an average of £660 in South East England. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 28.4% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.[145]In 2011, The Daily Telegraph deemed Stoke Poges as Britain's eighth richest village and the third richest village in Buckinghamshire.[146]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"}],"text":"Hamlets within Stoke Poges parish include:Hollybush Hill\nStoke Green\nWest End\nWexham Street","title":"Geography"}]
[{"image_text":"Gray's Monument, Stoke Poges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gray%27s_Monument.JPG/220px-Gray%27s_Monument.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges - 1165194 | Historic England\". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165194","url_text":"\"MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges - 1165194 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Long Story\". Thomas Gray Archive. December 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thomasgray.org/cgi-bin/display.cgi?text=lost","url_text":"\"A Long Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English\". BBC News. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41761725","url_text":"\"Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stoke Poges School - GOV.UK\". www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/130328","url_text":"\"The Stoke Poges School - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ofsted – Short inspection on The Stoke Poges School\". Gov.uk. 19 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/21/130328","url_text":"\"Ofsted – Short inspection on The Stoke Poges School\""}]},{"reference":"Leeming, Jan (presenter) (8 September 1985). \"10 O'Clock News\". BBC News. Event occurs at 6:00. BBC One.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3e05e332917b49f8d3c1f62e3d6af3c3","url_text":"\"10 O'Clock News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneer Secondary Academy\". Pioneer Secondary Academy. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pioneersecondaryacademy.com/","url_text":"\"Pioneer Secondary Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Tarvinder. \"Home\". Sikh Academies Trust. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sikhacademiestrust.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneer Secondary Academy - GOV.UK\". www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/149204","url_text":"\"Pioneer Secondary Academy - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inspection Report on Khalsa Secondary Academy\". Gov.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/23/139897","url_text":"\"Inspection Report on Khalsa Secondary Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Court reveals Khalsa Academies Trust's safeguarding failures\". schoolsweek.co.uk. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://schoolsweek.co.uk/safeguarding-failures-expose-in-trusts-failed-high-court-challenge/","url_text":"\"High Court reveals Khalsa Academies Trust's safeguarding failures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Termination notice to Khalsa Secondary Academy\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/termination-notice-to-khalsa-secondary-academy","url_text":"\"Termination notice to Khalsa Secondary Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"LARCHMOOR SCHOOL, Stoke Poges | UCL UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries\". University College London. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/library-rnid/2012/03/30/larchmoor-school-stoke-poges/","url_text":"\"LARCHMOOR SCHOOL, Stoke Poges | UCL UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"BOOTH, L.G. (1997). \"The design and construction of timber hyperbolic paraboloid shell roofs in Britain: 1957–1975\". Construction History. 13: 78. ISSN 0267-7768. JSTOR 41613779.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41613779","url_text":"\"The design and construction of timber hyperbolic paraboloid shell roofs in Britain: 1957–1975\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-7768","url_text":"0267-7768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41613779","url_text":"41613779"}]},{"reference":"\"Larchmoor School for the Deaf\". The Royal National Institute for the Deaf. 22: 99–103. April 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fraser, Maxwell (1980). \"9\". The History of Slough. Slough: Slough Corporation. p. 94. OCLC 58814912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58814912","url_text":"58814912"}]},{"reference":"\"FRAME WOOD MANOR (HALIDON HOUSE SCHOOL), Stoke Poges - 1124349 | Historic England\". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124349","url_text":"\"FRAME WOOD MANOR (HALIDON HOUSE SCHOOL), Stoke Poges - 1124349 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"Archives, The National. \"The Discovery Service\". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=halidon%20house%20school","url_text":"\"The Discovery Service\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, L.H. (7 March 2023). \"Baylis House\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_objectrecord.htm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&%3Dcms_con_core_identifier=sl-sl-2864_baylishouse-i-00-000.tif&t=sl-sl-baylishouse&s=62NppyCH2wr","url_text":"\"Baylis House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust - Baylis House\" (PDF). 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bucksgardenstrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Baylis_Park-Slough.pdf","url_text":"\"Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust - Baylis House\""}]},{"reference":"\"STOKE HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1317440 | Historic England\". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1317440","url_text":"\"STOKE HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1317440 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Items relating to Stoke House and other schools records\". Buckcc.gov.uk. 1879–1940. D-X 801/18. Retrieved 21 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.buckscc.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=D-X+801%2f18&pos=214","url_text":"\"Items relating to Stoke House and other schools records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Brunswick School\". The Keep, East Sussex. 1886–1959. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thekeep.info/collections/search?s=AMS%2F6911&qa%5Bkeyword_reference_type%5D=0&qa%5Bpartner%5D=&qa%5Btitle%5D=&qa%5Bperson%5D=&qa%5Bplace%5D=&qa%5Bsubject%5D=&qa%5Bformat%5D=&qa%5Bidentifier%5D=&qa%5Bdate_from%5D=&qa%5Bdate_to%5D=&cbav=2&cbadvsearchquery=","url_text":"\"Stoke Brunswick School\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Long Dene Community\". The Long Dene Community. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://longdene.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"The Long Dene Community\""}]},{"reference":"Smithson, Sue (1999). Community adventure : the story of Long Dene School. London: New European Publications. ISBN 1-872410-13-8. OCLC 44915980.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44915980","url_text":"Community adventure : the story of Long Dene School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872410-13-8","url_text":"1-872410-13-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44915980","url_text":"44915980"}]},{"reference":"\"Village Voice\". Beaconsfield Advertiser. Uxbridge. 30 September 1998. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaconsfield_Advertiser&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Beaconsfield Advertiser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge","url_text":"Uxbridge"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/144464266/","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Hoyle, Joshua Fielding (1920). The Country Churchyard – Stoke Poges Church. Oxford, UK: Church Army Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Church\". stokepogeschurch.org. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokepogeschurch.org/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Church\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade I) (1164966)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1164966","url_text":"\"Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade I) (1164966)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Tomb of Thomas Gray, his mother Dorothy Gray and his aunt Mary Antrobus in churchyard of St Giles Church, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1124345)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124345","url_text":"\"Tomb of Thomas Gray, his mother Dorothy Gray and his aunt Mary Antrobus in churchyard of St Giles Church, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1124345)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Gray's Monument, Stoke Poges (Grade II*) (1124346)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124346","url_text":"\"Gray's Monument, Stoke Poges (Grade II*) (1124346)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Gray's Monument and Gray's Field Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire\". National Trust. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/grays-monument-and-grays-field-stoke-poges-buckinghamshire","url_text":"\"Gray's Monument and Gray's Field Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire\""}]},{"reference":"Blake, Rev. Vernon (22 November 1887). \"Stoke Poges Church\". The Times newspaper. Retrieved 12 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Church\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Lych gate and attached stone and flint wall, Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1475583)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1475583","url_text":"\"Lych gate and attached stone and flint wall, Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1475583)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"St Giles' Vicarage (Grade II) (1332767)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1332767","url_text":"\"St Giles' Vicarage (Grade II) (1332767)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Recreation Grounds | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/recreation-grounds-and-village-green","url_text":"\"Recreation Grounds | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hitachi Data Systems: Sefton Park - A history - Promotional Item - Computing History\". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/11297/Hitachi-Data-Systems-Sefton-Park-A-history","url_text":"\"Hitachi Data Systems: Sefton Park - A history - Promotional Item - Computing History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sefton Park | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges-history/historic-buildings/sefton-park/","url_text":"\"Sefton Park | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Alan Woodworth (1977). \"John Donald Rose, 2 January 1911 - 14 October 1976\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 23: 449–463. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0017. S2CID 70495969.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1977.0017","url_text":"\"John Donald Rose, 2 January 1911 - 14 October 1976\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1977.0017","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.1977.0017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70495969","url_text":"70495969"}]},{"reference":"\"Duffiled House Conference Brochure by Joshua Keys - Issuu\". issuu.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/joshuakeys25/docs/duffield_house_conference_brochure","url_text":"\"Duffiled House Conference Brochure by Joshua Keys - Issuu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Badminton Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-badminton-club/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Badminton Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Badminton Club at Stoke Poges Village Centre\". www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk/badminton","url_text":"\"Badminton Club at Stoke Poges Village Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Bowls Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-bowls-club/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Bowls Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Green Cricket Club\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokegreencc.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Stoke Green Cricket Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cricket 1911\". archive.acscricket.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1911/280/","url_text":"\"Cricket 1911\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chalfont & District Darts League - Home\". cddl.leaguerepublic.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cddl.leaguerepublic.com/index.html","url_text":"\"The Chalfont & District Darts League - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Village Centre Social Club\". www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk/social-club","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Village Centre Social Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Green Rovers FC | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/football-club/","url_text":"\"Stoke Green Rovers FC | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Saints First | East Berkshire Football League\". fulltime.thefa.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayTeam.html?divisionseason=905394580&teamID=331525662","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Saints First | East Berkshire Football League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golf | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/recreation-facilities/golf-2/","url_text":"\"Golf | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Stoke Park -\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokepark.com/history-of-stoke-park/","url_text":"\"History of Stoke Park -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pa.chilternandsouthbucks.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?keyVal=P8X3T6OHGZU00&activeTab=summary","url_text":"\"Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". The South Buckinghamshire. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesouthbuckinghamshire.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noticeboard\". sbgc-live. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southbucksgolfclub.co.uk/noticeboard","url_text":"\"Noticeboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - FARNHAM PARK GOLF CLUB\". www.farnhampark.co.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.farnhampark.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home - FARNHAM PARK GOLF CLUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wexham Park Golf Centre\". www.wexhamparkgolfcentre.co.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wexhamparkgolfcentre.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Wexham Park Golf Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pa.chilternandsouthbucks.gov.uk/online-applications/caseDetails.do?action=dispatch&keyVal=RNV516ESJ0H00&caseType=Application","url_text":"\"Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Table Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-table-tennis-club/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Table Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Lawn Tennis Club – Play tennis in the heart of the village\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokepogestennisclub.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Lawn Tennis Club – Play tennis in the heart of the village\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\". Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-tennis-club/","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""}]},{"reference":"Huxley, Aldous (1998). Brave New World (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-092987-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley","url_text":"Huxley, Aldous"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bravenewworld00huxl_1","url_text":"Brave New World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092987-1","url_text":"0-06-092987-1"}]},{"reference":"\"THE VITAL VACCINE\". British Pathé. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/","url_text":"\"THE VITAL VACCINE\""}]},{"reference":"Neame, Ronald (14 August 1963), I Could Go on Singing (Drama, Music), Barbican Films, retrieved 6 March 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057168/","url_text":"I Could Go on Singing"}]},{"reference":"\"Goldfinger film locations (1964)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/g/goldfinger.html","url_text":"\"Goldfinger film locations (1964)\""}]},{"reference":"J. Lee Thompson (Director), Gregory Peck (Actor) (1969). \"The Chairman\" (also known as \"The Most Dangerous Man in the World\") (Film). Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, England: Twentieth Century Fox.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"For Your Eyes Only film locations\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/f/ForYourEyesOnly.html","url_text":"\"For Your Eyes Only film locations\""}]},{"reference":"Nick Hancock's Football Nightmares (1996), 21 October 1996, retrieved 6 March 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://watch.plex.tv/movie/nick-hancocks-football-nightmares","url_text":"Nick Hancock's Football Nightmares (1996)"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 25 Years of 007 Filming Locations in England\". Filming in England. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fiewpupgrade.flyingatom.co.uk/over-25-years-of-007-filming-locations-in-england","url_text":"\"Over 25 Years of 007 Filming Locations in England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharpe's Triumph | Bernard Cornwell\". www.bernardcornwell.net. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bernardcornwell.net/books/sharpes-triumph/","url_text":"\"Sharpe's Triumph | Bernard Cornwell\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Stoke Park -\". Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokepark.com/history-of-stoke-park/","url_text":"\"History of Stoke Park -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English\". BBC News. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41761725","url_text":"\"Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Edwin Landseer\". nationalgalleries.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/sir-edwin-landseer","url_text":"\"Sir Edwin Landseer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxury golf club and hotel to shut for two years after Indian billionaire buys it for £57 million\". Bucks Free Press. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/19363737.stoke-park-shut-two-years-indian-billionaire-mukesh-ambani-buys-57-million/","url_text":"\"Luxury golf club and hotel to shut for two years after Indian billionaire buys it for £57 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxury Hotel, Spa, Golf & Country Club in Buckinghamshire | Stoke Park\". www.stokepark.com. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stokepark.com/","url_text":"\"Luxury Hotel, Spa, Golf & Country Club in Buckinghamshire | Stoke Park\""}]},{"reference":"Barman, Arijit. \"Reliance all set to buy iconic British Country Club Stoke Park for 60 mn pounds\". The Economic Times. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/reliance-all-set-to-buy-iconic-british-country-club-stoke-park-for-60-mn-pounds/articleshow/82201745.cms","url_text":"\"Reliance all set to buy iconic British Country Club Stoke Park for 60 mn pounds\""}]},{"reference":"Cradock, Matt (30 May 2021). \"Stoke Park Country Club To Shut For Two Years After Takeover\". Golf Monthly Magazine. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfmonthly.com/news/stoke-park-country-club-to-shut-for-two-years-after-takeover-234888","url_text":"\"Stoke Park Country Club To Shut For Two Years After Takeover\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Two – Great British Railway Journeys, Series 12, West Ruislip to Windsor\". BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000vlmh","url_text":"\"BBC Two – Great British Railway Journeys, Series 12, West Ruislip to Windsor\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC's Great British Railway Journey's next stop is Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens\". Buckinghamshire Council. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buckinghamshire.gov.uk/news/bbcs-great-british-railway-journeys-stoke-poges-memorial-gardens/","url_text":"\"BBC's Great British Railway Journey's next stop is Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bucks memorial gardens set to feature on popular BBC TV show\". Bucks Free Press. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/19253932.bbcs-great-british-railway-journeys-feature-stoke-poges-memorial-gardens/","url_text":"\"Bucks memorial gardens set to feature on popular BBC TV show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affluent Stoke Poges welcomes plan to 'take pressure off' by levelling up\". The Guardian. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/oct/06/affluent-stoke-poges-welcomes-plan-to-take-pressure-off-by-levelling-up","url_text":"\"Affluent Stoke Poges welcomes plan to 'take pressure off' by levelling up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Levelling up is Johnson's answer to chill penury\". churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/8-october/news/uk/levelling-up-is-johnson-s-answer-to-chill-penury","url_text":"\"Levelling up is Johnson's answer to chill penury\""}]},{"reference":"Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901. London: Dean & Son. 1901. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1901londuoft#page/2/mode/1up","url_text":"Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901"}]},{"reference":"Chemist and Druggist, Volume 36. Benn Brothers. 1890. p. 61. Retrieved 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=alU9AQAAMAAJ&q=Christian+Allhusen&pg=PA61","url_text":"Chemist and Druggist, Volume 36"}]},{"reference":"South Bucks District Council (19 July 2011). \"Framewood Road Character Appraisal\". southbucks.gov.uk. p. 22. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southbucks.gov.uk/conservationareas","url_text":"\"Framewood Road Character Appraisal\""}]},{"reference":"Slough Windsor Eton Observer (26 January 2021). \"Death of Slough Magistrate\". sloughhistoryonline.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_objectrecord_postsearch.htm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&m=advanced_sform&tomonth=02&tc1=e&fromday=30&frommonth=01&toyear=1924&name=bell&fromyear=1924&today=14&partner=slough&s=khOU0Uj8cqg","url_text":"\"Death of Slough Magistrate\""}]},{"reference":"Rigby, Lionel (2000). Stoke Poges – A Buckinghamshire village through 1000 years. Phillimore. ISBN 9781860771316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860771316","url_text":"9781860771316"}]},{"reference":"Kelly's directory of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. 1935. Kelly's Directories Ltd. 1935. pp. Stoke Poges. OCLC 1114860090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1114860090","url_text":"1114860090"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Peter (2008). Stoke Park the first 1000 years. Icon Books. ISBN 978-184-046-946-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184-046-946-2","url_text":"978-184-046-946-2"}]},{"reference":"Corley, T. A. B. (2004). \"Bryant, Wilberforce (1837–1906), match manufacturer\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46787. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-46787","url_text":"\"Bryant, Wilberforce (1837–1906), match manufacturer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F46787","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/46787"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21409\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1853. p. 329.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21409/page/329","url_text":"\"No. 21409\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Recollections of Vesta Tilley | WorldCat.org\". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/754988460","url_text":"\"Recollections of Vesta Tilley | WorldCat.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fulmer Research Institute, timeline\". 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://fulmerresearchinstitute.uk/timeline-ct/","url_text":"\"Fulmer Research Institute, timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"DUCKWORTH, Sir John Thomas (1748–1817). | History of Parliament Online\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/duckworth-sir-john-thomas-1748-1817","url_text":"\"DUCKWORTH, Sir John Thomas (1748–1817). | History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges Heritage Walk – Map\". Buckinghamshire.gov.uk. Item B. Buckinghamshire Council. 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southbucks.gov.uk/stokepogesmemorialgardens","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges Heritage Walk – Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page 2941 | Issue 34156, 3 May 1935 | London Gazette | The Gazette\". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34156/page/2941","url_text":"\"Page 2941 | Issue 34156, 3 May 1935 | London Gazette | The Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"1935 Kelly's Directory of Berkshire and Oxfordshire. Kelly's Directories Ltd. 1935. pp. Stoke Poges.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"FamilySearch.org\". ancestors.familysearch.org. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/9WSV-SFT/rev.-walter-evelyn-gilliat-1869-1963","url_text":"\"FamilySearch.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Players - Walter Gilliat\". www.englandfootballonline.com. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersG/BioGilliatWE.html","url_text":"\"England Players - Walter Gilliat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Godolphin, Henry (1648–1733), college head and dean of St Paul's\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10878. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10878","url_text":"\"Godolphin, Henry (1648–1733), college head and dean of St Paul's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10878","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/10878"}]},{"reference":"\"Buckinghamshire Sites – Parks – Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust\". Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bucksgardenstrust.org.uk/research-and-recording/locally-important-sites-parks/","url_text":"\"Buckinghamshire Sites – Parks – Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Frank Hardiman\". London Remembers. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/alfred-frank-hardiman/","url_text":"\"Alfred Frank Hardiman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Frank Hardiman RA, RS, FRBS - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951\". sculpture.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1216985328","url_text":"\"Alfred Frank Hardiman RA, RS, FRBS - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951\""}]},{"reference":"\"MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1165194 | Historic England\". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165194","url_text":"\"MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1165194 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"Aughterson, Kate (2004). \"Hatton, Elizabeth, Lady Hatton [née Lady Elizabeth Cecil; other married name Elizabeth Coke, Lady Coke] (1578–1646), courtier\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68059. Retrieved 14 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68059","url_text":"\"Hatton, Elizabeth, Lady Hatton [née Lady Elizabeth Cecil; other married name Elizabeth Coke, Lady Coke] (1578–1646), courtier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68059","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68059"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir George Howard\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13900. Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13900?docPos=4","url_text":"\"Sir George Howard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13900","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13900"}]},{"reference":"\"Parishes: Stoke Poges, A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925)\". pp. 302–313. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42564","url_text":"\"Parishes: Stoke Poges, A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925)\""}]},{"reference":"Anglesey, The Marquess of (1994). A History of the British Cavalry: Volume 5: 1914–1919 Egypt, Palestine and Syria. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 9780850523959.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850523959","url_text":"9780850523959"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Nick Lane (1932). Sporting Days and Sporting Ways. London, UK: Hurst and Blacket. OCLC 1073277963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073277963","url_text":"1073277963"}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan Kingston\". www.historicaltenors.net. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicaltenors.net/english/kingston.html","url_text":"\"Morgan Kingston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan Kingston\". Our Mansfield & Area. Retrieved 31 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourmansfieldandarea.org.uk/content/topics/business/industry/mining/morgan-kingston","url_text":"\"Morgan Kingston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Noel Mobbs | English Bridge Union\". www.ebu.co.uk. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebu.co.uk/biographies/noel-mobbs","url_text":"\"Sir Noel Mobbs | English Bridge Union\""}]},{"reference":"Neale, John Preston (1824). Views of the most interesting Collegiate and Parochial Churches in Great Britain – St Giles' Church, Stoke Poges – The Rev Arthur Bold. Volume 1. London: John le Keux. OCLC 939440882.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939440882","url_text":"939440882"}]},{"reference":"Bryant Bevan, The Rev. D.H. (1948). \"The Country Churchyard Stoke Poges Church\". R.G. Baker & Co. Ltd, Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire: 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Woodger, L. S. (1993), \"Moleyns, Sir William (1378–1425), of Stoke Poges, Bucks\", in J.S. Roskell; L. Clark; C. Rawcliffe (eds.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421, retrieved 31 January 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/moleyns-sir-william-1378-1425","url_text":"The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421"}]},{"reference":"Rigby, Lionel (2000). \"20\". Stoke Poges – A Buckinghamshire village through 1000 years. Phillimore. p. 74. ISBN 9781860771316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860771316","url_text":"9781860771316"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32776\". The London Gazette. 12 December 1920. p. 8839.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32776/page/8839","url_text":"\"No. 32776\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Osborne, Lord Sydney Godolphin (1808–1889), philanthropist\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20883. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20883","url_text":"\"Osborne, Lord Sydney Godolphin (1808–1889), philanthropist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20883","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/20883"}]},{"reference":"Betts, Graham (2006). England: Player by player. Green Umbrella Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 1-905009-63-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905009-63-1","url_text":"1-905009-63-1"}]},{"reference":"Fell-Smith, Charlotte (2004). \"Penn, Granville (1761–1844)\". In Smail, Rev. Richard (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21847. Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21847","url_text":"\"Penn, Granville (1761–1844)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21847","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/21847"}]},{"reference":"\"Penn, John (PN776J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PN776J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Penn, John (PN776J)\""}]},{"reference":"Wainwright, Nicholas B. (1963). \"The Penn Collection\". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 87 (4): 393–419. ISSN 0031-4587. JSTOR 20089651.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20089651","url_text":"\"The Penn Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4587","url_text":"0031-4587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20089651","url_text":"20089651"}]},{"reference":"\"Savory, Borradaile (SVRY875B)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=SVRY875B&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Savory, Borradaile (SVRY875B)\""}]},{"reference":"Cannon, John (2004). \"Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773), politician and diplomatist\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26255. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26255","url_text":"\"Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773), politician and diplomatist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26255","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Maxwell. \"Salt Hill\". www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_objectrecord.htm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&=cms_con_core_identifier=sl-sl-max_chapter07-d-02-000.pdf&t=sl-sl-maxwellfraser&s=l2tspUO2_Dg","url_text":"\"Salt Hill\""}]},{"reference":"De Frece, Lady (1934). Recollections of Vesta Tilley. Hutchinson. OCLC 754988460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/754988460","url_text":"754988460"}]},{"reference":"Murdoch, Alexander (2004). \"Wedderburn, Alexander, first earl of Rosslyn (1733–1805), lord chancellor\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28954. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28954","url_text":"\"Wedderburn, Alexander, first earl of Rosslyn (1733–1805), lord chancellor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28954","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/28954"}]},{"reference":"\"Residential Portfolio UK\". thecomergroup.com. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecomergroup.com/residential-portfolio/uk/future-sites/page/1","url_text":"\"Residential Portfolio UK\""}]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Nick (9 February 2014). \"Landed families of Britain and Ireland: (108) Allhusen of Elswick Hall, Stoke Court and Bradenham Hall\". Landed families of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://landedfamilies.blogspot.com/2014/02/108-allhusen-of-stoke-court.html","url_text":"\"Landed families of Britain and Ireland: (108) Allhusen of Elswick Hall, Stoke Court and Bradenham Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hitachi Vantara – HDS partner contact information\". HitachiVantara.com. 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hitachivantara.com/uk/go/partnerday09/venue.html","url_text":"\"Hitachi Vantara – HDS partner contact information\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Group official website\". igroup.co.uk. 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://igroup.co.uk/","url_text":"\"International Group official website\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, George; Raval, Anjli; Parkin, Benjamin (23 April 2021). \"Mukesh Ambani buys 'Goldfinger' Stoke Park golf club for £57m\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/61be8bbd-10ac-431d-9d9c-04512ad78860","url_text":"\"Mukesh Ambani buys 'Goldfinger' Stoke Park golf club for £57m\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/61be8bbd-10ac-431d-9d9c-04512ad78860","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Group – Founded in 1964, International Group is a family owned business\". Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://igroup.co.uk/","url_text":"\"International Group – Founded in 1964, International Group is a family owned business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Servier Laboratories UK HQ Contact\". Servier.co.uk. 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.servier.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Servier Laboratories UK HQ Contact\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urenco Ltd – Official website\". Urenco.com. 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.urenco.com/contact","url_text":"\"Urenco Ltd – Official website\""}]},{"reference":"Liddiard, E A G (1965). \"The Fulmer Research Institute\". Physics Bulletin. 16 (5): 161–169. doi:10.1088/0031-9112/16/5/001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9112%2F16%2F5%2F001","url_text":"10.1088/0031-9112/16/5/001"}]},{"reference":"Macrae, T. F. (1957). \"The Research Work of Glaxo Laboratories Limited\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 146 (923): 181–193. Bibcode:1957RSPSB.146..181M. doi:10.1098/rspb.1957.0003. ISSN 0080-4649. JSTOR 82979. PMID 13420142. S2CID 33221639.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/82979","url_text":"\"The Research Work of Glaxo Laboratories Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957RSPSB.146..181M","url_text":"1957RSPSB.146..181M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1957.0003","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.1957.0003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4649","url_text":"0080-4649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/82979","url_text":"82979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13420142","url_text":"13420142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33221639","url_text":"33221639"}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges West End Conservation Area\". South Bucks District Council: 19. 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southbucks.gov.uk/conservationareas","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges West End Conservation Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". bayer.com. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bayer.com/en/history/1974-1988","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics\". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=3&i=1001&m=0&s=1208862463765&enc=1&areaSearchText=Stoke+Poges&areaSearchType=14&extendedList=false&searchAreas=Search","url_text":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain's richest villages\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110905033339/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/luxuryhomes/8410974/Britains-richest-villages.html","url_text":"\"Britain's richest villages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/luxuryhomes/8410974/Britains-richest-villages.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke Poges\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stoke_Poges","url_text":"\"Stoke Poges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stoke_Poges&params=51.546_N_0.584_W_region:GB_type:city(4752)","external_links_name":"51°32′46″N 0°35′02″W / 51.546°N 0.584°W / 51.546; -0.584"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stoke_Poges&params=51.546392_N_0.588123_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Stoke+Poges","external_links_name":"SU9884"},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stoke_Poges&params=51.546_N_0.584_W_region:GB_type:city(4752)","external_links_name":"51°32′46″N 0°35′02″W / 51.546°N 0.584°W / 51.546; -0.584"},{"Link":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Key Statistics: Dwellings; Quick Statistics: Population Density; Physical Environment: Land Use Survey 2005"},{"Link":"http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT1/H6/CP40no647/aCP40no647fronts/IMG_0029.htm","external_links_name":"http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT1/H6/CP40no647/aCP40no647fronts/IMG_0029.htm"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165194","external_links_name":"\"MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges - 1165194 | Historic England\""},{"Link":"http://www.thomasgray.org/cgi-bin/display.cgi?text=lost","external_links_name":"\"A Long Story\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41761725","external_links_name":"\"Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English\""},{"Link":"https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/130328","external_links_name":"\"The Stoke Poges School - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/21/130328","external_links_name":"\"Ofsted – Short inspection on The Stoke Poges School\""},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3e05e332917b49f8d3c1f62e3d6af3c3","external_links_name":"\"10 O'Clock News\""},{"Link":"https://pioneersecondaryacademy.com/","external_links_name":"\"Pioneer Secondary Academy\""},{"Link":"https://sikhacademiestrust.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/149204","external_links_name":"\"Pioneer Secondary Academy - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/23/139897","external_links_name":"\"Inspection Report on Khalsa Secondary Academy\""},{"Link":"https://schoolsweek.co.uk/safeguarding-failures-expose-in-trusts-failed-high-court-challenge/","external_links_name":"\"High Court reveals Khalsa Academies Trust's safeguarding failures\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/termination-notice-to-khalsa-secondary-academy","external_links_name":"\"Termination notice to Khalsa Secondary Academy\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/library-rnid/2012/03/30/larchmoor-school-stoke-poges/","external_links_name":"\"LARCHMOOR SCHOOL, Stoke Poges | UCL UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41613779","external_links_name":"\"The design and construction of timber hyperbolic paraboloid shell roofs in Britain: 1957–1975\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-7768","external_links_name":"0267-7768"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41613779","external_links_name":"41613779"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58814912","external_links_name":"58814912"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124349","external_links_name":"\"FRAME WOOD MANOR (HALIDON HOUSE SCHOOL), Stoke Poges - 1124349 | Historic England\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=halidon%20house%20school","external_links_name":"\"The Discovery Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_objectrecord.htm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&%3Dcms_con_core_identifier=sl-sl-2864_baylishouse-i-00-000.tif&t=sl-sl-baylishouse&s=62NppyCH2wr","external_links_name":"\"Baylis House\""},{"Link":"https://bucksgardenstrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Baylis_Park-Slough.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust - Baylis House\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1317440","external_links_name":"\"STOKE HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1317440 | Historic England\""},{"Link":"http://archives.buckscc.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=D-X+801%2f18&pos=214","external_links_name":"\"Items relating to Stoke House and other schools records\""},{"Link":"https://www.thekeep.info/collections/search?s=AMS%2F6911&qa%5Bkeyword_reference_type%5D=0&qa%5Bpartner%5D=&qa%5Btitle%5D=&qa%5Bperson%5D=&qa%5Bplace%5D=&qa%5Bsubject%5D=&qa%5Bformat%5D=&qa%5Bidentifier%5D=&qa%5Bdate_from%5D=&qa%5Bdate_to%5D=&cbav=2&cbadvsearchquery=","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Brunswick School\""},{"Link":"https://longdene.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Long Dene Community\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44915980","external_links_name":"Community adventure : the story of Long Dene School"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44915980","external_links_name":"44915980"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/144464266/","external_links_name":"18"},{"Link":"https://www.stokepogeschurch.org/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Church\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1164966","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade I) (1164966)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124345","external_links_name":"\"Tomb of Thomas Gray, his mother Dorothy Gray and his aunt Mary Antrobus in churchyard of St Giles Church, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1124345)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124346","external_links_name":"\"Gray's Monument, Stoke Poges (Grade II*) (1124346)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/grays-monument-and-grays-field-stoke-poges-buckinghamshire","external_links_name":"\"Gray's Monument and Gray's Field Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Church\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1475583","external_links_name":"\"Lych gate and attached stone and flint wall, Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges (Grade II) (1475583)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1332767","external_links_name":"\"St Giles' Vicarage (Grade II) (1332767)\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/recreation-grounds-and-village-green","external_links_name":"\"Recreation Grounds | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/11297/Hitachi-Data-Systems-Sefton-Park-A-history","external_links_name":"\"Hitachi Data Systems: Sefton Park - A history - Promotional Item - Computing History\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges-history/historic-buildings/sefton-park/","external_links_name":"\"Sefton Park | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1977.0017","external_links_name":"\"John Donald Rose, 2 January 1911 - 14 October 1976\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1977.0017","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsbm.1977.0017"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70495969","external_links_name":"70495969"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/joshuakeys25/docs/duffield_house_conference_brochure","external_links_name":"\"Duffiled House Conference Brochure by Joshua Keys - Issuu\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-badminton-club/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Badminton Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk/badminton","external_links_name":"\"Badminton Club at Stoke Poges Village Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-bowls-club/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Bowls Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokegreencc.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Green Cricket Club\""},{"Link":"https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1911/280/","external_links_name":"\"Cricket 1911\""},{"Link":"https://cddl.leaguerepublic.com/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The Chalfont & District Darts League - Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk/social-club","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Village Centre Social Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/football-club/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Green Rovers FC | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayTeam.html?divisionseason=905394580&teamID=331525662","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Saints First | East Berkshire Football League\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/recreation-facilities/golf-2/","external_links_name":"\"Golf | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokepark.com/history-of-stoke-park/","external_links_name":"\"History of Stoke Park -\""},{"Link":"https://pa.chilternandsouthbucks.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?keyVal=P8X3T6OHGZU00&activeTab=summary","external_links_name":"\"Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesouthbuckinghamshire.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.southbucksgolfclub.co.uk/noticeboard","external_links_name":"\"Noticeboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.farnhampark.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home - FARNHAM PARK GOLF CLUB\""},{"Link":"https://www.wexhamparkgolfcentre.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Wexham Park Golf Centre\""},{"Link":"https://pa.chilternandsouthbucks.gov.uk/online-applications/caseDetails.do?action=dispatch&keyVal=RNV516ESJ0H00&caseType=Application","external_links_name":"\"Buckinghamshire Council - Planning Application\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-table-tennis-club/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Table Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokepogestennisclub.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Lawn Tennis Club – Play tennis in the heart of the village\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/stoke-poges/clubs-societies/stoke-poges-tennis-club/","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Tennis Club | Stoke Poges Parish Council\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bravenewworld00huxl_1","external_links_name":"Brave New World"},{"Link":"https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/","external_links_name":"\"THE VITAL VACCINE\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057168/","external_links_name":"I Could Go on Singing"},{"Link":"http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/g/goldfinger.html","external_links_name":"\"Goldfinger film locations (1964)\""},{"Link":"http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/f/ForYourEyesOnly.html","external_links_name":"\"For Your Eyes Only film locations\""},{"Link":"https://watch.plex.tv/movie/nick-hancocks-football-nightmares","external_links_name":"Nick Hancock's Football Nightmares (1996)"},{"Link":"https://fiewpupgrade.flyingatom.co.uk/over-25-years-of-007-filming-locations-in-england","external_links_name":"\"Over 25 Years of 007 Filming Locations in England\""},{"Link":"https://www.bernardcornwell.net/books/sharpes-triumph/","external_links_name":"\"Sharpe's Triumph | Bernard Cornwell\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokepark.com/history-of-stoke-park/","external_links_name":"\"History of Stoke Park -\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41761725","external_links_name":"\"Hotel claims Monarch of the Glen stag was English\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/sir-edwin-landseer","external_links_name":"\"Sir Edwin Landseer\""},{"Link":"https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/19363737.stoke-park-shut-two-years-indian-billionaire-mukesh-ambani-buys-57-million/","external_links_name":"\"Luxury golf club and hotel to shut for two years after Indian billionaire buys it for £57 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.stokepark.com/","external_links_name":"\"Luxury Hotel, Spa, Golf & Country Club in Buckinghamshire | Stoke Park\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/reliance-all-set-to-buy-iconic-british-country-club-stoke-park-for-60-mn-pounds/articleshow/82201745.cms","external_links_name":"\"Reliance all set to buy iconic British Country Club Stoke Park for 60 mn pounds\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfmonthly.com/news/stoke-park-country-club-to-shut-for-two-years-after-takeover-234888","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Park Country Club To Shut For Two Years After Takeover\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000vlmh","external_links_name":"\"BBC Two – Great British Railway Journeys, Series 12, West Ruislip to Windsor\""},{"Link":"https://www.buckinghamshire.gov.uk/news/bbcs-great-british-railway-journeys-stoke-poges-memorial-gardens/","external_links_name":"\"BBC's Great British Railway Journey's next stop is Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens\""},{"Link":"https://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/19253932.bbcs-great-british-railway-journeys-feature-stoke-poges-memorial-gardens/","external_links_name":"\"Bucks memorial gardens set to feature on popular BBC TV show\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/oct/06/affluent-stoke-poges-welcomes-plan-to-take-pressure-off-by-levelling-up","external_links_name":"\"Affluent Stoke Poges welcomes plan to 'take pressure off' by levelling up\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/8-october/news/uk/levelling-up-is-johnson-s-answer-to-chill-penury","external_links_name":"\"Levelling up is Johnson's answer to chill penury\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1901londuoft#page/2/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=alU9AQAAMAAJ&q=Christian+Allhusen&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Chemist and Druggist, Volume 36"},{"Link":"https://www.southbucks.gov.uk/conservationareas","external_links_name":"\"Framewood Road Character Appraisal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_objectrecord_postsearch.htm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&m=advanced_sform&tomonth=02&tc1=e&fromday=30&frommonth=01&toyear=1924&name=bell&fromyear=1924&today=14&partner=slough&s=khOU0Uj8cqg","external_links_name":"\"Death of Slough Magistrate\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1114860090","external_links_name":"1114860090"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-46787","external_links_name":"\"Bryant, Wilberforce (1837–1906), match manufacturer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F46787","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/46787"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21409/page/329","external_links_name":"\"No. 21409\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/754988460","external_links_name":"\"Recollections of Vesta Tilley | WorldCat.org\""},{"Link":"http://fulmerresearchinstitute.uk/timeline-ct/","external_links_name":"\"Fulmer Research Institute, timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/duckworth-sir-john-thomas-1748-1817","external_links_name":"\"DUCKWORTH, Sir John Thomas (1748–1817). | History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.southbucks.gov.uk/stokepogesmemorialgardens","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges Heritage Walk – Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34156/page/2941","external_links_name":"\"Page 2941 | Issue 34156, 3 May 1935 | London Gazette | The Gazette\""},{"Link":"https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/9WSV-SFT/rev.-walter-evelyn-gilliat-1869-1963","external_links_name":"\"FamilySearch.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersG/BioGilliatWE.html","external_links_name":"\"England Players - Walter Gilliat\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10878","external_links_name":"\"Godolphin, Henry (1648–1733), college head and dean of St Paul's\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10878","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/10878"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://bucksgardenstrust.org.uk/research-and-recording/locally-important-sites-parks/","external_links_name":"\"Buckinghamshire Sites – Parks – Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust\""},{"Link":"http://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/alfred-frank-hardiman/","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Frank Hardiman\""},{"Link":"https://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1216985328","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Frank Hardiman RA, RS, FRBS - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165194","external_links_name":"\"MANOR HOUSE, Stoke Poges – 1165194 | Historic England\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68059","external_links_name":"\"Hatton, Elizabeth, Lady Hatton [née Lady Elizabeth Cecil; other married name Elizabeth Coke, Lady Coke] (1578–1646), courtier\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68059","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68059"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13900?docPos=4","external_links_name":"\"Sir George Howard\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13900","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13900"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42564","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Stoke Poges, A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073277963","external_links_name":"1073277963"},{"Link":"http://www.historicaltenors.net/english/kingston.html","external_links_name":"\"Morgan Kingston\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourmansfieldandarea.org.uk/content/topics/business/industry/mining/morgan-kingston","external_links_name":"\"Morgan Kingston\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hgo5AQAAMAAJ&dq=sir+henry+martin+1562+to+1641&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"Brief Lives John Aubrey Clarendon Press, 1898 – Great Britain"},{"Link":"https://www.ebu.co.uk/biographies/noel-mobbs","external_links_name":"\"Sir Noel Mobbs | English Bridge Union\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939440882","external_links_name":"939440882"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/moleyns-sir-william-1378-1425","external_links_name":"The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32776/page/8839","external_links_name":"\"No. 32776\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20883","external_links_name":"\"Osborne, Lord Sydney Godolphin (1808–1889), philanthropist\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20883","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/20883"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21847","external_links_name":"\"Penn, Granville (1761–1844)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21847","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/21847"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PN776J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Penn, John (PN776J)\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20089651","external_links_name":"\"The Penn Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4587","external_links_name":"0031-4587"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20089651","external_links_name":"20089651"},{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=SVRY875B&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Savory, Borradaile (SVRY875B)\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26255","external_links_name":"\"Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773), politician and diplomatist\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26255","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26255"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.sloughhistoryonline.org.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?a=query&p=slough&f=generic_objectrecord.htm&_IXFIRST_=1&_IXMAXHITS_=1&=cms_con_core_identifier=sl-sl-max_chapter07-d-02-000.pdf&t=sl-sl-maxwellfraser&s=l2tspUO2_Dg","external_links_name":"\"Salt Hill\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/754988460","external_links_name":"754988460"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28954","external_links_name":"\"Wedderburn, Alexander, first earl of Rosslyn (1733–1805), lord chancellor\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28954","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/28954"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thecomergroup.com/residential-portfolio/uk/future-sites/page/1","external_links_name":"\"Residential Portfolio UK\""},{"Link":"https://landedfamilies.blogspot.com/2014/02/108-allhusen-of-stoke-court.html","external_links_name":"\"Landed families of Britain and Ireland: (108) Allhusen of Elswick Hall, Stoke Court and Bradenham Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.hitachivantara.com/uk/go/partnerday09/venue.html","external_links_name":"\"Hitachi Vantara – HDS partner contact information\""},{"Link":"https://igroup.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"International Group official website\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/61be8bbd-10ac-431d-9d9c-04512ad78860","external_links_name":"\"Mukesh Ambani buys 'Goldfinger' Stoke Park golf club for £57m\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/61be8bbd-10ac-431d-9d9c-04512ad78860","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://igroup.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"International Group – Founded in 1964, International Group is a family owned business\""},{"Link":"https://www.servier.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Servier Laboratories UK HQ Contact\""},{"Link":"https://www.urenco.com/contact","external_links_name":"\"Urenco Ltd – Official website\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9112%2F16%2F5%2F001","external_links_name":"10.1088/0031-9112/16/5/001"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/82979","external_links_name":"\"The Research Work of Glaxo Laboratories Limited\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957RSPSB.146..181M","external_links_name":"1957RSPSB.146..181M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1957.0003","external_links_name":"10.1098/rspb.1957.0003"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4649","external_links_name":"0080-4649"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/82979","external_links_name":"82979"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13420142","external_links_name":"13420142"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33221639","external_links_name":"33221639"},{"Link":"https://www.southbucks.gov.uk/conservationareas","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges West End Conservation Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.bayer.com/en/history/1974-1988","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=3&i=1001&m=0&s=1208862463765&enc=1&areaSearchText=Stoke+Poges&areaSearchType=14&extendedList=false&searchAreas=Search","external_links_name":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110905033339/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/luxuryhomes/8410974/Britains-richest-villages.html","external_links_name":"\"Britain's richest villages\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/luxuryhomes/8410974/Britains-richest-villages.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stoke_Poges","external_links_name":"\"Stoke Poges\""},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogesparishcouncil.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Stoke Poges Parish Council"},{"Link":"http://www.stoke-poges-centre.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Stoke Poges Village Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.stokepogeschurch.org/","external_links_name":"Stoke Poges Parish Church of St Andrew and St Giles"},{"Link":"http://e-voice.org.uk/stoke-poges-society/","external_links_name":"The Stoke Poges Society"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123433993","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpDMjFgkmhQHmPT9YYHG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540196205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90003871","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/8b352151-ccc6-4dde-b58c-38e841d551eb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax
Litter boxes in schools hoax
["1 Background","2 Timeline","2.1 Canada","2.2 United States","2.3 United Kingdom","2.4 New Zealand","3 Fact-checking assessments","4 Reactions","4.1 News media columnists","4.2 LGBTQIA+ activists","4.3 Teachers","4.4 Satire and comedy","5 Impact","5.1 2022 United States elections","5.2 Proposed legislation","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading"]
Right-wing hoax Starting in 2021, a false rumor alleged that certain North American schools were providing litter boxes in bathrooms for students who "identify as cats", or who participate in the furry or otherkin subcultures. Various American conservative and right-wing politicians and media personalities promoted the hoax in response to several school districts enacting protections for transgender students. Many news outlets, fact-checking websites, and academic researchers have debunked such claims, and officials from every school named by those promoting the hoax have verified that the accusations are false. The claims have been described as internet trolling, fearmongering, and anti-transgender rhetoric. The hoax was reported in Prince Edward Island in October 2021 and initially thought to be a joke, but had to be formally disavowed as misinformation circulated on social media. Rumors spread to other Canadian provinces and schools. In the United States, popular media coverage of the hoax originally revolved around a school in Michigan in December 2021, but spread to schools in several other states. Ahead of the 2022 elections, several prominent American politicians and media personalities spread the hoax, including Representatives Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia and Lauren Boebert of Colorado, Minnesota Republican gubernatorial nominee Scott Jensen, Colorado Republican gubernatorial nominee Heidi Ganahl, retired brigadier general and New Hampshire Republican US Senate nominee Don Bolduc, podcast host Joe Rogan (who later clarified there was no "proof that they put a litter box" in a particular school), Chaya Raichik of Libs of TikTok, and Christian talk show host Bill Cunningham. Several parents of school-age children have amplified the hoax on social media websites such as Facebook. The hoax spread in North America largely as backlash against recognition of gender variance in schools, and in 2023 was repeated in Britain and New Zealand. Some conservative politicians and activists argued that protections for LGBTQ+ students in schools had "gone too far" and that litter box accommodations are what they might lead to next, despite there being no confirmed instances of schools providing litter boxes for students to defecate or urinate in, or planning to do so. Background People in fursuits Furries are a subculture interested in anthropomorphic animal characters, with fandom members frequently often interacting with others through online roleplay, art, conventions and cosplay. Many view the fandom solely as a hobby, and do not identify as or perceive themselves to be animals. While the fandom is popularly perceived as such, it is not innately sexual or fetishistic. LGBTQIA+ identity is substantially over-represented among furries compared to the general population. According to Lynn McNeill, a folklorist at Utah State University, false rumors of furries using litter boxes date back to at least the early 2000s as satire, and became a recurring urban legend. Sharon Roberts, a faculty member at Renison University College and co-founder of a furry research group called Furscience, had not, in a decade of researching furry conventions, encountered any instances of furries using litter boxes. School boards in the late 2010s and early 2020s saw heightened controversy (described by some as a moral panic or culture war) surrounding accommodations for transgender, non-binary, and otherwise gender-variant students, such as unisex restrooms, and allowing students to use bathrooms and participate on sports teams corresponding to their gender identities. High rates of suicide and suicidal ideation among transgender youth were also cause for concern. In 2022, parents and advocacy groups across the U.S. made a concerted push to ban books from libraries, predominantly those discussing race, sexuality, and gender. In 2016, American radio show host Michael L. Brown wrote an opinion piece in The Christian Post opposing to transgender accommodations and gender-affirming procedures, stating, "if we don't stop this downward slide, we might soon be required to provide litter boxes for people who identify as cats." Some conservative politicians and alt-right media commentators had used false litter box rumors to generate alarm about what accommodations for LGBTQIA+ students might lead to, and have falsely accused LGBT-inclusive educators of "child grooming". Throughout 2021 and 2022, online rumors of students dressing and acting like cats circulated, spurred on by prank videos. Rumors sparked public outcry and calls for administrative action from concerned parents, with a school board in Statesville, North Carolina proposing a formal ban on animal costumes. In August 2021, a high school in Meade County, Kentucky said that a small number of students had violated their existing dress code. There was no evidence, however, that any schools had provided litter boxes in restrooms to any students. The only known official instance of cat litter being placed in school classrooms for potential use by students was in the late 2010s by the Jefferson County Public School District in Colorado, where the 1999 Columbine High School massacre took place. Some teachers were given "go buckets" that contained cat litter to be used as a toilet in an emergency lockdown situation, such as during a school shooting. Timeline Canada Unsubstantiated rumors surfaced in Prince Edward Island in October 2021, possibly as a joke. After the rumors spread widely in schools and on social media, the Public Schools Branch denied claims of litter boxes, with the director of the school district saying "It seemed to me like it was a backlash against some of the progressive things that our schools are doing, and we would have many that would say this is rooted in hate". As the hoax spread widely in the United States and garnered media attention, online rumors spread to several other Canadian provinces and schools. In September 2022, Durham District School Board in Ontario denied rumors and said they "may be rooted in transphobia and homophobia with the intent to diminish and trivialize gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation and cause harm to students and staff who identify as 2SLGBTQI." In October 2022, in response to a letter that was sent to local media, administrators for the Renfrew County District School Board or Renfrew County Catholic District School Board in Ontario issued statements that their schools "do not have, and have never had, litter boxes in any of our elementary or secondary sites". A school official said there was a request for cat litter in one school, but it was denied by the school board and that they did not recognize animal identities. The same month, the education director of the Lambton-Kent District School Board dispelled litter box rumors. By November 2022, school officials for several other Canadian provinces released statements refuting rumors that litter boxes were being provided in schools. United States In December 2021, conservative activist Lisa Hansen in Michigan gave public testimony before the Midland Public Schools school board as it discussed COVID-19 testing requirements for students, claiming she was informed that litter boxes had been added in bathrooms for students who "identify as cats", along with claiming that it was a "nationwide" issue and that there was an "agenda that is being pushed". The rumors later gained traction in January 2022, after a video of the school board meeting was shared by Meshawn Maddock, the co-chair for the Michigan Republican Party, who promoted the rumors. The video was also shared by Libs of TikTok, a politically influential right-wing Twitter account of Chaya Raichik with several hundred-thousand followers. The superintendent for the school district of Midland Public Schools described the claims as false, stating "There is no truth whatsoever to this false statement There have never been litter boxes within MPS schools". In January 2022, Michelle Evans, a Texan Republican running for congress, claimed that cafeteria tables were "being lowered in certain Round Rock Independent School District middle and high schools to allow 'furries' to more easily eat without utensils or their hands". The school district denied the claims. In February 2022, the Carroll Community School District in Iowa was accused of providing litter boxes for those who identified as cats. The district's superintendent denied this claim, stating "Staff members are not encouraging or accommodating anyone behaving or identifying as a cat or any other animal". In March 2022, a conservative commentator promoted claims that the Waunakee School District in Wisconsin had a "furry protocol" specifying the rules for furries, including being "allowed to dress in their choice of furry costumes" and "choose not to run in gym class but instead sit at the feet of their teacher and lick their paws". Reuters fact-checked the claim, stating there was no evidence for it; the school district also denied the claim. Joe Seiwert, a Kansas state representative, made a false claim during a public forum. In North Dakota, Fargo School Board member Jennifer Benson said litter boxes had been placed in school restrooms, but she declined to present evidence of it when requested by local media, and school officials in Fargo and elsewhere in North Dakota said the claim was the result of false rumors being spread nationally. Despite several rumors in the Midwest being debunked, rumors circulated on internet forums in Cache Valley, Utah, about litter boxes being placed in Sky View High School, which schools officials could not corroborate. In April 2022, a satirical post of a fake e-mail went viral, claiming that Kokomo High School in Indiana was allowing students identifying as animals to have "special accommodations and certain privileges", including litter boxes in bathrooms. Associated Press reported that the post was shared more than 10,000 times. The school's principal confirmed the post was fake. In New York, administrators for Dansville Central School refuted litter box rumors after an Instagram post received thousands of views. Later in the same month, two Republican lawmakers in the Minnesota House of Representatives, Steve Drazkowski and Tim Miller, repeated debunked stories about schools providing litter boxes in a debate about a statewide student survey. School board candidates in Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Dakota also made unverified claims about litter boxes being provided in schools. In May 2022, during a televised debate on a bill in the Nebraska legislature, the Republican state senator Bruce Bostelman claimed that "schools are wanting to put litter boxes in the schools" for students who were furries. A few hours after, the state senator retracted his claim and apologized, having gained backlash online. In Iowa, Republican state senator Tim Kraayenbrink said at a public forum that schools were putting litter boxes in schools for furries to use. He later said that he had not verified the claim was true prior to sharing it. By that same month, local school officials in Maine and Vermont had also dispelled litter box rumors. In June 2022, social media posts in Hannibal, Missouri, falsely claimed that the school district was placing water bowls and cat litter boxes in school restrooms and that the issue would be discussed at an upcoming board meeting. In response, the superintendent of the school board visited every bathroom in the district, and verified at the meeting that the rumors were untrue. In July 2022, administrators for Meade School District in South Dakota clarified in response to rumors that litter boxes would not be provided to students who self-identify as animals in response to rumors. In Maine, Republican Congressional candidate Ed Thelander repeated the hoax in an interview for a far-right website. When a clip of the interview circulated widely in the media in October, Thelander said, "I don't believe it now", and that he was unable to corroborate the rumors he had heard from others. In August 2022, rumors of litter boxes were directed at two high schools in South Carolina. Administrators for Horry County Schools said the rumors were part of a nationwide hoax and untrue. In September 2022, during a rally for former president Donald Trump, congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene promoted the rumors while she was interviewed by RSBN. Colorado Republican gubernatorial candidate Heidi Ganahl falsely claimed that schools in the state were recognizing cat identities of students. Ganahl criticized schools that allowed students to dress up as cats, but she did not claim schools were providing litter boxes. One school in Colorado did admit it had placed buckets of cat litter in classrooms several years prior for a backup option in the event of an emergency lock down, but there was no evidence of any accommodations for furries in Colorado schools. In Ohio, State Board of Education member Brendan Shea repeated the litter box rumor in debate about a resolution to restrict protections for LGBTQIA+ students. In Tennessee, state senator Janice Bowling made the litter box claim during a committee meeting and characterized it as "growing crisis" — state and local officials countered that it was false information. In Rhode Island, Mary Brimer, a Republican town council member for North Kingstown, posted on social media that two local students were identifying as cats and were being accommodated with litter boxes in school restrooms — the superintendent of the local school district said the rumors were false. Local education officials in South Carolina and Pennsylvania issued public statements to refute local and national rumors that litter boxes were being provided in schools. In Minnesota, Republican gubernatorial candidate Scott Jensen repeated the false rumor in a campaign speech about gender identity issues. Jensen said: "But what about education? What are we doing to our kids? Why are we telling elementary kids that they get to choose their gender this week? Why do we have litter boxes in some of the school districts so kids can pee in them, because they identify as a furry? We've lost our minds. We've lost our minds." Jensen's campaign declined media requests to substantiate the litter box claim, which the Minnesota Department of Education and several school districts refuted. In October 2022, Illinois Republican congressional candidate in the 11th district Catalina Lauf reacted to a CNN news story about Jensen's false claim, saying on Twitter, "...this is not a hoax and is happening in schools in Illinois, too". When confronted by local media to validate the claim, Lauf instead criticized a state policy to provide free menstrual hygiene products in schools and teachers who refer to children by their preferred gender pronouns. At a campaign event, congresswoman Lauren Boebert alleged that litter boxes were being provided to students who identify as cats in Durango, Colorado, which administrators for the local school district said were untrue. In North Carolina, Iredell-Statesville Schools considered a ban on students wearing furry costumes, in part due to the burden of staff having to refute unsubstantiated rumors about litter boxes in restrooms. The school district, along with nearby Lincoln County Schools, said there was no evidence of litter boxes being used on campuses. While interviewing Tulsi Gabbard on his Spotify show, Joe Rogan shared a rumor that a school was providing a litter box for a student that identified as a cat. Rogan offered no evidence to support the claim, which was circulated on social media and shared on Instagram by the Libs of TikTok account. Rogan said in an interview with Uproxx several weeks later that "it doesn't seem that there's any proof that they put a litter box in there", but also claimed that "there discussions about doing it because there was one particularly wacky mother". During an interview with Ohio Republican Senate candidate J.D. Vance, Christian talk show host Bill Cunningham said that schools were providing litter boxes for students to defecate in. During a tele-town hall with U.S. Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, a participant shared a rumor that litter boxes were being placed in West Bend schools. While speaking to supporters at a campaign event, retired brigadier general and United States Senate candidate Don Bolduc alleged schools were providing litter boxes to students who dress up as furries and cats. In November 2022, Bolduc said during a televised debate that the burden was on the school to prove that litter boxes were not being used; the school named by Bolduc confirmed it was a false allegation. Several school officials in San Luis Obispo County, California, had to refute false litter box rumors, which may have emanated from the promulgation of the hoax by radio show host Joe Rogan. Rogan subsequently admitted to spreading misinformation. As he endorsed two local school board candidates, Indiana Republican state representative Robert Morris falsely claimed schools were providing "litter boxes in bathrooms for students identifying as animals". In Oklahoma, Ryan Walters, a candidate for state school superintendent, spread the rumor while speaking at a campaign event. American football television commentator Tony Dungy posted a statement on Twitter promoting the hoax on January 18, 2023. After facing backlash, he deleted the tweet and later apologized. Lycoming County, Pennsylvania commissioner asking in September 2023 if any children in the county identify as "dogs or cats" and require litter boxes at a public meeting, to which the answer is "no", then asking if it is happening in other school districts. In August 2023, Fox News anchor Shannon Bream repeated the hoax, claiming that parents in northern Virginia had told her it was happening in their schools. United Kingdom In January 2023, Aberdeenshire council repudiated claims made on social media that students at Banff Academy had taken part in dirty protests due to the non-provision of litter boxes for "furries". In November 2023, a school in Pontypool, Wales, wrote to parents in response to "a number of queries and concerns raised within the community" about the provision of litter trays to pupils, clarifying that no such trays existed. New Zealand In 2023 a video of Whangārei Girls' High School students claimed that students identifying as furries required litter boxes in the school received several hundred thousand views. The school responded in June by saying that "None of this has any truth to it at all". Fact-checking assessments Several news media and fact-checking organizations have debunked the claims that schools were providing litter boxes to students to use in restrooms as unsubstantiated. In early 2022, Snopes rated claims of litter boxes being placed in restrooms in Michigan schools as "false" and the Agence France-Presse said they were "baseless". As rumors spread in April 2022, news fact-checking organization PolitiFact did not find any credible news reports to support the claim that schools were providing litter boxes for students and rated the claim "Pants on Fire!". Two fact-checking assessment by Reuters, in July 2022 and again in October 2022, concluded that there was no evidence that schools were officially recognizing the animal expressions of students participating in the furry fandom trend or accommodating students with litter boxes. According to an NBC News analysis, by mid October 2022, at least 20 conservative candidates and election officials had asserted that elementary and secondary schools were providing litter boxes or other accommodations for students who identify as cats—every school district named in such claims said they were false. A review of the rumors by center-right news website The Bulwark reached a similar conclusion as NBC News and referred to the hoax as "Furrygate". Reactions News media columnists Elizabeth Brown from Reason suggested the litter box rumors became popular due to "lin up perfectly with conservative fears about transgender and non-binary students". Kelly Weill from The Daily Beast argued that the politicization of furries in classrooms was a proxy for the broader cultural discussion about race and gender issues. Michelle Goldberg of The New York Times argued the rumors were part of a generational conflict over sex and gender identity issues in schools, and compared the rumors to the satanic panic frenzy of the 1980s. Columnist Gene Lyons in a Chicago Sun-Times opinion piece compared the litter box hoax to the moral panics behind the 16th century werewolves tales in Germany and the witch hunts of 17th century New England. Hayes Brown, an MSNBC opinion columnist, said it was unclear if politicians spreading the rumors actually believed them or not, but that either way the act of repeating the rumors was "to the detriment of trans kids". Ben Cost of the conservative tabloid newspaper New York Post said while explaining the history of the Michigan rumors that, "It's a load of kitty litter." Christopher Tremoglie of the conservative website Washington Examiner said that rumors in mid 2022 of litter boxes in Iowa schools were false. He also said regarding a widely circulated story by the Herald Sun tabloid newspaper about an Australian teenager allowed to act as a cat in class that was never verified, and of the broader discussion of gender identity issues, "This is the world we live in today, and this is the danger created by normalizing transgender delusions in young students who may get over it. The enabling of this behavior is helping people with legitimate mental health issues get applause instead of the medical help they truly need." In an opinion article in the Arizona Daily Star, Judy Doll argued that Republican politicians were using the litter box hoax as a way to call "into question the moral values of everyone associated with public schools". Kathie Obradovich, an opinion editor with the Iowa Capital Dispatch, argued that the litter box hoax served the political purpose of instilling fear in parents of public schools as a way to shift public education dollars towards private and religious schools. Todd Dorman of The Gazette made a similar argument. LGBTQIA+ activists Local LGBTQIA+ activists in Prince Edward Island said the October 2021 litter box rumors were a form of internet trolling in an attempt "to make the queer community seem ridiculous, in order to paint all of the community's concerns as absurd". James Factora, a writer with LGBTQIA+ news website Them, compared the litter box hoax to 2020 United States election conspiracy theories, stating, "The tactic of repeating a completely baseless lie until it becomes widely accepted as truth has become perhaps the most emblematic rhetorical strategy of the GOP." Geoff Wetrosky of the Human Rights Campaign, said, "The attention this freakish lie has received on social media illustrates the pernicious influence of disinformation and that anti-LGBTQIA+ politicians will do and say anything to animate the most extreme fringe—no matter the consequence." Leigh Finke, a transgender candidate for the Minnesota House of Representatives in the 2022 election, said about the rumors, "It's a really gross thing no one should have to hear. It is not true. And I don't want to waste my time saying trans kids aren't animals." Teachers Education Minnesota said that the internet hoax "appears to be an attempt to discredit school policies intended to make schools safe and welcoming for students". Satire and comedy Australian satirical website Damascus Dropbear published a new fake story in August 2022 about a school in Melbourne providing litter boxes. Television show host John Oliver debunked litter box claims on the episode of Last Week Tonight that aired on October 24, 2022. Impact 2022 United States elections In the months leading up to the 2022 United States elections, online mentions of the litter boxes in schools increased significantly as several Republican candidates repeated the hoax. It was also mentioned by talk show hosts such as Joe Rogan. Attempts by the news media to debunk false rumors were largely unsuccessful in stopping their spread. Many of the prominent American politicians seeking public office who promoted the hoax were defeated in the 2022 elections. Among those who promoted the hoax who were unsuccessful in seeking public office included New Hampshire candidate for U.S. Senate Don Bolduc, Colorado candidate for governor Heidi Ganahl, Illinois candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives Catalina Lauf, Minnesota candidate for governor Scott Jensen, and Maine candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives Ed Thelander. Those who had promoted the hoax and prevailed in their races included U.S. Senate candidate J.D. Vance from Ohio and incumbent U.S. Representatives Marjorie Taylor Greene and Lauren Boebert. Virginia Chamlee of People said that Bolduc's repeating of the false claims during his political campaign may have alienated moderate voters and led to his defeat by Maggie Hassan in the race for a New Hampshire United States Senate seat. Proposed legislation Several Republican lawmakers in the U.S. state of North Dakota sponsored legislation to prohibit schools from adopting "a policy establishing or providing a place, facility, school program, or accommodation that caters to a student's perception of being any animal species other than human". In January 2024, Oklahoma representative Justin Humphrey introduced legislation that would ban students that identify as animals or who "engage in anthropomorphic behavior" from participating in school activities and allow animal control to remove the student from the premises. See also Anti-gender movement Bathroom bill Notes ^ "2SLGBTQI" is the acronym for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex. References ^ Garcia, Arturo (October 4, 2022). "GOP Gubernatorial Hopefuls Regurgitate 'Students Identifying as Cats' Smear - Truth or Fiction?". Truth or Fiction. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022. ^ a b Peiser, Jaclyn Peiser (March 29, 2022). "GOP legislator backtracks on claims students meow, bark, use litter boxes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ a b c d Kaczynski, Andrew (October 3, 2022). "Minnesota GOP nominee for governor claimed kids are using litter boxes in schools – it's an internet hoax". CNN. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kingkade, Tyler; Goggin, Ben Goggin; Zadrozny, Brandy (October 14, 2022). "How an urban myth about litter boxes in schools became a GOP talking point". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ a b c MacGill, Dan (January 24, 2022). "Did a Michigan School District Install Litter Boxes in Bathrooms?". Snopes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ a b c d "DDSB among boards quashing online rumours litter boxes have been added to washrooms". Durham Radio News. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ a b c "No litter boxes in local schools". Eganville Leader. October 11, 2022. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ a b MacLean, Logan (October 22, 2021). "False stories of litter boxes in P.E.I. schools meant to ridicule trans community, advocates say". Saltwire.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ "LGBTQ+ youth are target of a massive fear-mongering campaign". Los Angeles Blade. October 31, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022. Yet, here we are playing whack a mole with the litter box canard. ^ a b c Wade, Peter (September 3, 2022). "Litter Boxes and Election Lies: Marjorie Taylor Greene's Unhinged Trip to the Trump Rally". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Danahue, Allison (February 19, 2022). "Anti-trans litter box rumor is 'harming our LGBTQ+ kids,' advocates say". Michigan Advance. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ a b c Factora, James (January 25, 2022). "Transphobes Are Worried Schools Are Installing Litterboxes for "Furry" Students". Them. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ Mullin, Andrew (January 25, 2022). "Andrew Mullin: Recent Midland 'furry' scare is transphobia in disguise". Midland Daily News. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ a b Ross, Shane (October 20, 2021). "Rumours about students identifying as cats are rooted in hate, says P.E.I. Public Schools Branch". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ a b Sullivan, Sharon (October 4, 2022). "'They Are Putting Litter Boxes in Schools for People Who Identify As Cats,' Says Boebert. 'Not True,' Responds Durango School District". Colorado Times Recorder. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ a b Beedle, Heidi (September 26, 2022). "Ganahl Falsely Claims That Kids Are 'Identifying as Cats … All Over Colorado & Schools Are Tolerating It'". Colorado Times Recorder. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022. ^ a b Kaczynski, Andrew (October 29, 2022). "GOP New Hampshire Senate nominee repeats hoax that kids are using litter boxes in schools". CNN. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022. ^ a b Redmond, Mike (November 2, 2022). "Joe Rogan (Kinda) Admitted Schools Aren't Installing Litter Boxes". Uproxx. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022. ^ a b Villarreal, Daniel (October 13, 2022). "Joe Rogan tells Tulsi Gabbard that there are litter boxes in school bathrooms for furries". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ a b c "OH-Sen: J.D. Vance (R) Demands Schools Notify Parents If Their Kids Identify As Chipmunks". Daily Kos. October 14, 2022. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ a b Miller, Jacquie (October 16, 2022). "Renfrew County boards squelch bizarre stories about kids using litter boxes at school". The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022. ^ a b Brown, Hayes (October 7, 2022). "How a viral hoax about furries became fodder for the GOP's moral panic". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ a b Weill, Kelly (February 1, 2022). "Furry Panic Is the Latest Dumb GOP Attack on Public Schools". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ a b Tremoglie, Christopher (August 25, 2022). "A student identifies as a cat — how stunning and brave". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022. ^ a b Brown, Michael (April 21, 2016). "Op-Ed: Should We Provide Litter Boxes for People Who Identify as Cats?". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022. ^ Factora, James (October 5, 2022). "Conservatives Are Obsessed With This Lie About Students Identifying as Furries". Them. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ "Let's Talk About Furries". Safer Schools (UK). September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ "1.3 Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity". Furscience. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ "5.1 Orientation". Furscience. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ McCollum, Charles (March 16, 2022). "Folklorist: Sky View High School litter box rumor follows pattern of 'urban legends'". The Herald Journal. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022. ^ Manjoo, Farhad (September 1, 2022). "Opinion | America Is Being Consumed by a Moral Panic Over Trans People". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ Schuster, Simon (September 29, 2022). "Culture wars take center stage in Tudor Dixon's education proposals". mlive. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ Hermani, Jordyn (September 29, 2022). "Trans athletes, book bans: How school elections became political battlefields". MLive. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ Pate, Natalie (September 1, 2022). "Did Salem-Keizer allow a student who identifies as a cat to bring a litter box to school?". Salem Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2022. Among the policies is one stating students, staff and visitors may use the restroom that aligns with their gender identity. It also directs schools to ensure that gender-neutral, single-occupant bathrooms are accessible to anyone. ^ Kenny, Andrew (October 20, 2022). "How the conservative parents' rights movement — fueled by LGBTQ backlash — is shaping Heidi Ganahl's campaign". Colorado Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022. ^ Harris, Elizabeth A.; Alter, Alexandra (January 30, 2022). "Book Ban Efforts Spread Across the U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ a b Dalbey, Beth (September 7, 2022). "Debunked School Restroom Litter Box Claims Resurface With New Year". Patch.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ Geschke, Will (September 28, 2022). "Roseburg Public Schools responds to 'furry' controversy". The News-Review. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ Puente, Nathaniel (October 3, 2022). "'Furry' costume ban proposed by Iredell-Statesville school board". WCNC-TV. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ Dolan, Julie (August 25, 2021). "Meade County schools deal with unusual situation: Students dressing and acting like cats". WLKY. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022. ^ a b Wagner, Bayliss; Mendoza, Jordan (January 30, 2022). "Fact check: No, a Michigan public school did not provide litter boxes for students identifying as cats". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ a b Swenson, Ali (April 7, 2022). "Claim about litter boxes in New York school is unfounded". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ Bates, Josiah (August 21, 2019). "Colorado School District Providing Kitty Litter Buckets for Kids to Use the Bathroom During Lockdowns". Time. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Garcia, Nelson (October 5, 2017). "JeffCo schools have emergency buckets where people can pee during lockdowns". KUSA (TV). Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ Rushowy, Kristin (October 30, 2022). "Litter boxes for students in bathrooms? Schools scramble to get ahead of 'furry' internet hoax". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022. ^ "Students in local schools identify as animals but no litter boxes exist". Eaganville Leader. October 18, 2022. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2022. ^ Sharma, Shweta (October 13, 2022). "Lambton school trustee candidate buys into urban myth of students "presenting as cats"". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Burns, Ray (November 8, 2022). "There are no human-size litter boxes in CCRCE schools". SaltWire. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Midland Public Schools (December 21, 2021). "Midland Public Schools December 2021 Board of Education Meeting". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ a b Paz, Isabella Grullón (January 23, 2022). "Litter Boxes for Students Who Identify as Furries? Not So, Says School Official". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Bushard, Brian (October 4, 2022). "Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Lorenz, Taylor (April 19, 2022). "Meet the woman behind Libs of TikTok, secretly fueling the right's outrage machine". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. Its content is amplified by high-profile media figures, politicians and right-wing influencers. Its tweets reach millions, with influence spreading far beyond its more than 648,000 Twitter followers. Libs of TikTok has become an agenda-setter in right-wing online discourse, and the content it surfaces shows a direct correlation with the recent push in legislation and rhetoric directly targeting the LGBTQ+ community. ^ Sharma, Shweta (January 24, 2022). "School district denies wild rumours that litter boxes were given to students who identified as 'furries'". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Carson, Dan (January 27, 2022). "Texas GOP hopeful claims school district has special tables for 'furries'". Mysa. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Stunson, Mike (January 27, 2022). "Furries eating out of dog bowls at school? Texas district debunks GOP hopeful's claim". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Strong, Jared (February 9, 2022). "Carroll superintendent: No litter boxes in schools". Iowa Capital Dispatch. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Magel, Todd (February 11, 2022). "Superintendent denies rumors of litter boxes in restrooms for students who 'identify as cats'". KCRG. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ "Fact Check-Waunakee School District said it does not have a 'furry protocol'". Reuters. April 7, 2022. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Swenson, Ali (April 5, 2022). "Wisconsin school district does not have 'furry protocol'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Mipro, Rachel (February 5, 2023). "Educators say attacking Kansas teachers is GOP strategy to push private schools". Kansas Reflector. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ Hagen, C.S. (April 4, 2022). "Are there furries in Fargo-Moorhead schools? Yes, but no litter boxes". Inforum. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ McCollum, Charles (March 12, 2022). "High school principal says there's no truth to rumor of litter boxes for student said to self-identify as a cat". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ "Post about Indiana school's 'otherkin' policy is satirical". AP NEWS. April 29, 2022. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Durham, Spencer (April 29, 2022). "Fake post about litter boxes at KHS goes viral". Kokomo Tribune. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Eischens, Rilyn (April 28, 2022). "Republicans falsely claim schools are providing litter boxes for students identifying as cats". Minnesota Reformer. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022. ^ Schulte, Grant (March 28, 2022). "Nebraska lawmaker apologizes for debunked litter box claim". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Baska, Maggie (March 29, 2022). "Republican senator apologises for pedalling 'ugly' rumour about furries and litter boxes". PinkNews. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Russell, Lia (May 20, 2022). "No, Maine students aren't using litter boxes in school". WPFO. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ Dewey, Jim (June 16, 2022). "Hannibal School Board adopts vaping policy and learns its school restrooms are furry-free". Muddy River News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Holland, Deb (July 18, 2022). "Meade schools won't have litter boxes". Black Hills Pioneer. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ Lawlor, Joe (October 13, 2022). "Congressional candidate touted debunked myths, but now says it was a mistake". Press Herald. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022. ^ Williamson, Caroline (August 20, 2022). "Fact check: No, Horry schools did not provide litter boxes for students who identify as cats". The Sun News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ Findon, Mary-Kate (September 4, 2022). "Marjorie Taylor Greene spouts debunked right-wing conspiracies at Pennsylvania rally". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Klamann, Seth (October 4, 2022). ""Incredibly frustrating": Colorado schools reject Ganahl's claims that students identify as cats". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022. ^ Sehar, Jim (October 9, 2022). "Fuzzy logic about 'furries'". The Daily Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022. ^ "Ohio Board of Education Delays Vote on Anti LGBTQ+ Resolution". Columbus Underground. September 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ Lamb, Jason (September 30, 2022). "Tennessee school officials: No, we did not give litter boxes to students identifying as furries". WTVF. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Seymour, Bill (September 15, 2022). "NK school officials deny claims of litter boxes in schools". The Independent (Rhode Island). Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022. ^ Chandler, Alvieann (September 28, 2022). "School districts address 'false rumors' of students using litter boxes, behaving like cats". WHNS. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ Matoney, Nick (September 16, 2022). "Principals respond after 'kitty litter' hoax hits school district in Indiana County". WTAE. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ a b "Scott Jensen repeats debunked claim about litter boxes in schools". KARE-TV. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ Uren, Adam (October 4, 2022). "Scott Jensen repeats right-wing hoax about cat litter in schools". Bring Me The News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Lauf, Catalina (October 3, 2022). "Replying to @KFILEAndrew — with all due respect, this is not a hoax and is happening in schools in Illinois, too". Twitter. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Lissau, Bill (October 5, 2022). "Republican congressional candidate Lauf stands by debunked claim about schools and litter boxes". Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois). Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Niemietz, Brian (October 5, 2022). "Rep. Lauren Boebert not a shoo-in for November race: poll". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Heiberger, Sydney (October 12, 2022). "North Carolina school district discussing 'furry' ban amid hoax calls about students dressing as animals". WGHP. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2022. ^ Moore, Evan (October 21, 2022). "Fact check: Are there litter boxes in NC schools for students dressed as furries?". Charlotte Observer. pp. October 24, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ a b "Fact Check-No evidence of schools accommodating 'furries' with litter boxes". Reuters. October 18, 2022. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ Eberwein, Richard (October 26, 2022). "Ron Johnson goes on transphobic rant, says trans teens 'think weird things' and are going through 'phases'". WCPT (AM). Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022. ^ Looker, Rachel; Jackson, David; Tran, Ken; Porter, Steven; Lenahan, Ian (November 2, 2022). "New Hampshire Senate race: Maggie Hassan, Don Bolduc debate abortion, inflation, energy - recap". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Larson, Shannon (November 4, 2022). "N.H. school officials push back after Bolduc repeats hoax about kids using litter boxes". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022. ^ Shuman, Mackenzie (November 1, 2022). "Fact check: Do SLO County schools have litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'?". The Tribune. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022. ^ Demopoulos, Alaina (November 4, 2022). "Joe Rogan admits schools don't have litter boxes for kids who 'identify' as furries: Podcast host had amplified debunked claim about furries spread by Republican politicians". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Gilsinger, Christine (November 3, 2022). "Rep. Bob Morris cites 'litter box' myth in school board endorsement". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022. ^ Nicholson, Jonathan (November 4, 2022). "Man Who Wants To Run Oklahoma's Schools Buys Into Bogus 'Cat Litter' Conspiracy Theory". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023. ^ Morik, Ryan (January 21, 2023). "Tony Dungy apologizes again for tweet about litter box claims". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. ^ Benbow, Dana (January 18, 2023). "Tony Dungy deletes controversial cat litter tweet after backlash, outrage". Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. ^ Baragona, Justin (August 24, 2023). "Fox's Chief Legal Correspondent Pushes Wacky School 'Litter Box' Hoax". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ Marini, Gianni (January 27, 2023). "Claims pupils identifying as cats at school branded 'false rumours'". STV News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023. ^ "Cat litter for pupils rumour denied by school in letter". BBC News. November 10, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. ^ Muru-Lanning, Charlotte (June 8, 2023). "No, Whangārei Girls High School students are not identifying as cats". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. ^ Jacob, Manon (January 27, 2022). "Michigan school not providing litter box for students identifying as cats". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022. ^ Curet, Monique (April 8, 2022). "Claim about schools providing litter boxes for students debunked in several states". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022. ^ "Fact Check-No evidence that U.S. schoolchildren are self-identifying as animals and disrupting classrooms". Reuters. July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ Miller, Time (October 17, 2022). "Furrygate: A Litterbox of Lies". The Bulwark. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ a b Lyons, Gene (October 21, 2022). "School litter boxes, cat translators and other myths". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ Nolan Brown, Elizabeth (March 29, 2022). "No, Schools Aren't Accommodating Students Who Identify as Animals". Reason.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ Goldberg, Michelle (April 4, 2022). "Opinion | Why Are Seemingly Functional Adults Falling for the 'Furries' Myth?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ Cost, Ben (January 26, 2022). "School district denies litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ Puglisi, Leonardo (August 21, 2022). "Herald Sun story about schoolgirl identifying as a cat goes viral but lacks evidence". 6 News Australia. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022. ^ Doll, Julie (September 15, 2022). "Local Opinion: Kids get schooled in politics". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Obradovich, Kathie (February 14, 2022). "Silly school litter box rumors front a darker agenda". Iowa Capital Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022. ^ Todd, Dorman (May 13, 2022). "School litter box fever will not die in Iowa". The Gazette. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. The solution, obviously, is to take tens of millions of dollars from public schools and give it to private schools, because parents should be scared to send their kids to public schools. ^ Berg-Brousseau, Henry (October 14, 2022). "ICYMI – NBC: 20+ Politicians Promote Bizarre Claim That Youth Are Identifying as Cats". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ Stroozas, Sam (October 3, 2022). "Jensen spreads false rumor about Minnesota's LGBTQ+ youth". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ D'bear (August 22, 2022). "School installs litter boxes and promises more cat-friendly policies after increase in 'feline-identifying' students". Damascus Dropbear. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022. ^ Mazza, Ed (October 17, 2022). "John Oliver Exposes GOP's Most 'Heartbreakingly Stupid' Anti-Trans Talking Point". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022. ^ Czopek, Madison (December 15, 2022). "Debunking, rebuttals didn't stop claim about litter boxes in schools from spreading before midterms". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. ^ a b Brushard, Brian (November 12, 2022). "These Candidates Pushed 2022's Dumbest Conspiracy—Schoolkids Using Litter Boxes—And Many (But Not All) Lost Big". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2022. ^ Chamlee, Virginia (November 9, 2022). "Lindsey Graham Says Midterm Elections Are 'Definitely Not a Republican Wave, That's for Darn Sure'". People. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Sopelsa, Brooke (January 24, 2023). "Don't identify as human? North Dakota schools don't want you". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023. ^ Kalish, Lil (January 17, 2024). "A Republican In This State Wants Animal Services To Remove Furries From Schools". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024. Further reading Matthews, Dylan (March 27, 2015). "9 questions about furries you were too embarrassed to ask". Vox Media. Retrieved October 14, 2022. Pahwa, Nitish (May 6, 2022). "Fur-mongering: Fake news about children 'identifying' as animals is the latest stunt being pushed by so-called parental rights advocates." Slate. Retrieved October 4, 2022. Bushard, Brian (October 4, 2022). "Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped". Forbes. Retrieved October 4, 2022. Pierce, Charles (October 17, 2022). "The 'Litter Box in Schools' Lie Is a Litmus Test for Idiots". Esquire. Retrieved October 20, 2022. Roberts, Sharon E. (November 7, 2022). "What are 'furries?' Debunking myths about kids identifying as animals, and litter boxes in schools". The Conversation. Retrieved November 8, 2022. vteConspiracy theoriesList of conspiracy theoriesOverviewCore topics Antiscience Cabals deep state éminence grise power behind the throne Civil / Criminal / Political conspiracies Conspiracy Crisis actors Deception Dystopia Espionage Global catastrophe scenarios Hidden message Pseudohistory Pseudoscience Secrecy Secret societies Urban legends and myths Psychology Attitude polarization Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Confirmation bias Denialism Locus of control Machiavellianism Mass psychogenic illness moral panics Paranoia Psychological projection Astronomy and outer space 2012 phenomenon Nibiru cataclysm Ancient astronauts Apollo Moon landings Flat Earth Hollow Moon Reptilians UFOs Alien abduction Area 51 Black Knight satellite Cryptoterrestrial / Extraterrestrial / Interdimensional hypothesis Dulce Base Estimate of the Situation (1948) Lake Michigan Triangle MJ-12 Men in black Nazi UFOs Die Glocke Project Serpo Hoaxes Dundy County (1884) Maury Island (1947) Roswell (1947) Twin Falls (1947) Aztec, New Mexico (1949) Southern England (1967) Ilkley Moor (1987) Gulf Breeze (1987–88) Alien autopsy (1995) Morristown (2009) Deaths and disappearancesAssassination / suicide theories Zachary Taylor (1850) Louis Le Prince (1890) Lord Kitchener (1916) Tom Thomson (1917) Władysław Sikorski (1943) Benito Mussolini (1945) Adolf Hitler (1945) Subhas Chandra Bose (1945) Johnny Stompanato (1958) Marilyn Monroe (1962) John F. Kennedy (1963) Lee Harvey Oswald (1963) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) Harold Holt (1967) Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) Robert F. Kennedy (1968) Salvador Allende (1973) Aldo Moro (1978) Renny Ottolina (1978) Pope John Paul I (1978) Airey Neave (1979) Olof Palme (1986) Zia-ul-Haq (1988) GEC-Marconi scientists (1980s–90s) Turgut Özal (1993) Vince Foster (1993) Kurt Cobain (1994) Yitzhak Rabin (1995) Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) Alois Estermann (1998) Nepalese royal family (2001) Yasser Arafat (2004) Benazir Bhutto (2007) Osama bin Laden (2011) Hugo Chávez (2013) Seth Rich (2016) Alejandro Castro (2018) Jeffrey Epstein (2019) Sushant Singh Rajput (2020) John McAfee (2021) Accidents / disasters Mary Celeste (1872) RMS Titanic (1912) Great Kantō earthquake (1923) Lynmouth Flood (1952) Dyatlov Pass (1959) Lost Cosmonauts (1950s–60s) JAT Flight 367 (1972) United Air Lines Flight 553 (1972) South African Airways Flight 295 (1987) Khamar-Daban (1993) MS Estonia (1994) TWA Flight 800 (1996) EgyptAir Flight 990 (1999) Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014) Other cases Joan of Arc (1431) Yemenite children (1948–54) Elvis Presley (1977) Jonestown (1978) Body double hoax Paul McCartney Avril Lavigne Vladimir Putin Melania Trump Energy, environment Agenda 21 California drought manipulation Climate change denial false theories Free energy suppression HAARP Red mercury False flag allegations USS Maine (1898) RMS Lusitania (1915) Reichstag fire (1933) Pearl Harbor (1941) USS Liberty (1967) Lufthansa Flight 615 (1972) Widerøe Flight 933 (1982) KAL Flight 007 (1983) Mozambican presidential jet (1986) Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) Oklahoma City bombing (1995) 9/11 attacks (2001) advance knowledge WTC collapse Madrid train bombing (2004) London bombings (2005) Smolensk air disaster (2010) Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014) Denial of the 7 October attacks (2023) Gender and sexuality Alpha / beta males Anti-LGBT anti-gender movement Chemicals drag panic gay agenda gay Nazis myth HIV/AIDS stigma United States Homintern Lavender scare Recruitment Grooming litter box hoax Transvestigation GamerGate Ideology in incel communities Larries / Gaylors Satanic panic Soy and masculinity Health 5G misinformation Anti-vaccination autism MMR Thiomersal in chiropractic misinformation Aspartame Big Pharma Chemtrails COVID-19 Ivermectin lab leak vaccines in Canada / Philippines / United States Ebola Electronic harassment Germ theory denialism GMOs HIV/AIDS denialism origins theories oral polio AIDS hypothesis Lepers' plot Medbeds SARS (2003) Water fluoridation Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning Race, religion and/or ethnicity Bhagwa Love Trap CERN ritual hoax COVID-19 and xenophobia Freemasons French Revolution  Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s) German POWs post-WWII Priory of Sion Product labeling Halal Kosher Tartarian Empire War against Islam White genocide Antisemitic Andinia Plan Blood libel Cohen Plan Doctors' plot during the Black Death Epsilon Team George Soros Holocaust denial Trivialization International Jewish conspiracy Committee of 300 Cultural Bolshevism / Jewish Bolshevism Żydokomuna Judeo-Masonic plot The Protocols of the Elders of Zion World War II Z.O.G. Judeopolonia Killing of Jesus Kalergi Plan New World Order Rothschilds Stab-in-the-back myth Christian / Anti-Christian Anti-Catholic Jesuits Popish Plot Vatican Bible Giuseppe Siri Islamophobic Counter-jihad Bihar human sacrifice Eurabia Great Replacement Love jihad Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry Trojan Horse scandal Genocide denial /Denial of mass killings Armenian Bangladesh Bosnian Cambodian The Holocaust Holodomor Nanjing Rwandan Sayfo Serbs during WWII RegionalAmericas(outside the United States) Argentina Andinia Plan Canada Avro Arrow cancellation Leuchter report Peru Casa Matusita Venezuela Daktari Ranch affair Golpe Azul Middle East / North Africa In the Arab world 10 agorot Cairo fire Israel-related animal theories Iran Western-backed Iranian Revolution Israel Pallywood Russia Alaska payment Dulles' Plan Golden billion Petrograd Military Organization Rasputin Ukraine bioweapons South Asia /Southeast Asia India Cow vigilante violence Greater Bangladesh Pakistan Jinnahpur Philippines Tallano gold Thailand Finland Plot Turkey 2016 coup attempt Ergenekon Operation Sledgehammer Gezi Park protests Sèvres syndrome Üst akıl Other European Euromyth Ireland German Plot Italy Itavia Flight 870 Lithuania Statesmen Roman Republic First Catilinarian conspiracy Spain Mano Negra affair Sweden Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet UK Clockwork Orange plot Elm Guest House Harold Wilson Voting pencil United States Barack Obama citizenship religion parentage "Obamagate" / Spygate Biden–Ukraine Black helicopters CIA and JFK CIA assistance to bin Laden Clinton body count Cultural Marxism FBI secret society FEMA camps Georgia Guidestones Jade Helm 15 Montauk Project Philadelphia Experiment Pizzagate The Plan Project Azorian QAnon Pastel incidents Saddam–al-Qaeda Sandy Hook (2012) Trump–Ukraine "Vast right-wing conspiracy" Vietnam War POW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth 2020 election Italygate "Pence Card" Maricopa County ballot audit Stop the Steal Other Dead Internet theory NESARA/GESARA New Coke Phantom time / New chronology Shadow government claims Bilderberg Illuminati synarchism Shakespearean authorship Pseudolaw Admiralty law Freeman on the land movement Redemption movement Sovereign citizens Strawman theory Tax protesters Satirical Acre Bielefeld Birds Aren't Real Li's field Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme See also Argument from ignorance Conspiracy Encyclopedia Conspiracy fiction Conspirituality Dogma pseudoskepticism Falsifiability Fringe science Historical negationism Online youth radicalization Paranormal Prejudice hate speech Radicalization Science by press conference Superstition vteFurry fandomTerms Fursona Fursuit Kemonā uwu Yiff ConventionsCurrent Anthro New England Anthrocon Eurofurence Furry Weekend Atlanta Further Confusion Midwest FurFest Former ConFurence RainFurrest MediaPublications Rowrbrazzle List of anthropomorphic comics Audiovisual works The Fandom Funday PawPet Show Fursonas Role-playing games Furry Pirates Ironclaw Jadeclaw World Tree Video games Furcadia FurryMUCK Inherit the Earth Skyrates WebsitesFur AffinityPeople David Benaron Samuel Conway M. C. A. Hogarth Fred Patten Dana Simpson SonicFox Stalking Cat Ursula Vernon Taral Wayne Publishers Albedo Anthropomorphics MU Press Radio Comix Miscellaneous Litter boxes in schools hoax Related concepts Anthropomorphism Moe Animal roleplay Anthrozoology Bronies Kemonomimi Catgirl Cosplay Human–animal hybrid Kigurumi Otherkin Talking animal in fiction Therianthropy vteDisinformation and misinformationTypes Algorithmic radicalization Alternative facts Big lie Cherry picking Circular reporting Cognitive bias List of cognitive biases Conspiracy theory (list) Deception Denialism Disinformation attack Doublespeak Euphemistic misspeaking Factoid Fake news online list of websites Lying press Fallacy List of fallacies False accusation False dilemma False flag Fear, uncertainty, and doubt Firehose of falsehood Forgery as covert operation Gaslighting Half-truth Historical negationism Hoax Infodemic Internet manipulation Manipulation (psychology) Media culture Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth politics Psychological warfare Memetic warfare Military deception Propaganda black propaganda counterpropaganda State-sponsored Internet propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin Truthiness Urban legend Whataboutism Yellow journalism Books and documentaries Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation Who's Who in the CIA Merchants of Doubt After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News Examples Bermuda Triangle Congo Free State propaganda war Climate change denial Free energy suppression Genocide denial Illuminati International Jewish conspiracy Disinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine New World Order Red mercury Reptilians Rothschilds Strategy of tension Health 5G COVID-19 misinformation by governments Ebola HIV/AIDS denialism Mental illness denial Misinformation related to abortion Vaccines anti-vaccination autism COVID-19 Water fluoridation controversy Operations and events by countryCanadaJihadunspun.comChina Chinese information operations 50 Cent Party cyberwarfare Little Pink Internet Water Army PLA Unit 61398 Spamouflage COVID-19 Global Times CzechoslovakiaOperation NeptuneGermany Funkspiel Propaganda in Nazi Germany Myth of the clean Wehrmacht India Fake news in India Godi-media Paid news in India OpIndia IsraelTeam JorgeKoreaVoluntary Agency Network of KoreaKuwaitFintas GroupMexicoPeñabotsPhilippines COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines Fake news in the Philippines Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos Russia /Soviet UnionSoviet era Active Measures K-1000 battleship Operation INFEKTION Operation Toucan Seat 12 Soviet influence on the peace movement U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Useful idiot Post-Soviet era Cyberwarfare on Estonia during the Russo-Georgian War Information war against Ukraine Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine On US elections 2016 2018 2020 2016 Brexit referendum Russian Institute for Strategic Studies Trolls from Olgino Web brigades South AfricaHIV/AIDS denialismTurkey Conspiracy theories Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests AK Trolls United Kingdom Bell Pottinger Double-Cross System Clockwork Orange plot Euromyth Lancet MMR autism fraud Operation Mass Appeal Psychological Warfare Division Zinoviev letter United States 1995 CIA disinformation controversy Attempts to overturn the 2020 election Conspiracy theories 9/11 conspiracy theories CIA Kennedy assassination QAnon Sandy Hook COVID-19 Fake news online Election denial movement in the United States The Freedom Fighter's Manual Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Litter boxes in schools Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Tobacco industry playbook Operation Shocker Yellow rain VenezuelaBolivarian Army of TrollsVietnam Public opinion brigades Force 47 Opposition Fact-checking Fact-checking website Active Measures Working Group Counter disinformation unit Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act The Disinformation Project East StratCom Task Force FactCheck.org Full Fact Logically NewsGuard PolitiFact Snopes StopFake United States Information Agency USAFacts vteUrban legends List By regionNorth America 27 Club White lighter curse 2016 clown sightings The Baby-Roast The babysitter and the man upstairs The Backrooms Bermuda Triangle Bloody Mary Candle Cove Coghlan's coffin Cow tipping The Dark Side of the Rainbow John Fare Gasoline pill The Hook Killer in the backseat The Licked Hand Lighthouse and naval vessel Litter boxes in schools hoax Men in black Momo Challenge Snuff films The Spooklight Tayopa Frank Tower Vanishing hitchhiker Canada Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village Oak Island money pit Screaming Tunnel St. Louis light Thetis Lake Monster UnitedStates Aurora Baby Train Ben Drowned Black children as alligator bait Black Dog of the Hanging Hills Black-eyed children Blue star tattoo Boy Scout Lane Brown Mountain lights Bunny Man Charlie No-Face Chase Vault Chimera House Choking Doberman Rodney Cox Rudolph Fentz Goatmen Goatman's Bridge Maryland's Goatman Pope Lick Monster Lake Worth Monster The Hands Resist Him Haunchyville JATO Rocket Car Kay's Cross Kennedy curse Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences Lost Dutchman's Mine Melon heads Mel's Hole Midgetville Night Doctors Phantom social workers Philadelphia Experiment Poisoned candy Polybius Sightings of Elvis Presley Richmond Vampire Ronald Opus Seven Gates of Hell Sewer alligators Slender Man 2014 stabbing Tourist guy Continental andmainland Asia Colonel Tomb Nale Ba SS Ourang Medan Orang Minyak India Indian rope trick Monkey-man of Delhi Japan Curse of the Colonel Aka Manto ("Red Cape") Hanako-san of the Toilet Headless Rider Inunaki Village John Zegrus Kisaragi Station Kokkuri Kuchisake-onna ("Slit-Mouthed Woman") Kunekune ("Wriggling Body") Lavender Town Red Room Curse 'Sony timer' Teke Teke Philippines Biringan City Yamashita's gold ContinentalEurope And yet it moves Black Volga Ghost of Kyiv Konstantinos Koukidis Le Loyon Pérák Red mercury Silverpilen This Man France Angels of Mons Vanishing Hotel Room Germany German Corpse Factory Lampshades made from human skin Soap made from human corpses Lone gunner of Flesquières Nazi UFOs Poland Kraina Grzybów TV Nazi gold train Zegrze Reservoir Monster Soviet Union/Russia Legends of Catherine the Great Lenin was a mushroom Hitler's pet alligator Well to Hell White Tights Spain Castilian lisp Sacamantecas Santa Compaña United Kingdom 999 phone charging myth Baby Train Black dog The Crying Boy The Dark Side of the Rainbow HMS Friday Phantom social workers The Spider Bite Strategic steam reserve RMS Titanic England British big cats University of Cambridge legends Croydon Cat Killer Isaac Newton's dog Manchester Pusher Man Proposes, God Disposes Mistletoe bough Paul is dead Ratman of Southend Spring-heeled Jack Sweeney Todd Africa Elephants' graveyard Guegue Madam Koi Koi Oceania Bass Strait Triangle Australia Baby Train Flora and Fauna Act Mahogany Ship Poinciana Woman South America James Bartley Treasure of Lima Topic articles Creepypastas Legends and myths regarding the Titanic McDonald's urban legends Time travel claims and urban legends Urban legends about drugs Theoristsand analysis Jan Harold Brunvand Hoax Slayer Linda Dégh Gary Alan Fine Patricia Turner Snopes TV series Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction MythBusters Urban Legends Channel Zero In fiction _9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9 Candyman franchise No Through Road Petscop SCP Foundation Urban Legend (film series) Related List of creepypastas List of cryptids Lists of fictional species Lists of legendary creatures Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"litter boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_box"},{"link_name":"furry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_fandom"},{"link_name":"otherkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherkin"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nebraska-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennings-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snopes-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eganville-7"},{"link_name":"internet trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_trolling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pei-schools-8"},{"link_name":"fearmongering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearmongering"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blade-9"},{"link_name":"anti-transgender rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wade-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-them-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pei-psb-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-6"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2022 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Taylor Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wade-10"},{"link_name":"Lauren Boebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Boebert"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durango-15"},{"link_name":"Scott Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Jensen_(Minnesota_politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennings-3"},{"link_name":"Heidi Ganahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Ganahl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ganahl-16"},{"link_name":"Don Bolduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bolduc"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-hampshire-17"},{"link_name":"Joe Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogan-no-proof-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogan-19"},{"link_name":"Libs of TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"Bill Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_(talk_show_host)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vance-20"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renfrew-21"},{"link_name":"gender variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_variance"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msnbc-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eganville-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panic-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renfrew-21"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ%2B"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-examiner-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbrown-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vance-20"}],"text":"Starting in 2021, a false rumor alleged that certain North American schools were providing litter boxes in bathrooms for students who \"identify as cats\", or who participate in the furry or otherkin subcultures. Various American conservative and right-wing politicians and media personalities promoted the hoax in response to several school districts enacting protections for transgender students.[1][2] Many news outlets, fact-checking websites, and academic researchers have debunked such claims,[3][4][5] and officials from every school named by those promoting the hoax have verified that the accusations are false.[6][7] The claims have been described as internet trolling,[8] fearmongering,[9] and anti-transgender rhetoric.[10][11][12][13]The hoax was reported in Prince Edward Island in October 2021 and initially thought to be a joke, but had to be formally disavowed as misinformation circulated on social media.[14] Rumors spread to other Canadian provinces and schools.[6] In the United States, popular media coverage of the hoax originally revolved around a school in Michigan in December 2021, but spread to schools in several other states. Ahead of the 2022 elections, several prominent American politicians and media personalities spread the hoax, including Representatives Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia[10] and Lauren Boebert of Colorado,[15] Minnesota Republican gubernatorial nominee Scott Jensen,[3] Colorado Republican gubernatorial nominee Heidi Ganahl,[16] retired brigadier general and New Hampshire Republican US Senate nominee Don Bolduc,[17] podcast host Joe Rogan (who later clarified there was no \"proof that they put a litter box\" in a particular school),[18][19] Chaya Raichik of Libs of TikTok,[4] and Christian talk show host Bill Cunningham.[20] Several parents of school-age children have amplified the hoax on social media websites such as Facebook.[21]The hoax spread in North America largely as backlash against recognition of gender variance in schools,[22][7][23][21] and in 2023 was repeated in Britain and New Zealand. Some conservative politicians and activists argued that protections for LGBTQ+ students in schools had \"gone too far\" and that litter box accommodations are what they might lead to next,[24][25] despite there being no confirmed instances of schools providing litter boxes for students to defecate or urinate in, or planning to do so.[4][20]","title":"Litter boxes in schools hoax"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Furry_Migration-Fursuit_Parade-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"fursuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fursuit"},{"link_name":"Furries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furries"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic"},{"link_name":"conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_conventions"},{"link_name":"cosplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fursuit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"fetishistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetishistic"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"LGBTQIA+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQIA%2B"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorist"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Renison University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renison_University_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"culture war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth"},{"link_name":"non-binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary"},{"link_name":"gender-variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-variant"},{"link_name":"unisex restrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_restrooms"},{"link_name":"participate on sports teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports"},{"link_name":"gender identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identities"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"suicidal ideation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation"},{"link_name":"transgender youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"ban books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_censorship_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-year-37"},{"link_name":"Michael L. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_L._Brown"},{"link_name":"The Christian Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Post"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbrown-25"},{"link_name":"falsely accused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snopes-5"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Statesville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Meade County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wlky-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michigan-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-ny-42"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County Public School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_R-1_School_District"},{"link_name":"Columbine High School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"school shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shooting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"People in fursuitsFurries are a subculture interested in anthropomorphic animal characters, with fandom members frequently often interacting with others through online roleplay, art, conventions and cosplay. Many view the fandom solely as a hobby, and do not identify as or perceive themselves to be animals.[26] While the fandom is popularly perceived as such, it is not innately sexual or fetishistic.[27] LGBTQIA+ identity is substantially over-represented among furries compared to the general population.[28][29]According to Lynn McNeill, a folklorist at Utah State University, false rumors of furries using litter boxes date back to at least the early 2000s as satire, and became a recurring urban legend.[30] Sharon Roberts, a faculty member at Renison University College and co-founder of a furry research group called Furscience, had not, in a decade of researching furry conventions, encountered any instances of furries using litter boxes.[4]School boards in the late 2010s and early 2020s saw heightened controversy (described by some as a moral panic[31] or culture war[32]) surrounding accommodations for transgender, non-binary, and otherwise gender-variant students, such as unisex restrooms, and allowing students to use bathrooms and participate on sports teams corresponding to their gender identities.[33][34] High rates of suicide and suicidal ideation among transgender youth were also cause for concern.[35] In 2022, parents and advocacy groups across the U.S. made a concerted push to ban books from libraries, predominantly those discussing race, sexuality, and gender.[36][37]In 2016, American radio show host Michael L. Brown wrote an opinion piece in The Christian Post opposing to transgender accommodations and gender-affirming procedures, stating, \"if we don't stop this downward slide, we might soon be required to provide litter boxes for people who identify as cats.\"[25] Some conservative politicians and alt-right media commentators had used false litter box rumors to generate alarm about what accommodations for LGBTQIA+ students might lead to, and have falsely accused LGBT-inclusive educators of \"child grooming\".[4]Throughout 2021 and 2022, online rumors of students dressing and acting like cats circulated, spurred on by prank videos.[5] Rumors sparked public outcry and calls for administrative action from concerned parents,[38] with a school board in Statesville, North Carolina proposing a formal ban on animal costumes.[39] In August 2021, a high school in Meade County, Kentucky said that a small number of students had violated their existing dress code.[40] There was no evidence, however, that any schools had provided litter boxes in restrooms to any students.[41][42]The only known official instance of cat litter being placed in school classrooms for potential use by students was in the late 2010s by the Jefferson County Public School District in Colorado, where the 1999 Columbine High School massacre took place. Some teachers were given \"go buckets\" that contained cat litter to be used as a toilet in an emergency lockdown situation, such as during a school shooting.[4][43][44]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Public Schools Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Schools_Branch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pei-psb-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-6"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Durham District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2SLGBTQI-46"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-6"},{"link_name":"Renfrew County District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew_County_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Renfrew County Catholic District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew_County_Catholic_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eganville-7"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Lambton-Kent District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambton_Kent_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Unsubstantiated rumors surfaced in Prince Edward Island in October 2021, possibly as a joke. After the rumors spread widely in schools and on social media, the Public Schools Branch denied claims of litter boxes, with the director of the school district saying \"It seemed to me like it was a backlash against some of the progressive things that our schools are doing, and we would have many that would say this is rooted in hate\".[14]As the hoax spread widely in the United States and garnered media attention, online rumors spread to several other Canadian provinces and schools.[6][45] In September 2022, Durham District School Board in Ontario denied rumors and said they \"may be rooted in transphobia and homophobia with the intent to diminish and trivialize gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation and cause harm to students and staff who identify as 2SLGBTQI.\"[a][6] In October 2022, in response to a letter that was sent to local media, administrators for the Renfrew County District School Board or Renfrew County Catholic District School Board in Ontario issued statements that their schools \"do not have, and have never had, litter boxes in any of our elementary or secondary sites\".[7] A school official said there was a request for cat litter in one school, but it was denied by the school board and that they did not recognize animal identities.[46] The same month, the education director of the Lambton-Kent District School Board dispelled litter box rumors.[47]By November 2022, school officials for several other Canadian provinces released statements refuting rumors that litter boxes were being provided in schools.[48]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Midland Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-them-12"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Meshawn Maddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshawn_Maddock"},{"link_name":"Michigan Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paz-51"},{"link_name":"Libs of TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paz-51"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michigan-41"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Texan Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Round Rock Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Rock_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Carroll Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"fact-checked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Joe Seiwert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Seiwert"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Cache Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_Valley"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Sky View High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_View_High_School"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idaho-63"},{"link_name":"Kokomo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomo_High_School"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Dansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansville,_Steuben_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-ny-42"},{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Steve Drazkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Drazkowski"},{"link_name":"Tim Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"Nebraska legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_legislature"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Bostelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Bostelman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nebraska-2"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Tim Kraayenbrink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kraayenbrink"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maine-69"},{"link_name":"Hannibal, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdakota-71"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Horry County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horry_County_Schools"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_post%E2%80%932016_election_Donald_Trump_rallies"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Taylor Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene"},{"link_name":"RSBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wade-10"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Heidi Ganahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Ganahl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ganahl-16"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Janice Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Bowling"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"North Kingstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Scott Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Jensen_(Minnesota_politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennings-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennings-3"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"11th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"menstrual hygiene products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_products"},{"link_name":"preferred gender pronouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_pronouns"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Lauren Boebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Boebert"},{"link_name":"Durango, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durango-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Lincoln County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County_Schools_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Tulsi Gabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Joe Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-89"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogan-19"},{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogan-no-proof-18"},{"link_name":"J.D. Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Vance"},{"link_name":"Bill Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_(talk_show_host)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vance-20"},{"link_name":"Ron Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Johnson"},{"link_name":"West Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bend,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Don Bolduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._Bolduc"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-hampshire-17"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Indiana_politician)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Ryan Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Walters_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Tony Dungy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dungy"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Lycoming County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Shannon Bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Bream"},{"link_name":"northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In December 2021, conservative activist Lisa Hansen[4] in Michigan gave public testimony before the Midland Public Schools school board as it discussed COVID-19 testing requirements for students,[12] claiming she was informed that litter boxes had been added in bathrooms for students who \"identify as cats\", along with claiming that it was a \"nationwide\" issue and that there was an \"agenda that is being pushed\".[49] The rumors later gained traction in January 2022, after a video of the school board meeting was shared by Meshawn Maddock, the co-chair for the Michigan Republican Party, who promoted the rumors.[50] The video was also shared by Libs of TikTok, a politically influential right-wing Twitter account of Chaya Raichik with several hundred-thousand followers.[51][52] The superintendent for the school district of Midland Public Schools described the claims as false, stating \"There is no truth whatsoever to this false statement [...] There have never been litter boxes within MPS schools\".[50][41][53]In January 2022, Michelle Evans, a Texan Republican running for congress, claimed that cafeteria tables were \"being lowered in certain Round Rock Independent School District middle and high schools to allow 'furries' to more easily eat without utensils or their hands\". The school district denied the claims.[54][55]In February 2022, the Carroll Community School District in Iowa was accused of providing litter boxes for those who identified as cats. The district's superintendent denied this claim, stating \"Staff members are not encouraging or accommodating anyone behaving or identifying as a cat or any other animal\".[56][57]In March 2022, a conservative commentator promoted claims that the Waunakee School District in Wisconsin had a \"furry protocol\" specifying the rules for furries, including being \"allowed to dress in their choice of furry costumes\" and \"choose not to run in gym class but instead sit at the feet of their teacher and lick their paws\". Reuters fact-checked the claim, stating there was no evidence for it; the school district also denied the claim.[58][59] Joe Seiwert, a Kansas state representative, made a false claim during a public forum.[60] In North Dakota, Fargo School Board member Jennifer Benson said litter boxes had been placed in school restrooms, but she declined to present evidence of it when requested by local media, and school officials in Fargo and elsewhere in North Dakota said the claim was the result of false rumors being spread nationally.[61] Despite several rumors in the Midwest being debunked, rumors circulated on internet forums in Cache Valley, Utah, about litter boxes being placed in Sky View High School, which schools officials could not corroborate.[62]In April 2022, a satirical post of a fake e-mail went viral, claiming that Kokomo High School in Indiana was allowing students identifying as animals to have \"special accommodations and certain privileges\", including litter boxes in bathrooms. Associated Press reported that the post was shared more than 10,000 times. The school's principal confirmed the post was fake.[63][64] In New York, administrators for Dansville Central School refuted litter box rumors after an Instagram post received thousands of views.[42] Later in the same month, two Republican lawmakers in the Minnesota House of Representatives, Steve Drazkowski and Tim Miller, repeated debunked stories about schools providing litter boxes in a debate about a statewide student survey.[65] School board candidates in Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Dakota also made unverified claims about litter boxes being provided in schools.[4]In May 2022, during a televised debate on a bill in the Nebraska legislature, the Republican state senator Bruce Bostelman claimed that \"schools are wanting to put litter boxes in the schools\" for students who were furries. A few hours after, the state senator retracted his claim and apologized, having gained backlash online.[2][66][67] In Iowa, Republican state senator Tim Kraayenbrink said at a public forum that schools were putting litter boxes in schools for furries to use. He later said that he had not verified the claim was true prior to sharing it.[4] By that same month, local school officials in Maine and Vermont had also dispelled litter box rumors.[68]In June 2022, social media posts in Hannibal, Missouri, falsely claimed that the school district was placing water bowls and cat litter boxes in school restrooms and that the issue would be discussed at an upcoming board meeting. In response, the superintendent of the school board visited every bathroom in the district, and verified at the meeting that the rumors were untrue.[69]In July 2022, administrators for Meade School District in South Dakota clarified in response to rumors that litter boxes would not be provided to students who self-identify as animals in response to rumors.[70] In Maine, Republican Congressional candidate Ed Thelander repeated the hoax in an interview for a far-right website. When a clip of the interview circulated widely in the media in October, Thelander said, \"I don't believe it now\", and that he was unable to corroborate the rumors he had heard from others.[71]In August 2022, rumors of litter boxes were directed at two high schools in South Carolina. Administrators for Horry County Schools said the rumors were part of a nationwide hoax and untrue.[72]In September 2022, during a rally for former president Donald Trump, congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene promoted the rumors while she was interviewed by RSBN.[10][73] Colorado Republican gubernatorial candidate Heidi Ganahl falsely claimed that schools in the state were recognizing cat identities of students.[16] Ganahl criticized schools that allowed students to dress up as cats, but she did not claim schools were providing litter boxes.[74] One school in Colorado did admit it had placed buckets of cat litter in classrooms several years prior for a backup option in the event of an emergency lock down, but there was no evidence of any accommodations for furries in Colorado schools.[75] In Ohio, State Board of Education member Brendan Shea repeated the litter box rumor in debate about a resolution to restrict protections for LGBTQIA+ students.[76] In Tennessee, state senator Janice Bowling made the litter box claim during a committee meeting and characterized it as \"growing crisis\" — state and local officials countered that it was false information.[77] In Rhode Island, Mary Brimer, a Republican town council member for North Kingstown, posted on social media that two local students were identifying as cats and were being accommodated with litter boxes in school restrooms — the superintendent of the local school district said the rumors were false.[78] Local education officials in South Carolina[79] and Pennsylvania[80] issued public statements to refute local and national rumors that litter boxes were being provided in schools. In Minnesota, Republican gubernatorial candidate Scott Jensen repeated the false rumor in a campaign speech about gender identity issues.[3] Jensen said:\"But what about education? What are we doing to our kids? Why are we telling elementary kids that they get to choose their gender this week? Why do we have litter boxes in some of the school districts so kids can pee in them, because they identify as a furry? We've lost our minds. We've lost our minds.\"[3]Jensen's campaign declined media requests to substantiate the litter box claim, which the Minnesota Department of Education and several school districts refuted.[81][82]In October 2022, Illinois Republican congressional candidate in the 11th district Catalina Lauf reacted to a CNN news story about Jensen's false claim, saying on Twitter, \"...this is not a hoax and is happening in schools in Illinois, too\".[83] When confronted by local media to validate the claim, Lauf instead criticized a state policy to provide free menstrual hygiene products in schools and teachers who refer to children by their preferred gender pronouns.[84] At a campaign event, congresswoman Lauren Boebert alleged that litter boxes were being provided to students who identify as cats in Durango, Colorado, which administrators for the local school district said were untrue.[15][4][85] In North Carolina, Iredell-Statesville Schools considered a ban on students wearing furry costumes, in part due to the burden of staff having to refute unsubstantiated rumors about litter boxes in restrooms.[86] The school district, along with nearby Lincoln County Schools, said there was no evidence of litter boxes being used on campuses.[87] While interviewing Tulsi Gabbard on his Spotify show, Joe Rogan shared a rumor that a school was providing a litter box for a student that identified as a cat. Rogan offered no evidence to support the claim,[88] which was circulated on social media and shared on Instagram by the Libs of TikTok account.[4][19] Rogan said in an interview with Uproxx several weeks later that \"it doesn't seem that there's any proof that they put a litter box in there\", but also claimed that \"there [were] discussions about doing it because there was one particularly wacky mother\".[18] During an interview with Ohio Republican Senate candidate J.D. Vance, Christian talk show host Bill Cunningham said that schools were providing litter boxes for students to defecate in.[20] During a tele-town hall with U.S. Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, a participant shared a rumor that litter boxes were being placed in West Bend schools.[89]While speaking to supporters at a campaign event, retired brigadier general and United States Senate candidate Don Bolduc alleged schools were providing litter boxes to students who dress up as furries and cats.[17] In November 2022, Bolduc said during a televised debate that the burden was on the school to prove that litter boxes were not being used;[90] the school named by Bolduc confirmed it was a false allegation.[91] Several school officials in San Luis Obispo County, California, had to refute false litter box rumors, which may have emanated from the promulgation of the hoax by radio show host Joe Rogan.[92] Rogan subsequently admitted to spreading misinformation.[93] As he endorsed two local school board candidates, Indiana Republican state representative Robert Morris falsely claimed schools were providing \"litter boxes in bathrooms for students identifying as animals\".[94] In Oklahoma, Ryan Walters, a candidate for state school superintendent, spread the rumor while speaking at a campaign event.[95]American football television commentator Tony Dungy posted a statement on Twitter promoting the hoax on January 18, 2023. After facing backlash, he deleted the tweet and later apologized.[96][97]Lycoming County, Pennsylvania commissioner asking in September 2023 if any children in the county identify as \"dogs or cats\" and require litter boxes at a public meeting, to which the answer is \"no\", then asking if it is happening in other school districts.In August 2023, Fox News anchor Shannon Bream repeated the hoax, claiming that parents in northern Virginia had told her it was happening in their schools.[98]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Banff Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_Academy"},{"link_name":"dirty protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_protest"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In January 2023, Aberdeenshire council repudiated claims made on social media that students at Banff Academy had taken part in dirty protests due to the non-provision of litter boxes for \"furries\".[99]In November 2023, a school in Pontypool, Wales, wrote to parents in response to \"a number of queries and concerns raised within the community\" about the provision of litter trays to pupils, clarifying that no such trays existed.[100]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whangārei Girls' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei_Girls%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"In 2023 a video of Whangārei Girls' High School students claimed that students identifying as furries required litter boxes in the school received several hundred thousand views. The school responded in June by saying that \"None of this has any truth to it at all\".[101]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-year-37"},{"link_name":"Snopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snopes-5"},{"link_name":"Agence France-Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"PolitiFact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-89"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcnews-4"},{"link_name":"center-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"The Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myths-107"}],"text":"Several news media and fact-checking organizations have debunked the claims that schools were providing litter boxes to students to use in restrooms as unsubstantiated.[37]In early 2022, Snopes rated claims of litter boxes being placed in restrooms in Michigan schools as \"false\"[5] and the Agence France-Presse said they were \"baseless\".[102] As rumors spread in April 2022, news fact-checking organization PolitiFact did not find any credible news reports to support the claim that schools were providing litter boxes for students and rated the claim \"Pants on Fire!\".[103] Two fact-checking assessment by Reuters, in July 2022 and again in October 2022, concluded that there was no evidence that schools were officially recognizing the animal expressions of students participating in the furry fandom trend or accommodating students with litter boxes.[104][88] According to an NBC News analysis, by mid October 2022, at least 20 conservative candidates and election officials had asserted that elementary and secondary schools were providing litter boxes or other accommodations for students who identify as cats—every school district named in such claims said they were false.[4] A review of the rumors by center-right news website The Bulwark reached a similar conclusion as NBC News and referred to the hoax as \"Furrygate\".[105][106]","title":"Fact-checking assessments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"non-binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"The Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panic-23"},{"link_name":"Michelle Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"satanic panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_panic"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Gene Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"moral panics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"werewolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"witch hunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-hunt"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myths-107"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msnbc-22"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Washington Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"tabloid newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_newspaper"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-examiner-24"},{"link_name":"Arizona Daily Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Iowa Capital Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Capital_Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"The Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"News media columnists","text":"Elizabeth Brown from Reason suggested the litter box rumors became popular due to \"lin[ing] up perfectly with conservative fears about transgender and non-binary students\".[107] Kelly Weill from The Daily Beast argued that the politicization of furries in classrooms was a proxy for the broader cultural discussion about race and gender issues.[23] Michelle Goldberg of The New York Times argued the rumors were part of a generational conflict over sex and gender identity issues in schools, and compared the rumors to the satanic panic frenzy of the 1980s.[108] Columnist Gene Lyons in a Chicago Sun-Times opinion piece compared the litter box hoax to the moral panics behind the 16th century werewolves tales in Germany and the witch hunts of 17th century New England.[106] Hayes Brown, an MSNBC opinion columnist, said it was unclear if politicians spreading the rumors actually believed them or not, but that either way the act of repeating the rumors was \"to the detriment of trans kids\".[22]Ben Cost of the conservative tabloid newspaper New York Post said while explaining the history of the Michigan rumors that, \"It's a load of kitty litter.\"[109] Christopher Tremoglie of the conservative website Washington Examiner said that rumors in mid 2022 of litter boxes in Iowa schools were false. He also said regarding a widely circulated story by the Herald Sun tabloid newspaper about an Australian teenager allowed to act as a cat in class that was never verified,[110] and of the broader discussion of gender identity issues, \"This is the world we live in today, and this is the danger created by normalizing transgender delusions in young students who may get over it. The enabling of this behavior is helping people with legitimate mental health issues get applause instead of the medical help they truly need.\"[24]In an opinion article in the Arizona Daily Star, Judy Doll argued that Republican politicians were using the litter box hoax as a way to call \"into question the moral values of everyone associated with public schools\".[111] Kathie Obradovich, an opinion editor with the Iowa Capital Dispatch, argued that the litter box hoax served the political purpose of instilling fear in parents of public schools as a way to shift public education dollars towards private and religious schools.[112] Todd Dorman of The Gazette made a similar argument.[113]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internet trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_trolling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pei-schools-8"},{"link_name":"Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_(website)"},{"link_name":"election conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-them-12"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Leigh Finke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Finke"},{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"LGBTQIA+ activists","text":"Local LGBTQIA+ activists in Prince Edward Island said the October 2021 litter box rumors were a form of internet trolling in an attempt \"to make the queer community seem ridiculous, in order to paint all of the community's concerns as absurd\".[8] James Factora, a writer with LGBTQIA+ news website Them, compared the litter box hoax to 2020 United States election conspiracy theories, stating, \"The tactic of repeating a completely baseless lie until it becomes widely accepted as truth has become perhaps the most emblematic rhetorical strategy of the GOP.\"[12] Geoff Wetrosky of the Human Rights Campaign, said, \"The attention this freakish lie has received on social media illustrates the pernicious influence of disinformation and that anti-LGBTQIA+ politicians will do and say anything to animate the most extreme fringe—no matter the consequence.\"[114] Leigh Finke, a transgender candidate for the Minnesota House of Representatives in the 2022 election, said about the rumors, \"It's a really gross thing no one should have to hear. It is not true. And I don't want to waste my time saying trans kids aren't animals.\"[115]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen-82"}],"sub_title":"Teachers","text":"Education Minnesota said that the internet hoax \"appears to be an attempt to discredit school policies intended to make schools safe and welcoming for students\".[81]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"John Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Last Week Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Satire and comedy","text":"Australian satirical website Damascus Dropbear published a new fake story in August 2022 about a school in Melbourne providing litter boxes.[116] Television show host John Oliver debunked litter box claims on the episode of Last Week Tonight that aired on October 24, 2022.[117]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brianbushard-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brianbushard-120"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Maggie Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Hassan"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"2022 United States elections","text":"In the months leading up to the 2022 United States elections, online mentions of the litter boxes in schools increased significantly as several Republican candidates repeated the hoax. It was also mentioned by talk show hosts such as Joe Rogan. Attempts by the news media to debunk false rumors were largely unsuccessful in stopping their spread.[118]Many of the prominent American politicians seeking public office who promoted the hoax were defeated in the 2022 elections.[119] Among those who promoted the hoax who were unsuccessful in seeking public office included New Hampshire candidate for U.S. Senate Don Bolduc, Colorado candidate for governor Heidi Ganahl, Illinois candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives Catalina Lauf, Minnesota candidate for governor Scott Jensen, and Maine candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives Ed Thelander. Those who had promoted the hoax and prevailed in their races included U.S. Senate candidate J.D. Vance from Ohio and incumbent U.S. Representatives Marjorie Taylor Greene and Lauren Boebert.[119]Virginia Chamlee of People said that Bolduc's repeating of the false claims during his political campaign may have alienated moderate voters and led to his defeat by Maggie Hassan in the race for a New Hampshire United States Senate seat.[120]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Justin Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"animal control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_control_service"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Proposed legislation","text":"Several Republican lawmakers in the U.S. state of North Dakota sponsored legislation to prohibit schools from adopting \"a policy establishing or providing a place, facility, school program, or accommodation that caters to a student's perception of being any animal species other than human\".[121] In January 2024, Oklahoma representative Justin Humphrey introduced legislation that would ban students that identify as animals or who \"engage in anthropomorphic behavior\" from participating in school activities and allow animal control to remove the student from the premises.[122]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2SLGBTQI_46-0"},{"link_name":"two-spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"questioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"}],"text":"^ \"2SLGBTQI\" is the acronym for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9 questions about furries you were too embarrassed to ask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vox.com/2014/12/10/7362321/9-questions-about-furries-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask"},{"link_name":"Vox Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media"},{"link_name":"Fur-mongering: Fake news about children 'identifying' as animals is the latest stunt being pushed by so-called parental rights advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/05/furries-republicans-lgbtq-midterms-schools.html"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/10/04/colorado-gop-governor-candidate-latest-to-fall-for-student-furries-hoax-heres-how-many-others-have-been-duped/?sh=5dbbc2011224"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"The 'Litter Box in Schools' Lie Is a Litmus Test for Idiots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a41657751/litter-box-schools-rumors-false/"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"What are 'furries?' Debunking myths about kids identifying as animals, and litter boxes in schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theconversation.com/what-are-furries-debunking-myths-about-kids-identifying-as-animals-and-litter-boxes-in-schools-193908"},{"link_name":"The Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"List of conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Antiscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiscience"},{"link_name":"Cabals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabal"},{"link_name":"deep state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_state"},{"link_name":"éminence grise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise"},{"link_name":"power behind the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne"},{"link_name":"Civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Political conspiracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Crisis actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_actor"},{"link_name":"Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception"},{"link_name":"Dystopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia"},{"link_name":"Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"Global catastrophe scenarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios"},{"link_name":"Hidden message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_message"},{"link_name":"Pseudohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory"},{"link_name":"Pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"Secrecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrecy"},{"link_name":"Secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"},{"link_name":"Urban legends and myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths"},{"link_name":"Attitude polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization"},{"link_name":"Cognitive dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance"},{"link_name":"Communal reinforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_reinforcement"},{"link_name":"Confirmation bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias"},{"link_name":"Denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialism"},{"link_name":"Locus of control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_control"},{"link_name":"Machiavellianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Mass psychogenic illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness"},{"link_name":"moral panics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"Paranoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia"},{"link_name":"Psychological projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection"},{"link_name":"2012 phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Nibiru cataclysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm"},{"link_name":"Ancient astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts"},{"link_name":"Apollo Moon landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Flat Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Hollow Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_Moon"},{"link_name":"Reptilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Alien abduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction"},{"link_name":"Area 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51"},{"link_name":"Black Knight satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Cryptoterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Extraterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Interdimensional hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Dulce Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_Base"},{"link_name":"Estimate of the Situation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle"},{"link_name":"MJ-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12"},{"link_name":"Men in black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_black"},{"link_name":"Nazi UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_UFOs"},{"link_name":"Die Glocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"Project Serpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo"},{"link_name":"Hoaxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes"},{"link_name":"Dundy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax"},{"link_name":"Maury Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_Island_incident"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Twin Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax"},{"link_name":"Aztec, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax"},{"link_name":"Southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax"},{"link_name":"Ilkley Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_%22an_alien%22_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Alien autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Morristown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax"},{"link_name":"Assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance"},{"link_name":"Lord Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death"},{"link_name":"Tom Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories"},{"link_name":"Władysław Sikorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death"},{"link_name":"Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"Johnny Stompanato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder"},{"link_name":"Lal Bahadur Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death"},{"link_name":"Harold Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Salvador Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende"},{"link_name":"Aldo Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro"},{"link_name":"Renny Ottolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Airey Neave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Olof Palme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories"},{"link_name":"Zia-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories"},{"link_name":"GEC-Marconi scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Turgut Özal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation"},{"link_name":"Vince Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster"},{"link_name":"Kurt Cobain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Alois Estermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Estermann"},{"link_name":"Nepalese royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Seth Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Sushant Singh Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions"},{"link_name":"John McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McAfee#Death"},{"link_name":"Mary Celeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Great Kantō earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence"},{"link_name":"Lynmouth Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Dyatlov Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident"},{"link_name":"Lost Cosmonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts"},{"link_name":"JAT Flight 367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"United Air Lines Flight 553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"South African Airways Flight 295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire"},{"link_name":"Khamar-Daban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident"},{"link_name":"MS Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"EgyptAir Flight 990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Airlines Flight 370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Yemenite children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_sightings"},{"link_name":"Jonestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_is_dead"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles"},{"link_name":"Melania Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Agenda 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"California drought manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Climate change denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial"},{"link_name":"false theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Free energy suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"HAARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Red mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mercury"},{"link_name":"False flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag"},{"link_name":"USS Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"RMS Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies"},{"link_name":"Reichstag fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"USS Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa Flight 615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement"},{"link_name":"Widerøe Flight 933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933"},{"link_name":"KAL Flight 007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories"},{"link_name":"Mozambican presidential jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"9/11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"advance knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"WTC collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Madrid train bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings"},{"link_name":"London bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Smolensk air disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Airlines Flight 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage"},{"link_name":"Denial of the 7 October attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks"},{"link_name":"Alpha / beta males","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male"},{"link_name":"Anti-LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric"},{"link_name":"anti-gender movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gender_movement"},{"link_name":"Chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"drag panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_panic"},{"link_name":"gay agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_agenda"},{"link_name":"gay Nazis myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981%E2%80%931982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception"},{"link_name":"Homintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern"},{"link_name":"Lavender scare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_scare"},{"link_name":"Recruitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment"},{"link_name":"Grooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"litter box hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Transvestigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvestigation"},{"link_name":"GamerGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)"},{"link_name":"Ideology in incel communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities"},{"link_name":"Larries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larries"},{"link_name":"Gaylors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor"},{"link_name":"Satanic panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_panic"},{"link_name":"Soy and masculinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_boy"},{"link_name":"5G misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_misinformation"},{"link_name":"Anti-vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism"},{"link_name":"MMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism"},{"link_name":"Thiomersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines"},{"link_name":"in chiropractic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation"},{"link_name":"Aspartame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame_controversy"},{"link_name":"Big Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Chemtrails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation"},{"link_name":"Ivermectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"lab leak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory"},{"link_name":"vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_misinformation"},{"link_name":"Electronic harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_harassment"},{"link_name":"Germ theory denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism"},{"link_name":"GMOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism"},{"link_name":"origins theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories"},{"link_name":"oral polio AIDS hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Lepers' plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot"},{"link_name":"Medbeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medbed"},{"link_name":"SARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Water fluoridation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy"},{"link_name":"Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning"},{"link_name":"Bhagwa Love Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"CERN ritual hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 and xenophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story"},{"link_name":"German POWs post-WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Losses"},{"link_name":"Priory of Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory_of_Sion"},{"link_name":"Halal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Tartarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"War against Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy"},{"link_name":"White genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic_trope"},{"link_name":"Andinia Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andinia_Plan"},{"link_name":"Blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"},{"link_name":"Cohen Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen_Plan"},{"link_name":"Doctors' plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors%27_plot"},{"link_name":"during the Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Epsilon Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Team"},{"link_name":"George Soros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Holocaust denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"Trivialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization"},{"link_name":"International Jewish conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Committee of 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_300"},{"link_name":"Cultural Bolshevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism"},{"link_name":"Jewish Bolshevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism"},{"link_name":"Żydokomuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Masonic plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Z.O.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Judeopolonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeopolonia"},{"link_name":"Killing of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_deicide"},{"link_name":"Kalergi Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalergi_Plan"},{"link_name":"New World Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"Rothschilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Stab-in-the-back myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth"},{"link_name":"Anti-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Anti-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Popish Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory"},{"link_name":"Islamophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia"},{"link_name":"Counter-jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-jihad"},{"link_name":"Bihar human sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims"},{"link_name":"Eurabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Great Replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Replacement"},{"link_name":"Love jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Proposed \"Islamo-leftism\" inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry"},{"link_name":"Trojan Horse scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal"},{"link_name":"Genocide denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_denial"},{"link_name":"Denial of mass killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial"},{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"Holodomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor_denial"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial"},{"link_name":"Rwandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial"},{"link_name":"Sayfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification"},{"link_name":"Serbs during WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Andinia Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andinia_Plan"},{"link_name":"Avro Arrow cancellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation"},{"link_name":"Leuchter report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchter_report"},{"link_name":"Casa Matusita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Matusita"},{"link_name":"Daktari Ranch affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair"},{"link_name":"Golpe Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_Azul"},{"link_name":"In the Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world"},{"link_name":"10 agorot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_agorot_controversy"},{"link_name":"Cairo fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Israel-related animal theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Western-backed Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Pallywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallywood"},{"link_name":"Alaska payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Dulles' Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan"},{"link_name":"Golden billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_billion"},{"link_name":"Petrograd Military Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Rasputin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin"},{"link_name":"Ukraine bioweapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Cow vigilante violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India"},{"link_name":"Greater Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Jinnahpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnahpur"},{"link_name":"Tallano gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallano_gold"},{"link_name":"Finland Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Plot"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"2016 coup attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports"},{"link_name":"Ergenekon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Operation Sledgehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)"},{"link_name":"Gezi Park protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims"},{"link_name":"Sèvres syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Üst akıl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#%C3%9Cst_ak%C4%B1l"},{"link_name":"Euromyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromyth"},{"link_name":"German Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Itavia Flight 870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870"},{"link_name":"Statesmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"First Catilinarian conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Mano Negra affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair"},{"link_name":"Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet"},{"link_name":"Clockwork Orange plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)"},{"link_name":"Elm Guest House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations"},{"link_name":"Voting pencil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"parentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father"},{"link_name":"\"Obamagate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Spygate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"Biden–Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Black helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_helicopter"},{"link_name":"CIA and JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"CIA assistance to bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Clinton body count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Cultural Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"FBI secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"FEMA camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Georgia Guidestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Jade Helm 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Montauk Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Project"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Pizzagate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"The Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Project Azorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Azorian"},{"link_name":"QAnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon"},{"link_name":"Pastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_QAnon"},{"link_name":"incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon"},{"link_name":"Saddam–al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Trump–Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal"},{"link_name":"\"Vast right-wing conspiracy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)"},{"link_name":"POW/MIA issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue"},{"link_name":"Stab-in-the-back myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth"},{"link_name":"2020 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations"},{"link_name":"Italygate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italygate"},{"link_name":"\"Pence Card\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County ballot audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit"},{"link_name":"Stop the Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal"},{"link_name":"Dead Internet theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory"},{"link_name":"NESARA/GESARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESARA"},{"link_name":"New Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Phantom time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"New chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)"},{"link_name":"Shadow government claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"Bilderberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati"},{"link_name":"synarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synarchism"},{"link_name":"Shakespearean authorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question"},{"link_name":"Pseudolaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolaw"},{"link_name":"Admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Freeman on the land movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement"},{"link_name":"Redemption movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_movement"},{"link_name":"Sovereign citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement"},{"link_name":"Strawman theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawman_theory"},{"link_name":"Tax protesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Bielefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Birds Aren't Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real"},{"link_name":"Li's field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%27s_field"},{"link_name":"Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme"},{"link_name":"Argument from ignorance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction"},{"link_name":"Conspirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspirituality"},{"link_name":"Dogma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma"},{"link_name":"pseudoskepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoskepticism"},{"link_name":"Falsifiability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"},{"link_name":"Fringe science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_science"},{"link_name":"Historical negationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_negationism"},{"link_name":"Online youth radicalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization"},{"link_name":"Paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"Radicalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalization"},{"link_name":"Science by press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_by_press_conference"},{"link_name":"Superstition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Furry_fandom"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Furry_fandom"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Furry_fandom"},{"link_name":"Furry fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_fandom"},{"link_name":"Fursona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fursona"},{"link_name":"Fursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fursuit"},{"link_name":"Kemonā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemon%C4%81"},{"link_name":"uwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwu"},{"link_name":"Yiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiff"},{"link_name":"Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_convention"},{"link_name":"Anthro New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthro_New_England"},{"link_name":"Anthrocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrocon"},{"link_name":"Eurofurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofurence"},{"link_name":"Furry Weekend Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_Weekend_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Further Confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_Confusion"},{"link_name":"Midwest FurFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_FurFest"},{"link_name":"ConFurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConFurence"},{"link_name":"RainFurrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RainFurrest"},{"link_name":"Rowrbrazzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowrbrazzle"},{"link_name":"List of anthropomorphic comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics"},{"link_name":"The Fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fandom"},{"link_name":"Funday PawPet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funday_PawPet_Show"},{"link_name":"Fursonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fursonas_(film)"},{"link_name":"Furry Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Ironclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclaw"},{"link_name":"Jadeclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeclaw"},{"link_name":"World Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tree_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"Furcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcadia"},{"link_name":"FurryMUCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FurryMUCK"},{"link_name":"Inherit the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherit_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"Skyrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrates"},{"link_name":"Fur Affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_Affinity"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Furry_fandom_people"},{"link_name":"David Benaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Benaron"},{"link_name":"Samuel Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Conway"},{"link_name":"M. C. A. Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._A._Hogarth"},{"link_name":"Fred Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Patten"},{"link_name":"Dana Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Simpson"},{"link_name":"SonicFox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonicFox"},{"link_name":"Stalking Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking_Cat"},{"link_name":"Ursula Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Taral Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taral_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Albedo Anthropomorphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo_Anthropomorphics"},{"link_name":"MU Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MU_Press"},{"link_name":"Radio Comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Comix"},{"link_name":"Litter boxes in schools hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Anthropomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"Moe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"Animal roleplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_roleplay"},{"link_name":"Anthrozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoology"},{"link_name":"Bronies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom#Fan_activities"},{"link_name":"Kemonomimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemonomimi"},{"link_name":"Catgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catgirl"},{"link_name":"Cosplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay"},{"link_name":"Human–animal hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_hybrid"},{"link_name":"Kigurumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costumed_character#In_Japan"},{"link_name":"Otherkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherkin"},{"link_name":"Talking animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_animal"},{"link_name":"in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Therianthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifting"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Misinformation"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Misinformation"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"},{"link_name":"Disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation"},{"link_name":"Algorithmic radicalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization"},{"link_name":"Alternative facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_facts"},{"link_name":"Big lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie"},{"link_name":"Cherry picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking"},{"link_name":"Circular reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reporting"},{"link_name":"Cognitive bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias"},{"link_name":"List of cognitive biases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception"},{"link_name":"Denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialism"},{"link_name":"Disinformation attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_attack"},{"link_name":"Doublespeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublespeak"},{"link_name":"Euphemistic misspeaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking"},{"link_name":"Factoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoid"},{"link_name":"Fake news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_website"},{"link_name":"list of websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites"},{"link_name":"Lying press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_press"},{"link_name":"Fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy"},{"link_name":"List of fallacies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies"},{"link_name":"False accusation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_accusation"},{"link_name":"False dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma"},{"link_name":"False flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag"},{"link_name":"Fear, uncertainty, and doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt"},{"link_name":"Firehose of falsehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood"},{"link_name":"Forgery as covert operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation"},{"link_name":"Gaslighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting"},{"link_name":"Half-truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-truth"},{"link_name":"Historical negationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_negationism"},{"link_name":"Hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"},{"link_name":"Infodemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infodemic"},{"link_name":"Internet manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_manipulation"},{"link_name":"Manipulation (psychology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Media culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_culture"},{"link_name":"Media manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation"},{"link_name":"Potemkin village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potemkin_village"},{"link_name":"Post-truth politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-truth_politics"},{"link_name":"Psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Memetic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic_warfare"},{"link_name":"Military deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"black propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda"},{"link_name":"counterpropaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpropaganda"},{"link_name":"State-sponsored Internet propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda"},{"link_name":"Quote mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context"},{"link_name":"Scientific fabrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(science)"},{"link_name":"Smearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"link_name":"Social bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_bot"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Truthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthiness"},{"link_name":"Urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths"},{"link_name":"Whataboutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whataboutism"},{"link_name":"Yellow journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism"},{"link_name":"Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_(book)"},{"link_name":"Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)"},{"link_name":"The KGB and Soviet Disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation"},{"link_name":"Who's Who in the CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA"},{"link_name":"Merchants of Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt"},{"link_name":"After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State propaganda war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war"},{"link_name":"Climate change denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial"},{"link_name":"Free energy suppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Genocide denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_denial"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati"},{"link_name":"International Jewish conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Disinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"New World Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)"},{"link_name":"Red mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mercury"},{"link_name":"Reptilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Rothschilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Strategy of tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_tension"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation"},{"link_name":"by governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_misinformation"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism"},{"link_name":"Mental illness denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness_denial"},{"link_name":"Misinformation related to abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion"},{"link_name":"Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation"},{"link_name":"anti-vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy"},{"link_name":"Water fluoridation controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy"},{"link_name":"Jihadunspun.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadunspun.com"},{"link_name":"Chinese information operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare"},{"link_name":"50 Cent Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent_Party"},{"link_name":"cyberwarfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China"},{"link_name":"Little Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Pink"},{"link_name":"Internet Water Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Water_Army"},{"link_name":"PLA Unit 61398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398"},{"link_name":"Spamouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamouflage"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China"},{"link_name":"Global Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Times"},{"link_name":"Operation Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)"},{"link_name":"Funkspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkspiel"},{"link_name":"Propaganda in Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Myth of the clean Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Fake news in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_in_India"},{"link_name":"Godi-media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godi-media"},{"link_name":"Paid news in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_news_in_India"},{"link_name":"OpIndia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpIndia"},{"link_name":"Team Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Voluntary Agency Network of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Fintas Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintas_Group"},{"link_name":"Peñabots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Fake news in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_disinformation"},{"link_name":"Active Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_measures"},{"link_name":"K-1000 battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1000_battleship"},{"link_name":"Operation INFEKTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION"},{"link_name":"Operation Toucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)"},{"link_name":"Seat 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_12"},{"link_name":"Soviet influence on the peace movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B"},{"link_name":"Useful idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useful_idiot"},{"link_name":"Post-Soviet era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era"},{"link_name":"Cyberwarfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia"},{"link_name":"on Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia"},{"link_name":"during the Russo-Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Information war against Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"2016 Brexit referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum"},{"link_name":"Russian Institute for Strategic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies"},{"link_name":"Trolls from Olgino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"Web brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_web_brigades"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests"},{"link_name":"AK Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK_Trolls"},{"link_name":"Bell Pottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Pottinger"},{"link_name":"Double-Cross System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-Cross_System"},{"link_name":"Clockwork Orange plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)"},{"link_name":"Euromyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromyth"},{"link_name":"Lancet MMR autism fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud"},{"link_name":"Operation Mass Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Psychological Warfare Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division"},{"link_name":"Zinoviev letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinoviev_letter"},{"link_name":"1995 CIA disinformation controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy"},{"link_name":"Attempts to overturn the 2020 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics"},{"link_name":"9/11 conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"CIA Kennedy assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"QAnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Fake news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Election denial movement in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Freedom Fighter's Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual"},{"link_name":"Habbush letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habbush_letter"},{"link_name":"Information Operations Roadmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap"},{"link_name":"Litter boxes in schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection"},{"link_name":"Niger uranium forgeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries"},{"link_name":"Tobacco industry playbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook"},{"link_name":"Operation Shocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shocker"},{"link_name":"Yellow rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_rain"},{"link_name":"Bolivarian Army of Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls"},{"link_name":"Public opinion brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades"},{"link_name":"Force 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_47"},{"link_name":"Fact-checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking"},{"link_name":"Fact-checking website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking_website"},{"link_name":"Active Measures Working Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group"},{"link_name":"Counter disinformation unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit"},{"link_name":"Counter Misinformation Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team"},{"link_name":"Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act"},{"link_name":"The Disinformation Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project"},{"link_name":"East StratCom Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"FactCheck.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org"},{"link_name":"Full Fact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Fact"},{"link_name":"Logically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logically_(company)"},{"link_name":"NewsGuard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsGuard"},{"link_name":"PolitiFact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact"},{"link_name":"Snopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes"},{"link_name":"StopFake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StopFake"},{"link_name":"United States Information Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency"},{"link_name":"USAFacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAFacts"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Urban_legends"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_legends"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_legends"},{"link_name":"Urban legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_legends"},{"link_name":"27 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Club"},{"link_name":"White lighter curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_lighter_myth"},{"link_name":"2016 clown sightings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_clown_sightings"},{"link_name":"The Baby-Roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baby-Roast"},{"link_name":"The babysitter and the man upstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_babysitter_and_the_man_upstairs"},{"link_name":"The Backrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Backrooms"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Bloody Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Candle Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle_Cove"},{"link_name":"Coghlan's coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coghlan_(actor,_born_1842)#Death"},{"link_name":"Cow tipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_tipping"},{"link_name":"The Dark Side of the Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"John Fare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fare"},{"link_name":"Gasoline pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_pill"},{"link_name":"The Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hook"},{"link_name":"Killer in the backseat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_in_the_backseat"},{"link_name":"The Licked Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Licked_Hand"},{"link_name":"Lighthouse and naval vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_and_naval_vessel_urban_legend"},{"link_name":"Litter boxes in schools hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Men in black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_black"},{"link_name":"Momo Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_Challenge_hoax"},{"link_name":"Snuff films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_film"},{"link_name":"The Spooklight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spooklight"},{"link_name":"Tayopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayopa"},{"link_name":"Frank Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tower"},{"link_name":"Vanishing hitchhiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_hitchhiker"},{"link_name":"Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angikuni_Lake#Legend_of_the_vanishing_village"},{"link_name":"Oak Island money pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Island_mystery"},{"link_name":"Screaming Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"St. Louis light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_light"},{"link_name":"Thetis Lake Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis_Lake_Monster"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Baby Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Train"},{"link_name":"Ben Drowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Drowned"},{"link_name":"Black children as alligator bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_bait"},{"link_name":"Black Dog of the Hanging Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_of_the_Hanging_Hills"},{"link_name":"Black-eyed children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eyed_children"},{"link_name":"Blue star tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_star_tattoo_legend"},{"link_name":"Boy Scout Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scout_Lane"},{"link_name":"Brown Mountain lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Mountain_lights"},{"link_name":"Bunny Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Man"},{"link_name":"Charlie No-Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Robinson_(Green_Man)"},{"link_name":"Chase Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Vault"},{"link_name":"Chimera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_House"},{"link_name":"Choking Doberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking_Doberman"},{"link_name":"Rodney Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Cox_myth"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Fentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Fentz"},{"link_name":"Goatman's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Alton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Maryland's Goatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatman_(urban_legend)"},{"link_name":"Pope Lick Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lick_Monster"},{"link_name":"Lake Worth Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Worth_Monster"},{"link_name":"The Hands Resist Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hands_Resist_Him"},{"link_name":"Haunchyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunchyville"},{"link_name":"JATO Rocket Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO_Rocket_Car"},{"link_name":"Kay's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Kennedy curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_curse"},{"link_name":"Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend"},{"link_name":"Lost Dutchman's Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine"},{"link_name":"Melon heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_heads"},{"link_name":"Mel's Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%27s_Hole"},{"link_name":"Midgetville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgetville"},{"link_name":"Night Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Phantom social workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_social_workers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Poisoned candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoned_candy_myths"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius_(urban_legend)"},{"link_name":"Sightings of Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_sightings"},{"link_name":"Richmond Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Ronald Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Opus"},{"link_name":"Seven Gates of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Gates_of_Hell"},{"link_name":"Sewer alligators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewer_alligator"},{"link_name":"Slender Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender_Man"},{"link_name":"2014 stabbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender_Man_stabbing"},{"link_name":"Tourist guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_guy"},{"link_name":"Colonel Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Nale Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nale_Ba"},{"link_name":"SS Ourang Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourang_Medan"},{"link_name":"Orang Minyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Minyak"},{"link_name":"Indian rope trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rope_trick"},{"link_name":"Monkey-man of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey-man_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_urban_legends"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Aka Manto (\"Red Cape\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_Manto"},{"link_name":"Hanako-san of the Toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanako-san"},{"link_name":"Headless Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_Rider_urban_legend"},{"link_name":"Inunaki Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inunaki_Village"},{"link_name":"John Zegrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zegrus"},{"link_name":"Kisaragi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisaragi_Station"},{"link_name":"Kokkuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokkuri"},{"link_name":"Kuchisake-onna (\"Slit-Mouthed Woman\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchisake-onna"},{"link_name":"Kunekune (\"Wriggling Body\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunekune_(urban_legend)"},{"link_name":"Lavender Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_Town"},{"link_name":"Red Room Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Room_Curse"},{"link_name":"Sony timer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_timer"},{"link_name":"Teke Teke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teke_Teke"},{"link_name":"Biringan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biringan"},{"link_name":"Yamashita's gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamashita%27s_gold"},{"link_name":"And yet it moves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_yet_it_moves"},{"link_name":"Black Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Volga"},{"link_name":"Ghost of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Koukidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Koukidis"},{"link_name":"Le Loyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Loyon"},{"link_name":"Pérák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%A1k,_the_Spring_Man_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Red mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mercury"},{"link_name":"Silverpilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Train_of_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"This Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Man"},{"link_name":"Angels of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"Vanishing Hotel Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_Hotel_Room"},{"link_name":"German Corpse Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory"},{"link_name":"Lampshades made from human skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin"},{"link_name":"Soap made from human corpses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_made_from_human_corpses"},{"link_name":"Lone gunner of Flesquières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_gunner_of_Flesqui%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Nazi UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_UFOs"},{"link_name":"Kraina Grzybów TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraina_Grzyb%C3%B3w_TV"},{"link_name":"Nazi gold train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_gold_train"},{"link_name":"Zegrze Reservoir Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegrze_Reservoir_Monster"},{"link_name":"Legends of Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Lenin was a mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_was_a_mushroom"},{"link_name":"Hitler's pet alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(alligator)"},{"link_name":"Well to Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_to_Hell"},{"link_name":"White Tights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tights"},{"link_name":"Castilian lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_lisp"},{"link_name":"Sacamantecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacamantecas"},{"link_name":"Santa Compaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Compa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"999 phone charging myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_phone_charging_myth"},{"link_name":"Baby Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Train"},{"link_name":"Black dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"The Crying Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_Boy"},{"link_name":"The Dark Side of the Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"HMS Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Friday"},{"link_name":"Phantom social workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_social_workers"},{"link_name":"The Spider Bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spider_Bite"},{"link_name":"Strategic steam reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_steam_reserve"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic"},{"link_name":"British big cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_big_cats"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_legends"},{"link_name":"Croydon Cat Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Cat_Killer"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton's dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Manchester Pusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Pusher"},{"link_name":"Man Proposes, God Disposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Proposes,_God_Disposes"},{"link_name":"Mistletoe bough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_Mistletoe_Bough"},{"link_name":"Paul is dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_is_dead"},{"link_name":"Ratman of Southend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ratman_of_Southend"},{"link_name":"Spring-heeled Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack"},{"link_name":"Sweeney Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_Todd"},{"link_name":"Elephants' graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants%27_graveyard"},{"link_name":"Guegue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guegue_(siren)"},{"link_name":"Madam Koi Koi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi"},{"link_name":"Bass Strait Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Strait_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Baby Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Train"},{"link_name":"Flora and Fauna Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_Fauna_Act_myth"},{"link_name":"Mahogany Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany_Ship"},{"link_name":"Poinciana Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinciana_Woman"},{"link_name":"James Bartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bartley"},{"link_name":"Treasure of Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"Creepypastas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creepypasta"},{"link_name":"Legends and myths regarding the Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic"},{"link_name":"McDonald's urban legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_urban_legends"},{"link_name":"Time travel claims and urban legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel_claims_and_urban_legends"},{"link_name":"Urban legends about drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs"},{"link_name":"Jan Harold Brunvand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Harold_Brunvand"},{"link_name":"Hoax Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax_Slayer"},{"link_name":"Linda Dégh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_D%C3%A9gh"},{"link_name":"Gary Alan Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine"},{"link_name":"Patricia Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Turner"},{"link_name":"Snopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes"},{"link_name":"Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Fact_or_Fiction"},{"link_name":"MythBusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythBusters"},{"link_name":"Urban Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Legends_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Channel Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9"},{"link_name":"Candyman franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candyman_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"No Through Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Through_Road_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"Petscop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petscop"},{"link_name":"SCP Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Urban Legend (film series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Legend_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"List of creepypastas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_creepypastas"},{"link_name":"List of cryptids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptids"},{"link_name":"Lists of fictional species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species"},{"link_name":"Lists of legendary creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_legends"}],"text":"Matthews, Dylan (March 27, 2015). \"9 questions about furries you were too embarrassed to ask\". Vox Media. Retrieved October 14, 2022.\nPahwa, Nitish (May 6, 2022). \"Fur-mongering: Fake news about children 'identifying' as animals is the latest stunt being pushed by so-called parental rights advocates.\" Slate. Retrieved October 4, 2022.\nBushard, Brian (October 4, 2022). \"Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped\". Forbes. Retrieved October 4, 2022.\nPierce, Charles (October 17, 2022). \"The 'Litter Box in Schools' Lie Is a Litmus Test for Idiots\". Esquire. Retrieved October 20, 2022.\nRoberts, Sharon E. (November 7, 2022). \"What are 'furries?' Debunking myths about kids identifying as animals, and litter boxes in schools\". The Conversation. Retrieved November 8, 2022.vteConspiracy theoriesList of conspiracy theoriesOverviewCore topics\nAntiscience\nCabals\ndeep state\néminence grise\npower behind the throne\nCivil / Criminal / Political conspiracies\nConspiracy\nCrisis actors\nDeception\nDystopia\nEspionage\nGlobal catastrophe scenarios\nHidden message\nPseudohistory\nPseudoscience\nSecrecy\nSecret societies\nUrban legends and myths\nPsychology\nAttitude polarization\nCognitive dissonance\nCommunal reinforcement\nConfirmation bias\nDenialism\nLocus of control\nMachiavellianism\nMass psychogenic illness\nmoral panics\nParanoia\nPsychological projection\nAstronomy and outer space\n2012 phenomenon\nNibiru cataclysm\nAncient astronauts\nApollo Moon landings\nFlat Earth\nHollow Moon\nReptilians\nUFOs\nAlien abduction\nArea 51\nBlack Knight satellite\nCryptoterrestrial / Extraterrestrial / Interdimensional hypothesis\nDulce Base\nEstimate of the Situation (1948)\nLake Michigan Triangle\nMJ-12\nMen in black\nNazi UFOs\nDie Glocke\nProject Serpo\nHoaxes\nDundy County (1884)\nMaury Island (1947)\nRoswell (1947)\nTwin Falls (1947)\nAztec, New Mexico (1949)\nSouthern England (1967)\nIlkley Moor (1987)\nGulf Breeze (1987–88)\nAlien autopsy (1995)\nMorristown (2009)\n\n\nDeaths and disappearancesAssassination / suicide theories\nZachary Taylor (1850)\nLouis Le Prince (1890)\nLord Kitchener (1916)\nTom Thomson (1917)\nWładysław Sikorski (1943)\nBenito Mussolini (1945)\nAdolf Hitler (1945)\nSubhas Chandra Bose (1945)\nJohnny Stompanato (1958)\nMarilyn Monroe (1962)\nJohn F. Kennedy (1963)\nLee Harvey Oswald (1963)\nLal Bahadur Shastri (1966)\nHarold Holt (1967)\nMartin Luther King Jr. (1968)\nRobert F. Kennedy (1968)\nSalvador Allende (1973)\nAldo Moro (1978)\nRenny Ottolina (1978)\nPope John Paul I (1978)\nAirey Neave (1979)\nOlof Palme (1986)\nZia-ul-Haq (1988)\nGEC-Marconi scientists (1980s–90s)\nTurgut Özal (1993)\nVince Foster (1993)\nKurt Cobain (1994)\nYitzhak Rabin (1995)\nDiana, Princess of Wales (1997)\nAlois Estermann (1998)\nNepalese royal family (2001)\nYasser Arafat (2004)\nBenazir Bhutto (2007)\nOsama bin Laden (2011)\nHugo Chávez (2013)\nSeth Rich (2016)\nAlejandro Castro (2018)\nJeffrey Epstein (2019)\nSushant Singh Rajput (2020)\nJohn McAfee (2021)\nAccidents / disasters\nMary Celeste (1872)\nRMS Titanic (1912)\nGreat Kantō earthquake (1923)\nLynmouth Flood (1952)\nDyatlov Pass (1959)\nLost Cosmonauts (1950s–60s)\nJAT Flight 367 (1972)\nUnited Air Lines Flight 553 (1972)\nSouth African Airways Flight 295 (1987)\nKhamar-Daban (1993)\nMS Estonia (1994)\nTWA Flight 800 (1996)\nEgyptAir Flight 990 (1999)\nMalaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)\nOther cases\nJoan of Arc (1431)\nYemenite children (1948–54)\nElvis Presley (1977)\nJonestown (1978)\nBody double hoax\nPaul McCartney\nAvril Lavigne\nVladimir Putin\nMelania Trump\nEnergy, environment\nAgenda 21\n\nCalifornia drought manipulation\n\nClimate change denial\nfalse theories\nFree energy suppression\nHAARP\nRed mercury\nFalse flag allegations\nUSS Maine (1898)\nRMS Lusitania (1915)\nReichstag fire (1933)\nPearl Harbor (1941)\nUSS Liberty (1967)\nLufthansa Flight 615 (1972)\nWiderøe Flight 933 (1982)\nKAL Flight 007 (1983)\nMozambican presidential jet (1986)\nPan Am Flight 103 (1988)\nOklahoma City bombing (1995)\n9/11 attacks (2001)\nadvance knowledge\nWTC collapse\nMadrid train bombing (2004)\nLondon bombings (2005)\nSmolensk air disaster (2010)\nMalaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)\nDenial of the 7 October attacks (2023)\nGender and sexuality\nAlpha / beta males\nAnti-LGBT\nanti-gender movement\nChemicals\ndrag panic\ngay agenda\ngay Nazis myth\nHIV/AIDS stigma\nUnited States\nHomintern\nLavender scare\nRecruitment\nGrooming\nlitter box hoax\nTransvestigation\nGamerGate\nIdeology in incel communities\nLarries / Gaylors\nSatanic panic\nSoy and masculinity\nHealth\n5G misinformation\nAnti-vaccination\nautism\nMMR\nThiomersal\nin chiropractic\nmisinformation\nAspartame\nBig Pharma\nChemtrails\nCOVID-19\nIvermectin\nlab leak\nvaccines\nin Canada / Philippines / United States\nEbola\nElectronic harassment\nGerm theory denialism\nGMOs\nHIV/AIDS denialism\norigins theories\noral polio AIDS hypothesis\nLepers' plot\nMedbeds\nSARS (2003)\nWater fluoridation\nPont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning\nRace, religion and/or ethnicity\nBhagwa Love Trap\nCERN ritual hoax\nCOVID-19 and xenophobia\nFreemasons\nFrench Revolution [fr]\nGas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)\nGerman POWs post-WWII\nPriory of Sion\nProduct labeling\nHalal\nKosher\nTartarian Empire\nWar against Islam\nWhite genocide\n Antisemitic\nAndinia Plan\nBlood libel\nCohen Plan\nDoctors' plot\nduring the Black Death\nEpsilon Team\nGeorge Soros\nHolocaust denial\nTrivialization\nInternational Jewish conspiracy\nCommittee of 300\nCultural Bolshevism / Jewish Bolshevism\nŻydokomuna\nJudeo-Masonic plot\nThe Protocols of the Elders of Zion\nWorld War II\nZ.O.G.\nJudeopolonia\nKilling of Jesus\nKalergi Plan\nNew World Order\nRothschilds\nStab-in-the-back myth\nChristian / Anti-Christian\nAnti-Catholic\nJesuits\nPopish Plot\nVatican\nBible\nGiuseppe Siri\nIslamophobic\nCounter-jihad\nBihar human sacrifice\nEurabia\nGreat Replacement\nLove jihad\nProposed \"Islamo-leftism\" inquiry\nTrojan Horse scandal\nGenocide denial /Denial of mass killings\nArmenian\nBangladesh\nBosnian\nCambodian\nThe Holocaust\nHolodomor\nNanjing\nRwandan\nSayfo\nSerbs during WWII\n\nRegionalAmericas(outside the United States)\nArgentina\nAndinia Plan\nCanada\nAvro Arrow cancellation\nLeuchter report\nPeru\nCasa Matusita\nVenezuela\nDaktari Ranch affair\nGolpe Azul\nMiddle East / North Africa\nIn the Arab world\n10 agorot\nCairo fire\nIsrael-related animal theories\nIran\nWestern-backed Iranian Revolution\nIsrael\nPallywood\nRussia\nAlaska payment\nDulles' Plan\nGolden billion\nPetrograd Military Organization\nRasputin\nUkraine bioweapons\nSouth Asia /Southeast Asia\nIndia\nCow vigilante violence\nGreater Bangladesh\nPakistan\nJinnahpur\nPhilippines\nTallano gold\nThailand\nFinland Plot\nTurkey\n2016 coup attempt\nErgenekon\nOperation Sledgehammer\nGezi Park protests\nSèvres syndrome\nÜst akıl\nOther European\nEuromyth\nIreland\nGerman Plot\nItaly\nItavia Flight 870\nLithuania\nStatesmen\nRoman Republic\nFirst Catilinarian conspiracy\nSpain\nMano Negra affair\nSweden\nLilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet\nUK\nClockwork Orange plot\nElm Guest House\nHarold Wilson\nVoting pencil\nUnited States\nBarack Obama\ncitizenship\nreligion\nparentage\n\"Obamagate\" / Spygate\nBiden–Ukraine\nBlack helicopters\nCIA and JFK\nCIA assistance to bin Laden\nClinton body count\nCultural Marxism\nFBI secret society\nFEMA camps\nGeorgia Guidestones\nJade Helm 15\nMontauk Project\nPhiladelphia Experiment\nPizzagate\nThe Plan\nProject Azorian\nQAnon\nPastel\nincidents\nSaddam–al-Qaeda\nSandy Hook (2012)\nTrump–Ukraine\n\"Vast right-wing conspiracy\"\nVietnam War\nPOW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth\n 2020 election\nItalygate\n\"Pence Card\"\nMaricopa County ballot audit\nStop the Steal\n\nOther\nDead Internet theory\nNESARA/GESARA\nNew Coke\nPhantom time / New chronology\nShadow government claims\nBilderberg\nIlluminati\nsynarchism\nShakespearean authorship\nPseudolaw\nAdmiralty law\nFreeman on the land movement\nRedemption movement\nSovereign citizens\nStrawman theory\nTax protesters\nSatirical\nAcre\nBielefeld\nBirds Aren't Real\nLi's field\nTed Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme\n\nSee also\nArgument from ignorance\nConspiracy Encyclopedia\nConspiracy fiction\nConspirituality\nDogma\npseudoskepticism\nFalsifiability\nFringe science\nHistorical negationism\nOnline youth radicalization\nParanormal\nPrejudice\nhate speech\nRadicalization\nScience by press conference\nSuperstitionvteFurry fandomTerms\nFursona\nFursuit\nKemonā\nuwu\nYiff\nConventionsCurrent\nAnthro New England\nAnthrocon\nEurofurence\nFurry Weekend Atlanta\nFurther Confusion\nMidwest FurFest\nFormer\nConFurence\nRainFurrest\nMediaPublications\nRowrbrazzle\nList of anthropomorphic comics\nAudiovisual works\nThe Fandom\nFunday PawPet Show\nFursonas\nRole-playing games\nFurry Pirates\nIronclaw\nJadeclaw\nWorld Tree\nVideo games\nFurcadia\nFurryMUCK\nInherit the Earth\nSkyrates\nWebsitesFur AffinityPeople\nDavid Benaron\nSamuel Conway\nM. C. A. Hogarth\nFred Patten\nDana Simpson\nSonicFox\nStalking Cat\nUrsula Vernon\nTaral Wayne\nPublishers\nAlbedo Anthropomorphics\nMU Press\nRadio Comix\nMiscellaneous\nLitter boxes in schools hoax\nRelated concepts\nAnthropomorphism\nMoe\nAnimal roleplay\nAnthrozoology\nBronies\nKemonomimi\nCatgirl\nCosplay\nHuman–animal hybrid\nKigurumi\nOtherkin\nTalking animal\nin fiction\nTherianthropyvteDisinformation and misinformationTypes\nAlgorithmic radicalization\nAlternative facts\nBig lie\nCherry picking\nCircular reporting\nCognitive bias\nList of cognitive biases\nConspiracy theory (list)\nDeception\nDenialism\nDisinformation attack\nDoublespeak\nEuphemistic misspeaking\nFactoid\nFake news\nonline\nlist of websites\nLying press\nFallacy\nList of fallacies\nFalse accusation\nFalse dilemma\nFalse flag\nFear, uncertainty, and doubt\nFirehose of falsehood\nForgery as covert operation\nGaslighting\nHalf-truth\nHistorical negationism\nHoax\nInfodemic\nInternet manipulation\nManipulation (psychology)\nMedia culture\nMedia manipulation\nPotemkin village\nPost-truth politics\nPsychological warfare\nMemetic warfare\nMilitary deception\nPropaganda\nblack propaganda\ncounterpropaganda\nState-sponsored Internet propaganda\nQuote mining\nScientific fabrication\nSmearing\nSocial bot\nSpin\nTruthiness\nUrban legend\nWhataboutism\nYellow journalism\nBooks and documentaries\nDisinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa\nDezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy\nThe KGB and Soviet Disinformation\nWho's Who in the CIA\nMerchants of Doubt\nAfter Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News\nExamples\nBermuda Triangle\nCongo Free State propaganda war\nClimate change denial\nFree energy suppression\nGenocide denial\nIlluminati\nInternational Jewish conspiracy\nDisinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war\nDisinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine\nNew World Order\nRed mercury\nReptilians\nRothschilds\nStrategy of tension\nHealth\n5G\nCOVID-19 misinformation\nby governments\nEbola\nHIV/AIDS denialism\nMental illness denial\nMisinformation related to abortion\nVaccines\nanti-vaccination\nautism\nCOVID-19\nWater fluoridation controversy\n\nOperations and events by countryCanadaJihadunspun.comChina\nChinese information operations\n50 Cent Party\ncyberwarfare\nLittle Pink\nInternet Water Army\nPLA Unit 61398\nSpamouflage\nCOVID-19\nGlobal Times\nCzechoslovakiaOperation NeptuneGermany\nFunkspiel\nPropaganda in Nazi Germany\nMyth of the clean Wehrmacht\nIndia\nFake news in India\nGodi-media\nPaid news in India\nOpIndia\nIsraelTeam JorgeKoreaVoluntary Agency Network of KoreaKuwaitFintas GroupMexicoPeñabotsPhilippines\nCOVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines\nFake news in the Philippines\nHistorical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos\nRussia /Soviet UnionSoviet era\nActive Measures\nK-1000 battleship\nOperation INFEKTION\nOperation Toucan\nSeat 12\nSoviet influence on the peace movement\nU.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B\nUseful idiot\nPost-Soviet era\nCyberwarfare\non Estonia\nduring the Russo-Georgian War\nInformation war against Ukraine\nDisinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine\nOn US elections\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2016 Brexit referendum\nRussian Institute for Strategic Studies\nTrolls from Olgino\nWeb brigades\nSouth AfricaHIV/AIDS denialismTurkey\nConspiracy theories\nMedia censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests\nAK Trolls\nUnited Kingdom\nBell Pottinger\nDouble-Cross System\nClockwork Orange plot\nEuromyth\nLancet MMR autism fraud\nOperation Mass Appeal\nPsychological Warfare Division\nZinoviev letter\nUnited States\n1995 CIA disinformation controversy\nAttempts to overturn the 2020 election\nConspiracy theories\n9/11 conspiracy theories\nCIA Kennedy assassination\nQAnon\nSandy Hook\nCOVID-19\nFake news\nonline\nElection denial movement in the United States\nThe Freedom Fighter's Manual\nHabbush letter\nInformation Operations Roadmap\nLitter boxes in schools\nMohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection\nNiger uranium forgeries\nTobacco industry playbook\nOperation Shocker\nYellow rain\nVenezuelaBolivarian Army of TrollsVietnam\nPublic opinion brigades\nForce 47\nOpposition\nFact-checking\nFact-checking website\nActive Measures Working Group\nCounter disinformation unit\nCounter Misinformation Team\nCountering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act\nThe Disinformation Project\nEast StratCom Task Force\nFactCheck.org\nFull Fact\nLogically\nNewsGuard\nPolitiFact\nSnopes\nStopFake\nUnited States Information Agency\nUSAFactsvteUrban legends\nList\nBy regionNorth America\n27 Club\nWhite lighter curse\n2016 clown sightings\nThe Baby-Roast\nThe babysitter and the man upstairs\nThe Backrooms\nBermuda Triangle\nBloody Mary\nCandle Cove\nCoghlan's coffin\nCow tipping\nThe Dark Side of the Rainbow\nJohn Fare\nGasoline pill\nThe Hook\nKiller in the backseat\nThe Licked Hand\nLighthouse and naval vessel\nLitter boxes in schools hoax\nMen in black\nMomo Challenge\nSnuff films\nThe Spooklight\nTayopa\nFrank Tower\nVanishing hitchhiker\nCanada\nAngikuni's disappeared Inuit village\nOak Island money pit\nScreaming Tunnel\nSt. Louis light\nThetis Lake Monster\nUnitedStates\nAurora\nBaby Train\nBen Drowned\nBlack children as alligator bait\nBlack Dog of the Hanging Hills\nBlack-eyed children\nBlue star tattoo\nBoy Scout Lane\nBrown Mountain lights\nBunny Man\nCharlie No-Face\nChase Vault\nChimera House\nChoking Doberman\nRodney Cox\nRudolph Fentz\nGoatmen\nGoatman's Bridge\nMaryland's Goatman\nPope Lick Monster\nLake Worth Monster\nThe Hands Resist Him\nHaunchyville\nJATO Rocket Car\nKay's Cross\nKennedy curse\nLincoln–Kennedy coincidences\nLost Dutchman's Mine\nMelon heads\nMel's Hole\nMidgetville\nNight Doctors\nPhantom social workers\nPhiladelphia Experiment\nPoisoned candy\nPolybius\nSightings of Elvis Presley\nRichmond Vampire\nRonald Opus\nSeven Gates of Hell\nSewer alligators\nSlender Man\n2014 stabbing\nTourist guy\nContinental andmainland Asia\nColonel Tomb\nNale Ba\nSS Ourang Medan\nOrang Minyak\nIndia\nIndian rope trick\nMonkey-man of Delhi\nJapan\nCurse of the Colonel\nAka Manto (\"Red Cape\")\nHanako-san of the Toilet\nHeadless Rider\nInunaki Village\nJohn Zegrus\nKisaragi Station\nKokkuri\nKuchisake-onna (\"Slit-Mouthed Woman\")\nKunekune (\"Wriggling Body\")\nLavender Town\nRed Room Curse\n'Sony timer'\nTeke Teke\nPhilippines\nBiringan City\nYamashita's gold\nContinentalEurope\nAnd yet it moves\nBlack Volga\nGhost of Kyiv\nKonstantinos Koukidis\nLe Loyon\nPérák\nRed mercury\nSilverpilen\nThis Man\nFrance\nAngels of Mons\nVanishing Hotel Room\nGermany\nGerman Corpse Factory\nLampshades made from human skin\nSoap made from human corpses\nLone gunner of Flesquières\nNazi UFOs\nPoland\nKraina Grzybów TV\nNazi gold train\nZegrze Reservoir Monster\nSoviet Union/Russia\nLegends of Catherine the Great\nLenin was a mushroom\nHitler's pet alligator\nWell to Hell\nWhite Tights\nSpain\nCastilian lisp\nSacamantecas\nSanta Compaña\nUnited Kingdom\n999 phone charging myth\nBaby Train\nBlack dog\nThe Crying Boy\nThe Dark Side of the Rainbow\nHMS Friday\nPhantom social workers\nThe Spider Bite\nStrategic steam reserve\nRMS Titanic\nEngland\nBritish big cats\nUniversity of Cambridge legends\nCroydon Cat Killer\nIsaac Newton's dog\nManchester Pusher\nMan Proposes, God Disposes\nMistletoe bough\nPaul is dead\nRatman of Southend\nSpring-heeled Jack\nSweeney Todd\nAfrica\nElephants' graveyard\nGuegue\nMadam Koi Koi\nOceania\nBass Strait Triangle\nAustralia\nBaby Train\nFlora and Fauna Act\nMahogany Ship\nPoinciana Woman\nSouth America\nJames Bartley\nTreasure of Lima\nTopic articles\nCreepypastas\nLegends and myths regarding the Titanic\nMcDonald's urban legends\nTime travel claims and urban legends\nUrban legends about drugs\nTheoristsand analysis\nJan Harold Brunvand\nHoax Slayer\nLinda Dégh\nGary Alan Fine\nPatricia Turner\nSnopes\nTV series\nBeyond Belief: Fact or Fiction\nMythBusters\nUrban Legends\nChannel Zero\nIn fiction\n_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9\nCandyman franchise\nNo Through Road\nPetscop\nSCP Foundation\nUrban Legend (film series)\nRelated\nList of creepypastas\nList of cryptids\nLists of fictional species\nLists of legendary creatures\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"People in fursuits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Furry_Migration-Fursuit_Parade-10.jpg/220px-Furry_Migration-Fursuit_Parade-10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lycoming County, Pennsylvania commissioner asking in September 2023 if any children in the county identify as \"dogs or cats\" and require litter boxes at a public meeting, to which the answer is \"no\", then asking if it is happening in other school districts."}]
[{"title":"Anti-gender movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gender_movement"},{"title":"Bathroom bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom_bill"}]
[{"reference":"Garcia, Arturo (October 4, 2022). \"GOP Gubernatorial Hopefuls Regurgitate 'Students Identifying as Cats' Smear - Truth or Fiction?\". Truth or Fiction. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.truthorfiction.com/scott-jensen-heidi-ganahl-furries/","url_text":"\"GOP Gubernatorial Hopefuls Regurgitate 'Students Identifying as Cats' Smear - Truth or Fiction?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091727/https://www.truthorfiction.com/scott-jensen-heidi-ganahl-furries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peiser, Jaclyn Peiser (March 29, 2022). \"GOP legislator backtracks on claims students meow, bark, use litter boxes\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/03/29/furries-litter-box-nebraska-bostelman/","url_text":"\"GOP legislator backtracks on claims students meow, bark, use litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701214359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/03/29/furries-litter-box-nebraska-bostelman/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaczynski, Andrew (October 3, 2022). \"Minnesota GOP nominee for governor claimed kids are using litter boxes in schools – it's an internet hoax\". CNN. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/03/politics/scott-jennings-minnesota-schools-cat-litter-box/index.html","url_text":"\"Minnesota GOP nominee for governor claimed kids are using litter boxes in schools – it's an internet hoax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155001/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/03/politics/scott-jennings-minnesota-schools-cat-litter-box/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kingkade, Tyler; Goggin, Ben Goggin; Zadrozny, Brandy (October 14, 2022). \"How an urban myth about litter boxes in schools became a GOP talking point\". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Zadrozny","url_text":"Zadrozny, Brandy"},{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/urban-myth-litter-boxes-schools-became-gop-talking-point-rcna51439","url_text":"\"How an urban myth about litter boxes in schools became a GOP talking point\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014123357/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/urban-myth-litter-boxes-schools-became-gop-talking-point-rcna51439","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacGill, Dan (January 24, 2022). \"Did a Michigan School District Install Litter Boxes in Bathrooms?\". Snopes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/litter-boxes-bathrooms/","url_text":"\"Did a Michigan School District Install Litter Boxes in Bathrooms?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes","url_text":"Snopes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005162337/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/litter-boxes-bathrooms/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DDSB among boards quashing online rumours litter boxes have been added to washrooms\". Durham Radio News. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.durhamradionews.com/archives/160141","url_text":"\"DDSB among boards quashing online rumours litter boxes have been added to washrooms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004171824/https://www.durhamradionews.com/archives/160141","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No litter boxes in local schools\". Eganville Leader. October 11, 2022. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/no-litter-boxes-in-local-schools/","url_text":"\"No litter boxes in local schools\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230624120148/https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/no-litter-boxes-in-local-schools/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacLean, Logan (October 22, 2021). \"False stories of litter boxes in P.E.I. schools meant to ridicule trans community, advocates say\". Saltwire.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/false-stories-of-litter-boxes-in-pei-schools-meant-to-ridicule-trans-community-advocates-say-100649025/","url_text":"\"False stories of litter boxes in P.E.I. schools meant to ridicule trans community, advocates say\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwire.com","url_text":"Saltwire.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008190600/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/false-stories-of-litter-boxes-in-pei-schools-meant-to-ridicule-trans-community-advocates-say-100649025/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LGBTQ+ youth are target of a massive fear-mongering campaign\". Los Angeles Blade. October 31, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022. Yet, here we are playing whack a mole with the litter box canard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.losangelesblade.com/2022/10/31/lgbtq-youth-are-target-of-a-massive-fear-mongering-campaign/","url_text":"\"LGBTQ+ youth are target of a massive fear-mongering campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Blade","url_text":"Los Angeles Blade"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209233740/https://www.losangelesblade.com/2022/10/31/lgbtq-youth-are-target-of-a-massive-fear-mongering-campaign/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Peter (September 3, 2022). \"Litter Boxes and Election Lies: Marjorie Taylor Greene's Unhinged Trip to the Trump Rally\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pensylvania-litter-boxes-1234586647/","url_text":"\"Litter Boxes and Election Lies: Marjorie Taylor Greene's Unhinged Trip to the Trump Rally\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135020/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pensylvania-litter-boxes-1234586647/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Danahue, Allison (February 19, 2022). \"Anti-trans litter box rumor is 'harming our LGBTQ+ kids,' advocates say\". Michigan Advance. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://michiganadvance.com/2022/02/19/anti-trans-litter-box-rumor-is-harming-our-lgbtq-kids-advocates-say/","url_text":"\"Anti-trans litter box rumor is 'harming our LGBTQ+ kids,' advocates say\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Advance","url_text":"Michigan Advance"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008160829/https://michiganadvance.com/2022/02/19/anti-trans-litter-box-rumor-is-harming-our-lgbtq-kids-advocates-say/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Factora, James (January 25, 2022). \"Transphobes Are Worried Schools Are Installing Litterboxes for \"Furry\" Students\". Them. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.them.us/story/conservative-conspiracy-school-litter-box-furries-tucker-carlson-mms","url_text":"\"Transphobes Are Worried Schools Are Installing Litterboxes for \"Furry\" Students\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_(website)","url_text":"Them"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141728/https://www.them.us/story/conservative-conspiracy-school-litter-box-furries-tucker-carlson-mms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mullin, Andrew (January 25, 2022). \"Andrew Mullin: Recent Midland 'furry' scare is transphobia in disguise\". Midland Daily News. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourmidland.com/opinion/voices/article/OPINION-Recent-Midland-furry-scare-is-16800801.php","url_text":"\"Andrew Mullin: Recent Midland 'furry' scare is transphobia in disguise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Daily_News","url_text":"Midland Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008160827/https://www.ourmidland.com/opinion/voices/article/OPINION-Recent-Midland-furry-scare-is-16800801.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Shane (October 20, 2021). \"Rumours about students identifying as cats are rooted in hate, says P.E.I. Public Schools Branch\". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-psb-statement-cats-students-1.6218628","url_text":"\"Rumours about students identifying as cats are rooted in hate, says P.E.I. Public Schools Branch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017193743/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-psb-statement-cats-students-1.6218628","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Sharon (October 4, 2022). \"'They Are Putting Litter Boxes in Schools for People Who Identify As Cats,' Says Boebert. 'Not True,' Responds Durango School District\". Colorado Times Recorder. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/10/they-are-putting-litter-boxes-in-schools-for-people-who-identify-as-cats-says-boebert-not-true-responds-durango-school-district/49272/","url_text":"\"'They Are Putting Litter Boxes in Schools for People Who Identify As Cats,' Says Boebert. 'Not True,' Responds Durango School District\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007045556/https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/10/they-are-putting-litter-boxes-in-schools-for-people-who-identify-as-cats-says-boebert-not-true-responds-durango-school-district/49272/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beedle, Heidi (September 26, 2022). \"Ganahl Falsely Claims That Kids Are 'Identifying as Cats … All Over Colorado & Schools Are Tolerating It'\". Colorado Times Recorder. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/09/ganahl-falsely-claims-that-kids-are-identifying-as-cats-all-over-colorado-schools-are-tolerating-it/49051/","url_text":"\"Ganahl Falsely Claims That Kids Are 'Identifying as Cats … All Over Colorado & Schools Are Tolerating It'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003235531/https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/09/ganahl-falsely-claims-that-kids-are-identifying-as-cats-all-over-colorado-schools-are-tolerating-it/49051/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaczynski, Andrew (October 29, 2022). \"GOP New Hampshire Senate nominee repeats hoax that kids are using litter boxes in schools\". CNN. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/29/politics/kfile-republican-nominee-new-hampshire/index.html","url_text":"\"GOP New Hampshire Senate nominee repeats hoax that kids are using litter boxes in schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030001638/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/29/politics/kfile-republican-nominee-new-hampshire/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Redmond, Mike (November 2, 2022). \"Joe Rogan (Kinda) Admitted Schools Aren't Installing Litter Boxes\". Uproxx. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/viral/joe-rogan-litter-box-public-school-restrooms-no-proof/","url_text":"\"Joe Rogan (Kinda) Admitted Schools Aren't Installing Litter Boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103024545/https://uproxx.com/viral/joe-rogan-litter-box-public-school-restrooms-no-proof/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Villarreal, Daniel (October 13, 2022). \"Joe Rogan tells Tulsi Gabbard that there are litter boxes in school bathrooms for furries\". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/10/joe-rogan-tells-tulsi-gabbard-litter-boxes-school-bathrooms-furries/","url_text":"\"Joe Rogan tells Tulsi Gabbard that there are litter boxes in school bathrooms for furries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013220818/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/10/joe-rogan-tells-tulsi-gabbard-litter-boxes-school-bathrooms-furries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OH-Sen: J.D. Vance (R) Demands Schools Notify Parents If Their Kids Identify As Chipmunks\". Daily Kos. October 14, 2022. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/14/2128959/-OH-Sen-J-D-Vance-R-Demands-Schools-Notify-Parents-If-Their-Kids-Identify-As-Chipmunkst","url_text":"\"OH-Sen: J.D. Vance (R) Demands Schools Notify Parents If Their Kids Identify As Chipmunks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos","url_text":"Daily Kos"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015182548/https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/14/2128959/-OH-Sen-J-D-Vance-R-Demands-Schools-Notify-Parents-If-Their-Kids-Identify-As-Chipmunkst","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jacquie (October 16, 2022). \"Renfrew County boards squelch bizarre stories about kids using litter boxes at school\". The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/kids-who-think-they-are-cats-renfrew-county-schools-dont-have-litter-boxes-for-students-boards-assure-parents","url_text":"\"Renfrew County boards squelch bizarre stories about kids using litter boxes at school\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ottawa_Citizen","url_text":"The Ottawa Citizen"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016122141/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/kids-who-think-they-are-cats-renfrew-county-schools-dont-have-litter-boxes-for-students-boards-assure-parents","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Hayes (October 7, 2022). \"How a viral hoax about furries became fodder for the GOP's moral panic\". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/why-republicans-pretend-schools-are-setting-litterboxes-students-n1299399","url_text":"\"How a viral hoax about furries became fodder for the GOP's moral panic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC","url_text":"MSNBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007103820/https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/why-republicans-pretend-schools-are-setting-litterboxes-students-n1299399","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weill, Kelly (February 1, 2022). \"Furry Panic Is the Latest Dumb GOP Attack on Public Schools\". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/furry-panic-is-the-latest-dumb-gop-attack-on-public-schools","url_text":"\"Furry Panic Is the Latest Dumb GOP Attack on Public Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Beast","url_text":"Daily Beast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008190452/https://www.thedailybeast.com/furry-panic-is-the-latest-dumb-gop-attack-on-public-schools","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tremoglie, Christopher (August 25, 2022). \"A student identifies as a cat — how stunning and brave\". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/a-student-identifies-as-a-cat-how-stunning-and-brave","url_text":"\"A student identifies as a cat — how stunning and brave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Examiner","url_text":"Washington Examiner"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220826034957/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/a-student-identifies-as-a-cat-how-stunning-and-brave","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Michael (April 21, 2016). \"Op-Ed: Should We Provide Litter Boxes for People Who Identify as Cats?\". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/should-we-provide-litter-boxes-for-people-who-identify-as-cats.html","url_text":"\"Op-Ed: Should We Provide Litter Boxes for People Who Identify as Cats?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Post","url_text":"The Christian Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130623/https://www.christianpost.com/news/should-we-provide-litter-boxes-for-people-who-identify-as-cats.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Factora, James (October 5, 2022). \"Conservatives Are Obsessed With This Lie About Students Identifying as Furries\". Them. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.them.us/story/conservatives-obsessed-furries-lie-lgbtq-students","url_text":"\"Conservatives Are Obsessed With This Lie About Students Identifying as Furries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_(website)","url_text":"Them"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155333/https://www.them.us/story/conservatives-obsessed-furries-lie-lgbtq-students","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Let's Talk About Furries\". Safer Schools (UK). September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://oursaferschools.co.uk/2021/09/24/furries/","url_text":"\"Let's Talk About Furries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141727/https://oursaferschools.co.uk/2021/09/24/furries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1.3 Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity\". Furscience. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://furscience.com/research-findings/demographics/1-3-sex-and-gender/","url_text":"\"1.3 Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113050710/https://furscience.com/research-findings/demographics/1-3-sex-and-gender/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"5.1 Orientation\". Furscience. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://furscience.com/research-findings/sex-relationships-pornography/5-1-orientation/","url_text":"\"5.1 Orientation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113050705/https://furscience.com/research-findings/sex-relationships-pornography/5-1-orientation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCollum, Charles (March 16, 2022). \"Folklorist: Sky View High School litter box rumor follows pattern of 'urban legends'\". The Herald Journal. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hjnews.com/news/local/folklorist-sky-view-high-school-litter-box-rumor-follows-pattern-of-urban-legends/article_4724dc9c-e0e5-5793-a378-abdf403129d5.html","url_text":"\"Folklorist: Sky View High School litter box rumor follows pattern of 'urban legends'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_Journal","url_text":"The Herald Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010192215/https://www.hjnews.com/news/local/folklorist-sky-view-high-school-litter-box-rumor-follows-pattern-of-urban-legends/article_4724dc9c-e0e5-5793-a378-abdf403129d5.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Manjoo, Farhad (September 1, 2022). \"Opinion | America Is Being Consumed by a Moral Panic Over Trans People\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/opinion/america-is-being-consumed-by-a-moral-panic-over-trans-people.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | America Is Being Consumed by a Moral Panic Over Trans People\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113050703/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/opinion/america-is-being-consumed-by-a-moral-panic-over-trans-people.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schuster, Simon (September 29, 2022). \"Culture wars take center stage in Tudor Dixon's education proposals\". mlive. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008164411/https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/culture-wars-take-center-stage-in-tudor-dixons-education-proposals.html","url_text":"\"Culture wars take center stage in Tudor Dixon's education proposals\""},{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/culture-wars-take-center-stage-in-tudor-dixons-education-proposals.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hermani, Jordyn (September 29, 2022). \"Trans athletes, book bans: How school elections became political battlefields\". MLive. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/trans-athletes-book-bans-how-school-elections-became-political-battlefields.html","url_text":"\"Trans athletes, book bans: How school elections became political battlefields\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164058/https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/trans-athletes-book-bans-how-school-elections-became-political-battlefields.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pate, Natalie (September 1, 2022). \"Did Salem-Keizer allow a student who identifies as a cat to bring a litter box to school?\". Salem Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2022. Among the policies is one stating students, staff and visitors may use the restroom that aligns with their gender identity. It also directs schools to ensure that gender-neutral, single-occupant bathrooms are accessible to anyone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/education/2022/09/01/salem-keizer-school-fake-sprague-claim-litter-box-restroom-student-identify-cat-furries-trans-snopes/65466253007/","url_text":"\"Did Salem-Keizer allow a student who identifies as a cat to bring a litter box to school?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Statesman_Journal","url_text":"Salem Statesman Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318011717/https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/education/2022/09/01/salem-keizer-school-fake-sprague-claim-litter-box-restroom-student-identify-cat-furries-trans-snopes/65466253007/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Andrew (October 20, 2022). \"How the conservative parents' rights movement — fueled by LGBTQ backlash — is shaping Heidi Ganahl's campaign\". Colorado Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpr.org/2022/10/20/heidi-ganahl-parents-rights-lgbtq-schools/","url_text":"\"How the conservative parents' rights movement — fueled by LGBTQ backlash — is shaping Heidi Ganahl's campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Public_Radio","url_text":"Colorado Public Radio"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030145259/https://www.cpr.org/2022/10/20/heidi-ganahl-parents-rights-lgbtq-schools/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Elizabeth A.; Alter, Alexandra (January 30, 2022). \"Book Ban Efforts Spread Across the U.S.\" The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/books/book-ban-us-schools.html","url_text":"\"Book Ban Efforts Spread Across the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220212032230/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/books/book-ban-us-schools.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dalbey, Beth (September 7, 2022). \"Debunked School Restroom Litter Box Claims Resurface With New Year\". Patch.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/us/across-america/debunked-school-restroom-litter-box-claims-resurface-new-year","url_text":"\"Debunked School Restroom Litter Box Claims Resurface With New Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch.com","url_text":"Patch.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005160327/https://patch.com/us/across-america/debunked-school-restroom-litter-box-claims-resurface-new-year","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Geschke, Will (September 28, 2022). \"Roseburg Public Schools responds to 'furry' controversy\". The News-Review. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrtoday.com/news/education/roseburg-public-schools-responds-to-furry-controversy/article_848c3b10-4041-5a51-8492-f93bc83481eb.html","url_text":"\"Roseburg Public Schools responds to 'furry' controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News-Review","url_text":"The News-Review"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141726/https://www.nrtoday.com/news/education/roseburg-public-schools-responds-to-furry-controversy/article_848c3b10-4041-5a51-8492-f93bc83481eb.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puente, Nathaniel (October 3, 2022). \"'Furry' costume ban proposed by Iredell-Statesville school board\". WCNC-TV. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/furry-costume-ban-proposed-by-iredell-statesville-school-board-animal-costumes-north-carolina-dress-code-change-tiktok-viral/275-f47cf769-b3ca-4924-a114-ad292f511d85","url_text":"\"'Furry' costume ban proposed by Iredell-Statesville school board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCNC-TV","url_text":"WCNC-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007153416/https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/furry-costume-ban-proposed-by-iredell-statesville-school-board-animal-costumes-north-carolina-dress-code-change-tiktok-viral/275-f47cf769-b3ca-4924-a114-ad292f511d85","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Julie (August 25, 2021). \"Meade County schools deal with unusual situation: Students dressing and acting like cats\". WLKY. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wlky.com/article/meade-county-schools-students-dressing-acting-like-cats/37395934","url_text":"\"Meade County schools deal with unusual situation: Students dressing and acting like cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLKY","url_text":"WLKY"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030232730/https://www.wlky.com/article/meade-county-schools-students-dressing-acting-like-cats/37395934","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Bayliss; Mendoza, Jordan (January 30, 2022). \"Fact check: No, a Michigan public school did not provide litter boxes for students identifying as cats\". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/01/30/fact-check-rumor-litter-box-michigan-school-false/9214248002/","url_text":"\"Fact check: No, a Michigan public school did not provide litter boxes for students identifying as cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155236/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/01/30/fact-check-rumor-litter-box-michigan-school-false/9214248002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Swenson, Ali (April 7, 2022). \"Claim about litter boxes in New York school is unfounded\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-777442211945","url_text":"\"Claim about litter boxes in New York school is unfounded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010192232/https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-777442211945","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bates, Josiah (August 21, 2019). \"Colorado School District Providing Kitty Litter Buckets for Kids to Use the Bathroom During Lockdowns\". Time. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/5658266/colorado-district-kitty-litter-buckets-lockdowns/","url_text":"\"Colorado School District Providing Kitty Litter Buckets for Kids to Use the Bathroom During Lockdowns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221105101740/https://time.com/5658266/colorado-district-kitty-litter-buckets-lockdowns/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Nelson (October 5, 2017). \"JeffCo schools have emergency buckets where people can pee during lockdowns\". KUSA (TV). Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.9news.com/article/news/education/jeffco-schools-have-emergency-buckets-where-people-can-pee-during-lockdowns/73-481198424","url_text":"\"JeffCo schools have emergency buckets where people can pee during lockdowns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUSA_(TV)","url_text":"KUSA (TV)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318012449/https://www.9news.com/article/news/education/jeffco-schools-have-emergency-buckets-where-people-can-pee-during-lockdowns/73-481198424","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rushowy, Kristin (October 30, 2022). \"Litter boxes for students in bathrooms? Schools scramble to get ahead of 'furry' internet hoax\". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/2022/10/30/litter-boxes-for-students-in-bathrooms-schools-scramble-to-get-ahead-of-furry-internet-hoax.html","url_text":"\"Litter boxes for students in bathrooms? Schools scramble to get ahead of 'furry' internet hoax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221102154302/https://www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/2022/10/30/litter-boxes-for-students-in-bathrooms-schools-scramble-to-get-ahead-of-furry-internet-hoax.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Students in local schools identify as animals but no litter boxes exist\". Eaganville Leader. October 18, 2022. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/6799/","url_text":"\"Students in local schools identify as animals but no litter boxes exist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923203429/https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/6799/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Shweta (October 13, 2022). \"Lambton school trustee candidate buys into urban myth of students \"presenting as cats\"\". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013212832/https://petrolialambtonindependent.ca/2022/10/13/lambton-school-trustee-candidate-buys-into-urban-myth-of-students-presenting-as-cats/","url_text":"\"Lambton school trustee candidate buys into urban myth of students \"presenting as cats\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://petrolialambtonindependent.ca/2022/10/13/lambton-school-trustee-candidate-buys-into-urban-myth-of-students-presenting-as-cats/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Ray (November 8, 2022). \"There are no human-size litter boxes in CCRCE schools\". SaltWire. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/communities/there-are-no-human-size-litter-boxes-in-ccrce-schools-100792624/","url_text":"\"There are no human-size litter boxes in CCRCE schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaltWire","url_text":"SaltWire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108175921/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/communities/there-are-no-human-size-litter-boxes-in-ccrce-schools-100792624/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Midland Public Schools (December 21, 2021). \"Midland Public Schools December 2021 Board of Education Meeting\". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDrxwMA36qw","url_text":"\"Midland Public Schools December 2021 Board of Education Meeting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010034856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDrxwMA36qw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paz, Isabella Grullón (January 23, 2022). \"Litter Boxes for Students Who Identify as Furries? Not So, Says School Official\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220831140527/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/23/us/politics/michigan-litter-box-school.html","url_text":"\"Litter Boxes for Students Who Identify as Furries? Not So, Says School Official\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/23/us/politics/michigan-litter-box-school.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bushard, Brian (October 4, 2022). \"Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped\". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/10/04/colorado-gop-governor-candidate-latest-to-fall-for-student-furries-hoax-heres-how-many-others-have-been-duped/","url_text":"\"Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Lorenz, Taylor (April 19, 2022). \"Meet the woman behind Libs of TikTok, secretly fueling the right's outrage machine\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022. Its content is amplified by high-profile media figures, politicians and right-wing influencers. Its tweets reach millions, with influence spreading far beyond its more than 648,000 Twitter followers. Libs of TikTok has become an agenda-setter in right-wing online discourse, and the content it surfaces shows a direct correlation with the recent push in legislation and rhetoric directly targeting the LGBTQ+ community.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/19/libs-of-tiktok-right-wing-media/","url_text":"\"Meet the woman behind Libs of TikTok, secretly fueling the right's outrage machine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419162842/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/19/libs-of-tiktok-right-wing-media/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Shweta (January 24, 2022). \"School district denies wild rumours that litter boxes were given to students who identified as 'furries'\". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michigan-school-students-litter-boxes-b1999210.html","url_text":"\"School district denies wild rumours that litter boxes were given to students who identified as 'furries'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008231615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michigan-school-students-litter-boxes-b1999210.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Dan (January 27, 2022). \"Texas GOP hopeful claims school district has special tables for 'furries'\". Mysa. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/houston-texas/article/Round-Rock-ISD-furries-Texas-Michelle-Evans-16807359.php","url_text":"\"Texas GOP hopeful claims school district has special tables for 'furries'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221009154958/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/houston-texas/article/Round-Rock-ISD-furries-Texas-Michelle-Evans-16807359.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stunson, Mike (January 27, 2022). \"Furries eating out of dog bowls at school? Texas district debunks GOP hopeful's claim\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article257769248.html","url_text":"\"Furries eating out of dog bowls at school? Texas district debunks GOP hopeful's claim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018013724/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article257769248.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strong, Jared (February 9, 2022). \"Carroll superintendent: No litter boxes in schools\". Iowa Capital Dispatch. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/09/carroll-superintendent-no-litter-boxes-in-schools/","url_text":"\"Carroll superintendent: No litter boxes in schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Capital_Dispatch","url_text":"Iowa Capital Dispatch"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192535/https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/09/carroll-superintendent-no-litter-boxes-in-schools/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Magel, Todd (February 11, 2022). \"Superintendent denies rumors of litter boxes in restrooms for students who 'identify as cats'\". KCRG. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcrg.com/2022/02/11/superintendent-denies-rumors-litter-boxes-restrooms-students-who-identify-cats/","url_text":"\"Superintendent denies rumors of litter boxes in restrooms for students who 'identify as cats'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192531/https://www.kcrg.com/2022/02/11/superintendent-denies-rumors-litter-boxes-restrooms-students-who-identify-cats/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Check-Waunakee School District said it does not have a 'furry protocol'\". Reuters. April 7, 2022. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furryprotocol-wisconsin-idUSL2N2W51FO","url_text":"\"Fact Check-Waunakee School District said it does not have a 'furry protocol'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014175841/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furryprotocol-wisconsin-idUSL2N2W51FO","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Swenson, Ali (April 5, 2022). \"Wisconsin school district does not have 'furry protocol'\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-815307300834","url_text":"\"Wisconsin school district does not have 'furry protocol'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202047/https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-815307300834","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mipro, Rachel (February 5, 2023). \"Educators say attacking Kansas teachers is GOP strategy to push private schools\". Kansas Reflector. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kansasreflector.com/2023/02/05/educators-say-attacking-kansas-teachers-is-gop-strategy-to-push-private-schools/","url_text":"\"Educators say attacking Kansas teachers is GOP strategy to push private schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Reflector","url_text":"Kansas Reflector"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227201819/https://kansasreflector.com/2023/02/05/educators-say-attacking-kansas-teachers-is-gop-strategy-to-push-private-schools/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hagen, C.S. (April 4, 2022). \"Are there furries in Fargo-Moorhead schools? Yes, but no litter boxes\". Inforum. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/are-there-furries-in-fargo-moorhead-schools-yes-but-no-litter-boxes","url_text":"\"Are there furries in Fargo-Moorhead schools? Yes, but no litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inforum","url_text":"Inforum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006163935/https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/are-there-furries-in-fargo-moorhead-schools-yes-but-no-litter-boxes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCollum, Charles (March 12, 2022). \"High school principal says there's no truth to rumor of litter boxes for student said to self-identify as a cat\". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idahostatejournal.com/news/local/high-school-principal-says-theres-no-truth-to-rumor-of-litter-boxes-for-student-said/article_8180ae14-4937-5f2f-aa94-1840e7466782.html","url_text":"\"High school principal says there's no truth to rumor of litter boxes for student said to self-identify as a cat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Statesman","url_text":"Idaho Statesman"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005181653/https://www.idahostatejournal.com/news/local/high-school-principal-says-theres-no-truth-to-rumor-of-litter-boxes-for-student-said/article_8180ae14-4937-5f2f-aa94-1840e7466782.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Post about Indiana school's 'otherkin' policy is satirical\". AP NEWS. April 29, 2022. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/Fact-Check-Fake-Indiana-School-Email-109748870442","url_text":"\"Post about Indiana school's 'otherkin' policy is satirical\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192534/https://apnews.com/article/Fact-Check-Fake-Indiana-School-Email-109748870442","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Durham, Spencer (April 29, 2022). \"Fake post about litter boxes at KHS goes viral\". Kokomo Tribune. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kokomotribune.com/news/school_news/fake-post-about-litter-boxes-at-khs-goes-viral/article_c4ef1e90-c7f5-11ec-b3d6-efb04e5e684c.html","url_text":"\"Fake post about litter boxes at KHS goes viral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomo_Tribune","url_text":"Kokomo Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192527/https://www.kokomotribune.com/news/school_news/fake-post-about-litter-boxes-at-khs-goes-viral/article_c4ef1e90-c7f5-11ec-b3d6-efb04e5e684c.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eischens, Rilyn (April 28, 2022). \"Republicans falsely claim schools are providing litter boxes for students identifying as cats\". Minnesota Reformer. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://minnesotareformer.com/briefs/republicans-falsely-claim-schools-are-providing-litter-boxes-for-students-identifying-as-cats/","url_text":"\"Republicans falsely claim schools are providing litter boxes for students identifying as cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Reformer","url_text":"Minnesota Reformer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220428183533/https://minnesotareformer.com/briefs/republicans-falsely-claim-schools-are-providing-litter-boxes-for-students-identifying-as-cats/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schulte, Grant (March 28, 2022). \"Nebraska lawmaker apologizes for debunked litter box claim\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/nebraska-lincoln-316c87249779706d6d78b58641c4a75e","url_text":"\"Nebraska lawmaker apologizes for debunked litter box claim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013111646/https://apnews.com/article/nebraska-lincoln-316c87249779706d6d78b58641c4a75e","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baska, Maggie (March 29, 2022). \"Republican senator apologises for pedalling 'ugly' rumour about furries and litter boxes\". PinkNews. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/03/29/bruce-bostelman-furries-litter-box-school-nebraska/","url_text":"\"Republican senator apologises for pedalling 'ugly' rumour about furries and litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192526/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/03/29/bruce-bostelman-furries-litter-box-school-nebraska/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Lia (May 20, 2022). \"No, Maine students aren't using litter boxes in school\". WPFO. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox23maine.com/no-maine-students-arent-using-litter-boxes-in-school-misinformation-brewer-school-department-tiktok-false-allegations-furries","url_text":"\"No, Maine students aren't using litter boxes in school\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPFO","url_text":"WPFO"}]},{"reference":"Dewey, Jim (June 16, 2022). \"Hannibal School Board adopts vaping policy and learns its school restrooms are furry-free\". Muddy River News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://muddyrivernews.com/noteworthy/hannibal-school-board-adopts-vaping-policy-and-learns-its-school-restrooms-are-furry-free/20220616064326/","url_text":"\"Hannibal School Board adopts vaping policy and learns its school restrooms are furry-free\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015182548/https://muddyrivernews.com/noteworthy/hannibal-school-board-adopts-vaping-policy-and-learns-its-school-restrooms-are-furry-free/20220616064326/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Deb (July 18, 2022). \"Meade schools won't have litter boxes\". Black Hills Pioneer. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhpioneer.com/local_news/meade-schools-won-t-have-litter-boxes/article_8459b340-06e3-11ed-b45b-fb8a8a7c426e.html","url_text":"\"Meade schools won't have litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Pioneer","url_text":"Black Hills Pioneer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220722062142/https://www.bhpioneer.com/local_news/meade-schools-won-t-have-litter-boxes/article_8459b340-06e3-11ed-b45b-fb8a8a7c426e.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lawlor, Joe (October 13, 2022). \"Congressional candidate touted debunked myths, but now says it was a mistake\". Press Herald. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressherald.com/2022/10/13/congressional-candidate-touted-debunked-myths-but-now-says-it-was-a-mistake/","url_text":"\"Congressional candidate touted debunked myths, but now says it was a mistake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Herald","url_text":"Press Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221017211518/https://www.pressherald.com/2022/10/13/congressional-candidate-touted-debunked-myths-but-now-says-it-was-a-mistake/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Caroline (August 20, 2022). \"Fact check: No, Horry schools did not provide litter boxes for students who identify as cats\". The Sun News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/education/article264612386.html","url_text":"\"Fact check: No, Horry schools did not provide litter boxes for students who identify as cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_News","url_text":"The Sun News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220906224546/https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/education/article264612386.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Findon, Mary-Kate (September 4, 2022). \"Marjorie Taylor Greene spouts debunked right-wing conspiracies at Pennsylvania rally\". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/us-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pennsylvania-b2159381.html","url_text":"\"Marjorie Taylor Greene spouts debunked right-wing conspiracies at Pennsylvania rally\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015030915/https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/us-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pennsylvania-b2159381.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klamann, Seth (October 4, 2022). \"\"Incredibly frustrating\": Colorado schools reject Ganahl's claims that students identify as cats\". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2022/10/04/colorado-schools-heidi-ganahl-students-cat-claims/","url_text":"\"\"Incredibly frustrating\": Colorado schools reject Ganahl's claims that students identify as cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010134701/https://www.denverpost.com/2022/10/04/colorado-schools-heidi-ganahl-students-cat-claims/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sehar, Jim (October 9, 2022). \"Fuzzy logic about 'furries'\". The Daily Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gjsentinel.com/opinion/columns/fuzzy-logic-about-furries/article_37a106b4-469b-11ed-a908-af54faeb4c4c.html","url_text":"\"Fuzzy logic about 'furries'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013194054/https://www.gjsentinel.com/opinion/columns/fuzzy-logic-about-furries/article_37a106b4-469b-11ed-a908-af54faeb4c4c.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio Board of Education Delays Vote on Anti LGBTQ+ Resolution\". Columbus Underground. September 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://columbusunderground.com/ohio-board-of-education-delays-vote-on-anti-lgbtq-resolution-bf1/","url_text":"\"Ohio Board of Education Delays Vote on Anti LGBTQ+ Resolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Underground","url_text":"Columbus Underground"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005161152/https://columbusunderground.com/ohio-board-of-education-delays-vote-on-anti-lgbtq-resolution-bf1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Jason (September 30, 2022). \"Tennessee school officials: No, we did not give litter boxes to students identifying as furries\". WTVF. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newschannel5.com/news/tennessee-school-officials-no-we-did-not-give-litter-boxes-to-students-identifying-as-furries","url_text":"\"Tennessee school officials: No, we did not give litter boxes to students identifying as furries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVF","url_text":"WTVF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121721/https://www.newschannel5.com/news/tennessee-school-officials-no-we-did-not-give-litter-boxes-to-students-identifying-as-furries","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seymour, Bill (September 15, 2022). \"NK school officials deny claims of litter boxes in schools\". The Independent (Rhode Island). Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independentri.com/news/article_49b0cf14-3472-11ed-a5ff-af8bbc2c999f.html","url_text":"\"NK school officials deny claims of litter boxes in schools\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141254/https://www.independentri.com/news/article_49b0cf14-3472-11ed-a5ff-af8bbc2c999f.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Alvieann (September 28, 2022). \"School districts address 'false rumors' of students using litter boxes, behaving like cats\". WHNS. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2022/09/28/school-districts-address-rumors-students-using-litter-boxes-behaving-like-cats/","url_text":"\"School districts address 'false rumors' of students using litter boxes, behaving like cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHNS","url_text":"WHNS"}]},{"reference":"Matoney, Nick (September 16, 2022). \"Principals respond after 'kitty litter' hoax hits school district in Indiana County\". WTAE. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtae.com/article/principals-respond-after-kitty-litter-hoax-hits-school-district-in-indiana-county/41240014","url_text":"\"Principals respond after 'kitty litter' hoax hits school district in Indiana County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAE-TV","url_text":"WTAE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221009202525/https://www.wtae.com/article/principals-respond-after-kitty-litter-hoax-hits-school-district-in-indiana-county/41240014","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Jensen repeats debunked claim about litter boxes in schools\". KARE-TV. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230922142822/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/politics/scott-jensen-repeats-false-rumor-about-litter-boxes-in-schools/89-f3f72174-db76-441b-95a3-9e73f4c239d0","url_text":"\"Scott Jensen repeats debunked claim about litter boxes in schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KARE-TV","url_text":"KARE-TV"},{"url":"https://www.kare11.com/article/news/politics/scott-jensen-repeats-false-rumor-about-litter-boxes-in-schools/89-f3f72174-db76-441b-95a3-9e73f4c239d0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Uren, Adam (October 4, 2022). \"Scott Jensen repeats right-wing hoax about cat litter in schools\". Bring Me The News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/scott-jensen-repeats-right-wing-hoax-about-cat-litter-in-schools","url_text":"\"Scott Jensen repeats right-wing hoax about cat litter in schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Me_The_News","url_text":"Bring Me The News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006130401/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/scott-jensen-repeats-right-wing-hoax-about-cat-litter-in-schools","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lauf, Catalina (October 3, 2022). \"Replying to @KFILEAndrew — with all due respect, this is not a hoax and is happening in schools in Illinois, too\". Twitter. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/catalinalauf/status/1577001851698155520","url_text":"\"Replying to @KFILEAndrew — with all due respect, this is not a hoax and is happening in schools in Illinois, too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005060757/https://twitter.com/catalinalauf/status/1577001851698155520","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lissau, Bill (October 5, 2022). \"Republican congressional candidate Lauf stands by debunked claim about schools and litter boxes\". Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois). Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20221005/republican-congressional-candidate-lauf-stands-by-debunked-claim-about-schools-and-litter-boxes","url_text":"\"Republican congressional candidate Lauf stands by debunked claim about schools and litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights,_Illinois)","url_text":"Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221127153212/https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20221005/republican-congressional-candidate-lauf-stands-by-debunked-claim-about-schools-and-litter-boxes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Niemietz, Brian (October 5, 2022). \"Rep. Lauren Boebert not a shoo-in for November race: poll\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-lauren-boebert-colorado-poll-close-race-20221005-t5qxxpseibfdrmmqkpkpkwoqua-story.html","url_text":"\"Rep. Lauren Boebert not a shoo-in for November race: poll\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012195711/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-lauren-boebert-colorado-poll-close-race-20221005-t5qxxpseibfdrmmqkpkpkwoqua-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heiberger, Sydney (October 12, 2022). \"North Carolina school district discussing 'furry' ban amid hoax calls about students dressing as animals\". WGHP. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://myfox8.com/news/north-carolina/north-carolina-school-district-discussing-furry-ban-amid-hoax-calls-about-students-dressing-as-animals/","url_text":"\"North Carolina school district discussing 'furry' ban amid hoax calls about students dressing as animals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGHP","url_text":"WGHP"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012111813/https://myfox8.com/news/north-carolina/north-carolina-school-district-discussing-furry-ban-amid-hoax-calls-about-students-dressing-as-animals/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Evan (October 21, 2022). \"Fact check: Are there litter boxes in NC schools for students dressed as furries?\". Charlotte Observer. pp. October 24, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article267609037.html","url_text":"\"Fact check: Are there litter boxes in NC schools for students dressed as furries?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Observer","url_text":"Charlotte Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109221901/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article267609037.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Check-No evidence of schools accommodating 'furries' with litter boxes\". Reuters. October 18, 2022. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-rogan-litterbox/fact-check-no-evidence-of-schools-accommodating-furries-with-litter-boxes-idUSL1N31J1KT","url_text":"\"Fact Check-No evidence of schools accommodating 'furries' with litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024230545/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-rogan-litterbox/fact-check-no-evidence-of-schools-accommodating-furries-with-litter-boxes-idUSL1N31J1KT","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eberwein, Richard (October 26, 2022). \"Ron Johnson goes on transphobic rant, says trans teens 'think weird things' and are going through 'phases'\". WCPT (AM). Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://heartlandsignal.com/2022/10/26/ron-johnson-goes-on-transphobic-rant-says-trans-teens-think-weird-things-and-are-going-through-phases/","url_text":"\"Ron Johnson goes on transphobic rant, says trans teens 'think weird things' and are going through 'phases'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPT_(AM)","url_text":"WCPT (AM)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028165108/https://heartlandsignal.com/2022/10/26/ron-johnson-goes-on-transphobic-rant-says-trans-teens-think-weird-things-and-are-going-through-phases/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Looker, Rachel; Jackson, David; Tran, Ken; Porter, Steven; Lenahan, Ian (November 2, 2022). \"New Hampshire Senate race: Maggie Hassan, Don Bolduc debate abortion, inflation, energy - recap\". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/11/02/new-hampshire-senate-hassan-bolduc-debate-election/10607547002/","url_text":"\"New Hampshire Senate race: Maggie Hassan, Don Bolduc debate abortion, inflation, energy - recap\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103155432/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/11/02/new-hampshire-senate-hassan-bolduc-debate-election/10607547002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Shannon (November 4, 2022). \"N.H. school officials push back after Bolduc repeats hoax about kids using litter boxes\". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/11/04/nation/nh-school-officials-push-back-after-bolduc-repeats-hoax-about-kids-using-litter-boxes/","url_text":"\"N.H. school officials push back after Bolduc repeats hoax about kids using litter boxes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221110192420/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/11/04/nation/nh-school-officials-push-back-after-bolduc-repeats-hoax-about-kids-using-litter-boxes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shuman, Mackenzie (November 1, 2022). \"Fact check: Do SLO County schools have litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'?\". The Tribune. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/education/article268151602.html","url_text":"\"Fact check: Do SLO County schools have litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221102020004/https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/education/article268151602.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Demopoulos, Alaina (November 4, 2022). \"Joe Rogan admits schools don't have litter boxes for kids who 'identify' as furries: Podcast host had amplified debunked claim about furries spread by Republican politicians\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/04/joe-rogan-school-litter-boxes-kids-furries-gender","url_text":"\"Joe Rogan admits schools don't have litter boxes for kids who 'identify' as furries: Podcast host had amplified debunked claim about furries spread by Republican politicians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221104182044/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/04/joe-rogan-school-litter-boxes-kids-furries-gender","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilsinger, Christine (November 3, 2022). \"Rep. Bob Morris cites 'litter box' myth in school board endorsement\". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journalgazette.net/local/indiana/statehouse/rep-bob-morris-cites-litter-box-myth-in-school-board-endorsement/article_a5c339ca-5b02-11ed-ba2b-e3f98fe50db1.html","url_text":"\"Rep. Bob Morris cites 'litter box' myth in school board endorsement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_Gazette","url_text":"The Journal Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103085359/https://www.journalgazette.net/local/indiana/statehouse/rep-bob-morris-cites-litter-box-myth-in-school-board-endorsement/article_a5c339ca-5b02-11ed-ba2b-e3f98fe50db1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Jonathan (November 4, 2022). \"Man Who Wants To Run Oklahoma's Schools Buys Into Bogus 'Cat Litter' Conspiracy Theory\". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-school-superintendent-candidate-cat-litter_n_6365ccabe4b05f221e7a23d1","url_text":"\"Man Who Wants To Run Oklahoma's Schools Buys Into Bogus 'Cat Litter' Conspiracy Theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410165715/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-school-superintendent-candidate-cat-litter_n_6365ccabe4b05f221e7a23d1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morik, Ryan (January 21, 2023). \"Tony Dungy apologizes again for tweet about litter box claims\". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/sports/tony-dungy-apologizes-again-tweet-litter-box-claims","url_text":"\"Tony Dungy apologizes again for tweet about litter box claims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230214175335/https://www.foxnews.com/sports/tony-dungy-apologizes-again-tweet-litter-box-claims","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Benbow, Dana (January 18, 2023). \"Tony Dungy deletes controversial cat litter tweet after backlash, outrage\". Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2023/01/19/ex-indianapolis-colts-coach-tony-dungy-deletes-cat-litter-tweet/69820624007/","url_text":"\"Tony Dungy deletes controversial cat litter tweet after backlash, outrage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Star","url_text":"Indianapolis Star"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150435/https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2023/01/19/ex-indianapolis-colts-coach-tony-dungy-deletes-cat-litter-tweet/69820624007/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baragona, Justin (August 24, 2023). \"Fox's Chief Legal Correspondent Pushes Wacky School 'Litter Box' Hoax\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/fox-news-chief-legal-correspondent-shannon-bream-pushes-school-litter-box-hoax","url_text":"\"Fox's Chief Legal Correspondent Pushes Wacky School 'Litter Box' Hoax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast","url_text":"The Daily Beast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230824220242/https://www.thedailybeast.com/fox-news-chief-legal-correspondent-shannon-bream-pushes-school-litter-box-hoax","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marini, Gianni (January 27, 2023). \"Claims pupils identifying as cats at school branded 'false rumours'\". STV News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.stv.tv/north/claims-banff-academy-pupils-are-identifying-as-cats-branded-false-rumours-by-aberdeenshire-council","url_text":"\"Claims pupils identifying as cats at school branded 'false rumours'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213223432/https://news.stv.tv/north/claims-banff-academy-pupils-are-identifying-as-cats-branded-false-rumours-by-aberdeenshire-council","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cat litter for pupils rumour denied by school in letter\". BBC News. November 10, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-67377626","url_text":"\"Cat litter for pupils rumour denied by school in letter\""}]},{"reference":"Muru-Lanning, Charlotte (June 8, 2023). \"No, Whangārei Girls High School students are not identifying as cats\". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/08-06-2023/no-whangarei-girls-high-school-students-are-not-identifying-as-cats","url_text":"\"No, Whangārei Girls High School students are not identifying as cats\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207223119/https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/08-06-2023/no-whangarei-girls-high-school-students-are-not-identifying-as-cats","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacob, Manon (January 27, 2022). \"Michigan school not providing litter box for students identifying as cats\". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.9XB2AG","url_text":"\"Michigan school not providing litter box for students identifying as cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"Agence France-Presse"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018131601/https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.9XB2AG","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Curet, Monique (April 8, 2022). \"Claim about schools providing litter boxes for students debunked in several states\". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/apr/08/facebook-posts/claim-about-schools-providing-litter-boxes-student/","url_text":"\"Claim about schools providing litter boxes for students debunked in several states\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact","url_text":"PolitiFact"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003212617/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/apr/08/facebook-posts/claim-about-schools-providing-litter-boxes-student/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Check-No evidence that U.S. schoolchildren are self-identifying as animals and disrupting classrooms\". Reuters. July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-school-idUSL1N2YN1O2","url_text":"\"Fact Check-No evidence that U.S. schoolchildren are self-identifying as animals and disrupting classrooms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220723044446/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-school-idUSL1N2YN1O2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Time (October 17, 2022). \"Furrygate: A Litterbox of Lies\". The Bulwark. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebulwark.com/furrygate-a-litterbox-of-lies/","url_text":"\"Furrygate: A Litterbox of Lies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)","url_text":"The Bulwark"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025072041/https://www.thebulwark.com/furrygate-a-litterbox-of-lies/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lyons, Gene (October 21, 2022). \"School litter boxes, cat translators and other myths\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2022/10/21/23415150/classroom-furries-sexual-abuse-myths-rumors-right-wing","url_text":"\"School litter boxes, cat translators and other myths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025142555/https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2022/10/21/23415150/classroom-furries-sexual-abuse-myths-rumors-right-wing","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nolan Brown, Elizabeth (March 29, 2022). \"No, Schools Aren't Accommodating Students Who Identify as Animals\". Reason.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://reason.com/2022/03/29/no-schools-arent-accommodating-students-who-identify-as-animals/","url_text":"\"No, Schools Aren't Accommodating Students Who Identify as Animals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905194442/https://reason.com/2022/03/29/no-schools-arent-accommodating-students-who-identify-as-animals/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Michelle (April 4, 2022). \"Opinion | Why Are Seemingly Functional Adults Falling for the 'Furries' Myth?\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/opinion/furries-culture-war.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | Why Are Seemingly Functional Adults Falling for the 'Furries' Myth?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008100927/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/opinion/furries-culture-war.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cost, Ben (January 26, 2022). \"School district denies litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'\". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2022/01/26/school-boss-debunks-rumor-that-they-provided-kitty-litter-for-furries/","url_text":"\"School district denies litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015185930/https://nypost.com/2022/01/26/school-boss-debunks-rumor-that-they-provided-kitty-litter-for-furries/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puglisi, Leonardo (August 21, 2022). \"Herald Sun story about schoolgirl identifying as a cat goes viral but lacks evidence\". 6 News Australia. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.6newsau.com/post/herald-sun-story-about-schoolgirl-identifying-as-a-cat-goes-viral-but-lacks-evidence","url_text":"\"Herald Sun story about schoolgirl identifying as a cat goes viral but lacks evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_News_Australia","url_text":"6 News Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221107154345/https://www.6newsau.com/post/herald-sun-story-about-schoolgirl-identifying-as-a-cat-goes-viral-but-lacks-evidence","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doll, Julie (September 15, 2022). \"Local Opinion: Kids get schooled in politics\". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tucson.com/opinion/local/local-opinion-kids-get-schooled-in-politics/article_6071348c-33aa-11ed-a6de-1fef77a16bd6.html","url_text":"\"Local Opinion: Kids get schooled in politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Star","url_text":"Arizona Daily Star"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006202717/https://tucson.com/opinion/local/local-opinion-kids-get-schooled-in-politics/article_6071348c-33aa-11ed-a6de-1fef77a16bd6.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Obradovich, Kathie (February 14, 2022). \"Silly school litter box rumors front a darker agenda\". Iowa Capital Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/14/silly-school-litter-box-rumors-front-a-darker-agenda/","url_text":"\"Silly school litter box rumors front a darker agenda\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004175219/https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/14/silly-school-litter-box-rumors-front-a-darker-agenda/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Todd, Dorman (May 13, 2022). \"School litter box fever will not die in Iowa\". The Gazette. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022. The solution, obviously, is to take tens of millions of dollars from public schools and give it to private schools, because parents should be scared to send their kids to public schools.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.com/staff-columnists/school-litter-box-fever-will-not-die-in-iowa/","url_text":"\"School litter box fever will not die in Iowa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa)","url_text":"The Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005071156/https://www.thegazette.com/staff-columnists/school-litter-box-fever-will-not-die-in-iowa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Berg-Brousseau, Henry (October 14, 2022). \"ICYMI – NBC: 20+ Politicians Promote Bizarre Claim That Youth Are Identifying as Cats\". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/icymi-nbc-20-politicians-promote-bizarre-claim-that-youth-are-identifying-as-cats","url_text":"\"ICYMI – NBC: 20+ Politicians Promote Bizarre Claim That Youth Are Identifying as Cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign","url_text":"Human Rights Campaign"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015020453/https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/icymi-nbc-20-politicians-promote-bizarre-claim-that-youth-are-identifying-as-cats","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stroozas, Sam (October 3, 2022). \"Jensen spreads false rumor about Minnesota's LGBTQ+ youth\". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/10/03/jensen-spreads-false-rumor-about-minnesotas-lgbtq-youth","url_text":"\"Jensen spreads false rumor about Minnesota's LGBTQ+ youth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio","url_text":"Minnesota Public Radio"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006211129/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/10/03/jensen-spreads-false-rumor-about-minnesotas-lgbtq-youth","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'bear (August 22, 2022). \"School installs litter boxes and promises more cat-friendly policies after increase in 'feline-identifying' students\". Damascus Dropbear. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://damascusdropbear.com.au/school-installs-litter-boxes-and-promises-more-cat-friendly-policies-after-increase-in-feline-identifying-students/","url_text":"\"School installs litter boxes and promises more cat-friendly policies after increase in 'feline-identifying' students\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020205838/https://damascusdropbear.com.au/school-installs-litter-boxes-and-promises-more-cat-friendly-policies-after-increase-in-feline-identifying-students/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mazza, Ed (October 17, 2022). \"John Oliver Exposes GOP's Most 'Heartbreakingly Stupid' Anti-Trans Talking Point\". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-oliver-trans-rights_n_634d1112e4b04cf8f37a403f","url_text":"\"John Oliver Exposes GOP's Most 'Heartbreakingly Stupid' Anti-Trans Talking Point\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019230211/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-oliver-trans-rights_n_634d1112e4b04cf8f37a403f","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Czopek, Madison (December 15, 2022). \"Debunking, rebuttals didn't stop claim about litter boxes in schools from spreading before midterms\". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/dec/15/debunking-rebuttals-didnt-stop-claim-about-litter/","url_text":"\"Debunking, rebuttals didn't stop claim about litter boxes in schools from spreading before midterms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact","url_text":"PolitiFact"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105210450/https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/dec/15/debunking-rebuttals-didnt-stop-claim-about-litter/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brushard, Brian (November 12, 2022). \"These Candidates Pushed 2022's Dumbest Conspiracy—Schoolkids Using Litter Boxes—And Many (But Not All) Lost Big\". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/11/12/these-candidates-pushed-2022s-dumbest-conspiracy-schoolkids-using-litter-boxes-and-many-but-not-all-lost-big/?sh=50d7721f7c08","url_text":"\"These Candidates Pushed 2022's Dumbest Conspiracy—Schoolkids Using Litter Boxes—And Many (But Not All) Lost Big\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230409232639/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/11/12/these-candidates-pushed-2022s-dumbest-conspiracy-schoolkids-using-litter-boxes-and-many-but-not-all-lost-big/?sh=50d7721f7c08","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chamlee, Virginia (November 9, 2022). \"Lindsey Graham Says Midterm Elections Are 'Definitely Not a Republican Wave, That's for Darn Sure'\". People. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/politics/republican-lindsey-graham-says-midterm-elections-definitely-not-a-red-wave/","url_text":"\"Lindsey Graham Says Midterm Elections Are 'Definitely Not a Republican Wave, That's for Darn Sure'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109055701/https://people.com/politics/republican-lindsey-graham-says-midterm-elections-definitely-not-a-red-wave/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sopelsa, Brooke (January 24, 2023). \"Don't identify as human? North Dakota schools don't want you\". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/north-dakota-bill-fuels-myth-students-are-identifying-animals-rcna67304","url_text":"\"Don't identify as human? North Dakota schools don't want you\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410165030/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/north-dakota-bill-fuels-myth-students-are-identifying-animals-rcna67304","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kalish, Lil (January 17, 2024). \"A Republican In This State Wants Animal Services To Remove Furries From Schools\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-justin-humphrey-furries-schools_n_65a84465e4b00bbb446dbc13","url_text":"\"A Republican In This State Wants Animal Services To Remove Furries From Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240118023203/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-justin-humphrey-furries-schools_n_65a84465e4b00bbb446dbc13","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.truthorfiction.com/scott-jensen-heidi-ganahl-furries/","external_links_name":"\"GOP Gubernatorial Hopefuls Regurgitate 'Students Identifying as Cats' Smear - Truth or Fiction?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091727/https://www.truthorfiction.com/scott-jensen-heidi-ganahl-furries/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/03/29/furries-litter-box-nebraska-bostelman/","external_links_name":"\"GOP legislator backtracks on claims students meow, bark, use litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701214359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/03/29/furries-litter-box-nebraska-bostelman/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/03/politics/scott-jennings-minnesota-schools-cat-litter-box/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota GOP nominee for governor claimed kids are using litter boxes in schools – it's an internet hoax\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155001/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/03/politics/scott-jennings-minnesota-schools-cat-litter-box/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/urban-myth-litter-boxes-schools-became-gop-talking-point-rcna51439","external_links_name":"\"How an urban myth about litter boxes in schools became a GOP talking point\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014123357/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/urban-myth-litter-boxes-schools-became-gop-talking-point-rcna51439","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/litter-boxes-bathrooms/","external_links_name":"\"Did a Michigan School District Install Litter Boxes in Bathrooms?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005162337/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/litter-boxes-bathrooms/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.durhamradionews.com/archives/160141","external_links_name":"\"DDSB among boards quashing online rumours litter boxes have been added to washrooms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004171824/https://www.durhamradionews.com/archives/160141","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/no-litter-boxes-in-local-schools/","external_links_name":"\"No litter boxes in local schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230624120148/https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/no-litter-boxes-in-local-schools/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/false-stories-of-litter-boxes-in-pei-schools-meant-to-ridicule-trans-community-advocates-say-100649025/","external_links_name":"\"False stories of litter boxes in P.E.I. schools meant to ridicule trans community, advocates say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008190600/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/false-stories-of-litter-boxes-in-pei-schools-meant-to-ridicule-trans-community-advocates-say-100649025/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.losangelesblade.com/2022/10/31/lgbtq-youth-are-target-of-a-massive-fear-mongering-campaign/","external_links_name":"\"LGBTQ+ youth are target of a massive fear-mongering campaign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209233740/https://www.losangelesblade.com/2022/10/31/lgbtq-youth-are-target-of-a-massive-fear-mongering-campaign/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pensylvania-litter-boxes-1234586647/","external_links_name":"\"Litter Boxes and Election Lies: Marjorie Taylor Greene's Unhinged Trip to the Trump Rally\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135020/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pensylvania-litter-boxes-1234586647/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://michiganadvance.com/2022/02/19/anti-trans-litter-box-rumor-is-harming-our-lgbtq-kids-advocates-say/","external_links_name":"\"Anti-trans litter box rumor is 'harming our LGBTQ+ kids,' advocates say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008160829/https://michiganadvance.com/2022/02/19/anti-trans-litter-box-rumor-is-harming-our-lgbtq-kids-advocates-say/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.them.us/story/conservative-conspiracy-school-litter-box-furries-tucker-carlson-mms","external_links_name":"\"Transphobes Are Worried Schools Are Installing Litterboxes for \"Furry\" Students\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141728/https://www.them.us/story/conservative-conspiracy-school-litter-box-furries-tucker-carlson-mms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ourmidland.com/opinion/voices/article/OPINION-Recent-Midland-furry-scare-is-16800801.php","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Mullin: Recent Midland 'furry' scare is transphobia in disguise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008160827/https://www.ourmidland.com/opinion/voices/article/OPINION-Recent-Midland-furry-scare-is-16800801.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-psb-statement-cats-students-1.6218628","external_links_name":"\"Rumours about students identifying as cats are rooted in hate, says P.E.I. Public Schools Branch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017193743/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-psb-statement-cats-students-1.6218628","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/10/they-are-putting-litter-boxes-in-schools-for-people-who-identify-as-cats-says-boebert-not-true-responds-durango-school-district/49272/","external_links_name":"\"'They Are Putting Litter Boxes in Schools for People Who Identify As Cats,' Says Boebert. 'Not True,' Responds Durango School District\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007045556/https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/10/they-are-putting-litter-boxes-in-schools-for-people-who-identify-as-cats-says-boebert-not-true-responds-durango-school-district/49272/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/09/ganahl-falsely-claims-that-kids-are-identifying-as-cats-all-over-colorado-schools-are-tolerating-it/49051/","external_links_name":"\"Ganahl Falsely Claims That Kids Are 'Identifying as Cats … All Over Colorado & Schools Are Tolerating It'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003235531/https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2022/09/ganahl-falsely-claims-that-kids-are-identifying-as-cats-all-over-colorado-schools-are-tolerating-it/49051/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/29/politics/kfile-republican-nominee-new-hampshire/index.html","external_links_name":"\"GOP New Hampshire Senate nominee repeats hoax that kids are using litter boxes in schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030001638/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/29/politics/kfile-republican-nominee-new-hampshire/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/viral/joe-rogan-litter-box-public-school-restrooms-no-proof/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Rogan (Kinda) Admitted Schools Aren't Installing Litter Boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103024545/https://uproxx.com/viral/joe-rogan-litter-box-public-school-restrooms-no-proof/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/10/joe-rogan-tells-tulsi-gabbard-litter-boxes-school-bathrooms-furries/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Rogan tells Tulsi Gabbard that there are litter boxes in school bathrooms for furries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013220818/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/10/joe-rogan-tells-tulsi-gabbard-litter-boxes-school-bathrooms-furries/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/14/2128959/-OH-Sen-J-D-Vance-R-Demands-Schools-Notify-Parents-If-Their-Kids-Identify-As-Chipmunkst","external_links_name":"\"OH-Sen: J.D. Vance (R) Demands Schools Notify Parents If Their Kids Identify As Chipmunks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015182548/https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/14/2128959/-OH-Sen-J-D-Vance-R-Demands-Schools-Notify-Parents-If-Their-Kids-Identify-As-Chipmunkst","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/kids-who-think-they-are-cats-renfrew-county-schools-dont-have-litter-boxes-for-students-boards-assure-parents","external_links_name":"\"Renfrew County boards squelch bizarre stories about kids using litter boxes at school\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016122141/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/kids-who-think-they-are-cats-renfrew-county-schools-dont-have-litter-boxes-for-students-boards-assure-parents","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/why-republicans-pretend-schools-are-setting-litterboxes-students-n1299399","external_links_name":"\"How a viral hoax about furries became fodder for the GOP's moral panic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007103820/https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/why-republicans-pretend-schools-are-setting-litterboxes-students-n1299399","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/furry-panic-is-the-latest-dumb-gop-attack-on-public-schools","external_links_name":"\"Furry Panic Is the Latest Dumb GOP Attack on Public Schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008190452/https://www.thedailybeast.com/furry-panic-is-the-latest-dumb-gop-attack-on-public-schools","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/a-student-identifies-as-a-cat-how-stunning-and-brave","external_links_name":"\"A student identifies as a cat — how stunning and brave\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220826034957/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/a-student-identifies-as-a-cat-how-stunning-and-brave","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/should-we-provide-litter-boxes-for-people-who-identify-as-cats.html","external_links_name":"\"Op-Ed: Should We Provide Litter Boxes for People Who Identify as Cats?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130623/https://www.christianpost.com/news/should-we-provide-litter-boxes-for-people-who-identify-as-cats.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.them.us/story/conservatives-obsessed-furries-lie-lgbtq-students","external_links_name":"\"Conservatives Are Obsessed With This Lie About Students Identifying as Furries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155333/https://www.them.us/story/conservatives-obsessed-furries-lie-lgbtq-students","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://oursaferschools.co.uk/2021/09/24/furries/","external_links_name":"\"Let's Talk About Furries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141727/https://oursaferschools.co.uk/2021/09/24/furries/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://furscience.com/research-findings/demographics/1-3-sex-and-gender/","external_links_name":"\"1.3 Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113050710/https://furscience.com/research-findings/demographics/1-3-sex-and-gender/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://furscience.com/research-findings/sex-relationships-pornography/5-1-orientation/","external_links_name":"\"5.1 Orientation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113050705/https://furscience.com/research-findings/sex-relationships-pornography/5-1-orientation/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hjnews.com/news/local/folklorist-sky-view-high-school-litter-box-rumor-follows-pattern-of-urban-legends/article_4724dc9c-e0e5-5793-a378-abdf403129d5.html","external_links_name":"\"Folklorist: Sky View High School litter box rumor follows pattern of 'urban legends'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010192215/https://www.hjnews.com/news/local/folklorist-sky-view-high-school-litter-box-rumor-follows-pattern-of-urban-legends/article_4724dc9c-e0e5-5793-a378-abdf403129d5.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/opinion/america-is-being-consumed-by-a-moral-panic-over-trans-people.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | America Is Being Consumed by a Moral Panic Over Trans People\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113050703/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/opinion/america-is-being-consumed-by-a-moral-panic-over-trans-people.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008164411/https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/culture-wars-take-center-stage-in-tudor-dixons-education-proposals.html","external_links_name":"\"Culture wars take center stage in Tudor Dixon's education proposals\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/culture-wars-take-center-stage-in-tudor-dixons-education-proposals.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/trans-athletes-book-bans-how-school-elections-became-political-battlefields.html","external_links_name":"\"Trans athletes, book bans: How school elections became political battlefields\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164058/https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/09/trans-athletes-book-bans-how-school-elections-became-political-battlefields.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/education/2022/09/01/salem-keizer-school-fake-sprague-claim-litter-box-restroom-student-identify-cat-furries-trans-snopes/65466253007/","external_links_name":"\"Did Salem-Keizer allow a student who identifies as a cat to bring a litter box to school?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318011717/https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/education/2022/09/01/salem-keizer-school-fake-sprague-claim-litter-box-restroom-student-identify-cat-furries-trans-snopes/65466253007/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cpr.org/2022/10/20/heidi-ganahl-parents-rights-lgbtq-schools/","external_links_name":"\"How the conservative parents' rights movement — fueled by LGBTQ backlash — is shaping Heidi Ganahl's campaign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030145259/https://www.cpr.org/2022/10/20/heidi-ganahl-parents-rights-lgbtq-schools/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/books/book-ban-us-schools.html","external_links_name":"\"Book Ban Efforts Spread Across the U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220212032230/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/books/book-ban-us-schools.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://patch.com/us/across-america/debunked-school-restroom-litter-box-claims-resurface-new-year","external_links_name":"\"Debunked School Restroom Litter Box Claims Resurface With New Year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005160327/https://patch.com/us/across-america/debunked-school-restroom-litter-box-claims-resurface-new-year","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nrtoday.com/news/education/roseburg-public-schools-responds-to-furry-controversy/article_848c3b10-4041-5a51-8492-f93bc83481eb.html","external_links_name":"\"Roseburg Public Schools responds to 'furry' controversy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007141726/https://www.nrtoday.com/news/education/roseburg-public-schools-responds-to-furry-controversy/article_848c3b10-4041-5a51-8492-f93bc83481eb.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/furry-costume-ban-proposed-by-iredell-statesville-school-board-animal-costumes-north-carolina-dress-code-change-tiktok-viral/275-f47cf769-b3ca-4924-a114-ad292f511d85","external_links_name":"\"'Furry' costume ban proposed by Iredell-Statesville school board\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007153416/https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/furry-costume-ban-proposed-by-iredell-statesville-school-board-animal-costumes-north-carolina-dress-code-change-tiktok-viral/275-f47cf769-b3ca-4924-a114-ad292f511d85","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wlky.com/article/meade-county-schools-students-dressing-acting-like-cats/37395934","external_links_name":"\"Meade County schools deal with unusual situation: Students dressing and acting like cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030232730/https://www.wlky.com/article/meade-county-schools-students-dressing-acting-like-cats/37395934","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/01/30/fact-check-rumor-litter-box-michigan-school-false/9214248002/","external_links_name":"\"Fact check: No, a Michigan public school did not provide litter boxes for students identifying as cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155236/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2022/01/30/fact-check-rumor-litter-box-michigan-school-false/9214248002/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-777442211945","external_links_name":"\"Claim about litter boxes in New York school is unfounded\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010192232/https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-777442211945","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://time.com/5658266/colorado-district-kitty-litter-buckets-lockdowns/","external_links_name":"\"Colorado School District Providing Kitty Litter Buckets for Kids to Use the Bathroom During Lockdowns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221105101740/https://time.com/5658266/colorado-district-kitty-litter-buckets-lockdowns/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.9news.com/article/news/education/jeffco-schools-have-emergency-buckets-where-people-can-pee-during-lockdowns/73-481198424","external_links_name":"\"JeffCo schools have emergency buckets where people can pee during lockdowns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318012449/https://www.9news.com/article/news/education/jeffco-schools-have-emergency-buckets-where-people-can-pee-during-lockdowns/73-481198424","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/2022/10/30/litter-boxes-for-students-in-bathrooms-schools-scramble-to-get-ahead-of-furry-internet-hoax.html","external_links_name":"\"Litter boxes for students in bathrooms? Schools scramble to get ahead of 'furry' internet hoax\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221102154302/https://www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/2022/10/30/litter-boxes-for-students-in-bathrooms-schools-scramble-to-get-ahead-of-furry-internet-hoax.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/6799/","external_links_name":"\"Students in local schools identify as animals but no litter boxes exist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923203429/https://www.eganvilleleader.ca/breaking-news/6799/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013212832/https://petrolialambtonindependent.ca/2022/10/13/lambton-school-trustee-candidate-buys-into-urban-myth-of-students-presenting-as-cats/","external_links_name":"\"Lambton school trustee candidate buys into urban myth of students \"presenting as cats\"\""},{"Link":"https://petrolialambtonindependent.ca/2022/10/13/lambton-school-trustee-candidate-buys-into-urban-myth-of-students-presenting-as-cats/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/communities/there-are-no-human-size-litter-boxes-in-ccrce-schools-100792624/","external_links_name":"\"There are no human-size litter boxes in CCRCE schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108175921/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/communities/there-are-no-human-size-litter-boxes-in-ccrce-schools-100792624/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDrxwMA36qw","external_links_name":"\"Midland Public Schools December 2021 Board of Education Meeting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010034856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDrxwMA36qw","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220831140527/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/23/us/politics/michigan-litter-box-school.html","external_links_name":"\"Litter Boxes for Students Who Identify as Furries? Not So, Says School Official\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/23/us/politics/michigan-litter-box-school.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/10/04/colorado-gop-governor-candidate-latest-to-fall-for-student-furries-hoax-heres-how-many-others-have-been-duped/","external_links_name":"\"Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/19/libs-of-tiktok-right-wing-media/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the woman behind Libs of TikTok, secretly fueling the right's outrage machine\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419162842/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/19/libs-of-tiktok-right-wing-media/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michigan-school-students-litter-boxes-b1999210.html","external_links_name":"\"School district denies wild rumours that litter boxes were given to students who identified as 'furries'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008231615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michigan-school-students-litter-boxes-b1999210.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/houston-texas/article/Round-Rock-ISD-furries-Texas-Michelle-Evans-16807359.php","external_links_name":"\"Texas GOP hopeful claims school district has special tables for 'furries'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221009154958/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/houston-texas/article/Round-Rock-ISD-furries-Texas-Michelle-Evans-16807359.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article257769248.html","external_links_name":"\"Furries eating out of dog bowls at school? Texas district debunks GOP hopeful's claim\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018013724/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article257769248.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/09/carroll-superintendent-no-litter-boxes-in-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Carroll superintendent: No litter boxes in schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192535/https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/09/carroll-superintendent-no-litter-boxes-in-schools/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kcrg.com/2022/02/11/superintendent-denies-rumors-litter-boxes-restrooms-students-who-identify-cats/","external_links_name":"\"Superintendent denies rumors of litter boxes in restrooms for students who 'identify as cats'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192531/https://www.kcrg.com/2022/02/11/superintendent-denies-rumors-litter-boxes-restrooms-students-who-identify-cats/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furryprotocol-wisconsin-idUSL2N2W51FO","external_links_name":"\"Fact Check-Waunakee School District said it does not have a 'furry protocol'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014175841/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furryprotocol-wisconsin-idUSL2N2W51FO","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-815307300834","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin school district does not have 'furry protocol'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202047/https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-815307300834","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kansasreflector.com/2023/02/05/educators-say-attacking-kansas-teachers-is-gop-strategy-to-push-private-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Educators say attacking Kansas teachers is GOP strategy to push private schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227201819/https://kansasreflector.com/2023/02/05/educators-say-attacking-kansas-teachers-is-gop-strategy-to-push-private-schools/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/are-there-furries-in-fargo-moorhead-schools-yes-but-no-litter-boxes","external_links_name":"\"Are there furries in Fargo-Moorhead schools? Yes, but no litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006163935/https://www.inforum.com/news/fargo/are-there-furries-in-fargo-moorhead-schools-yes-but-no-litter-boxes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.idahostatejournal.com/news/local/high-school-principal-says-theres-no-truth-to-rumor-of-litter-boxes-for-student-said/article_8180ae14-4937-5f2f-aa94-1840e7466782.html","external_links_name":"\"High school principal says there's no truth to rumor of litter boxes for student said to self-identify as a cat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005181653/https://www.idahostatejournal.com/news/local/high-school-principal-says-theres-no-truth-to-rumor-of-litter-boxes-for-student-said/article_8180ae14-4937-5f2f-aa94-1840e7466782.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/Fact-Check-Fake-Indiana-School-Email-109748870442","external_links_name":"\"Post about Indiana school's 'otherkin' policy is satirical\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192534/https://apnews.com/article/Fact-Check-Fake-Indiana-School-Email-109748870442","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kokomotribune.com/news/school_news/fake-post-about-litter-boxes-at-khs-goes-viral/article_c4ef1e90-c7f5-11ec-b3d6-efb04e5e684c.html","external_links_name":"\"Fake post about litter boxes at KHS goes viral\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192527/https://www.kokomotribune.com/news/school_news/fake-post-about-litter-boxes-at-khs-goes-viral/article_c4ef1e90-c7f5-11ec-b3d6-efb04e5e684c.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://minnesotareformer.com/briefs/republicans-falsely-claim-schools-are-providing-litter-boxes-for-students-identifying-as-cats/","external_links_name":"\"Republicans falsely claim schools are providing litter boxes for students identifying as cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220428183533/https://minnesotareformer.com/briefs/republicans-falsely-claim-schools-are-providing-litter-boxes-for-students-identifying-as-cats/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/nebraska-lincoln-316c87249779706d6d78b58641c4a75e","external_links_name":"\"Nebraska lawmaker apologizes for debunked litter box claim\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013111646/https://apnews.com/article/nebraska-lincoln-316c87249779706d6d78b58641c4a75e","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/03/29/bruce-bostelman-furries-litter-box-school-nebraska/","external_links_name":"\"Republican senator apologises for pedalling 'ugly' rumour about furries and litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905192526/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/03/29/bruce-bostelman-furries-litter-box-school-nebraska/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fox23maine.com/no-maine-students-arent-using-litter-boxes-in-school-misinformation-brewer-school-department-tiktok-false-allegations-furries","external_links_name":"\"No, Maine students aren't using litter boxes in school\""},{"Link":"https://muddyrivernews.com/noteworthy/hannibal-school-board-adopts-vaping-policy-and-learns-its-school-restrooms-are-furry-free/20220616064326/","external_links_name":"\"Hannibal School Board adopts vaping policy and learns its school restrooms are furry-free\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015182548/https://muddyrivernews.com/noteworthy/hannibal-school-board-adopts-vaping-policy-and-learns-its-school-restrooms-are-furry-free/20220616064326/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bhpioneer.com/local_news/meade-schools-won-t-have-litter-boxes/article_8459b340-06e3-11ed-b45b-fb8a8a7c426e.html","external_links_name":"\"Meade schools won't have litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220722062142/https://www.bhpioneer.com/local_news/meade-schools-won-t-have-litter-boxes/article_8459b340-06e3-11ed-b45b-fb8a8a7c426e.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pressherald.com/2022/10/13/congressional-candidate-touted-debunked-myths-but-now-says-it-was-a-mistake/","external_links_name":"\"Congressional candidate touted debunked myths, but now says it was a mistake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221017211518/https://www.pressherald.com/2022/10/13/congressional-candidate-touted-debunked-myths-but-now-says-it-was-a-mistake/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/education/article264612386.html","external_links_name":"\"Fact check: No, Horry schools did not provide litter boxes for students who identify as cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220906224546/https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/education/article264612386.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/us-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pennsylvania-b2159381.html","external_links_name":"\"Marjorie Taylor Greene spouts debunked right-wing conspiracies at Pennsylvania rally\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015030915/https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/us-news/marjorie-taylor-greene-trump-pennsylvania-b2159381.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2022/10/04/colorado-schools-heidi-ganahl-students-cat-claims/","external_links_name":"\"\"Incredibly frustrating\": Colorado schools reject Ganahl's claims that students identify as cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221010134701/https://www.denverpost.com/2022/10/04/colorado-schools-heidi-ganahl-students-cat-claims/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gjsentinel.com/opinion/columns/fuzzy-logic-about-furries/article_37a106b4-469b-11ed-a908-af54faeb4c4c.html","external_links_name":"\"Fuzzy logic about 'furries'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013194054/https://www.gjsentinel.com/opinion/columns/fuzzy-logic-about-furries/article_37a106b4-469b-11ed-a908-af54faeb4c4c.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://columbusunderground.com/ohio-board-of-education-delays-vote-on-anti-lgbtq-resolution-bf1/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio Board of Education Delays Vote on Anti LGBTQ+ Resolution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005161152/https://columbusunderground.com/ohio-board-of-education-delays-vote-on-anti-lgbtq-resolution-bf1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newschannel5.com/news/tennessee-school-officials-no-we-did-not-give-litter-boxes-to-students-identifying-as-furries","external_links_name":"\"Tennessee school officials: No, we did not give litter boxes to students identifying as furries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121721/https://www.newschannel5.com/news/tennessee-school-officials-no-we-did-not-give-litter-boxes-to-students-identifying-as-furries","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independentri.com/news/article_49b0cf14-3472-11ed-a5ff-af8bbc2c999f.html","external_links_name":"\"NK school officials deny claims of litter boxes in schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141254/https://www.independentri.com/news/article_49b0cf14-3472-11ed-a5ff-af8bbc2c999f.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2022/09/28/school-districts-address-rumors-students-using-litter-boxes-behaving-like-cats/","external_links_name":"\"School districts address 'false rumors' of students using litter boxes, behaving like cats\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtae.com/article/principals-respond-after-kitty-litter-hoax-hits-school-district-in-indiana-county/41240014","external_links_name":"\"Principals respond after 'kitty litter' hoax hits school district in Indiana County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221009202525/https://www.wtae.com/article/principals-respond-after-kitty-litter-hoax-hits-school-district-in-indiana-county/41240014","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230922142822/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/politics/scott-jensen-repeats-false-rumor-about-litter-boxes-in-schools/89-f3f72174-db76-441b-95a3-9e73f4c239d0","external_links_name":"\"Scott Jensen repeats debunked claim about litter boxes in schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.kare11.com/article/news/politics/scott-jensen-repeats-false-rumor-about-litter-boxes-in-schools/89-f3f72174-db76-441b-95a3-9e73f4c239d0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/scott-jensen-repeats-right-wing-hoax-about-cat-litter-in-schools","external_links_name":"\"Scott Jensen repeats right-wing hoax about cat litter in schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006130401/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/scott-jensen-repeats-right-wing-hoax-about-cat-litter-in-schools","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/catalinalauf/status/1577001851698155520","external_links_name":"\"Replying to @KFILEAndrew — with all due respect, this is not a hoax and is happening in schools in Illinois, too\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005060757/https://twitter.com/catalinalauf/status/1577001851698155520","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20221005/republican-congressional-candidate-lauf-stands-by-debunked-claim-about-schools-and-litter-boxes","external_links_name":"\"Republican congressional candidate Lauf stands by debunked claim about schools and litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221127153212/https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20221005/republican-congressional-candidate-lauf-stands-by-debunked-claim-about-schools-and-litter-boxes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-lauren-boebert-colorado-poll-close-race-20221005-t5qxxpseibfdrmmqkpkpkwoqua-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Lauren Boebert not a shoo-in for November race: poll\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012195711/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-lauren-boebert-colorado-poll-close-race-20221005-t5qxxpseibfdrmmqkpkpkwoqua-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://myfox8.com/news/north-carolina/north-carolina-school-district-discussing-furry-ban-amid-hoax-calls-about-students-dressing-as-animals/","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina school district discussing 'furry' ban amid hoax calls about students dressing as animals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221012111813/https://myfox8.com/news/north-carolina/north-carolina-school-district-discussing-furry-ban-amid-hoax-calls-about-students-dressing-as-animals/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article267609037.html","external_links_name":"\"Fact check: Are there litter boxes in NC schools for students dressed as furries?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109221901/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article267609037.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-rogan-litterbox/fact-check-no-evidence-of-schools-accommodating-furries-with-litter-boxes-idUSL1N31J1KT","external_links_name":"\"Fact Check-No evidence of schools accommodating 'furries' with litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024230545/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-rogan-litterbox/fact-check-no-evidence-of-schools-accommodating-furries-with-litter-boxes-idUSL1N31J1KT","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://heartlandsignal.com/2022/10/26/ron-johnson-goes-on-transphobic-rant-says-trans-teens-think-weird-things-and-are-going-through-phases/","external_links_name":"\"Ron Johnson goes on transphobic rant, says trans teens 'think weird things' and are going through 'phases'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028165108/https://heartlandsignal.com/2022/10/26/ron-johnson-goes-on-transphobic-rant-says-trans-teens-think-weird-things-and-are-going-through-phases/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/11/02/new-hampshire-senate-hassan-bolduc-debate-election/10607547002/","external_links_name":"\"New Hampshire Senate race: Maggie Hassan, Don Bolduc debate abortion, inflation, energy - recap\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103155432/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/11/02/new-hampshire-senate-hassan-bolduc-debate-election/10607547002/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/11/04/nation/nh-school-officials-push-back-after-bolduc-repeats-hoax-about-kids-using-litter-boxes/","external_links_name":"\"N.H. school officials push back after Bolduc repeats hoax about kids using litter boxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221110192420/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/11/04/nation/nh-school-officials-push-back-after-bolduc-repeats-hoax-about-kids-using-litter-boxes/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/education/article268151602.html","external_links_name":"\"Fact check: Do SLO County schools have litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221102020004/https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/education/article268151602.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/04/joe-rogan-school-litter-boxes-kids-furries-gender","external_links_name":"\"Joe Rogan admits schools don't have litter boxes for kids who 'identify' as furries: Podcast host had amplified debunked claim about furries spread by Republican politicians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221104182044/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/04/joe-rogan-school-litter-boxes-kids-furries-gender","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.journalgazette.net/local/indiana/statehouse/rep-bob-morris-cites-litter-box-myth-in-school-board-endorsement/article_a5c339ca-5b02-11ed-ba2b-e3f98fe50db1.html","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Bob Morris cites 'litter box' myth in school board endorsement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103085359/https://www.journalgazette.net/local/indiana/statehouse/rep-bob-morris-cites-litter-box-myth-in-school-board-endorsement/article_a5c339ca-5b02-11ed-ba2b-e3f98fe50db1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-school-superintendent-candidate-cat-litter_n_6365ccabe4b05f221e7a23d1","external_links_name":"\"Man Who Wants To Run Oklahoma's Schools Buys Into Bogus 'Cat Litter' Conspiracy Theory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410165715/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-school-superintendent-candidate-cat-litter_n_6365ccabe4b05f221e7a23d1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/sports/tony-dungy-apologizes-again-tweet-litter-box-claims","external_links_name":"\"Tony Dungy apologizes again for tweet about litter box claims\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230214175335/https://www.foxnews.com/sports/tony-dungy-apologizes-again-tweet-litter-box-claims","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2023/01/19/ex-indianapolis-colts-coach-tony-dungy-deletes-cat-litter-tweet/69820624007/","external_links_name":"\"Tony Dungy deletes controversial cat litter tweet after backlash, outrage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150435/https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2023/01/19/ex-indianapolis-colts-coach-tony-dungy-deletes-cat-litter-tweet/69820624007/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/fox-news-chief-legal-correspondent-shannon-bream-pushes-school-litter-box-hoax","external_links_name":"\"Fox's Chief Legal Correspondent Pushes Wacky School 'Litter Box' Hoax\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230824220242/https://www.thedailybeast.com/fox-news-chief-legal-correspondent-shannon-bream-pushes-school-litter-box-hoax","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.stv.tv/north/claims-banff-academy-pupils-are-identifying-as-cats-branded-false-rumours-by-aberdeenshire-council","external_links_name":"\"Claims pupils identifying as cats at school branded 'false rumours'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213223432/https://news.stv.tv/north/claims-banff-academy-pupils-are-identifying-as-cats-branded-false-rumours-by-aberdeenshire-council","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-67377626","external_links_name":"\"Cat litter for pupils rumour denied by school in letter\""},{"Link":"https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/08-06-2023/no-whangarei-girls-high-school-students-are-not-identifying-as-cats","external_links_name":"\"No, Whangārei Girls High School students are not identifying as cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207223119/https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/08-06-2023/no-whangarei-girls-high-school-students-are-not-identifying-as-cats","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.9XB2AG","external_links_name":"\"Michigan school not providing litter box for students identifying as cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221018131601/https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.9XB2AG","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/apr/08/facebook-posts/claim-about-schools-providing-litter-boxes-student/","external_links_name":"\"Claim about schools providing litter boxes for students debunked in several states\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003212617/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/apr/08/facebook-posts/claim-about-schools-providing-litter-boxes-student/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-school-idUSL1N2YN1O2","external_links_name":"\"Fact Check-No evidence that U.S. schoolchildren are self-identifying as animals and disrupting classrooms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220723044446/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-furries-school-idUSL1N2YN1O2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thebulwark.com/furrygate-a-litterbox-of-lies/","external_links_name":"\"Furrygate: A Litterbox of Lies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025072041/https://www.thebulwark.com/furrygate-a-litterbox-of-lies/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2022/10/21/23415150/classroom-furries-sexual-abuse-myths-rumors-right-wing","external_links_name":"\"School litter boxes, cat translators and other myths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025142555/https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2022/10/21/23415150/classroom-furries-sexual-abuse-myths-rumors-right-wing","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://reason.com/2022/03/29/no-schools-arent-accommodating-students-who-identify-as-animals/","external_links_name":"\"No, Schools Aren't Accommodating Students Who Identify as Animals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905194442/https://reason.com/2022/03/29/no-schools-arent-accommodating-students-who-identify-as-animals/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/opinion/furries-culture-war.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | Why Are Seemingly Functional Adults Falling for the 'Furries' Myth?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008100927/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/opinion/furries-culture-war.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2022/01/26/school-boss-debunks-rumor-that-they-provided-kitty-litter-for-furries/","external_links_name":"\"School district denies litter boxes for students identifying as 'furries'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015185930/https://nypost.com/2022/01/26/school-boss-debunks-rumor-that-they-provided-kitty-litter-for-furries/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.6newsau.com/post/herald-sun-story-about-schoolgirl-identifying-as-a-cat-goes-viral-but-lacks-evidence","external_links_name":"\"Herald Sun story about schoolgirl identifying as a cat goes viral but lacks evidence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221107154345/https://www.6newsau.com/post/herald-sun-story-about-schoolgirl-identifying-as-a-cat-goes-viral-but-lacks-evidence","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tucson.com/opinion/local/local-opinion-kids-get-schooled-in-politics/article_6071348c-33aa-11ed-a6de-1fef77a16bd6.html","external_links_name":"\"Local Opinion: Kids get schooled in politics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006202717/https://tucson.com/opinion/local/local-opinion-kids-get-schooled-in-politics/article_6071348c-33aa-11ed-a6de-1fef77a16bd6.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/14/silly-school-litter-box-rumors-front-a-darker-agenda/","external_links_name":"\"Silly school litter box rumors front a darker agenda\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004175219/https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2022/02/14/silly-school-litter-box-rumors-front-a-darker-agenda/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.com/staff-columnists/school-litter-box-fever-will-not-die-in-iowa/","external_links_name":"\"School litter box fever will not die in Iowa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005071156/https://www.thegazette.com/staff-columnists/school-litter-box-fever-will-not-die-in-iowa/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/icymi-nbc-20-politicians-promote-bizarre-claim-that-youth-are-identifying-as-cats","external_links_name":"\"ICYMI – NBC: 20+ Politicians Promote Bizarre Claim That Youth Are Identifying as Cats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015020453/https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/icymi-nbc-20-politicians-promote-bizarre-claim-that-youth-are-identifying-as-cats","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/10/03/jensen-spreads-false-rumor-about-minnesotas-lgbtq-youth","external_links_name":"\"Jensen spreads false rumor about Minnesota's LGBTQ+ youth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006211129/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/10/03/jensen-spreads-false-rumor-about-minnesotas-lgbtq-youth","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://damascusdropbear.com.au/school-installs-litter-boxes-and-promises-more-cat-friendly-policies-after-increase-in-feline-identifying-students/","external_links_name":"\"School installs litter boxes and promises more cat-friendly policies after increase in 'feline-identifying' students\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020205838/https://damascusdropbear.com.au/school-installs-litter-boxes-and-promises-more-cat-friendly-policies-after-increase-in-feline-identifying-students/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-oliver-trans-rights_n_634d1112e4b04cf8f37a403f","external_links_name":"\"John Oliver Exposes GOP's Most 'Heartbreakingly Stupid' Anti-Trans Talking Point\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019230211/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-oliver-trans-rights_n_634d1112e4b04cf8f37a403f","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/dec/15/debunking-rebuttals-didnt-stop-claim-about-litter/","external_links_name":"\"Debunking, rebuttals didn't stop claim about litter boxes in schools from spreading before midterms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105210450/https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/dec/15/debunking-rebuttals-didnt-stop-claim-about-litter/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/11/12/these-candidates-pushed-2022s-dumbest-conspiracy-schoolkids-using-litter-boxes-and-many-but-not-all-lost-big/?sh=50d7721f7c08","external_links_name":"\"These Candidates Pushed 2022's Dumbest Conspiracy—Schoolkids Using Litter Boxes—And Many (But Not All) Lost Big\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230409232639/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/11/12/these-candidates-pushed-2022s-dumbest-conspiracy-schoolkids-using-litter-boxes-and-many-but-not-all-lost-big/?sh=50d7721f7c08","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://people.com/politics/republican-lindsey-graham-says-midterm-elections-definitely-not-a-red-wave/","external_links_name":"\"Lindsey Graham Says Midterm Elections Are 'Definitely Not a Republican Wave, That's for Darn Sure'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109055701/https://people.com/politics/republican-lindsey-graham-says-midterm-elections-definitely-not-a-red-wave/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/north-dakota-bill-fuels-myth-students-are-identifying-animals-rcna67304","external_links_name":"\"Don't identify as human? North Dakota schools don't want you\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410165030/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/north-dakota-bill-fuels-myth-students-are-identifying-animals-rcna67304","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-justin-humphrey-furries-schools_n_65a84465e4b00bbb446dbc13","external_links_name":"\"A Republican In This State Wants Animal Services To Remove Furries From Schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240118023203/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oklahoma-justin-humphrey-furries-schools_n_65a84465e4b00bbb446dbc13","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/2014/12/10/7362321/9-questions-about-furries-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask","external_links_name":"9 questions about furries you were too embarrassed to ask"},{"Link":"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/05/furries-republicans-lgbtq-midterms-schools.html","external_links_name":"Fur-mongering: Fake news about children 'identifying' as animals is the latest stunt being pushed by so-called parental rights advocates"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/10/04/colorado-gop-governor-candidate-latest-to-fall-for-student-furries-hoax-heres-how-many-others-have-been-duped/?sh=5dbbc2011224","external_links_name":"Colorado GOP Governor Candidate Latest To Fall For Student 'Furries' Hoax—Here's How Many Others Have Been Duped"},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a41657751/litter-box-schools-rumors-false/","external_links_name":"The 'Litter Box in Schools' Lie Is a Litmus Test for Idiots"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/what-are-furries-debunking-myths-about-kids-identifying-as-animals-and-litter-boxes-in-schools-193908","external_links_name":"What are 'furries?' Debunking myths about kids identifying as animals, and litter boxes in schools"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_C5-03
Nokia C5-03
["1 Hardware","2 References"]
Cell phone model This article is written like a manual or guide. Please help rewrite this article and remove advice or instruction. (February 2024) Nokia C5-03ManufacturerNokiaCompatible networksGSM, EGPRS, WCDMA, HSDPA, A-GPSPredecessorNokia 5230Nokia 5233Nokia 5250SuccessorNokia 500Nokia Asha 311RelatedNokia 5800, Nokia C6-01Form factorCandybarDimensions105.8 x 51 x 13.8 mmMass93gOperating systemSymbian OS 9.4 + S60 platform 5th Edition (s60v5) (the newer Symbian3 OS was already available when the mobile was announced in October 2010)CPUARM11 @ 600 MhzMemory40 MB User Storage, 128 MB SDRAM, 256 MB NANDRemovable storagemax. 16 GB microSDHC (32 GB unofficial), 8 GB card includedBatteryBL-4U (3.7V 1000mAh); 2 mm charging connectorDisplaynHD 640 x 360 pixels, 3.2 inch 16:9 widescreen, (16.7 million colours) transmissive LCD technologyMediaAAC, AAC+, eAAC+, MP3, MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 2 VGA / H.264 QVGA), M4A, WMA, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, Mobile XMF, SP-MIDI, MIDI Tones (poly 64), RealAudio 7,8,10, True tones, WAV, but not Ogg files.Rear camera5.0 Megapixels, Video resolution: 640x352, 15fpsFront cameraNo dual cameraConnectivityBluetooth 2.0 (EDR/A2DP), WLAN (802.11 b/g), MicroUSB 2.0; 3.5 mm headphone and video-out jackData inputsTouchscreen with Nokia Dynamic Intelligent Layouts, accelerometer The Nokia C5-03 is a budget resistive touchscreen smartphone with WLAN from the Cseries that was released in December 2010. The phone has Shazam music identification software and social networking software included or available for download. It has Assisted GPS, and Ovi Maps 3.0 integrated. Hardware CPU 600 MHz ARM11 processor (ARM v6 architecture) Storage 40 MB storage, 128 MB RAM Technical Specs Developer Platform S60 5th Edition Operating System Symbian OS v9.4 Screen Resolution 360 x 640 pixels Development Frameworks Qt, Web Runtime, Java, Symbian C++, Flash, Open C/C++ Screen Resolution 360 x 640 pixels Screen Color Depth 24 bits Screen Size 3.2 inches Display Technology LCD transmissive Device Size 105.8 x 51 x 13.8 mm Volume 65 cc Weight 93 g Display Touch Technology Resistive Single-Touch Input Method Touch Screen Other Keys Call Creation Key, Call Termination Key, Lock Switch, Menu Key, Volume Keys Frequency Bands GSM 1800, GSM 1900, GSM 850, GSM 900, WCDMA Band I (2100), WCDMA Band II (1900), WCDMA Band VIII (900) Data Bearers Dual Transfer Mode (MSC 32), EDGE Class B, GPRS, HSDPA Cat9 10.2 Mbit/s, HSUPA Cat5 2.0 Mbit/s, WLAN IEEE 802.11 b/g Regional Availability Brazil, China, Eurasia, Europe, India, Latin America, Middle East, North America, SEAP CPU Count Single CPU CPU Type ARM 11 CPU Clock Rate 600 MHz Notes 1 Qt content can be published to Ovi Store. Extra Features Accelerometer sensor, Flight Mode, Firmware over the Air (FOTA), Nokia Maps 3.0, Nokia Music, Nokia Store, Ovi Contacts, software updates, themes Positioning A-GPS, GPS References Nokia C5-03 刷机说明 ^ "mobile articles on Engadget". Engadget. ^ a b "Device Details -- Nokia C5-03". Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ "QHD" – via The Free Dictionary. ^ a b "The latest Nokia phones and accessories – Nokia Phones US". europe.nokia.com. vteTouch-screen Symbian phonesSymbian^1 models(S60 5.0) 5230 5233 5250 5530 XpressMusic 5800 XpressMusic C5-03 C6-00 N97 N97 Mini X6 i8910 Omnia HD Satio Vivaz Vivaz Pro Symbian^3 models(S60 5.2) C6-01 C7-00 C7 Astound E7-00 N8 Symbian Anna models(S60 5.2) 500 E6 X7-00 Symbian Belle models(S60 5.3) 600 603 700 701 Symbian Belle FP1 models(S60 5.4) 808 PureView Device manufacturers Fujitsu Nokia Samsung Sharp Sony Ericsson Related Comparison of Symbian devices MOAP S60 Symbian Foundation Symbian Software UIQ
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"resistive touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive_touchscreen"},{"link_name":"smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"WLAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLAN"},{"link_name":"Cseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Cseries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nokia.com1-4"},{"link_name":"Shazam music identification software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)"},{"link_name":"Assisted GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GPS"},{"link_name":"Ovi Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovi_Maps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nokia.com1-4"}],"text":"The Nokia C5-03 is a budget resistive touchscreen smartphone with WLAN from the Cseries that was released in December 2010.[4] The phone has Shazam music identification software and social networking software included or available for download.It has Assisted GPS, and Ovi Maps 3.0 integrated.[4]","title":"Nokia C5-03"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hardware"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"mobile articles on Engadget\". Engadget.","urls":[{"url":"http://mobile.engadget.com/2010/10/15/nokia-c5-03-end-of-the-year-170-runs-symbian-1-for-some-reas/","url_text":"\"mobile articles on Engadget\""}]},{"reference":"\"Device Details -- Nokia C5-03\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101018055433/http://www.forum.nokia.com/Devices/Device_specifications/C5-03/","url_text":"\"Device Details -- Nokia C5-03\""},{"url":"http://www.forum.nokia.com/Devices/Device_specifications/C5-03/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"QHD\" – via The Free Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/QHD","url_text":"\"QHD\""}]},{"reference":"\"The latest Nokia phones and accessories – Nokia Phones US\". europe.nokia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://europe.nokia.com/find-products/devices/nokia-c5-03/specifications","url_text":"\"The latest Nokia phones and accessories – Nokia Phones US\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nokia_C5-03&action=edit","external_links_name":"rewrite this article"},{"Link":"http://yousingdog.blogspot.com/2013/02/nokia-c5-03_16.html","external_links_name":"Nokia C5-03 刷机说明"},{"Link":"http://mobile.engadget.com/2010/10/15/nokia-c5-03-end-of-the-year-170-runs-symbian-1-for-some-reas/","external_links_name":"\"mobile articles on Engadget\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101018055433/http://www.forum.nokia.com/Devices/Device_specifications/C5-03/","external_links_name":"\"Device Details -- Nokia C5-03\""},{"Link":"http://www.forum.nokia.com/Devices/Device_specifications/C5-03/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/QHD","external_links_name":"\"QHD\""},{"Link":"http://europe.nokia.com/find-products/devices/nokia-c5-03/specifications","external_links_name":"\"The latest Nokia phones and accessories – Nokia Phones US\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex
Adrenal cortex
["1 Layers","1.1 Zona glomerulosa","1.2 Zona fasciculata","1.3 Zona reticularis","2 Hormone synthesis","3 Production","3.1 Mineralocorticoids","3.2 Glucocorticoids","3.3 Androgens","4 Pathology","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Cortex of the adrenal gland Adrenal cortexLayers of cortexDetailsPrecursorMesodermIdentifiersLatincortex glandulae suprarenalisMeSHD000302TA98A11.5.00.007 A13.2.03.005TA23881FMA15632Anatomical terminology The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of the adrenal gland. It is divided into three separate zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Each zone is responsible for producing specific hormones. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Layers The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic zonation can be appreciated at the microscopic level, where each zone can be recognized and distinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics. Zona glomerulosa The outermost layer, the zona glomerulosa is the main site for the production of aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid. The synthesis and secretion of aldosterone are mainly regulated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. The zona glomerulosa cells express a specific enzyme aldosterone synthase (also known as CYP11B2). Aldosterone is largely responsible for the long-term regulation of blood pressure. Aldosterone's effects are on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney where it causes increased reabsorption of sodium and increased excretion of both potassium (by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct). Sodium retention is also a response of the distal colon, and sweat glands to aldosterone receptor stimulation. Although sustained production of aldosterone requires persistent calcium entry through low-voltage activated Ca2+ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca2+ channels entry. The secretion of aldosterone is also stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The cells of the zona glomerulosa do not express 11β-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase. This is the reason zona glomerulosa cannot synthesize cortisol, corticosterone or sex hormones (androgens). The expression of neuron-specific proteins in the zona glomerulosa cells of human adrenocortical tissues has been predicted and reported by several authors and it was suggested that the expression of proteins like the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the cells of the zona glomerulosa reflects the regenerative feature of these cells, which would lose NCAM immunoreactivity after moving to the zona fasciculata. However, together with other data on neuroendocrine properties of zona glomerulosa cells, NCAM expression may reflect a neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells. Zona fasciculata Situated between the glomerulosa and reticularis, the cells of the zona fasciculata synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids (such as 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol), as well as small amounts of adrenal androgens and estrogens. The zona fasciculata has more 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity than the zona reticularis. Therefore, the zona fasciculata makes more 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol. The major hormone that stimulates cortisol secretion in humans is the ACTH that is released from the anterior pituitary. It has been shown that the steroidogenic capacity of the zona fasciculata increases during illness in infants. Zona reticularis The inner most cortical layer, the zona reticularis produces adrenal androgens, as well as small amounts of estrogens and some glucocorticoids. The zona reticularis has more of the cofactors required for the 17,20-lyase activity of 17α-hydroxylase than zona fasciculata. Therefore, the zona reticularis makes more androgens, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (the precursor to testosterone) in humans. The secretion of DHEAS is also stimulated by ACTH. Hormone synthesis Adrenal steroid pathways The precursor of steroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex is cholesterol that is stored in vesicles. Cholesterol can be synthesized de novo in the adrenal cortex. Yet, the major source of cholesterol appears to be cholesterol that is taken up with circulating lipoproteins. The steps up to this point occur in many steroid-producing tissues. Subsequent steps to generate aldosterone and cortisol, however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex: Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycorticosterone → (two further hydroxylations at C11 and C18) → Aldosterone Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C17) → 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycortisol → (hydroxylation at C11) → Cortisol Adrenal steroid hormone synthesis steps Production The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids Main article: Mineralocorticoids The primary mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, is produced in the adrenocortical zona glomerulosa by the action of the enzyme aldosterone synthase (also known as CYP11B2). Aldosterone is largely responsible for the long-term regulation of blood pressure. Aldosterone effects on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney where it causes increased reabsorption of sodium and increased excretion of both potassium (by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct). Sodium retention is also a response of the distal colon, and sweat glands to aldosterone receptor stimulation. Although sustained production of aldosterone requires persistent calcium entry through low-voltage activated Ca2+ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca2+ channels entry. Glucocorticoids Main article: Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids are produced mainly in the zona fasciculata. The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland is cortisol in humans and corticosterone in many other animals. Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Androgens Main article: Androgens They are produced mainly in the zona reticularis. The most important androgens include: Testosterone: a hormone with a wide variety of effects, ranging from enhancing muscle mass and stimulation of cell growth to the development of the secondary sex characteristics. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors. Androstenedione (Andro): an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone. The reticularis also produces DHEA-sulfate due to the actions of a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. Pathology Pathology of adrenal cortex Adrenal insufficiency (e.g. due to Addison's disease) Cushing's syndrome Cushing's disease Conn's syndrome Adrenocortical carcinoma See also Adrenarche Adrenopause References ^ "Embryology of the adrenal gland". Retrieved 2007-12-11. ^ Anatomy Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 – "Adrenal Gland" ^ Whitehead, Saffron A.; Nussey, Stephen (2001). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: BIOS. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-85996-252-7. ^ a b Curnow KM, Tusie-Luna MT, Pascoe L, et al. (October 1991). "The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (10): 1513–22. doi:10.1210/mend-5-10-1513. PMID 1775135. ^ a b Zhou M, Gomez-Sanchez CE (July 1993). "Cloning and expression of a rat cytochrome P-450 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) cDNA variant". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 (1): 112–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1792. PMID 8333830. ^ a b c d Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology 9th edition, chapter:16, page:629, question number:14 ^ a b Hu C, Rusin CG, Tan Z, Guagliardo NA, Barrett PQ (June 2012). "Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic electrical oscillators". J. Clin. Invest. 122 (6): 2046–53. doi:10.1172/JCI61996. PMC 3966877. PMID 22546854. ^ a b c d Hanukoglu A, Fried D, Nakash I, Hanukoglu I (Nov 1995). "Selective increases in adrenal steroidogenic capacity during acute respiratory disease in infants". Eur J Endocrinol. 133 (5): 552–6. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1330552. PMID 7581984. S2CID 44439040. ^ a b c d e Barrett, Kim E. (2019). Ganong's review of medical physiology. Susan M. Barman, Heddwen L. Brooks, Jason X.-J. Yuan, William F. Preceded by: Ganong (26th ed.). . p. 337. ISBN 9781260122404. OCLC 1076268769.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Hilbers U (1998). "Neuroendocrine properties of adrenocortical cells". Horm. Metab. Res. 30 (6–7): 436–9. doi:10.1055/s-2007-978911. PMID 9694576. S2CID 260169208. ^ Lefebvre H, Cartier D, Duparc C, et al. (March 2002). "Characterization of serotonin(4) receptors in adrenocortical aldosterone-producing adenomas: in vivo and in vitro studies". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (3): 1211–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8327. PMID 11889190. ^ Ye P, Mariniello B, Mantero F, Shibata H, Rainey WE (October 2007). "G-protein-coupled receptors in aldosterone-producing adenomas: a potential cause of hyperaldosteronism". J. Endocrinol. 195 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1677/JOE-07-0037. PMID 17911395. ^ Haidan A, Bornstein SR, Glasow A, Uhlmann K, Lübke C, Ehrhart-Bornstein M (February 1998). "Basal steroidogenic activity of adrenocortical cells is increased 10-fold by coculture with chromaffin cells". Endocrinology. 139 (2): 772–80. doi:10.1210/endo.139.2.5740. PMID 9449652. ^ a b Hall, John E. (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Michael E. Hall (14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 956. ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8. OCLC 1129099861.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ London E, Wassif CA, Horvath A, Tatsi C, Angelousi A, Karageorgiadis AS, Porter FD, Stratakis CA (2015). "Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Cortisol-Producing Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100 (10): 3660–7. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2212. PMC 4596036. PMID 26204136. ^ Rainey WE, Nakamura Y (February 2008). "Regulation of the adrenal androgen biosynthesis". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 108 (3–5): 281–6. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.015. PMC 2699571. PMID 17945481. External links Anatomy photo:40:04-0203 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands" MedicalMnemonics.com: 180 2201 412 Histology image: 14502loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University vteAnatomy of the endocrine systemPituitary glandAnterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal glandCortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions Authority control databases National Czech Republic Other Terminologia Anatomica 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adrenal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"},{"link_name":"zona glomerulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa"},{"link_name":"zona fasciculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata"},{"link_name":"zona reticularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis"},{"link_name":"androgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of the adrenal gland. It is divided into three separate zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Each zone is responsible for producing specific hormones. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis.[2]","title":"Adrenal cortex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitehead-3"}],"text":"The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic zonation can be appreciated at the microscopic level, where each zone can be recognized and distinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics.[3]","title":"Layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zona glomerulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa"},{"link_name":"aldosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone"},{"link_name":"mineralocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid"},{"link_name":"renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin%E2%80%93aldosterone_system"},{"link_name":"aldosterone synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase"},{"link_name":"CYP11B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1775135-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8333830-5"},{"link_name":"regulation of blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marieb-6"},{"link_name":"Aldosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone"},{"link_name":"distal convoluted tubule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule"},{"link_name":"collecting duct of the kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_duct_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marieb-6"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"Ca2+ channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"Ca2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22546854-7"},{"link_name":"adrenocorticotropic hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995-Hanukoglu-A-8"},{"link_name":"11β-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_11%CE%B2-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"17α-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%CE%B1-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"corticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone"},{"link_name":"androgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9694576-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11889190-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17911395-12"},{"link_name":"neuronal cell adhesion molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_cell_adhesion_molecule"},{"link_name":"zona fasciculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9694576-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9449652-13"},{"link_name":"neuroendocrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9694576-10"}],"sub_title":"Zona glomerulosa","text":"The outermost layer, the zona glomerulosa is the main site for the production of aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid. The synthesis and secretion of aldosterone are mainly regulated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. The zona glomerulosa cells express a specific enzyme aldosterone synthase (also known as CYP11B2).[4][5] Aldosterone is largely responsible for the long-term regulation of blood pressure.[6] Aldosterone's effects are on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney where it causes increased reabsorption of sodium and increased excretion of both potassium (by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct).[6] Sodium retention is also a response of the distal colon, and sweat glands to aldosterone receptor stimulation. Although sustained production of aldosterone requires persistent calcium entry through low-voltage activated Ca2+ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca2+ channels entry.[7]The secretion of aldosterone is also stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).[8]The cells of the zona glomerulosa do not express 11β-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase. This is the reason zona glomerulosa cannot synthesize cortisol, corticosterone or sex hormones (androgens).[9]\nThe expression of neuron-specific proteins in the zona glomerulosa cells of human adrenocortical tissues has been predicted and reported by several authors[10][11][12] and it was suggested that the expression of proteins like the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the cells of the zona glomerulosa reflects the regenerative feature of these cells, which would lose NCAM immunoreactivity after moving to the zona fasciculata.[10][13] However, together with other data on neuroendocrine properties of zona glomerulosa cells, NCAM expression may reflect a neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells.[10]","title":"Layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zona fasciculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"11-deoxycorticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone"},{"link_name":"corticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"androgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"estrogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"11-deoxycorticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone"},{"link_name":"corticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"anterior pituitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995-Hanukoglu-A-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995-Hanukoglu-A-8"}],"sub_title":"Zona fasciculata","text":"Situated between the glomerulosa and reticularis, the cells of the zona fasciculata synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids (such as 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol), as well as small amounts of adrenal androgens and estrogens.[14] The zona fasciculata has more 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity than the zona reticularis. Therefore, the zona fasciculata makes more 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol.[9] The major hormone that stimulates cortisol secretion in humans is the ACTH that is released from the anterior pituitary.[8] It has been shown that the steroidogenic capacity of the zona fasciculata increases during illness in infants.[8]","title":"Layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zona reticularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"17,20-lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17,20_lyase"},{"link_name":"17α-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%CE%B1-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"androgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"dehydroepiandrosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone"},{"link_name":"DHEA sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHEA_sulfate"},{"link_name":"androstenedione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995-Hanukoglu-A-8"}],"sub_title":"Zona reticularis","text":"The inner most cortical layer, the zona reticularis produces adrenal androgens, as well as small amounts of estrogens and some glucocorticoids.[14] The zona reticularis has more of the cofactors required for the 17,20-lyase activity of 17α-hydroxylase than zona fasciculata. Therefore, the zona reticularis makes more androgens,[9] mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (the precursor to testosterone) in humans. The secretion of DHEAS is also stimulated by ACTH.[8]","title":"Layers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adrenal_Steroids_Pathways_-_edited.svg"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"de novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26204136-15"},{"link_name":"steroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"Deoxycorticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone"},{"link_name":"Aldosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone"},{"link_name":"11-Deoxycortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol"},{"link_name":"Cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adrenal_steroid_hormone_synthesis.png"}],"text":"Adrenal steroid pathwaysThe precursor of steroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex is cholesterol that is stored in vesicles. Cholesterol can be synthesized de novo in the adrenal cortex. Yet, the major source of cholesterol appears to be cholesterol that is taken up with circulating lipoproteins.\n[15]The steps up to this point occur in many steroid-producing tissues. Subsequent steps to generate aldosterone and cortisol, however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex:Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycorticosterone → (two further hydroxylations at C11 and C18) → Aldosterone\nProgesterone → (hydroxylation at C17) → 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycortisol → (hydroxylation at C11) → CortisolAdrenal steroid hormone synthesis steps","title":"Hormone synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corticosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"}],"text":"The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mineralocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid"},{"link_name":"aldosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone"},{"link_name":"zona glomerulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa"},{"link_name":"aldosterone synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase"},{"link_name":"CYP11B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1775135-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8333830-5"},{"link_name":"regulation of blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marieb-6"},{"link_name":"distal convoluted tubule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule"},{"link_name":"collecting duct of the kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_duct_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marieb-6"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"Ca2+ channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"Ca2+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22546854-7"}],"sub_title":"Mineralocorticoids","text":"The primary mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, is produced in the adrenocortical zona glomerulosa by the action of the enzyme aldosterone synthase (also known as CYP11B2).[4][5] Aldosterone is largely responsible for the long-term regulation of blood pressure.[6] Aldosterone effects on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney where it causes increased reabsorption of sodium and increased excretion of both potassium (by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct).[6] Sodium retention is also a response of the distal colon, and sweat glands to aldosterone receptor stimulation. Although sustained production of aldosterone requires persistent calcium entry through low-voltage activated Ca2+ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca2+ channels entry.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zona fasciculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_fasciculata"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"cortisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"},{"link_name":"corticosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone"},{"link_name":"ACTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone"},{"link_name":"anterior pituitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Glucocorticoids","text":"Glucocorticoids are produced mainly in the zona fasciculata.[9] The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland is cortisol in humans and corticosterone in many other animals. Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zona reticularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"cell growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth"},{"link_name":"secondary sex characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic"},{"link_name":"Dihydrotestosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone"},{"link_name":"metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"Androstenedione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione"},{"link_name":"testes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testes"},{"link_name":"ovaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaries"},{"link_name":"androstenediones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione"},{"link_name":"androgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"estrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone"},{"link_name":"Dehydroepiandrosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone"},{"link_name":"estrogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"dehydroisoandrosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroisoandrosterone"},{"link_name":"dehydroandrosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone"},{"link_name":"DHEA-sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate"},{"link_name":"sulfotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfotransferase"},{"link_name":"SULT2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SULT2A1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17945481-16"}],"sub_title":"Androgens","text":"They are produced mainly in the zona reticularis.[9] The most important androgens include:Testosterone: a hormone with a wide variety of effects, ranging from enhancing muscle mass and stimulation of cell growth to the development of the secondary sex characteristics.\nDihydrotestosterone (DHT): a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors.\nAndrostenedione (Andro): an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone.\nDehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone. The reticularis also produces DHEA-sulfate due to the actions of a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1.[16]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adrenal_Cortex_Pathology.png"},{"link_name":"Adrenal insufficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency"},{"link_name":"Addison's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Cushing's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Cushing's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Conn's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocortical_carcinoma"}],"text":"Pathology of adrenal cortexAdrenal insufficiency (e.g. due to Addison's disease)\nCushing's syndrome\nCushing's disease\nConn's syndrome\nAdrenocortical carcinoma","title":"Pathology"}]
[{"image_text":"Adrenal steroid pathways","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Adrenal_Steroids_Pathways_-_edited.svg/220px-Adrenal_Steroids_Pathways_-_edited.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Adrenal steroid hormone synthesis steps","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Adrenal_steroid_hormone_synthesis.png/220px-Adrenal_steroid_hormone_synthesis.png"},{"image_text":"Pathology of adrenal cortex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adrenal_Cortex_Pathology.png/220px-Adrenal_Cortex_Pathology.png"}]
[{"title":"Adrenarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenarche"},{"title":"Adrenopause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenopause"}]
[{"reference":"\"Embryology of the adrenal gland\". Retrieved 2007-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=endocrin.box.466","url_text":"\"Embryology of the adrenal gland\""}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, Saffron A.; Nussey, Stephen (2001). Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: BIOS. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-85996-252-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-252-7","url_text":"978-1-85996-252-7"}]},{"reference":"Curnow KM, Tusie-Luna MT, Pascoe L, et al. (October 1991). \"The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex\". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (10): 1513–22. doi:10.1210/mend-5-10-1513. PMID 1775135.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-10-1513","url_text":"\"The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-10-1513","url_text":"10.1210/mend-5-10-1513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1775135","url_text":"1775135"}]},{"reference":"Zhou M, Gomez-Sanchez CE (July 1993). \"Cloning and expression of a rat cytochrome P-450 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) cDNA variant\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 (1): 112–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1792. PMID 8333830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1993.1792","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1993.1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8333830","url_text":"8333830"}]},{"reference":"Hu C, Rusin CG, Tan Z, Guagliardo NA, Barrett PQ (June 2012). \"Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic electrical oscillators\". J. Clin. Invest. 122 (6): 2046–53. doi:10.1172/JCI61996. PMC 3966877. PMID 22546854.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966877","url_text":"\"Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic electrical oscillators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI61996","url_text":"10.1172/JCI61996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966877","url_text":"3966877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22546854","url_text":"22546854"}]},{"reference":"Hanukoglu A, Fried D, Nakash I, Hanukoglu I (Nov 1995). \"Selective increases in adrenal steroidogenic capacity during acute respiratory disease in infants\". Eur J Endocrinol. 133 (5): 552–6. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1330552. PMID 7581984. S2CID 44439040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1530%2Feje.0.1330552","url_text":"10.1530/eje.0.1330552"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7581984","url_text":"7581984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44439040","url_text":"44439040"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Kim E. (2019). Ganong's review of medical physiology. Susan M. Barman, Heddwen L. Brooks, Jason X.-J. Yuan, William F. Preceded by: Ganong (26th ed.). [New York]. p. 337. ISBN 9781260122404. OCLC 1076268769.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1076268769","url_text":"Ganong's review of medical physiology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781260122404","url_text":"9781260122404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1076268769","url_text":"1076268769"}]},{"reference":"Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Hilbers U (1998). \"Neuroendocrine properties of adrenocortical cells\". Horm. Metab. Res. 30 (6–7): 436–9. doi:10.1055/s-2007-978911. PMID 9694576. S2CID 260169208.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1236012","url_text":"\"Neuroendocrine properties of adrenocortical cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-978911","url_text":"10.1055/s-2007-978911"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694576","url_text":"9694576"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260169208","url_text":"260169208"}]},{"reference":"Lefebvre H, Cartier D, Duparc C, et al. (March 2002). \"Characterization of serotonin(4) receptors in adrenocortical aldosterone-producing adenomas: in vivo and in vitro studies\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (3): 1211–6. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8327. PMID 11889190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.87.3.8327","url_text":"10.1210/jcem.87.3.8327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11889190","url_text":"11889190"}]},{"reference":"Ye P, Mariniello B, Mantero F, Shibata H, Rainey WE (October 2007). \"G-protein-coupled receptors in aldosterone-producing adenomas: a potential cause of hyperaldosteronism\". J. Endocrinol. 195 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1677/JOE-07-0037. PMID 17911395.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1677%2FJOE-07-0037","url_text":"\"G-protein-coupled receptors in aldosterone-producing adenomas: a potential cause of hyperaldosteronism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1677%2FJOE-07-0037","url_text":"10.1677/JOE-07-0037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17911395","url_text":"17911395"}]},{"reference":"Haidan A, Bornstein SR, Glasow A, Uhlmann K, Lübke C, Ehrhart-Bornstein M (February 1998). \"Basal steroidogenic activity of adrenocortical cells is increased 10-fold by coculture with chromaffin cells\". Endocrinology. 139 (2): 772–80. doi:10.1210/endo.139.2.5740. PMID 9449652.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.139.2.5740","url_text":"\"Basal steroidogenic activity of adrenocortical cells is increased 10-fold by coculture with chromaffin cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.139.2.5740","url_text":"10.1210/endo.139.2.5740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9449652","url_text":"9449652"}]},{"reference":"Hall, John E. (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Michael E. Hall (14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 956. ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8. OCLC 1129099861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1129099861","url_text":"Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-59712-8","url_text":"978-0-323-59712-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1129099861","url_text":"1129099861"}]},{"reference":"London E, Wassif CA, Horvath A, Tatsi C, Angelousi A, Karageorgiadis AS, Porter FD, Stratakis CA (2015). \"Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Cortisol-Producing Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex\". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100 (10): 3660–7. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2212. PMC 4596036. PMID 26204136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596036","url_text":"\"Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Cortisol-Producing Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2015-2212","url_text":"10.1210/jc.2015-2212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596036","url_text":"4596036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26204136","url_text":"26204136"}]},{"reference":"Rainey WE, Nakamura Y (February 2008). \"Regulation of the adrenal androgen biosynthesis\". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 108 (3–5): 281–6. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.015. PMC 2699571. PMID 17945481.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699571","url_text":"\"Regulation of the adrenal androgen biosynthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2007.09.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699571","url_text":"2699571"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17945481","url_text":"17945481"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000302","external_links_name":"D000302"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/11.5.00.007%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A11.5.00.007"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/13.2.03.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A13.2.03.005"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3881","external_links_name":"3881"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma15632","external_links_name":"15632"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=endocrin.box.466","external_links_name":"\"Embryology of the adrenal gland\""},{"Link":"http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section15/Plate15292.shtml","external_links_name":"Anatomy Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-10-1513","external_links_name":"\"The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-10-1513","external_links_name":"10.1210/mend-5-10-1513"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1775135","external_links_name":"1775135"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1993.1792","external_links_name":"10.1006/bbrc.1993.1792"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8333830","external_links_name":"8333830"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966877","external_links_name":"\"Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic electrical oscillators\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI61996","external_links_name":"10.1172/JCI61996"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966877","external_links_name":"3966877"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22546854","external_links_name":"22546854"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1530%2Feje.0.1330552","external_links_name":"10.1530/eje.0.1330552"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7581984","external_links_name":"7581984"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44439040","external_links_name":"44439040"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1076268769","external_links_name":"Ganong's review of medical physiology"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1076268769","external_links_name":"1076268769"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1236012","external_links_name":"\"Neuroendocrine properties of adrenocortical cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-978911","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-2007-978911"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694576","external_links_name":"9694576"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260169208","external_links_name":"260169208"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.87.3.8327","external_links_name":"10.1210/jcem.87.3.8327"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11889190","external_links_name":"11889190"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1677%2FJOE-07-0037","external_links_name":"\"G-protein-coupled receptors in aldosterone-producing adenomas: a potential cause of hyperaldosteronism\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1677%2FJOE-07-0037","external_links_name":"10.1677/JOE-07-0037"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17911395","external_links_name":"17911395"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.139.2.5740","external_links_name":"\"Basal steroidogenic activity of adrenocortical cells is increased 10-fold by coculture with chromaffin cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.139.2.5740","external_links_name":"10.1210/endo.139.2.5740"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9449652","external_links_name":"9449652"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1129099861","external_links_name":"Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1129099861","external_links_name":"1129099861"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596036","external_links_name":"\"Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Cortisol-Producing Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2015-2212","external_links_name":"10.1210/jc.2015-2212"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596036","external_links_name":"4596036"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26204136","external_links_name":"26204136"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699571","external_links_name":"\"Regulation of the adrenal androgen biosynthesis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2007.09.015","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.015"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699571","external_links_name":"2699571"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17945481","external_links_name":"17945481"},{"Link":"http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l40/040203.htm","external_links_name":"Anatomy photo:40:04-0203"},{"Link":"http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/cgi-bin/lookup.cfm?id1=180&id2=2201&id3=412&id4=","external_links_name":"180 2201 412"},{"Link":"https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/14502loa.htm","external_links_name":"Histology image: 14502loa"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph358660&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A11.5.00.007","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A13.2.03.005","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_product
Product (category theory)
["1 Definition","1.1 Product of two objects","1.2 Product of an arbitrary family","1.3 Equational definition","1.4 As a limit","1.5 Universal property","2 Examples","3 Discussion","4 Distributivity","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Generalized object in category theory Not to be confused with Product category. In category theory, the product of two (or more) objects in a category is a notion designed to capture the essence behind constructions in other areas of mathematics such as the Cartesian product of sets, the direct product of groups or rings, and the product of topological spaces. Essentially, the product of a family of objects is the "most general" object which admits a morphism to each of the given objects. Definition Product of two objects Fix a category C . {\displaystyle C.} Let X 1 {\displaystyle X_{1}} and X 2 {\displaystyle X_{2}} be objects of C . {\displaystyle C.} A product of X 1 {\displaystyle X_{1}} and X 2 {\displaystyle X_{2}} is an object X , {\displaystyle X,} typically denoted X 1 × X 2 , {\displaystyle X_{1}\times X_{2},} equipped with a pair of morphisms π 1 : X → X 1 , {\displaystyle \pi _{1}:X\to X_{1},} π 2 : X → X 2 {\displaystyle \pi _{2}:X\to X_{2}} satisfying the following universal property: For every object Y {\displaystyle Y} and every pair of morphisms f 1 : Y → X 1 , {\displaystyle f_{1}:Y\to X_{1},} f 2 : Y → X 2 , {\displaystyle f_{2}:Y\to X_{2},} there exists a unique morphism f : Y → X 1 × X 2 {\displaystyle f:Y\to X_{1}\times X_{2}} such that the following diagram commutes: Universal property of the product Whether a product exists may depend on C {\displaystyle C} or on X 1 {\displaystyle X_{1}} and X 2 . {\displaystyle X_{2}.} If it does exist, it is unique up to canonical isomorphism, because of the universal property, so one may speak of the product. This has the following meaning: if X ′ , π 1 ′ , π 2 ′ {\displaystyle X',\pi _{1}',\pi _{2}'} is another product, there exists a unique isomorphism h : X ′ → X 1 × X 2 {\displaystyle h:X'\to X_{1}\times X_{2}} such that π 1 ′ = π 1 ∘ h {\displaystyle \pi _{1}'=\pi _{1}\circ h} and π 2 ′ = π 2 ∘ h {\displaystyle \pi _{2}'=\pi _{2}\circ h} . The morphisms π 1 {\displaystyle \pi _{1}} and π 2 {\displaystyle \pi _{2}} are called the canonical projections or projection morphisms; the letter π {\displaystyle \pi } alliterates with projection. Given Y {\displaystyle Y} and f 1 , {\displaystyle f_{1},} f 2 , {\displaystyle f_{2},} the unique morphism f {\displaystyle f} is called the product of morphisms f 1 {\displaystyle f_{1}} and f 2 {\displaystyle f_{2}} and is denoted ⟨ f 1 , f 2 ⟩ . {\displaystyle \langle f_{1},f_{2}\rangle .} Product of an arbitrary family Instead of two objects, we can start with an arbitrary family of objects indexed by a set I . {\displaystyle I.} Given a family ( X i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle \left(X_{i}\right)_{i\in I}} of objects, a product of the family is an object X {\displaystyle X} equipped with morphisms π i : X → X i , {\displaystyle \pi _{i}:X\to X_{i},} satisfying the following universal property: For every object Y {\displaystyle Y} and every I {\displaystyle I} -indexed family of morphisms f i : Y → X i , {\displaystyle f_{i}:Y\to X_{i},} there exists a unique morphism f : Y → X {\displaystyle f:Y\to X} such that the following diagrams commute for all i ∈ I : {\displaystyle i\in I:} Universal product of the product The product is denoted ∏ i ∈ I X i . {\displaystyle \prod _{i\in I}X_{i}.} If I = { 1 , … , n } , {\displaystyle I=\{1,\ldots ,n\},} then it is denoted X 1 × ⋯ × X n {\displaystyle X_{1}\times \cdots \times X_{n}} and the product of morphisms is denoted ⟨ f 1 , … , f n ⟩ . {\displaystyle \langle f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}\rangle .} Equational definition Alternatively, the product may be defined through equations. So, for example, for the binary product: Existence of f {\displaystyle f} is guaranteed by existence of the operation ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ . {\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle .} Commutativity of the diagrams above is guaranteed by the equality: for all f 1 , f 2 {\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}} and all i ∈ { 1 , 2 } , {\displaystyle i\in \{1,2\},} π i ∘ ⟨ f 1 , f 2 ⟩ = f i {\displaystyle \pi _{i}\circ \left\langle f_{1},f_{2}\right\rangle =f_{i}} Uniqueness of f {\displaystyle f} is guaranteed by the equality: for all g : Y → X 1 × X 2 , {\displaystyle g:Y\to X_{1}\times X_{2},} ⟨ π 1 ∘ g , π 2 ∘ g ⟩ = g . {\displaystyle \left\langle \pi _{1}\circ g,\pi _{2}\circ g\right\rangle =g.} As a limit The product is a special case of a limit. This may be seen by using a discrete category (a family of objects without any morphisms, other than their identity morphisms) as the diagram required for the definition of the limit. The discrete objects will serve as the index of the components and projections. If we regard this diagram as a functor, it is a functor from the index set I {\displaystyle I} considered as a discrete category. The definition of the product then coincides with the definition of the limit, { f } i {\displaystyle \{f\}_{i}} being a cone and projections being the limit (limiting cone). Universal property Just as the limit is a special case of the universal construction, so is the product. Starting with the definition given for the universal property of limits, take J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } as the discrete category with two objects, so that C J {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{\mathbf {J} }} is simply the product category C × C . {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \times \mathbf {C} .} The diagonal functor Δ : C → C × C {\displaystyle \Delta :\mathbf {C} \to \mathbf {C} \times \mathbf {C} } assigns to each object X {\displaystyle X} the ordered pair ( X , X ) {\displaystyle (X,X)} and to each morphism f {\displaystyle f} the pair ( f , f ) . {\displaystyle (f,f).} The product X 1 × X 2 {\displaystyle X_{1}\times X_{2}} in C {\displaystyle C} is given by a universal morphism from the functor Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } to the object ( X 1 , X 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(X_{1},X_{2}\right)} in C × C . {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \times \mathbf {C} .} This universal morphism consists of an object X {\displaystyle X} of C {\displaystyle C} and a morphism ( X , X ) → ( X 1 , X 2 ) {\displaystyle (X,X)\to \left(X_{1},X_{2}\right)} which contains projections. Examples In the category of sets, the product (in the category theoretic sense) is the Cartesian product. Given a family of sets X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} the product is defined as ∏ i ∈ I X i := { ( x i ) i ∈ I : x i ∈ X i  for all  i ∈ I } {\displaystyle \prod _{i\in I}X_{i}:=\left\{\left(x_{i}\right)_{i\in I}:x_{i}\in X_{i}{\text{ for all }}i\in I\right\}} with the canonical projections π j : ∏ i ∈ I X i → X j , π j ( ( x i ) i ∈ I ) := x j . {\displaystyle \pi _{j}:\prod _{i\in I}X_{i}\to X_{j},\quad \pi _{j}\left(\left(x_{i}\right)_{i\in I}\right):=x_{j}.} Given any set Y {\displaystyle Y} with a family of functions f i : Y → X i , {\displaystyle f_{i}:Y\to X_{i},} the universal arrow f : Y → ∏ i ∈ I X i {\displaystyle f:Y\to \prod _{i\in I}X_{i}} is defined by f ( y ) := ( f i ( y ) ) i ∈ I . {\displaystyle f(y):=\left(f_{i}(y)\right)_{i\in I}.} Other examples: In the category of topological spaces, the product is the space whose underlying set is the Cartesian product and which carries the product topology. The product topology is the coarsest topology for which all the projections are continuous. In the category of modules over some ring R , {\displaystyle R,} the product is the Cartesian product with addition defined componentwise and distributive multiplication. In the category of groups, the product is the direct product of groups given by the Cartesian product with multiplication defined componentwise. In the category of graphs, the product is the tensor product of graphs. In the category of relations, the product is given by the disjoint union. (This may come as a bit of a surprise given that the category of sets is a subcategory of the category of relations.) In the category of algebraic varieties, the product is given by the Segre embedding. In the category of semi-abelian monoids, the product is given by the history monoid. In the category of Banach spaces and short maps, the product carries the l∞ norm. A partially ordered set can be treated as a category, using the order relation as the morphisms. In this case the products and coproducts correspond to greatest lower bounds (meets) and least upper bounds (joins). Discussion An example in which the product does not exist: In the category of fields, the product Q × F p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} \times F_{p}} does not exist, since there is no field with homomorphisms to both Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } and F p . {\displaystyle F_{p}.} Another example: An empty product (that is, I {\displaystyle I} is the empty set) is the same as a terminal object, and some categories, such as the category of infinite groups, do not have a terminal object: given any infinite group G {\displaystyle G} there are infinitely many morphisms Z → G , {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} \to G,} so G {\displaystyle G} cannot be terminal. If I {\displaystyle I} is a set such that all products for families indexed with I {\displaystyle I} exist, then one can treat each product as a functor C I → C . {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{I}\to \mathbf {C} .} How this functor maps objects is obvious. Mapping of morphisms is subtle, because the product of morphisms defined above does not fit. First, consider the binary product functor, which is a bifunctor. For f 1 : X 1 → Y 1 , f 2 : X 2 → Y 2 {\displaystyle f_{1}:X_{1}\to Y_{1},f_{2}:X_{2}\to Y_{2}} we should find a morphism X 1 × X 2 → Y 1 × Y 2 . {\displaystyle X_{1}\times X_{2}\to Y_{1}\times Y_{2}.} We choose ⟨ f 1 ∘ π 1 , f 2 ∘ π 2 ⟩ . {\displaystyle \left\langle f_{1}\circ \pi _{1},f_{2}\circ \pi _{2}\right\rangle .} This operation on morphisms is called Cartesian product of morphisms. Second, consider the general product functor. For families { X } i , { Y } i , f i : X i → Y i {\displaystyle \left\{X\right\}_{i},\left\{Y\right\}_{i},f_{i}:X_{i}\to Y_{i}} we should find a morphism ∏ i ∈ I X i → ∏ i ∈ I Y i . {\displaystyle \prod _{i\in I}X_{i}\to \prod _{i\in I}Y_{i}.} We choose the product of morphisms { f i ∘ π i } i . {\displaystyle \left\{f_{i}\circ \pi _{i}\right\}_{i}.} A category where every finite set of objects has a product is sometimes called a Cartesian category (although some authors use this phrase to mean "a category with all finite limits"). The product is associative. Suppose C {\displaystyle C} is a Cartesian category, product functors have been chosen as above, and 1 {\displaystyle 1} denotes a terminal object of C . {\displaystyle C.} We then have natural isomorphisms X × ( Y × Z ) ≃ ( X × Y ) × Z ≃ X × Y × Z , {\displaystyle X\times (Y\times Z)\simeq (X\times Y)\times Z\simeq X\times Y\times Z,} X × 1 ≃ 1 × X ≃ X , {\displaystyle X\times 1\simeq 1\times X\simeq X,} X × Y ≃ Y × X . {\displaystyle X\times Y\simeq Y\times X.} These properties are formally similar to those of a commutative monoid; a Cartesian category with its finite products is an example of a symmetric monoidal category. Distributivity Main article: Distributive category For any objects X , Y ,  and  Z {\displaystyle X,Y,{\text{ and }}Z} of a category with finite products and coproducts, there is a canonical morphism X × Y + X × Z → X × ( Y + Z ) , {\displaystyle X\times Y+X\times Z\to X\times (Y+Z),} where the plus sign here denotes the coproduct. To see this, note that the universal property of the coproduct X × Y + X × Z {\displaystyle X\times Y+X\times Z} guarantees the existence of unique arrows filling out the following diagram (the induced arrows are dashed): The universal property of the product X × ( Y + Z ) {\displaystyle X\times (Y+Z)} then guarantees a unique morphism X × Y + X × Z → X × ( Y + Z ) {\displaystyle X\times Y+X\times Z\to X\times (Y+Z)} induced by the dashed arrows in the above diagram. A distributive category is one in which this morphism is actually an isomorphism. Thus in a distributive category, there is the canonical isomorphism X × ( Y + Z ) ≃ ( X × Y ) + ( X × Z ) . {\displaystyle X\times (Y+Z)\simeq (X\times Y)+(X\times Z).} See also Coproduct – the dual of the product Diagonal functor – the left adjoint of the product functor. Limit and colimits – Mathematical concept Equalizer – Set of arguments where two or more functions have the same value Inverse limit – Construction in category theory Cartesian closed category – Type of category in category theory Categorical pullback – Most general completion of a commutative square given two morphisms with same codomainPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets References ^ Lambek J., Scott P. J. (1988). Introduction to Higher-Order Categorical Logic. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ^ Qiaochu Yuan (June 23, 2012). "Banach spaces (and Lawvere metrics, and closed categories)". Annoying Precision. ^ Lane, S. Mac (1988). Categories for the working mathematician (1st ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 37. ISBN 0-387-90035-7. ^ a b Michael Barr, Charles Wells (1999). Category Theory – Lecture Notes for ESSLLI. p. 62. Archived from the original on 2011-04-13. Adámek, Jiří; Horst Herrlich; George E. Strecker (1990). Abstract and Concrete Categories (PDF). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60922-6. Barr, Michael; Charles Wells (1999). Category Theory for Computing Science (PDF). Les Publications CRM Montreal (publication PM023). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-21. Chapter 5. Mac Lane, Saunders (1998). Categories for the Working Mathematician. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5 (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98403-8. Definition 2.1.1 in Borceux, Francis (1994). Handbook of categorical algebra. Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications 50–51, 53 . Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-521-44178-1. External links Interactive Web page which generates examples of products in the category of finite sets. Written by Jocelyn Paine. Product at the nLab vteCategory theoryKey conceptsKey concepts Category Abelian Additive Concrete Pre-abelian Preadditive Bicategory Adjoint functors CCC Commutative diagram End Exponential Functor Kan extension Morphism Natural transformation Universal property Universal constructionsLimits Terminal objects Products Equalizers Kernels Pullbacks Inverse limit Colimits Initial objects Coproducts Coequalizers Cokernels and quotients Pushout Direct limit Algebraic categories Sets Relations Magmas Groups Abelian groups Rings (Fields) Modules (Vector spaces) Constructions on categories Free category Functor category Kleisli category Opposite category Quotient category Product category Comma category Subcategory Higher category theory Key concepts Categorification Enriched category Higher-dimensional algebra Homotopy hypothesis Model category Simplex category String diagram Topos n-categoriesWeak n-categories Bicategory (pseudofunctor) Tricategory Tetracategory Kan complex ∞-groupoid ∞-topos Strict n-categories 2-category (2-functor) 3-category Categorified concepts 2-group 2-ring En-ring (Traced)(Symmetric) monoidal category n-group n-monoid Category Outline Glossary
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Product category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_category"},{"link_name":"category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(category_theory)"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"direct product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product"},{"link_name":"groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_topology"},{"link_name":"topological spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_family"},{"link_name":"morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Product category.In category theory, the product of two (or more) objects in a category is a notion designed to capture the essence behind constructions in other areas of mathematics such as the Cartesian product of sets, the direct product of groups or rings, and the product of topological spaces. Essentially, the product of a family of objects is the \"most general\" object which admits a morphism to each of the given objects.","title":"Product (category theory)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_property"},{"link_name":"commutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_diagram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CategoricalProduct-03.svg"},{"link_name":"canonical projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_projection"}],"sub_title":"Product of two objects","text":"Fix a category \n \n \n \n C\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C.}\n \n Let \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{2}}\n \n be objects of \n \n \n \n C\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C.}\n \n A product of \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{2}}\n \n is an object \n \n \n \n X\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X,}\n \n typically denoted \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}\\times X_{2},}\n \n equipped with a pair of morphisms \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n X\n →\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{1}:X\\to X_{1},}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n :\n X\n →\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{2}:X\\to X_{2}}\n \n satisfying the following universal property:For every object \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n and every pair of morphisms \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n Y\n →\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{1}:Y\\to X_{1},}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n :\n Y\n →\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{2}:Y\\to X_{2},}\n \n there exists a unique morphism \n \n \n \n f\n :\n Y\n →\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:Y\\to X_{1}\\times X_{2}}\n \n such that the following diagram commutes:\nUniversal property of the productWhether a product exists may depend on \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n or on \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{2}.}\n \n If it does exist, it is unique up to canonical isomorphism, because of the universal property, so one may speak of the product. This has the following meaning: if \n \n \n \n \n X\n ′\n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X',\\pi _{1}',\\pi _{2}'}\n \n is another product, there exists a unique isomorphism \n \n \n \n h\n :\n \n X\n ′\n \n →\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle h:X'\\to X_{1}\\times X_{2}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n =\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n ∘\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{1}'=\\pi _{1}\\circ h}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n =\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n ∘\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{2}'=\\pi _{2}\\circ h}\n \n.The morphisms \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{2}}\n \n are called the canonical projections or projection morphisms; the letter \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi }\n \n alliterates with projection. Given \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{1},}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{2},}\n \n the unique morphism \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is called the product of morphisms \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{2}}\n \n and is denoted \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f_{1},f_{2}\\rangle .}","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cat_product.svg"}],"sub_title":"Product of an arbitrary family","text":"Instead of two objects, we can start with an arbitrary family of objects indexed by a set \n \n \n \n I\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I.}Given a family \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(X_{i}\\right)_{i\\in I}}\n \n of objects, a product of the family is an object \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n equipped with morphisms \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n i\n \n \n :\n X\n →\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{i}:X\\to X_{i},}\n \n satisfying the following universal property:For every object \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n and every \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n-indexed family of morphisms \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n :\n Y\n →\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{i}:Y\\to X_{i},}\n \n there exists a unique morphism \n \n \n \n f\n :\n Y\n →\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:Y\\to X}\n \n such that the following diagrams commute for all \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n I\n :\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in I:}\n \n\nUniversal product of the productThe product is denoted \n \n \n \n \n ∏\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{i\\in I}X_{i}.}\n \n If \n \n \n \n I\n =\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I=\\{1,\\ldots ,n\\},}\n \n then it is denoted \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n ⋯\n ×\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}\\times \\cdots \\times X_{n}}\n \n and the product of morphisms is denoted \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle f_{1},\\ldots ,f_{n}\\rangle .}","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Equational definition","text":"Alternatively, the product may be defined through equations. So, for example, for the binary product:Existence of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is guaranteed by existence of the operation \n \n \n \n ⟨\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\cdot ,\\cdot \\rangle .}\n \n\nCommutativity of the diagrams above is guaranteed by the equality: for all \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}}\n \n and all \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\{1,2\\},}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n i\n \n \n ∘\n \n ⟨\n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n =\n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{i}\\circ \\left\\langle f_{1},f_{2}\\right\\rangle =f_{i}}\n \n\nUniqueness of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is guaranteed by the equality: for all \n \n \n \n g\n :\n Y\n →\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g:Y\\to X_{1}\\times X_{2},}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n ∘\n g\n ,\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n ∘\n g\n \n ⟩\n \n =\n g\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\langle \\pi _{1}\\circ g,\\pi _{2}\\circ g\\right\\rangle =g.}\n \n[1]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(category_theory)"},{"link_name":"discrete category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_category"},{"link_name":"diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram_(category_theory)"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(category_theory)"}],"sub_title":"As a limit","text":"The product is a special case of a limit. This may be seen by using a discrete category (a family of objects without any morphisms, other than their identity morphisms) as the diagram required for the definition of the limit. The discrete objects will serve as the index of the components and projections. If we regard this diagram as a functor, it is a functor from the index set \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n considered as a discrete category. The definition of the product then coincides with the definition of the limit, \n \n \n \n {\n f\n \n }\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{f\\}_{i}}\n \n being a cone and projections being the limit (limiting cone).","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_construction"},{"link_name":"universal property of limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(category_theory)#Universal_property"},{"link_name":"product category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_category"},{"link_name":"diagonal functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_functor"},{"link_name":"ordered pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"universal morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_morphism"}],"sub_title":"Universal property","text":"Just as the limit is a special case of the universal construction, so is the product. Starting with the definition given for the universal property of limits, take \n \n \n \n \n J\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {J} }\n \n as the discrete category with two objects, so that \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n J\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} ^{\\mathbf {J} }}\n \n is simply the product category \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ×\n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} \\times \\mathbf {C} .}\n \n The diagonal functor \n \n \n \n Δ\n :\n \n C\n \n →\n \n C\n \n ×\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta :\\mathbf {C} \\to \\mathbf {C} \\times \\mathbf {C} }\n \n assigns to each object \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n the ordered pair \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,X)}\n \n and to each morphism \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n the pair \n \n \n \n (\n f\n ,\n f\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (f,f).}\n \n The product \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}\\times X_{2}}\n \n in \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is given by a universal morphism from the functor \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta }\n \n to the object \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(X_{1},X_{2}\\right)}\n \n in \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ×\n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} \\times \\mathbf {C} .}\n \n This universal morphism consists of an object \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n of \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n and a morphism \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n X\n )\n →\n \n (\n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,X)\\to \\left(X_{1},X_{2}\\right)}\n \n which contains projections.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"category of sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_sets"},{"link_name":"category of topological spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_topological_spaces"},{"link_name":"product topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_topology"},{"link_name":"coarsest topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarsest_topology"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"category of modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_modules"},{"link_name":"category of groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_groups"},{"link_name":"direct product of groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups"},{"link_name":"category of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_homomorphism#Structure_of_homomorphisms"},{"link_name":"tensor product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"category of relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_relations"},{"link_name":"disjoint union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_union"},{"link_name":"subcategory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcategory"},{"link_name":"algebraic varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"Segre embedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segre_embedding"},{"link_name":"semi-abelian monoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_monoid"},{"link_name":"history monoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_monoid"},{"link_name":"Banach spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_spaces"},{"link_name":"short maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_map"},{"link_name":"l∞","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-infinity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ban1Cat-2"},{"link_name":"partially ordered set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"coproducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct"},{"link_name":"meets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"joins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(mathematics)"}],"text":"In the category of sets, the product (in the category theoretic sense) is the Cartesian product. Given a family of sets \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n the product is defined as∏\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n :=\n \n {\n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n :\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n  for all \n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{i\\in I}X_{i}:=\\left\\{\\left(x_{i}\\right)_{i\\in I}:x_{i}\\in X_{i}{\\text{ for all }}i\\in I\\right\\}}π\n \n j\n \n \n :\n \n ∏\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n X\n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n \n π\n \n j\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n )\n \n :=\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{j}:\\prod _{i\\in I}X_{i}\\to X_{j},\\quad \\pi _{j}\\left(\\left(x_{i}\\right)_{i\\in I}\\right):=x_{j}.}Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}f\n \n i\n \n \n :\n Y\n →\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{i}:Y\\to X_{i},}f\n :\n Y\n →\n \n ∏\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:Y\\to \\prod _{i\\in I}X_{i}}f\n (\n y\n )\n :=\n \n \n (\n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n \n )\n \n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(y):=\\left(f_{i}(y)\\right)_{i\\in I}.}Other examples:In the category of topological spaces, the product is the space whose underlying set is the Cartesian product and which carries the product topology. The product topology is the coarsest topology for which all the projections are continuous.\nIn the category of modules over some ring \n \n \n \n R\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R,}\n \n the product is the Cartesian product with addition defined componentwise and distributive multiplication.\nIn the category of groups, the product is the direct product of groups given by the Cartesian product with multiplication defined componentwise.\nIn the category of graphs, the product is the tensor product of graphs.\nIn the category of relations, the product is given by the disjoint union. (This may come as a bit of a surprise given that the category of sets is a subcategory of the category of relations.)\nIn the category of algebraic varieties, the product is given by the Segre embedding.\nIn the category of semi-abelian monoids, the product is given by the history monoid.\nIn the category of Banach spaces and short maps, the product carries the l∞ norm.[2]\nA partially ordered set can be treated as a category, using the order relation as the morphisms. In this case the products and coproducts correspond to greatest lower bounds (meets) and least upper bounds (joins).","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"empty product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_product"},{"link_name":"empty set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"terminal object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_object"},{"link_name":"functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bifunctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifunctor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esslli-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esslli-4"},{"link_name":"associative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative"},{"link_name":"natural isomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_isomorphism"}],"text":"An example in which the product does not exist: In the category of fields, the product \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n ×\n \n F\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} \\times F_{p}}\n \n does not exist, since there is no field with homomorphisms to both \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n p\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{p}.}Another example: An empty product (that is, \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n is the empty set) is the same as a terminal object, and some categories, such as the category of infinite groups, do not have a terminal object: given any infinite group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n there are infinitely many morphisms \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n →\n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} \\to G,}\n \n so \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n cannot be terminal.If \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n is a set such that all products for families indexed with \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n exist, then one can treat each product as a functor \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n I\n \n \n →\n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} ^{I}\\to \\mathbf {C} .}\n \n[3] How this functor maps objects is obvious. Mapping of morphisms is subtle, because the product of morphisms defined above does not fit. First, consider the binary product functor, which is a bifunctor. For \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n →\n \n Y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n :\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n →\n \n Y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{1}:X_{1}\\to Y_{1},f_{2}:X_{2}\\to Y_{2}}\n \n we should find a morphism \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n →\n \n Y\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n Y\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1}\\times X_{2}\\to Y_{1}\\times Y_{2}.}\n \n We choose \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n ∘\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n ∘\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\langle f_{1}\\circ \\pi _{1},f_{2}\\circ \\pi _{2}\\right\\rangle .}\n \n This operation on morphisms is called Cartesian product of morphisms.[4] Second, consider the general product functor. For families \n \n \n \n \n \n {\n X\n }\n \n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n Y\n }\n \n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n :\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{X\\right\\}_{i},\\left\\{Y\\right\\}_{i},f_{i}:X_{i}\\to Y_{i}}\n \n we should find a morphism \n \n \n \n \n ∏\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n ∏\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{i\\in I}X_{i}\\to \\prod _{i\\in I}Y_{i}.}\n \n We choose the product of morphisms \n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n ∘\n \n π\n \n i\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{f_{i}\\circ \\pi _{i}\\right\\}_{i}.}A category where every finite set of objects has a product is sometimes called a Cartesian category[4]\n(although some authors use this phrase to mean \"a category with all finite limits\").The product is associative. Suppose \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is a Cartesian category, product functors have been chosen as above, and \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n denotes a terminal object of \n \n \n \n C\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C.}\n \n We then have natural isomorphismsX\n ×\n (\n Y\n ×\n Z\n )\n ≃\n (\n X\n ×\n Y\n )\n ×\n Z\n ≃\n X\n ×\n Y\n ×\n Z\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times (Y\\times Z)\\simeq (X\\times Y)\\times Z\\simeq X\\times Y\\times Z,}X\n ×\n 1\n ≃\n 1\n ×\n X\n ≃\n X\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times 1\\simeq 1\\times X\\simeq X,}X\n ×\n Y\n ≃\n Y\n ×\n X\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times Y\\simeq Y\\times X.}monoidsymmetric monoidal category","title":"Discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canonical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_jargon#canonical"},{"link_name":"coproduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Product-Coproduct_Distributivity_SVG.svg"},{"link_name":"distributive category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_category"}],"text":"For any objects \n \n \n \n X\n ,\n Y\n ,\n \n  and \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X,Y,{\\text{ and }}Z}\n \n of a category with finite products and coproducts, there is a canonical morphism \n \n \n \n X\n ×\n Y\n +\n X\n ×\n Z\n →\n X\n ×\n (\n Y\n +\n Z\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times Y+X\\times Z\\to X\\times (Y+Z),}\n \n where the plus sign here denotes the coproduct. To see this, note that the universal property of the coproduct \n \n \n \n X\n ×\n Y\n +\n X\n ×\n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times Y+X\\times Z}\n \n guarantees the existence of unique arrows filling out the following diagram (the induced arrows are dashed):The universal property of the product \n \n \n \n X\n ×\n (\n Y\n +\n Z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times (Y+Z)}\n \n then guarantees a unique morphism \n \n \n \n X\n ×\n Y\n +\n X\n ×\n Z\n →\n X\n ×\n (\n Y\n +\n Z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times Y+X\\times Z\\to X\\times (Y+Z)}\n \n induced by the dashed arrows in the above diagram. A distributive category is one in which this morphism is actually an isomorphism. Thus in a distributive category, there is the canonical isomorphismX\n ×\n (\n Y\n +\n Z\n )\n ≃\n (\n X\n ×\n Y\n )\n +\n (\n X\n ×\n Z\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\times (Y+Z)\\simeq (X\\times Y)+(X\\times Z).}","title":"Distributivity"}]
[{"image_text":"Universal property of the product","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CategoricalProduct-03.svg/280px-CategoricalProduct-03.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Universal product of the product","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cat_product.svg/149px-Cat_product.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Product-Coproduct_Distributivity_SVG.svg/400px-Product-Coproduct_Distributivity_SVG.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Coproduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct"},{"title":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(category_theory)"},{"title":"Diagonal functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_functor"},{"title":"left adjoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_adjoint"},{"title":"Limit and colimits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(category_theory)"},{"title":"Equalizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equaliser_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Inverse limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_limit"},{"title":"Cartesian closed category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_closed_category"},{"title":"Categorical pullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_pullback"}]
[{"reference":"Lambek J., Scott P. J. (1988). Introduction to Higher-Order Categorical Logic. Cambridge University Press. p. 304.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Qiaochu Yuan (June 23, 2012). \"Banach spaces (and Lawvere metrics, and closed categories)\". Annoying Precision.","urls":[{"url":"https://qchu.wordpress.com/2012/06/23/banach-spaces-and-lawvere-metrics-and-closed-categories/","url_text":"\"Banach spaces (and Lawvere metrics, and closed categories)\""}]},{"reference":"Lane, S. Mac (1988). Categories for the working mathematician (1st ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 37. ISBN 0-387-90035-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90035-7","url_text":"0-387-90035-7"}]},{"reference":"Michael Barr, Charles Wells (1999). Category Theory – Lecture Notes for ESSLLI. p. 62. Archived from the original on 2011-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413051026/http://www.let.uu.nl/esslli/Courses/barr/barrwells.ps","url_text":"Category Theory – Lecture Notes for ESSLLI"},{"url":"http://www.let.uu.nl/esslli/Courses/barr/barrwells.ps","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adámek, Jiří; Horst Herrlich; George E. Strecker (1990). Abstract and Concrete Categories (PDF). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60922-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc/acc.pdf","url_text":"Abstract and Concrete Categories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-60922-6","url_text":"0-471-60922-6"}]},{"reference":"Barr, Michael; Charles Wells (1999). Category Theory for Computing Science (PDF). Les Publications CRM Montreal (publication PM023). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031956/http://www.math.mcgill.ca/triples/Barr-Wells-ctcs.pdf","url_text":"Category Theory for Computing Science"},{"url":"http://www.math.mcgill.ca/triples/Barr-Wells-ctcs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mac Lane, Saunders (1998). Categories for the Working Mathematician. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5 (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98403-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane","url_text":"Mac Lane, Saunders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categories_for_the_Working_Mathematician","url_text":"Categories for the Working Mathematician"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Texts in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98403-8","url_text":"0-387-98403-8"}]},{"reference":"Borceux, Francis (1994). Handbook of categorical algebra. Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications 50–51, 53 [i.e. 52]. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-521-44178-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofcatego0000borc/page/39","url_text":"Handbook of categorical algebra"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofcatego0000borc/page/39","url_text":"39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44178-1","url_text":"0-521-44178-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://qchu.wordpress.com/2012/06/23/banach-spaces-and-lawvere-metrics-and-closed-categories/","external_links_name":"\"Banach spaces (and Lawvere metrics, and closed categories)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413051026/http://www.let.uu.nl/esslli/Courses/barr/barrwells.ps","external_links_name":"Category Theory – Lecture Notes for ESSLLI"},{"Link":"http://www.let.uu.nl/esslli/Courses/barr/barrwells.ps","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc/acc.pdf","external_links_name":"Abstract and Concrete Categories"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031956/http://www.math.mcgill.ca/triples/Barr-Wells-ctcs.pdf","external_links_name":"Category Theory for Computing Science"},{"Link":"http://www.math.mcgill.ca/triples/Barr-Wells-ctcs.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofcatego0000borc/page/39","external_links_name":"Handbook of categorical algebra"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofcatego0000borc/page/39","external_links_name":"39"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080916162345/http://www.j-paine.org/cgi-bin/webcats/webcats.php","external_links_name":"Interactive Web page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081223001815/http://www.j-paine.org/","external_links_name":"Jocelyn Paine"},{"Link":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/product","external_links_name":"Product"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Moore_Jr.
Barrington Moore Jr.
["1 Early life, education and career","2 Personal life","3 Major works","3.1 Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy","3.2 On tolerance","4 Works","5 Resources on Moore and his research","6 See also","7 References"]
American sociologist (1913–2005) This article is about the sociologist. For the forester (his father), see Barrington Moore, Sr. Barrington Moore Jr.Born(1913-05-12)May 12, 1913Washington D.C., U.S.DiedOctober 16, 2005(2005-10-16) (aged 92)Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.OccupationPolitical sociologistAcademic backgroundAlma materWilliams CollegeYale UniversityDoctoral advisorAlbert Galloway KellerAcademic workDoctoral studentsCharles Tilly, Theda Skocpol, John Mollenkopf, Jon Wiener Barrington Moore Jr. (12 May 1913 – 16 October 2005) was an American political sociologist, and the son of forester Barrington Moore. He is well-known for his Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (1966), a comparative study of modernization in Britain, France, the United States, China, Japan, Russia, Germany, and India. The book puts forth a neo-Marxist argument that class structures and class alliances at particular points in time can account for the kinds of social revolutions that occurred and did not occur in those countries, putting some countries on a path to democracy, whereas others were put on a path to authoritarianism or communism. He famously argued, "no bourgeois, no democracy," which emphasized the important role played by a large middle-class in accomplishing democratization and ensuring democratic stability. Early life, education and career Moore was born in Washington D.C. in 1913. He studied Latin, Greek, and history at Williams College in Massachusetts. He also became interested in political science, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated in 1936. In 1941, Moore obtained his Ph.D. in sociology from Yale University where he studied with Albert Galloway Keller. He worked as a policy analyst at the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and at the Department of Justice. Moore's academic career began in 1945 at the University of Chicago. In 1948 he went to Harvard University, joining the Russian Research Center in 1951. He was emerited in 1979. Moore's students at Harvard included comparative social scientists Theda Skocpol and Charles Tilly, urban sociologist John Mollenkopf, as well as historian Jon Wiener. Personal life While working at the OSS, Moore met his future wife, Elizabeth Ito, and Herbert Marcuse, who became a lifelong friend. Elizabeth died in 1992. They had no children. Major works Early in his academic career, Moore was a specialist on Russian politics and society, authoring his first book, Soviet Politics in 1950 and Terror and Progress, USSR in 1954. In 1958 his book of six essays on methodology and theory, Political Power and Social Theory, attacked the methodological outlook of 1950s social science. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy Main article: Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy Moore's groundbreaking work Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (1966) was the cornerstone to what is now called comparative historical analysis in the social sciences. Moore's concern was the transformation of pre-industrial agrarian social relations into "modern" ones. He highlighted what he called "three routes to the modern world" - the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist - each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. Moore challenged modernization theory by stressing that there was not one path to the modern world and that economic development did not always bring about democracy. He drew particular attention to the violence which preceded the development of democratic institutions. Initially, Moore set out to study a large number of countries, but reduced his number of cases to eight. On tolerance In 1965, Moore, Herbert Marcuse, and Robert Paul Wolff each authored an essay on the concept of tolerance and the three essays were collected in the book A Critique of Pure Tolerance. The title was a play on the title of Immanuel Kant's book Critique of Pure Reason. In the book Moore argues that academic research and society in general should adopt a strictly scientific and secular outlook and approach theories and conjectures with empirical verification. Works Barrington Moore, Jr. Soviet Politics – The Dilemma of Power: The Role of Ideas in Social Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1950. Barrington Moore, Jr. Terror and Progress, USSR: Some Sources of Change and Stability in the Soviet Dictatorship, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1954. Barrington Moore, Jr. Political Power and Social Theory: Six Studies, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1958. Erweiterte Ausgabe: Political Power and Social Theory: Seven Studies, Harper & Row, New York, 1965. Barrington Moore, Jr., Robert Paul Wolff, Herbert Marcuse: A Critique of Pure Tolerance, Beacon Press, Boston, 1965. Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Beacon Press, Boston, 1966. ISBN 0-8070-5073-3. Barrington Moore, Jr. Reflections of the Causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals to Eliminate Them, Beacon Press, Boston, 1972. Barrington Moore, Jr. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt, M.E. Sharpe, White Plains, NY, 1978. ISBN 0-333-24783-3. Barrington Moore, Jr. Privacy: Studies in Social and Cultural History, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, 1983. Barrington Moore, Jr. Authority and Inequality under Capitalism and Socialism: USA, USSR, and China (Tanner Lectures on Human Values), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. Barrington Moore, Jr. Moral Aspects of Economic Growth, and Other Essays (The Wilder House Series in Politics, History, and Culture), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1998. ISBN 0-8014-3376-2 Barrington Moore, Jr.Moral Purity and Persecution in History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2000. ISBN 0-691-04920-3. Resources on Moore and his research APSA Comparative Democratization. 2013. "Barrington Moore’s Centennial Legacy." Special issue of Comparative Democratization newsletter, with articles by Ziblatt, Stephens, Bernhard and Kopstein, Berman, and Snyder. Bernhard, Michael. 2016. “The Moore Thesis: What’s Left after 1989?” Democratization 23(1): 118–40. Castles, Francis. 1973. “Barrington Moore’s Thesis and Swedish Political Development.” Government and Opposition 8(3): 313–31. Huber, Evelyn and Frank Safford (eds.). 1995. Agrarian Structure and Political Power. Landlord and Peasant in the Making of Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Kaye, Harvey. 1978. “Barrington Moore's Paths to Modernization: Are They Applicable to Latin America? Bulletin of the Society for Latin American Studies No. 28 (April): 24-40. Mahoney, James. 2003. “Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism,” pp. 131–74, in James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (eds.), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press. Møller, Jørgen. 2017. State Formation, Regime Change, and Economic Development. London: Routledge Press, Chapter 6, "Barrington Moore and the Rebirth of the Discipline." Munck, Gerardo L., and Richard Snyder. 2007. Passion, Craft and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Paige, Jeffery M. 1990. “The Social Origins of Dictatorship, Democracy and Socialist Revolution in Central America,” Journal of Developing Societies Vol. 6 (January-April): 37-42. Paige, Jeffery M. 1997. Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Rueschemeyer, Dietrich Evelyne Stephens, and John D. Stephens. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Samuels, D., & Thomson, H. 2021. "Lord, Peasant … and Tractor? Agricultural Mechanization, Moore’s Thesis, and the Emergence of Democracy". Perspectives on Politics 19(3): 739-53. Skocpol, Theda. 1973. “A Critical Review of Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy,” Politics and Society 4 (1): 1-34. Skocpol, Theda (ed.). 1998. Democracy, Revolution, and History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Smith, Dennis. 1983. Barrington Moore: Violence, Morality and Political Change. London: Macmillan. Smith, Dennis. 1984. “Discovering Facts and Values: The Historical Sociology of Barrington Moore,” pp. 313-55, in Theda Skocpol (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Snyder, Richard. 2013. "The Uses and Abuses of Barrington Moore, Jr." APSA-CD: The Newsletter of the Comparative Democratization Section of the American Political Science Association (APSA) 11:13 (Winter). Stephens, John D. 1989. “Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Europe, 1870-1939: A Test of the Moore Thesis.” American Journal of Sociology 94(5): 1019–77. Valenzuela, J Samuel. 2001. “Class Relations and Democratization: A Reassessment of Barrington Moore’s Model,”pp. 240–86, in Miguel Angel Centeno and Fernando López-Alves (eds.), The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Wiener, J. M. 1976. “Review of Reviews,” History and Theory 15 (2): 146-75. See also Critical juncture theory – Theory of large, discontinuous changes Democratization – Society becoming more democratic Historical sociology – Interdisciplinary field of research Stein Rokkan – Norwegian sociologist (1921–1979) Theda Skocpol – American sociologist and political scientist (born 1947) Charles Tilly – American sociologist (1929–2008) References ^ Dennis Smith, "Obituary: Barrington Moore — Author of a daring sociological classic", The Independent, 17 November 2005, 59. ^ a b c d e Munck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-8018-8464-1. ^ Skocpol, Theda (1973). "A Critical Review of Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy". Politics & Society. 4 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1177/003232927300400101. ISSN 0032-3292. S2CID 143910152. ^ Wiener, Jonathan M. (1975). "The Barrington Moore Thesis and Its Critics". Theory and Society. 2 (3): 301–330. doi:10.1007/BF00212740. ISSN 0304-2421. JSTOR 656776. S2CID 144204537. ^ "The Canon: The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World". Times Higher Education (THE). 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ "Barrington Moore Jr., 92, Harvard sociologist". Harvard Gazette. Cambridge, Massachusetts. October 27, 2005. ^ Mollenkopf, John (1983). The Contested City. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. ix. ISBN 0691076596. ^ Wiener, Jonathan M. (1978). Social origins of the new South : Alabama, 1860-1885. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780807103975. ^ Gerschewski, Johannes (2021). "Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a "Missing Diagonal"". American Political Science Review. 115: 218–233. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000751. hdl:10419/228451. ISSN 0003-0554. ^ Jørgen Møller, State Formation, Regime Change, and Economic Development. London: Routledge Press, 2017, Ch. 6. ^ a b Munck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-8464-1. ^ Moore, Barrington, Herbert Marcuse and Robert Paul Wolff, A Critique of Pure Tolerance (Boston: Beacon Press, 1965) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Greece Korea 2 Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrington Moore, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Moore,_Sr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"political sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology"},{"link_name":"Barrington Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Moore,_Sr."},{"link_name":"modernization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"neo-Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Marxism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the sociologist. For the forester (his father), see Barrington Moore, Sr.Barrington Moore Jr. (12 May 1913 – 16 October 2005)[1] was an American political sociologist, and the son of forester Barrington Moore.He is well-known for his Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (1966), a comparative study of modernization in Britain, France, the United States, China, Japan, Russia, Germany, and India.[2] The book puts forth a neo-Marxist argument that class structures and class alliances at particular points in time can account for the kinds of social revolutions that occurred and did not occur in those countries, putting some countries on a path to democracy, whereas others were put on a path to authoritarianism or communism.[3][4] He famously argued, \"no bourgeois, no democracy,\" which emphasized the important role played by a large middle-class in accomplishing democratization and ensuring democratic stability.[5]","title":"Barrington Moore Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Albert Galloway Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Galloway_Keller"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keller-6"},{"link_name":"(OSS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"Theda Skocpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Skocpol"},{"link_name":"Charles Tilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilly"},{"link_name":"John Mollenkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mollenkopf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mollenkopf-7"},{"link_name":"Jon Wiener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Wiener"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiener-8"}],"text":"Moore was born in Washington D.C. in 1913.[2]He studied Latin, Greek, and history at Williams College in Massachusetts. He also became interested in political science, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated in 1936.[2] In 1941, Moore obtained his Ph.D. in sociology from Yale University where he studied with Albert Galloway Keller.[6] He worked as a policy analyst at the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and at the Department of Justice.Moore's academic career began in 1945 at the University of Chicago. In 1948 he went to Harvard University, joining the Russian Research Center in 1951. He was emerited in 1979.[2]Moore's students at Harvard included comparative social scientists Theda Skocpol and Charles Tilly, urban sociologist John Mollenkopf,[7] as well as historian Jon Wiener.[8]","title":"Early life, education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Marcuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse"}],"text":"While working at the OSS, Moore met his future wife, Elizabeth Ito, and Herbert Marcuse, who became a lifelong friend. Elizabeth died in 1992. They had no children.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"}],"text":"Early in his academic career, Moore was a specialist on Russian politics and society, authoring his first book, Soviet Politics in 1950 and Terror and Progress, USSR in 1954.[2] In 1958 his book of six essays on methodology and theory, Political Power and Social Theory, attacked the methodological outlook of 1950s social science.","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comparative historical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_historical_analysis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"modernization theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_theory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy","text":"Moore's groundbreaking work Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (1966) was the cornerstone to what is now called comparative historical analysis in the social sciences.[9]Moore's concern was the transformation of pre-industrial agrarian social relations into \"modern\" ones. He highlighted what he called \"three routes to the modern world\" - the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist - each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition.Moore challenged modernization theory by stressing that there was not one path to the modern world and that economic development did not always bring about democracy.[10]He drew particular attention to the violence which preceded the development of democratic institutions.[11] Initially, Moore set out to study a large number of countries, but reduced his number of cases to eight.[11]","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Paul Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff"},{"link_name":"tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration"},{"link_name":"A Critique of Pure Tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Critique_of_Pure_Tolerance"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"Critique of Pure Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason"},{"link_name":"scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"On tolerance","text":"In 1965, Moore, Herbert Marcuse, and Robert Paul Wolff each authored an essay on the concept of tolerance and the three essays were collected in the book A Critique of Pure Tolerance. The title was a play on the title of Immanuel Kant's book Critique of Pure Reason. In the book Moore argues that academic research and society in general should adopt a strictly scientific and secular outlook and approach theories and conjectures with empirical verification.[12]","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Origins_of_Dictatorship_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8070-5073-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-5073-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-24783-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-24783-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-3376-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3376-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-04920-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04920-3"}],"text":"Barrington Moore, Jr. Soviet Politics – The Dilemma of Power: The Role of Ideas in Social Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1950.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Terror and Progress, USSR: Some Sources of Change and Stability in the Soviet Dictatorship, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1954.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Political Power and Social Theory: Six Studies, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1958. Erweiterte Ausgabe: Political Power and Social Theory: Seven Studies, Harper & Row, New York, 1965.\nBarrington Moore, Jr., Robert Paul Wolff, Herbert Marcuse: A Critique of Pure Tolerance, Beacon Press, Boston, 1965.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Beacon Press, Boston, 1966. ISBN 0-8070-5073-3.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Reflections of the Causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals to Eliminate Them, Beacon Press, Boston, 1972.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt, M.E. Sharpe, White Plains, NY, 1978. ISBN 0-333-24783-3.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Privacy: Studies in Social and Cultural History, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, 1983.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Authority and Inequality under Capitalism and Socialism: USA, USSR, and China (Tanner Lectures on Human Values), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987.\nBarrington Moore, Jr. Moral Aspects of Economic Growth, and Other Essays (The Wilder House Series in Politics, History, and Culture), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1998. ISBN 0-8014-3376-2\nBarrington Moore, Jr.Moral Purity and Persecution in History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2000. ISBN 0-691-04920-3.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrington Moore’s Centennial Legacy.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//connect.apsanet.org/s35/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/2013_11_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/apsa-cd_january_2013.pdf"}],"text":"APSA Comparative Democratization. 2013. \"Barrington Moore’s Centennial Legacy.\" Special issue of Comparative Democratization newsletter, with articles by Ziblatt, Stephens, Bernhard and Kopstein, Berman, and Snyder.[1]\nBernhard, Michael. 2016. “The Moore Thesis: What’s Left after 1989?” Democratization 23(1): 118–40.\nCastles, Francis. 1973. “Barrington Moore’s Thesis and Swedish Political Development.” Government and Opposition 8(3): 313–31.\nHuber, Evelyn and Frank Safford (eds.). 1995. Agrarian Structure and Political Power. Landlord and Peasant in the Making of Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.\nKaye, Harvey. 1978. “Barrington Moore's Paths to Modernization: Are They Applicable to Latin America? Bulletin of the Society for Latin American Studies No. 28 (April): 24-40.\nMahoney, James. 2003. “Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism,” pp. 131–74, in James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (eds.), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.\nMøller, Jørgen. 2017. State Formation, Regime Change, and Economic Development. London: Routledge Press, Chapter 6, \"Barrington Moore and the Rebirth of the Discipline.\"\nMunck, Gerardo L., and Richard Snyder. 2007. Passion, Craft and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [Interview with Barrington Moore, Jr.]\nPaige, Jeffery M. 1990. “The Social Origins of Dictatorship, Democracy and Socialist Revolution in Central America,” Journal of Developing Societies Vol. 6 (January-April): 37-42.\nPaige, Jeffery M. 1997. Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.\nRueschemeyer, Dietrich Evelyne Stephens, and John D. Stephens. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nSamuels, D., & Thomson, H. 2021. \"Lord, Peasant … and Tractor? Agricultural Mechanization, Moore’s Thesis, and the Emergence of Democracy\". Perspectives on Politics 19(3): 739-53.\nSkocpol, Theda. 1973. “A Critical Review of Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy,” Politics and Society 4 (1): 1-34.\nSkocpol, Theda (ed.). 1998. Democracy, Revolution, and History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.\nSmith, Dennis. 1983. Barrington Moore: Violence, Morality and Political Change. London: Macmillan.\nSmith, Dennis. 1984. “Discovering Facts and Values: The Historical Sociology of Barrington Moore,” pp. 313-55, in Theda Skocpol (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. New York: Cambridge University Press.\nSnyder, Richard. 2013. \"The Uses and Abuses of Barrington Moore, Jr.\" APSA-CD: The Newsletter of the Comparative Democratization Section of the American Political Science Association (APSA) 11:13 (Winter).\nStephens, John D. 1989. “Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Europe, 1870-1939: A Test of the Moore Thesis.” American Journal of Sociology 94(5): 1019–77.\nValenzuela, J Samuel. 2001. “Class Relations and Democratization: A Reassessment of Barrington Moore’s Model,”pp. 240–86, in Miguel Angel Centeno and Fernando López-Alves (eds.), The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.\nWiener, J. M. 1976. “Review of Reviews,” History and Theory 15 (2): 146-75.","title":"Resources on Moore and his research"}]
[]
[{"title":"Critical juncture theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory"},{"title":"Democratization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization"},{"title":"Historical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_sociology"},{"title":"Stein Rokkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_Rokkan"},{"title":"Theda Skocpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Skocpol"},{"title":"Charles Tilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilly"}]
[{"reference":"Munck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-8018-8464-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=itGOAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8464-1","url_text":"978-0-8018-8464-1"}]},{"reference":"Skocpol, Theda (1973). \"A Critical Review of Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy\". Politics & Society. 4 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1177/003232927300400101. ISSN 0032-3292. S2CID 143910152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003232927300400101","url_text":"10.1177/003232927300400101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3292","url_text":"0032-3292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143910152","url_text":"143910152"}]},{"reference":"Wiener, Jonathan M. (1975). \"The Barrington Moore Thesis and Its Critics\". Theory and Society. 2 (3): 301–330. doi:10.1007/BF00212740. ISSN 0304-2421. JSTOR 656776. S2CID 144204537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00212740","url_text":"10.1007/BF00212740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-2421","url_text":"0304-2421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/656776","url_text":"656776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144204537","url_text":"144204537"}]},{"reference":"\"The Canon: The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World\". Times Higher Education (THE). 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-canon-the-social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-lord-and-peasant-in-the-making-of-the-modern-world/409009.article","url_text":"\"The Canon: The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barrington Moore Jr., 92, Harvard sociologist\". Harvard Gazette. Cambridge, Massachusetts. October 27, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2005/10/barrington-moore-jr-92-harvard-sociologist/","url_text":"\"Barrington Moore Jr., 92, Harvard sociologist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Gazette","url_text":"Harvard Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Mollenkopf, John (1983). The Contested City. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. ix. ISBN 0691076596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mollenkopf","url_text":"Mollenkopf, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contestedcity00moll","url_text":"The Contested City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691076596","url_text":"0691076596"}]},{"reference":"Wiener, Jonathan M. (1978). Social origins of the new South : Alabama, 1860-1885. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780807103975.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Wiener","url_text":"Wiener, Jonathan M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialoriginsofn0000wien/","url_text":"Social origins of the new South : Alabama, 1860-1885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge","url_text":"Baton Rouge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press","url_text":"Louisiana State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807103975","url_text":"9780807103975"}]},{"reference":"Gerschewski, Johannes (2021). \"Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a \"Missing Diagonal\"\". American Political Science Review. 115: 218–233. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000751. hdl:10419/228451. ISSN 0003-0554.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000751","url_text":"\"Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a \"Missing Diagonal\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000751","url_text":"10.1017/S0003055420000751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F228451","url_text":"10419/228451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554","url_text":"0003-0554"}]},{"reference":"Munck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-8464-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=itGOAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8464-1","url_text":"978-0-8018-8464-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://connect.apsanet.org/s35/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/2013_11_1.pdf","external_links_name":"Barrington Moore’s Centennial Legacy."},{"Link":"https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/apsa-cd_january_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/barrington-moore-515628.html","external_links_name":"Dennis Smith, \"Obituary: Barrington Moore — Author of a daring sociological classic\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=itGOAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003232927300400101","external_links_name":"10.1177/003232927300400101"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3292","external_links_name":"0032-3292"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143910152","external_links_name":"143910152"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00212740","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00212740"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-2421","external_links_name":"0304-2421"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/656776","external_links_name":"656776"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144204537","external_links_name":"144204537"},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-canon-the-social-origins-of-dictatorship-and-democracy-lord-and-peasant-in-the-making-of-the-modern-world/409009.article","external_links_name":"\"The Canon: The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World\""},{"Link":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2005/10/barrington-moore-jr-92-harvard-sociologist/","external_links_name":"\"Barrington Moore Jr., 92, Harvard sociologist\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/contestedcity00moll","external_links_name":"The Contested City"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/socialoriginsofn0000wien/","external_links_name":"Social origins of the new South : Alabama, 1860-1885"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000751","external_links_name":"\"Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a \"Missing Diagonal\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000751","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0003055420000751"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F228451","external_links_name":"10419/228451"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554","external_links_name":"0003-0554"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=itGOAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1071/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109211646","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85174773","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTmxJWgcrqTb9PbHb8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1038086","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12064709p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12064709p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513893406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121048845","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV017554","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265542705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50004270","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/b8nqsfqv4kvw7r1","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450413","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0004176&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record97908","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9482","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199619226","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068359535","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705958305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/230755","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0060606X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121048845.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/925108","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6614vmz","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027036618","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenoy,_Antoing
Fontenoy, Antoing
["1 History","2 Today","3 Gallery","4 References","5 Sources"]
Place in Wallonia, BelgiumFontenoyChurch of FontenoyFontenoyShow map of BelgiumFontenoyShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 50°34′04″N 3°28′24″E / 50.567780°N 3.473350°E / 50.567780; 3.473350Country BelgiumRegion WalloniaProvinceHainaut ProvinceMunicipalityAntoing Fontenoy is a village in the Belgian municipality of Antoing, Hainaut Province. It is known for the 1745 Battle of Fontenoy and for its beet sugar factory. History Fontenoy was mentioned as 'Fontineto' in 1189. It was part of the barony oof Antoing, which depended on Leuze. In 1669 it was conquered by France, but returned to the Spanish Netherlands in 1678. In 1697 Fontenoy again became French, due to the Peace of Ryswick. In 1713 it was again returned to the Southern Netherlands. On 11 May 1745 the major Battle of Fontenoy was fought near the village. It opened the way for the temporary occupation of the Austrian Netherlands by France. In 1992, during the construction of a new sugar factory on the battlefield, 60 skeletons were found. These had been buried in three layers on top of each other, and showed bullet holes. It was reported to be the first time that buried victims of the battle were found. Until 1977, Fontenoy was a separate municipality. Its independence was ended by the Fusion of the Belgian municipalities, after which it became part of Antoing municipality. Today The Fontenoy Sugar Factory was built on the Fontenoy battlefield in 1990–1993. By 1990 two companies that operated small sugar factories in nearby Wez-Velvain and Warcoing (Pecq) had decided on its construction. It is the most recent sugar factory of Western Europe. In 2003 it became part of Iscal Sugar. Due to its modern installations and good location, it was the only one of Iscal's four sugar factories that survived the restructuring of the European sugar market. Gallery 1745 battlefield map The beet sugar factory Village square Fontenoy in Summer References ^ a b Jespers 2005, p. 263. ^ Victims 1992. ^ a b Iscal Groupe 2023. ^ Betteravier 1990. Sources Jespers, Jean_Jacques (2005), Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, Editions Racine, ISBN 9782873864095 "Le Groupe Iscal", Iscal Sugar, 2023, retrieved 3 July 2023 "Slachtoffers Slag bij Fontenoy (1745) opgegraven" . De Telegraaf. 10 February 1992. "A new sugar factory in Fontenoy. There is strength in unity.", CAB Direct, 1990 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel This Hainaut Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoing"},{"link_name":"Hainaut Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainaut_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fontenoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy"},{"link_name":"beet sugar factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beet_sugar_factory"}],"text":"Fontenoy is a village in the Belgian municipality of Antoing, Hainaut Province. It is known for the 1745 Battle of Fontenoy and for its beet sugar factory.","title":"Fontenoy, Antoing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peace of Ryswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJespers2005263-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fontenoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJespers2005263-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVictims1992-2"},{"link_name":"Fusion of the Belgian municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_of_the_Belgian_municipalities"}],"text":"Fontenoy was mentioned as 'Fontineto' in 1189. It was part of the barony oof Antoing, which depended on Leuze. In 1669 it was conquered by France, but returned to the Spanish Netherlands in 1678. In 1697 Fontenoy again became French, due to the Peace of Ryswick. In 1713 it was again returned to the Southern Netherlands.[1]On 11 May 1745 the major Battle of Fontenoy was fought near the village. It opened the way for the temporary occupation of the Austrian Netherlands by France.[1] In 1992, during the construction of a new sugar factory on the battlefield, 60 skeletons were found. These had been buried in three layers on top of each other, and showed bullet holes. It was reported to be the first time that buried victims of the battle were found.[2]Until 1977, Fontenoy was a separate municipality. Its independence was ended by the Fusion of the Belgian municipalities, after which it became part of Antoing municipality.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIscal_Groupe2023-3"},{"link_name":"Wez-Velvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wez-Velvain"},{"link_name":"Pecq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecq"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetteravier1990-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIscal_Groupe2023-3"},{"link_name":"Iscal Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscal_Sugar"}],"text":"The Fontenoy Sugar Factory was built on the Fontenoy battlefield in 1990–1993.[3] By 1990 two companies that operated small sugar factories in nearby Wez-Velvain and Warcoing (Pecq) had decided on its construction.[4] It is the most recent sugar factory of Western Europe.[3] In 2003 it became part of Iscal Sugar. Due to its modern installations and good location, it was the only one of Iscal's four sugar factories that survived the restructuring of the European sugar market.","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_de_la_bataille_de_Fontenoy_remport%C3%A9e_le_11_mai_1745.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenoy01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenoy02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontenoy03.jpg"}],"text":"1745 battlefield map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe beet sugar factory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVillage square\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFontenoy in Summer","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9ZNfzEowTToC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782873864095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782873864095"},{"link_name":"\"Le Groupe Iscal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iscal.be/a-propos/iscal-sugar-group/"},{"link_name":"\"Slachtoffers Slag bij Fontenoy (1745) opgegraven\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010691505:mpeg21:p006"},{"link_name":"\"A new sugar factory in Fontenoy. There is strength in unity.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19900396578"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634052#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/147945693"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4212494-3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482572805171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_Province_BE_Hainaut.svg"},{"link_name":"Hainaut Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainaut_Province"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fontenoy,_Antoing&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hainaut-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hainaut-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hainaut-geo-stub"}],"text":"Jespers, Jean_Jacques (2005), Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, Editions Racine, ISBN 9782873864095\n\"Le Groupe Iscal\", Iscal Sugar, 2023, retrieved 3 July 2023\n\"Slachtoffers Slag bij Fontenoy (1745) opgegraven\" [Victims of Battle of Fontenoy (1745) found]. De Telegraaf. 10 February 1992.\n\"A new sugar factory in Fontenoy. There is strength in unity.\", CAB Direct, 1990Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nIsraelThis Hainaut Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jespers, Jean_Jacques (2005), Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, Editions Racine, ISBN 9782873864095","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZNfzEowTToC","url_text":"Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782873864095","url_text":"9782873864095"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Groupe Iscal\", Iscal Sugar, 2023, retrieved 3 July 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://iscal.be/a-propos/iscal-sugar-group/","url_text":"\"Le Groupe Iscal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slachtoffers Slag bij Fontenoy (1745) opgegraven\" [Victims of Battle of Fontenoy (1745) found]. De Telegraaf. 10 February 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010691505:mpeg21:p006","url_text":"\"Slachtoffers Slag bij Fontenoy (1745) opgegraven\""}]},{"reference":"\"A new sugar factory in Fontenoy. There is strength in unity.\", CAB Direct, 1990","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19900396578","url_text":"\"A new sugar factory in Fontenoy. There is strength in unity.\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fontenoy,_Antoing&params=50.567780_N_3.473350_E_type:landmark_region:BE-WAL","external_links_name":"50°34′04″N 3°28′24″E / 50.567780°N 3.473350°E / 50.567780; 3.473350"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZNfzEowTToC","external_links_name":"Dictionnaire des noms de lieux en Wallonie et à Bruxelles"},{"Link":"https://iscal.be/a-propos/iscal-sugar-group/","external_links_name":"\"Le Groupe Iscal\""},{"Link":"https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010691505:mpeg21:p006","external_links_name":"\"Slachtoffers Slag bij Fontenoy (1745) opgegraven\""},{"Link":"https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19900396578","external_links_name":"\"A new sugar factory in Fontenoy. There is strength in unity.\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147945693","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4212494-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482572805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fontenoy,_Antoing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktyabrsky,_Republic_of_Bashkortostan
Oktyabrsky, Bashkortostan
["1 Administrative and municipal status","2 Transportation","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources"]
Coordinates: 54°28′N 53°28′E / 54.467°N 53.467°E / 54.467; 53.467City in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia For other places with the same name, see Oktyabrsky. City in Bashkortostan, RussiaOktyabrsky ОктябрьскийCity FlagCoat of armsLocation of Oktyabrsky OktyabrskyLocation of OktyabrskyShow map of RussiaOktyabrskyOktyabrsky (Bashkortostan)Show map of BashkortostanCoordinates: 54°28′N 53°28′E / 54.467°N 53.467°E / 54.467; 53.467CountryRussiaFederal subjectBashkortostanFounded1937Elevation140 m (460 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total109,474 • Estimate (2018)113,827 (+4%) • Rank147th in 2010Administrative status • Subordinated tocity of republic significance of Oktyabrsky • Capital ofcity of republic significance of OktyabrskyMunicipal status • Urban okrugOktyabrsky Urban Okrug • Capital ofOktyabrsky Urban OkrugTime zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 )Postal code(s)452600–452603, 452606, 452607, 452612–452616OKTMO ID80735000001Websitewww.oktadm.ru Bus station in Oktyabrsky Oktyabrsky (Russian and Bashkir: Октябрьский) is a city in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the Ik River. Population: 115,557 (2021 Census); 109,474 (2010 Census); 108,647 (2002 Census); 104,732 (1989 Census). Oktyabrsky was ranked first among Category II cities (population 100,000 or higher, excluding administrative centers) in the 2015 edition of Most Comfortable City in Russia. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Oktyabrsky—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Oktyabrsky is incorporated as Oktyabrsky Urban Okrug. Transportation The city is served by the Oktyabrsky Airport. References Notes ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ a b c Resolution #391 ^ a b c Law #162-z ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. ^ ru:Самый благоустроенный город России#Победители Sources Правительство Республики Башкортостан. Постановление №391 от 29 декабря 2006 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Башкортостан», в ред. Постановления №61 от 26 февраля 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в реестр административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Башкортостан». Опубликован: "Ведомости Государственного Собрания – Курултая, Президента и Правительства Республики Башкортостан", №5 (251), ст. 239, 12 марта 2007 г. (Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Resolution #391 of December 29, 2006 On Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Entities and Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended by the Resolution #61 of February 26, 2013 On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Entities and Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. ). Государственное Собрание —Курултай Республики Башкортостан. Закон №162-з от 17 декабря 2004 г. «О границах, статусе и административных центрах муниципальных образований в Республике Башкортостан», в ред. Закона №572-з от 17 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 2 Закона Республики Башкортостан "О границах, статусе и административных центрах муниципальных образований в Республике Башкортостан"». Вступил в силу в соответствии со статьёй 33. Опубликован: "Республика Башкортостан", №52 (25785), 22 марта 2005 г. (State Assembly of Bashkortostan—El Kurultai. Law #162-z of December 17, 2004 On the Borders, Status, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended by the Law #572-z of July 17, 2012 On Amending Article 2 of the Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan "On the Borders, Status, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Bashkortostan". Effective as of the date established in accordance with the provisions of Article 33.). vteAdministrative divisions of BashkortostanCapital: Ufa • Rural localitiesAdministrative districts Abzelilovsky Alsheyevsky Arkhangelsky Askinsky Aurgazinsky Bakalinsky Baltachevsky Baymaksky Belebeyevsky Belokataysky Beloretsky Birsky Bizhbulyaksky Blagovarsky Blagoveshchensky Burayevsky Burzyansky Buzdyaksky Chekmagushevsky Chishminsky Davlekanovsky Duvansky Dyurtyulinsky Fyodorovsky Gafuriysky Iglinsky Ilishevsky Ishimbaysky Kaltasinsky Karaidelsky Karmaskalinsky Khaybullinsky Kiginsky Krasnokamsky Kugarchinsky Kushnarenkovsky Kuyurgazinsky Mechetlinsky Meleuzovsky Mishkinsky Miyakinsky Nurimanovsky Salavatsky Sharansky Sterlibashevsky Sterlitamaksky Tatyshlinsky Tuymazinsky Uchalinsky Ufimsky Yanaulsky Yermekeyevsky Zianchurinsky Zilairsky Cities and towns(all levels) Agidel Baymak Belebey Beloretsk Birsk Blagoveshchensk Davlekanovo Dyurtyuli Ishimbay Kumertau Meleuz Mezhgorye Neftekamsk Oktyabrsky Salavat Sibay Sterlitamak Tuymazy Uchaly Ufa Yanaul Urban-type settlements Chishmy Priyutovo Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oktyabrsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktyabrsky_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avtovok.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Bashkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_language"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ik River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik_River"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-7"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-1"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-8"},{"link_name":"1989 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-9"},{"link_name":"Most Comfortable City in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"text":"City in the Republic of Bashkortostan, RussiaFor other places with the same name, see Oktyabrsky.City in Bashkortostan, RussiaBus station in OktyabrskyOktyabrsky (Russian and Bashkir: Октябрьский) is a city in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the Ik River. Population: 115,557 (2021 Census);[7] 109,474 (2010 Census);[1] 108,647 (2002 Census);[8] 104,732 (1989 Census).[9] Oktyabrsky was ranked first among Category II cities (population 100,000 or higher, excluding administrative centers) in the 2015 edition of Most Comfortable City in Russia.[10][circular reference]","title":"Oktyabrsky, Bashkortostan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"city of republic significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref13-3"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref15-4"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Oktyabrsky—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Oktyabrsky is incorporated as Oktyabrsky Urban Okrug.[4]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oktyabrsky Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktyabrsky_Airport"}],"text":"The city is served by the Oktyabrsky Airport.","title":"Transportation"}]
[{"image_text":"Bus station in Oktyabrsky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Avtovok.jpg/220px-Avtovok.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oktyabrsky,_Bashkortostan&params=54_28_N_53_28_E_type:city(109474)_region:RU-BA","external_links_name":"54°28′N 53°28′E / 54.467°N 53.467°E / 54.467; 53.467"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oktyabrsky,_Bashkortostan&params=54_28_N_53_28_E_type:city(109474)_region:RU-BA","external_links_name":"54°28′N 53°28′E / 54.467°N 53.467°E / 54.467; 53.467"},{"Link":"http://www.oktadm.ru/","external_links_name":"www.oktadm.ru"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136445710","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010010661","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star,_Texas
Rising Star, Texas
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Education","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611 Town in Texas, United StatesRising Star, TexasTownLocation of Rising Star, TexasCoordinates: 32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyEastlandArea • Total1.73 sq mi (4.47 km2) • Land1.73 sq mi (4.47 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,624 ft (495 m)Population (2010) • Total835 • Estimate (2019)821 • Density475.39/sq mi (183.54/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code76471Area code254FIPS code48-62252GNIS feature ID1345253Websitewww.risingstartexas.net Rising Star is a town in Eastland County, Texas, United States. Its population as of the 2010 census was 835. Geography Rising Star is located in southwestern Eastland County at 32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611 (32.096260, –98.966074). U.S. Route 183 passes through the town, leading north 20 miles (32 km) to Cisco and south 28 miles (45 km) to Brownwood. Texas State Highway 36 crosses US-183 in the center of town, leading southeast 26 miles (42 km) to Comanche and west 12 miles (19 km) to Cross Plains. Eastland, the county seat, is 30 miles (48 km) to the north and east via US-183 and Interstate 20. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Rising Star has an area of 1.7 square miles (4.5 km2), all land. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Rising Star has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910640—192090641.6%19301,16028.0%19401,1983.3%19501,2897.6%1960997−22.7%19701,0091.2%19801,20419.3%1990859−28.7%2000835−2.8%20108350.0%2019 (est.)821−1.7%U.S. Decennial Census According to the census of 2000, 835 people, 345 households, and 212 families resided in the town. The population density was 497.9 inhabitants per square mile (192.2/km2). The 483 housing units averaged 288.0 per square mile (111.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 93.65% White, 0.24% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 2.87% from other races, and 2.75% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.23% of the population. Of the 345 households, 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were not families. About 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.98. In the town, the population was distributed as 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 24.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $19,118, and for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $22,750 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,636. About 19.4% of families and 24.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.7% of those under age 18 and 25.0% of those age 65 or over. History The first settlers arrived in the area that is now Rising Star on January 10, 1875. The original seven families were the families of William "Allie" Wylie Smith, G. A., Andrew "Big Andy" Smith, Andrew "Little Andy" Agnew, William "Billy" Agnew, Fletcher Fields, and D. M. (Dave) McKinley. The seven families were all related to each other through the Agnew line. Large amounts of land were found to be available for purchase in the area, because the state of Texas kept all unappropriated and vacant land after joining the Union 30 years prior. This land belonged to the state, which sold it to finance the construction of the public school system and state universities. The state gave a portion of its land to railroad companies to sell. This encouraged and helped railroad lines to be developed throughout Texas. Because of this, almost all of the land in Eastland County was either school land or railroad land. Settlers could buy railroad land for $3.00 per acre and school land for as low as $1.00 per acre with no down payment and about 20–40 years to pay off the land. Most of these East Texas families purchased land from the railroad companies. Other families soon began to move into the area and purchase land. Some of the families that settled later were the Anderson, Irby, Roach, Cox, Hull, Leach, Haynes, Wynn, Mayfield, and Swindle families. No mail routes existed initially in this newly settled frontier, but by about 1880, the community became a stop on a mail route between Cisco and Brownwood. Prior to the establishment of this mail route, the families received mail from Sipe Springs. In 1881, the town sent a petition to the U.S. government asking for a new post office in the area. The community leaders were required to suggest a name for the post office and decided upon the name Star, which was then sent for approval to the Postal Service. The Postal Service sent word back that a post office under the name Star was already located in Texas (in Mills County). The citizens called a meeting to select another name, and after many long hours of deliberation, Little Andy Agnew proposed, "Since we are a rising young community, why don't we just call ourselves Rising Star." The name was agreed to and accepted by the Postal Service. From 1910 through 1911, a spur of the Texas Central line (Katy Railroad) was constructed to the west 40 miles from De Leon to Cross Plains through Rising Star. The Katy abandoned the spur in the 1940s. Education The town is served by the Rising Star Independent School District and is home to the Rising Star High School Wildcats. Notable people Gene Alford, professional football player was born in Rising Star Brooks Holder, professional baseball player, inductee in Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame, was born in Rising Star Joe M. Kilgore, former U.S. representative from Texas, was reared part of the time in Rising Star Lexie Dean Robertson, Poet Laureate of Texas, 1939–1941 References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rising Star town, Texas". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ Climate Summary for Rising Star, Texas ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ Rising Star Texas; A Brief History of the Early Community by A. P. Smith, 1984. ^ Texas Almanac 2014-2015, p. 574. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rising Star, Texas. Town of Rising Star official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Eastland County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: EastlandCities Cisco Eastland Gorman Ranger Eastland County mapTowns Carbon Rising Star Unincorporatedcommunities Morton Valley Olden Romney Ghost town Mangum Texas portal United States portal Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastland County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Town in Texas, United StatesRising Star is a town in Eastland County, Texas, United States. Its population as of the 2010 census was 835.[5]","title":"Rising Star, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rising_Star,_Texas&params=32_5_47_N_98_57_58_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas State Highway 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cross Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Plains,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Interstate 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Rising Star is located in southwestern Eastland County at 32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611 (32.096260, –98.966074).[6] U.S. Route 183 passes through the town, leading north 20 miles (32 km) to Cisco and south 28 miles (45 km) to Brownwood. Texas State Highway 36 crosses US-183 in the center of town, leading southeast 26 miles (42 km) to Comanche and west 12 miles (19 km) to Cross Plains. Eastland, the county seat, is 30 miles (48 km) to the north and east via US-183 and Interstate 20.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Rising Star has an area of 1.7 square miles (4.5 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Rising Star has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"According to the census[3] of 2000, 835 people, 345 households, and 212 families resided in the town. The population density was 497.9 inhabitants per square mile (192.2/km2). The 483 housing units averaged 288.0 per square mile (111.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 93.65% White, 0.24% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 2.87% from other races, and 2.75% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.23% of the population.Of the 345 households, 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were not families. About 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.98.In the town, the population was distributed as 23.7% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 24.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.The median income for a household in the town was $19,118, and for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $22,750 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,636. About 19.4% of families and 24.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.7% of those under age 18 and 25.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A._P._Smith-9"},{"link_name":"Katy Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Railroad"},{"link_name":"De Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Leon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cross Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Plains,_Texas"}],"text":"The first settlers arrived in the area that is now Rising Star on January 10, 1875. The original seven families were the families of William \"Allie\" Wylie Smith, G. A., Andrew \"Big Andy\" Smith, Andrew \"Little Andy\" Agnew, William \"Billy\" Agnew, Fletcher Fields, and D. M. (Dave) McKinley. The seven families were all related to each other through the Agnew line.Large amounts of land were found to be available for purchase in the area, because the state of Texas kept all unappropriated and vacant land after joining the Union 30 years prior. This land belonged to the state, which sold it to finance the construction of the public school system and state universities. The state gave a portion of its land to railroad companies to sell. This encouraged and helped railroad lines to be developed throughout Texas. Because of this, almost all of the land in Eastland County was either school land or railroad land. Settlers could buy railroad land for $3.00 per acre and school land for as low as $1.00 per acre with no down payment and about 20–40 years to pay off the land. Most of these East Texas families purchased land from the railroad companies.Other families soon began to move into the area and purchase land. Some of the families that settled later were the Anderson, Irby, Roach, Cox, Hull, Leach, Haynes, Wynn, Mayfield, and Swindle families.No mail routes existed initially in this newly settled frontier, but by about 1880, the community became a stop on a mail route between Cisco and Brownwood. Prior to the establishment of this mail route, the families received mail from Sipe Springs. In 1881, the town sent a petition to the U.S. government asking for a new post office in the area. The community leaders were required to suggest a name for the post office and decided upon the name Star, which was then sent for approval to the Postal Service. The Postal Service sent word back that a post office under the name Star was already located in Texas (in Mills County). The citizens called a meeting to select another name, and after many long hours of deliberation, Little Andy Agnew proposed, \"Since we are a rising young community, why don't we just call ourselves Rising Star.\" The name was agreed to and accepted by the Postal Service.[9] From 1910 through 1911, a spur of the Texas Central line (Katy Railroad) was constructed to the west 40 miles from De Leon to Cross Plains through Rising Star. The Katy abandoned the spur in the 1940s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rising Star Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Rising Star High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_High_School"}],"text":"The town is served by the Rising Star Independent School District and is home to the Rising Star High School Wildcats.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Alford"},{"link_name":"Brooks Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Holder"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Joe M. Kilgore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_M._Kilgore"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._representative"},{"link_name":"Lexie Dean Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexie_Dean_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Gene Alford, professional football player was born in Rising Star\nBrooks Holder, professional baseball player, inductee in Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame, was born in Rising Star\nJoe M. Kilgore, former U.S. representative from Texas, was reared part of the time in Rising Star\nLexie Dean Robertson, Poet Laureate of Texas, 1939–1941[10]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Eastland County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Eastland_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Eastland_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rising Star town, Texas\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213063903/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4862252","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rising Star town, Texas\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4862252","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rising_Star,_Texas&params=32_5_47_N_98_57_58_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rising_Star,_Texas&params=32_5_47_N_98_57_58_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611"},{"Link":"http://www.risingstartexas.net/","external_links_name":"www.risingstartexas.net"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rising_Star,_Texas&params=32_5_47_N_98_57_58_W_type:city","external_links_name":"32°5′47″N 98°57′58″W / 32.09639°N 98.96611°W / 32.09639; -98.96611"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213063903/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4862252","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rising Star town, Texas\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4862252","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=336714&cityname=Rising+Star%2C+Texas%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for Rising Star, Texas"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.risingstartexas.net/","external_links_name":"Town of Rising Star official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308782434","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_Square,_Baku
Fountains Square, Baku
["1 Views of the Fountains Square","2 Notes"]
Coordinates: 40°22′15″N 49°50′13″E / 40.37083°N 49.83694°E / 40.37083; 49.83694Place in Baku, AzerbaijanFountains SquareNickname: "Parapet"Coordinates: 40°22′15″N 49°50′13″E / 40.37083°N 49.83694°E / 40.37083; 49.83694CountryAzerbaijanCapital of AzerbaijanBakuBaku#Districts of BakuSabail raionElevation−28 m (−92 ft)Time zoneUTC+4 (AZT) Fountains Square (Azerbaijani: Fəvvarələr meydanı) is a public square in downtown Baku, capital of Azerbaijan. The square was previously called Parapet and is often referenced as the same name now. The name of the fountains square derives from the presence of dozens of fountains throughout the square first constructed during Soviet rule of Azerbaijan. The square is a public gathering place, especially after business hours and during the weekend. It is an attractive tourist destination with many boutiques, restaurants, shops, hotels and passage. It starts from the Istiglaliyyat Street and walls of the Icheri Sheher and stretches through Nizami Street, also called in popular culture as the Torgovaya street running parallel to Baku Boulevard. The fountains square is a location where the city authorities hold many public festivals, shows and celebrations. In 2010, the square was renovated by Baku authorities. A "Fountains Square" salad has been named after the square. Views of the Fountains Square Fountains Square The first McDonald's in Baku on Fountains Square 19th century building on Nizami street Torgovaya street awaiting the evening crowd Evening fountain Palm tree - popular decoration of new Baku Morning hours Main fountain Passage crowded with merchants of antiques after business hours Another fountain Fountains Square in 2008 before reconstruction Fountain in the "Governor's garden" in Baku IFountain Fountain "Balls" night Fountain Notes ^ "Fountain Square". Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ "Обновленный облик площади Фонтанов в Баку". Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ "Fountains Square opens after reconstruction in Baku center". Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ "Fəvvarələr meydanı salatı". Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010. vte Baku landmarksFamous and historic structures Old City Palace of the Shirvanshahs Maiden Tower Alley of Honor Martyrs' Lane Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center International Mugam Center of Azerbaijan Palace of Happiness Gulustan Palace Ismailiyya Palace Sovetsky Baku TV Tower Flame Towers Places of worship Bibi-Heybat Mosque Binagady Mosque Gardashlyg Mosque Jinn Mosque Takyeh (Old City, Baku) Chin Mosque Gileyli Mosque Khidir Mosque Lezgi Mosque Ashur Mosque Muhammad Mosque Shahids’ Mosque Taza Pir Mosque Tuba Shahi Mosque Haji Heybat Mosque Ateshgah Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral Armenian Church Church of the Saviour Church of Michael Archangel Church of the Immaculate Conception Nature and parks Baku Bay Baku Archipelago Lake Boyukshor Baku Botanical Gardens National Park Mirza Alakbar Sabir Garden Philharmonic Garden Molokan Garden Baku Boulevard Samad Vurgun Park Khan's Garden Entertainment and recreation Baku Crystal Hall Baku Ferris Wheel Buta Palace Heydar Aliyev Palace Baku Zoo Park Bulvar Children's World Baku State Circus Baku Water Park Baku Aqua Park Cultural and art National Library of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall National Art Museum of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan State Museum of History Independence Museum of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan State Museum of Musical Culture Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature Baku Museum of Modern Art Museum of Political Repression Victims Baku Museum of Miniature Books Rinay Azerbaijan Carpet Museum House-Museum of Vagif Mustafazadeh Villa Petrolea Azerbaijan State Academic Drama Theatre Azerbaijan State Pantomime Theatre Azerbaijan State Russian Drama Theatre Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy Azerbaijan State Theatre of Young Spectators Baku Puppet Theatre Green Theatre Rashid Behbudov State Song Theatre Science and education Baku State University Azerbaijan Technical University Azerbaijan Medical University Azerbaijan State Economic University Azerbaijan State University of Culture and Arts Azerbaijan State Physical Culture and Sports Academy Azerbaijan University of Languages Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Khazar University Qafqaz University Baku Slavic University Odlar Yurdu University Western University Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan State Marine Academy Azerbaijan State Oil Academy Baku Academy of Music Asaf Zeynally Music College Baku Polytechnicum Jamshid Nakhchivanski Military Lyceum Lycée français de Bakou Baku International School Sport venues AZAL Stadium Azersun Arena Baku Aquatics Centre Baku National Stadium Baku Shooting Center Baku Sports Palace Baku Tennis Academy Bayil Stadium Dalga Arena Eighth Kilometer District Stadium Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex Ismat Gayibov Stadium Karabakh Stadium National Gymnastics Arena Inter Arena Shagan Olympic Sport Complex Stadium Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium Tofiq Ismayilov Stadium Transportation Heydar Aliyev International Airport Baku Railway Station Baku International Sea Trade Port Baku Metro Baku Funicular Squares and streets Azadliq Square Fountains Square National Flag Square 28 May Street Boyuk Shor Highway Istiglaliyyat Street Neftchilar Avenue Nizami Street Rashid Behbudov Street Tbilisi Avenue Khagani Alley Government and financial institutions National Assembly Government House Presidential Palace Baku City Hall Central Bank of Azerbaijan Baku Stock Exchange Baku Expo Center Category:Baku This article about a building or structure in Azerbaijan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Azerbaijan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Istiglaliyyat Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiglaliyyat_Street"},{"link_name":"Icheri Sheher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icheri_Sheher"},{"link_name":"Nizami Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Street"},{"link_name":"Baku Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Place in Baku, AzerbaijanFountains Square (Azerbaijani: Fəvvarələr meydanı) is a public square in downtown Baku, capital of Azerbaijan.\nThe square was previously called Parapet and is often referenced as the same name now. The name of the fountains square derives from the presence of dozens of fountains throughout the square first constructed during Soviet rule of Azerbaijan.The square is a public gathering place, especially after business hours and during the weekend. It is an attractive tourist destination with many boutiques, restaurants, shops, hotels and passage.[1] It starts from the Istiglaliyyat Street and walls of the Icheri Sheher and stretches through Nizami Street, also called in popular culture as the Torgovaya street running parallel to Baku Boulevard. The fountains square is a location where the city authorities hold many public festivals, shows and celebrations.In 2010, the square was renovated by Baku authorities.[2][3] A \"Fountains Square\" salad has been named after the square.[4]","title":"Fountains Square, Baku"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baku_place_1000.jpg"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nizami_street_building,_Baku.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nizami_street_in_Baku,_2010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain_in_night_Baku,_2010_(6).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palbaku_1003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rasul_Rza_Street,_Baku,_2010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountains_Square,_Baku,_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountains_Square,_Baku.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountains_Square,_Baku,_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azeris_Downtown.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain_in_the_%22Governor%27s_garden%22_in_Baku,_Azerbaijan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IFountain_IMG_3296.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain_%22Balls%22_night_IMG_2194.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain_IMG_2101.jpg"}],"text":"Fountains Square\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe first McDonald's in Baku on Fountains Square\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t19th century building on Nizami street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTorgovaya street awaiting the evening crowd\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEvening fountain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalm tree - popular decoration of new Baku\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorning hours\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain fountain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPassage crowded with merchants of antiques after business hours\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother fountain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFountains Square in 2008 before reconstruction\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFountain in the \"Governor's garden\" in Baku\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIFountain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFountain \"Balls\" night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFountain","title":"Views of the Fountains Square"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fountain Square\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.azerb.com/az-baku.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Обновленный облик площади Фонтанов в Баку\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.day.az/society/217274.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Fountains Square opens after reconstruction in Baku center\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.day.az/society/217274.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Fəvvarələr meydanı salatı\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100122102236/http://azerifood.com/az/6/69.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//azerifood.com/az/6/69.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baku_landmarks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Baku_landmarks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baku_landmarks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WP_baku_siegel.png"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Old City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Maiden Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"Alley of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Martyrs' Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs%27_Lane"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_Center"},{"link_name":"International Mugam Center of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mugam_Center_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Palace of Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Happiness"},{"link_name":"Gulustan Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulustan_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ismailiyya Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailiyya_building"},{"link_name":"Sovetsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsky,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Baku TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_TV_Tower"},{"link_name":"Flame Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_Towers"},{"link_name":"Bibi-Heybat Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi-Heybat_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Binagady Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Gardashlyg Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gardashlyg_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jinn Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Takyeh (Old City, Baku)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takyeh_(Old_City,_Baku)"},{"link_name":"Chin Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Gileyli Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gileyli_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Khidir Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidir_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Lezgi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ashur Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mosque_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"Shahids’ Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"Taza Pir Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taza_Pir_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Tuba Shahi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_Shahi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Haji Heybat Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Heybat_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ateshgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku"},{"link_name":"Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Myrrhbearers_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Armenian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Church,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Church of the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Saviour,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Church of Michael Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Michael_Archangel,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Church of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Baku Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Bay"},{"link_name":"Baku Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Lake Boyukshor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Boyukshor"},{"link_name":"Baku Botanical Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baku_Botanical_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Park,_Baku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mirza Alakbar Sabir Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Alakbar_Sabir_Garden"},{"link_name":"Philharmonic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Molokan Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokan_Garden"},{"link_name":"Baku Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Samad Vurgun Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samad_Vurgun_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khan's Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan%27s_Garden_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"Baku Crystal Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Crystal_Hall"},{"link_name":"Baku Ferris Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Ferris_Wheel"},{"link_name":"Buta Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buta_Palace"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_Palace"},{"link_name":"Baku Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Park Bulvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Bulvar"},{"link_name":"Children's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_World,_Baku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baku State Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_State_Circus"},{"link_name":"Baku Water Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baku_Water_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baku Aqua Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baku_Aqua_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Library of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Academic_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Philharmonic_Hall"},{"link_name":"National Art Museum of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Art_Museum_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Museum of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Museum_of_History"},{"link_name":"Independence Museum of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Museum_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Museum of Musical Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Museum_of_Musical_Culture"},{"link_name":"Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Museum_of_Azerbaijani_Literature"},{"link_name":"Baku Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Political Repression Victims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Political_Repression_Victims"},{"link_name":"Baku Museum of Miniature Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Museum_of_Miniature_Books"},{"link_name":"Rinay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinay"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Carpet Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Carpet_Museum"},{"link_name":"House-Museum of Vagif Mustafazadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House-Museum_of_Vagif_Mustafazadeh"},{"link_name":"Villa Petrolea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Petrolea"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Academic Drama Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Academic_Drama_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Pantomime Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Pantomime_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Russian Drama Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Russian_Drama_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Theatre_of_Musical_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Theatre of Young Spectators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Theatre_of_Young_Spectators"},{"link_name":"Baku Puppet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Puppet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Green Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Rashid Behbudov State Song Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Behbudov_State_Song_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Baku State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_State_University"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Economic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Economic_University"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State University of Culture and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_University_of_Culture_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Physical Culture and Sports Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan_State_Physical_Culture_and_Sports_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan University of Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_University_of_Languages"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Architecture_and_Construction_University"},{"link_name":"Khazar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_University"},{"link_name":"Qafqaz University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafqaz_University"},{"link_name":"Baku Slavic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Slavic_University"},{"link_name":"Odlar Yurdu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odlar_Yurdu_University"},{"link_name":"Western University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_University_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Marine Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Marine_Academy"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State Oil Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Oil_and_Industrial_University"},{"link_name":"Baku Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Asaf Zeynally Music College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaf_Zeynally_Music_College"},{"link_name":"Baku Polytechnicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Polytechnicum"},{"link_name":"Jamshid Nakhchivanski Military Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshid_Nakhchivanski_Military_Lyceum"},{"link_name":"Lycée français de Bakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_de_Bakou"},{"link_name":"Baku International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_International_School"},{"link_name":"AZAL Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZAL_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Azersun Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azersun_Arena"},{"link_name":"Baku Aquatics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Aquatics_Centre"},{"link_name":"Baku National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Baku Shooting Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baku_Shooting_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baku Sports Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Sports_Palace"},{"link_name":"Baku Tennis Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Tennis_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bayil Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayil_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dalga Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalga_Arena"},{"link_name":"Eighth Kilometer District Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Kilometer_District_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_Sports_and_Exhibition_Complex"},{"link_name":"Ismat Gayibov Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismat_Gayibov_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Karabakh Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Stadium"},{"link_name":"National Gymnastics Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gymnastics_Arena"},{"link_name":"Inter Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Shagan Olympic Sport Complex Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shagan_Olympic_Sport_Complex_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofiq_Bahramov_Republican_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tofiq Ismayilov Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofiq_Ismayilov_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Baku Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Railways"},{"link_name":"Baku International Sea Trade Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_International_Sea_Trade_Port"},{"link_name":"Baku Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Metro"},{"link_name":"Baku Funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Funicular"},{"link_name":"Azadliq Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadliq_Square,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Fountains Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"National Flag Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_Square"},{"link_name":"28 May Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_May_Street"},{"link_name":"Boyuk Shor Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyuk_Shor_Highway"},{"link_name":"Istiglaliyyat Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiglaliyyat_Street"},{"link_name":"Neftchilar Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftchilar_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Nizami Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Street"},{"link_name":"Rashid Behbudov Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Behbudov_Street"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Khagani Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagani_Alley_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Baku"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Baku City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Baku"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Baku Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Baku Expo Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Expo_Center"},{"link_name":"Category:Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maiden_Tower_(Baku).jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fountains_Square,_Baku&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan-struct-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fountains_Square,_Baku&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan-stub"}],"text":"^ \n\"Fountain Square\". Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ \n\"Обновленный облик площади Фонтанов в Баку\". Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ \n\"Fountains Square opens after reconstruction in Baku center\". Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ \"Fəvvarələr meydanı salatı\". Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.vte Baku landmarksFamous and historic structures\nOld City\nPalace of the Shirvanshahs\nMaiden Tower\nAlley of Honor\nMartyrs' Lane\nHeydar Aliyev Cultural Center\nInternational Mugam Center of Azerbaijan\nPalace of Happiness\nGulustan Palace\nIsmailiyya Palace\nSovetsky\nBaku TV Tower\nFlame Towers\nPlaces of worship\nBibi-Heybat Mosque\nBinagady Mosque\nGardashlyg Mosque\nJinn Mosque\nTakyeh (Old City, Baku)\nChin Mosque\nGileyli Mosque\nKhidir Mosque\nLezgi Mosque\nAshur Mosque\nMuhammad Mosque\nShahids’ Mosque\nTaza Pir Mosque\nTuba Shahi Mosque\nHaji Heybat Mosque\nAteshgah\nHoly Myrrhbearers Cathedral\nArmenian Church\nChurch of the Saviour\nChurch of Michael Archangel\nChurch of the Immaculate Conception\nNature and parks\nBaku Bay\nBaku Archipelago\nLake Boyukshor\nBaku Botanical Gardens\nNational Park\nMirza Alakbar Sabir Garden\nPhilharmonic Garden\nMolokan Garden\nBaku Boulevard\nSamad Vurgun Park\nKhan's Garden \nEntertainment and recreation\nBaku Crystal Hall\nBaku Ferris Wheel\nButa Palace\nHeydar Aliyev Palace\nBaku Zoo\nPark Bulvar\nChildren's World\nBaku State Circus\nBaku Water Park\nBaku Aqua Park\nCultural and art\nNational Library of Azerbaijan\nAzerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater\nAzerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall\nNational Art Museum of Azerbaijan\nAzerbaijan State Museum of History\nIndependence Museum of Azerbaijan\nAzerbaijan State Museum of Musical Culture\nNizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature\nBaku Museum of Modern Art\nMuseum of Political Repression Victims\nBaku Museum of Miniature Books\nRinay\nAzerbaijan Carpet Museum\nHouse-Museum of Vagif Mustafazadeh\nVilla Petrolea\nAzerbaijan State Academic Drama Theatre\nAzerbaijan State Pantomime Theatre\nAzerbaijan State Russian Drama Theatre\nAzerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy\nAzerbaijan State Theatre of Young Spectators\nBaku Puppet Theatre\nGreen Theatre\nRashid Behbudov State Song Theatre\nScience and education\nBaku State University\nAzerbaijan Technical University\nAzerbaijan Medical University\nAzerbaijan State Economic University\nAzerbaijan State University of Culture and Arts\nAzerbaijan State Physical Culture and Sports Academy\nAzerbaijan University of Languages\nAzerbaijan Architecture and Construction University\nKhazar University\nQafqaz University\nBaku Slavic University\nOdlar Yurdu University\nWestern University\nAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences\nAzerbaijan State Marine Academy\nAzerbaijan State Oil Academy\nBaku Academy of Music\nAsaf Zeynally Music College\nBaku Polytechnicum\nJamshid Nakhchivanski Military Lyceum\nLycée français de Bakou\nBaku International School\nSport venues\nAZAL Stadium\nAzersun Arena\nBaku Aquatics Centre\nBaku National Stadium\nBaku Shooting Center\nBaku Sports Palace\nBaku Tennis Academy\nBayil Stadium\nDalga Arena\nEighth Kilometer District Stadium\nHeydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex\nIsmat Gayibov Stadium\nKarabakh Stadium\nNational Gymnastics Arena\nInter Arena\nShagan Olympic Sport Complex Stadium\nTofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium\nTofiq Ismayilov Stadium\nTransportation\nHeydar Aliyev International Airport\nBaku Railway Station\nBaku International Sea Trade Port\nBaku Metro\nBaku Funicular\nSquares and streets\nAzadliq Square\nFountains Square\nNational Flag Square\n28 May Street\nBoyuk Shor Highway\nIstiglaliyyat Street\nNeftchilar Avenue\nNizami Street\nRashid Behbudov Street\nTbilisi Avenue\nKhagani Alley \nGovernment and financial institutions\nNational Assembly\nGovernment House\nPresidential Palace\nBaku City Hall\nCentral Bank of Azerbaijan\nBaku Stock Exchange\nBaku Expo Center\nCategory:BakuThis article about a building or structure in Azerbaijan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Azerbaijan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fountain Square\". Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azerb.com/az-baku.html","url_text":"\"Fountain Square\""}]},{"reference":"\"Обновленный облик площади Фонтанов в Баку\". Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.day.az/society/217274.html","url_text":"\"Обновленный облик площади Фонтанов в Баку\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fountains Square opens after reconstruction in Baku center\". Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.day.az/society/217274.html","url_text":"\"Fountains Square opens after reconstruction in Baku center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fəvvarələr meydanı salatı\". Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122102236/http://azerifood.com/az/6/69.html","url_text":"\"Fəvvarələr meydanı salatı\""},{"url":"http://azerifood.com/az/6/69.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fountains_Square,_Baku&params=40_22_15_N_49_50_13_E_region:AZ_type:city","external_links_name":"40°22′15″N 49°50′13″E / 40.37083°N 49.83694°E / 40.37083; 49.83694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fountains_Square,_Baku&params=40_22_15_N_49_50_13_E_region:AZ_type:city","external_links_name":"40°22′15″N 49°50′13″E / 40.37083°N 49.83694°E / 40.37083; 49.83694"},{"Link":"http://www.azerb.com/az-baku.html","external_links_name":"\"Fountain Square\""},{"Link":"http://news.day.az/society/217274.html","external_links_name":"\"Обновленный облик площади Фонтанов в Баку\""},{"Link":"http://news.day.az/society/217274.html","external_links_name":"\"Fountains Square opens after reconstruction in Baku center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122102236/http://azerifood.com/az/6/69.html","external_links_name":"\"Fəvvarələr meydanı salatı\""},{"Link":"http://azerifood.com/az/6/69.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fountains_Square,_Baku&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fountains_Square,_Baku&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_New_Hampshire
Pittsfield, New Hampshire
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent municipalities","3 Demographics","4 Artistic tributes","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°18′17″N 71°19′42″W / 43.30472°N 71.32833°W / 43.30472; -71.32833 Town in New Hampshire, United StatesPittsfield, New HampshireTownTown green SealMotto: "The Gem of the Suncook Valley"Location in Merrimack County and the state of New HampshireCoordinates: 43°18′17″N 71°19′42″W / 43.30472°N 71.32833°W / 43.30472; -71.32833CountryUnited StatesStateNew HampshireCountyMerrimackIncorporated1782Government • Board of SelectmenCarl Anderson, ChairGerard LeDucJim AdamsJim AllardCarole Richardson • Town AdministratorCara MarstonArea • Total24.31 sq mi (62.97 km2) • Land24.02 sq mi (62.22 km2) • Water0.29 sq mi (0.75 km2)  1.19%Elevation525 ft (160 m)Population (2020) • Total4,075 • Density170/sq mi (65.5/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern)ZIP code03263Area code603FIPS code33-61940GNIS feature ID0873699Websitewww.pittsfieldnh.gov Pittsfield is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,075 at the 2020 census. The main village in town, where 1,570 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Pittsfield census-designated place (CDP), and is located on the Suncook River in the west-central portion of town. It consists of the built-up village centered on the intersections of Barnstead Road, Catamount Road, Carroll Street, and Depot Street. Since 1981, Pittsfield has hosted the annual Suncook Valley Rotary Hot Air Balloon Rally, the "Balloon Rally," in the first weekend of August. History Main Street, looking east, in 1906 For many years prior to its 1782 incorporation, the area was an unnamed parish of Chichester. Like Pittsburg in the north, Pittsfield was named for William Pitt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and a great friend of the colonies prior to the American Revolution. The town was settled in 1768 by several families originally from Hampton, New Hampshire. Founder John Cram built grist and sawmills here in the late 18th century. Since 1901, Globe Manufacturing has made protective clothing for firefighters here. The town claimed the Guinness World Record in July 2001 as the place where the most people wore Groucho Marx glasses at the same time (522). Before Pittsfield's attempt, no other town had tried to set the record. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 24.3 square miles (63.0 km2), of which 24.0 square miles (62.2 km2) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.7 km2) are water, comprising 1.19% of the town. Pittsfield is drained by the Suncook River, part of the Merrimack River watershed. The highest point in town is the summit of Catamount Mountain, at 1,331 feet (406 m) above sea level, southeast of the town center. Adjacent municipalities Barnstead (north) Strafford (east) Northwood (southeast) Epsom (south) Chichester (southwest) Loudon (west) Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1790888—180098711.1%18101,0506.4%18201,17812.2%18301,2717.9%18401,71935.2%18501,8286.3%18601,8380.5%18701,600−12.9%18801,97423.4%18902,60532.0%19002,129−18.3%19102,2224.4%19201,914−13.9%19302,0185.4%19402,1838.2%19502,3216.3%19602,4194.2%19702,5174.1%19802,88914.8%19903,70128.1%20003,9316.2%20104,1064.5%20204,075−0.8%U.S. Decennial Census Union Block and Congregational church Suncook River in 1908 As of the census of 2010, there were 4,106 people, 1,579 households, and 1,076 families residing in the town. There were 1,769 housing units, of which 190, or 10.7%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% white, 0.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.4% from two or more races. 1.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,579 households, 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were headed by married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57, and the average family size was 3.00. In the town, 23.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.7% were from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males. For the period 2011-2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $47,959, and the median income for a family was $63,631. The per capita income for the town was $23,910. 16.3% of the population and 14.8% of families were below the poverty line. 17.2% of the population under the age of 18 and 5.4% of those 65 or older were living in poverty. Pittsfield ranks 212 of New Hampshire's 235 communities in household income. Artistic tributes In 1934, the American composer Alan Hovhaness (1911–2000), who spent time with his maternal family members (specifically the family of the Reverend Walter Scott, his grandfather) in Pittsfield during his youth, wrote a fantasy for cello and piano entitled Legend of the Sunkook Valley (Op. 1, no. 4). Education There are two public schools in the town. Pittsfield Elementary School serves students in pre-school to 5th grade, and Pittsfield Middle High School serves grades 6–12. Current members of the Pittsfield School Board, which governs the district, include Adam Gauthier (chair), Sandra Adams (vice chair), Molly Goggin, Adam Cote, and Helen Schiff. Notable people John M. Berry (1827–1887), Minnesota Supreme Court justice, legislator born in Pittsfield Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell (1862–1946), professor of surgery, noted entomologist Warren Chase (1813–1891), pioneer, reformer, politician; co-founder of Ripon College Ebenezer Knowlton (1815–1874), congressman from Maine, Free Will Baptist minister, and co-founder of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine Ed Siudut (c. 1947–2012), Holy Cross and professional basketball player John Swett (1830–1913), founder of the California public school system Harrison R. Thyng (1918–1983), US Air Force general, World War II flying ace See also New Hampshire portal New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 197: Jonathan "Jockey" Fogg, Patriot References ^ "Town of Pittsfield, New Hampshire". Town of Pittsfield, New Hampshire. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ a b "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2021. ^ a b c "Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2021. ^ "Suncook Valley Hot Air Balloon Rally: When it's calm out, balloons in Pittsfield go up". New Hampshire Public Radio. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "Pittsfield, New Hampshire". City-Data.com. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "Profile for Pittsfield, New Hampshire, NH". ePodunk. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "The Globe Story". Globe Holding Company, LLC. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2017. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2017. ^ "Alan Hovhaness List of Uncataloged Works". Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Minnesota State Law Library-John M. Berry Archived 2014-01-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Term: Chase, Warren 1813 - 1891". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "Knowlton, Ebenezer, (1815 - 1874)". Biographical Directory of the United StatesCongress. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "John Swett (1830-1913)". The Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "Brigadier General Harrison R. Thyng". U.S. Air Force. Retrieved April 5, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pittsfield, New Hampshire. Official website New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile Places adjacent to Pittsfield, New Hampshire Gilmanton Barnstead Barnstead Loudon Pittsfield Strafford Chichester Epsom Northwood vteMunicipalities and communities of Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United StatesCounty seat: ConcordCities Concord Franklin Map of New Hampshire highlighting Merrimack CountyTowns Allenstown Andover Boscawen Bow Bradford Canterbury Chichester Danbury Dunbarton Epsom Henniker Hill Hooksett Hopkinton Loudon New London Newbury Northfield Pembroke Pittsfield Salisbury Sutton Warner Webster Wilmot CDPs Blodgett Landing Bradford Contoocook Henniker Hooksett Loudon New London Pittsfield South Hooksett Suncook Tilton Northfield‡ Warner Othercommunities East Andover Elkins North Sutton Penacook South Newbury South Sutton West Hopkinton Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New Hampshire portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Merrimack County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_County,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield_(CDP),_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Suncook River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncook_River"},{"link_name":"Suncook Valley Rotary Hot Air Balloon Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_air_balloon_festivals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Town in New Hampshire, United StatesPittsfield is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,075 at the 2020 census.[3]The main village in town, where 1,570 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Pittsfield census-designated place (CDP), and is located on the Suncook River in the west-central portion of town. It consists of the built-up village centered on the intersections of Barnstead Road, Catamount Road, Carroll Street, and Depot Street. Since 1981, Pittsfield has hosted the annual Suncook Valley Rotary Hot Air Balloon Rally, the \"Balloon Rally,\" in the first weekend of August.[4]","title":"Pittsfield, New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Street,_Pittsfield,_NH.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"William Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hampton, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"sawmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Main Street, looking east, in 1906For many years prior to its 1782 incorporation,[5] the area was an unnamed parish of Chichester. Like Pittsburg in the north, Pittsfield was named for William Pitt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and a great friend of the colonies prior to the American Revolution.[6] The town was settled in 1768 by several families originally from Hampton, New Hampshire. Founder John Cram built grist and sawmills here in the late 18th century. Since 1901, Globe Manufacturing has made protective clothing for firefighters here.[7]The town claimed the Guinness World Record in July 2001 as the place where the most people wore Groucho Marx glasses at the same time (522).[citation needed] Before Pittsfield's attempt, no other town had tried to set the record.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2021-2"},{"link_name":"Suncook River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncook_River"},{"link_name":"Merrimack River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_River"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 24.3 square miles (63.0 km2), of which 24.0 square miles (62.2 km2) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.7 km2) are water, comprising 1.19% of the town.[2] Pittsfield is drained by the Suncook River, part of the Merrimack River watershed. The highest point in town is the summit of Catamount Mountain, at 1,331 feet (406 m) above sea level, southeast of the town center.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstead,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Strafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafford,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Northwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwood,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudon,_New_Hampshire"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent municipalities","text":"Barnstead (north)\nStrafford (east)\nNorthwood (southeast)\nEpsom (south)\nChichester (southwest)\nLoudon (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PittsfieldNH_UnionBlockAndChurch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suncook_River,_Pittsfield,_NH.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suncook River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncook_River"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Native Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiian"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-9"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-9"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_communities_by_household_income"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Union Block and Congregational churchSuncook River in 1908As of the census of 2010, there were 4,106 people, 1,579 households, and 1,076 families residing in the town. There were 1,769 housing units, of which 190, or 10.7%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% white, 0.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.4% from two or more races. 1.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[9]Of the 1,579 households, 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were headed by married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57, and the average family size was 3.00.[9]In the town, 23.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.7% were from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.[9]For the period 2011-2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $47,959, and the median income for a family was $63,631. The per capita income for the town was $23,910. 16.3% of the population and 14.8% of families were below the poverty line. 17.2% of the population under the age of 18 and 5.4% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.[10] Pittsfield ranks 212 of New Hampshire's 235 communities in household income.[citation needed]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Hovhaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1934, the American composer Alan Hovhaness (1911–2000), who spent time with his maternal family members (specifically the family of the Reverend Walter Scott, his grandfather) in Pittsfield during his youth, wrote a fantasy for cello and piano entitled Legend of the Sunkook [sic] Valley (Op. 1, no. 4).[11]","title":"Artistic tributes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsfield Middle High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsfield_Middle_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"There are two public schools in the town. Pittsfield Elementary School serves students in pre-school to 5th grade, and Pittsfield Middle High School serves grades 6–12.Current members of the Pittsfield School Board, which governs the district, include Adam Gauthier (chair), Sandra Adams (vice chair), Molly Goggin, Adam Cote, and Helen Schiff.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John M. Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Berry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ellsworth_Blaisdell"},{"link_name":"Warren Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Chase"},{"link_name":"Ripon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_College_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Knowlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Knowlton"},{"link_name":"congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Free Will Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Bates College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_College"},{"link_name":"Lewiston, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ed Siudut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Siudut"},{"link_name":"John Swett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Swett"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Harrison R. Thyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Thyng"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"John M. Berry (1827–1887), Minnesota Supreme Court justice, legislator born in Pittsfield[12]\nFrank Ellsworth Blaisdell (1862–1946), professor of surgery, noted entomologist\nWarren Chase (1813–1891), pioneer, reformer, politician; co-founder of Ripon College[13]\nEbenezer Knowlton (1815–1874), congressman from Maine, Free Will Baptist minister, and co-founder of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine[14]\nEd Siudut (c. 1947–2012), Holy Cross and professional basketball player\nJohn Swett (1830–1913), founder of the California public school system[15]\nHarrison R. Thyng (1918–1983), US Air Force general, World War II flying ace[16]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Main Street, looking east, in 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Main_Street%2C_Pittsfield%2C_NH.jpg/220px-Main_Street%2C_Pittsfield%2C_NH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Union Block and Congregational church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PittsfieldNH_UnionBlockAndChurch.jpg/220px-PittsfieldNH_UnionBlockAndChurch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Suncook River in 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Suncook_River%2C_Pittsfield%2C_NH.jpg/220px-Suncook_River%2C_Pittsfield%2C_NH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New Hampshire highlighting Merrimack County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_of_New_Hampshire_highlighting_Merrimack_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Hampshire_highlighting_Merrimack_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"New Hampshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire"},{"title":"New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Hampshire_historical_markers_(176%E2%80%93200)#197"}]
[{"reference":"\"Town of Pittsfield, New Hampshire\". Town of Pittsfield, New Hampshire. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pittsfield-nh.com/","url_text":"\"Town of Pittsfield, New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_cousubs_33.txt","url_text":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=0600000US3301361940&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suncook Valley Hot Air Balloon Rally: When it's calm out, balloons in Pittsfield go up\". New Hampshire Public Radio. Retrieved July 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2023-07-31/suncook-valley-hot-air-balloon-2023-balloons-in-pittsfield","url_text":"\"Suncook Valley Hot Air Balloon Rally: When it's calm out, balloons in Pittsfield go up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsfield, New Hampshire\". City-Data.com. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Pittsfield-New-Hampshire.html","url_text":"\"Pittsfield, New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile for Pittsfield, New Hampshire, NH\". ePodunk. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=18984","url_text":"\"Profile for Pittsfield, New Hampshire, NH\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Globe Story\". Globe Holding Company, LLC. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globeturnoutgear.com/index.php?page=about-us","url_text":"\"The Globe Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214000024/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/0600000US3301361940","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/0600000US3301361940","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213161132/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/0600000US3301361940","url_text":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/0600000US3301361940","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Hovhaness List of Uncataloged Works\". Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hovhaness.com/hovhaness-works-uncataloged.html","url_text":"\"Alan Hovhaness List of Uncataloged Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Term: Chase, Warren 1813 - 1891\". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2408&keyword=chase","url_text":"\"Term: Chase, Warren 1813 - 1891\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knowlton, Ebenezer, (1815 - 1874)\". Biographical Directory of the United StatesCongress. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000294","url_text":"\"Knowlton, Ebenezer, (1815 - 1874)\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Swett (1830-1913)\". The Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved August 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2536601204.html","url_text":"\"John Swett (1830-1913)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brigadier General Harrison R. Thyng\". U.S. Air Force. Retrieved April 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105457/brigadier-general-harrison-r-thyng.aspx","url_text":"\"Brigadier General Harrison R. Thyng\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pittsfield,_New_Hampshire&params=43_18_17_N_71_19_42_W_region:US-NH_type:city(4075)","external_links_name":"43°18′17″N 71°19′42″W / 43.30472°N 71.32833°W / 43.30472; -71.32833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pittsfield,_New_Hampshire&params=43_18_17_N_71_19_42_W_region:US-NH_type:city(4075)","external_links_name":"43°18′17″N 71°19′42″W / 43.30472°N 71.32833°W / 43.30472; -71.32833"},{"Link":"http://www.pittsfieldnh.gov/","external_links_name":"www.pittsfieldnh.gov"},{"Link":"http://www.pittsfield-nh.com/","external_links_name":"\"Town of Pittsfield, New Hampshire\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_cousubs_33.txt","external_links_name":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=0600000US3301361940&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2023-07-31/suncook-valley-hot-air-balloon-2023-balloons-in-pittsfield","external_links_name":"\"Suncook Valley Hot Air Balloon Rally: When it's calm out, balloons in Pittsfield go up\""},{"Link":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Pittsfield-New-Hampshire.html","external_links_name":"\"Pittsfield, New Hampshire\""},{"Link":"http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=18984","external_links_name":"\"Profile for Pittsfield, New Hampshire, NH\""},{"Link":"http://www.globeturnoutgear.com/index.php?page=about-us","external_links_name":"\"The Globe Story\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200214000024/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/0600000US3301361940","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/0600000US3301361940","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213161132/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/0600000US3301361940","external_links_name":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Pittsfield town, Merrimack County, New Hampshire\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/0600000US3301361940","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hovhaness.com/hovhaness-works-uncataloged.html","external_links_name":"\"Alan Hovhaness List of Uncataloged Works\""},{"Link":"http://mn.gov/lawlib/judgebio.html#berry","external_links_name":"Minnesota State Law Library-John M. Berry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140105045051/http://mn.gov/lawlib/judgebio.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2408&keyword=chase","external_links_name":"\"Term: Chase, Warren 1813 - 1891\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000294","external_links_name":"\"Knowlton, Ebenezer, (1815 - 1874)\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2536601204.html","external_links_name":"\"John Swett (1830-1913)\""},{"Link":"http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105457/brigadier-general-harrison-r-thyng.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Brigadier General Harrison R. Thyng\""},{"Link":"http://www.pittsfieldnh.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.nhes.nh.gov/elmi/products/cp/profiles-htm/pittsfield.htm","external_links_name":"New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133734292","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566906805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83226186","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10041207","external_links_name":"NARA"}]